Add connection establishment duration logging

Add connection establishment duration logging

Add log_connections option 'setup_durations' which logs durations of
several key parts of connection establishment and backend setup.

For an incoming connection, starting from when the postmaster gets a
socket from accept() and ending when the forked child backend is first
ready for query, there are multiple steps that could each take longer
than expected due to external factors. This logging provides visibility
into authentication and fork duration as well as the end-to-end
connection establishment and backend initialization time.

To make this portable, the timings captured in the postmaster (socket
creation time, fork initiation time) are passed through the
BackendStartupData.

Author: Melanie Plageman <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Jacob Champion <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Guillaume Lelarge <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/CAAKRu_b_smAHK0ZjrnL5GRxnAVWujEXQWpLXYzGbmpcZd3nLYw%40mail.gmail.com