Utilisateur:Ange Gabriel/Brouillon

Ange Gabriel/Brouillon

Un portrait de 1820 de Lord Jeffrey par Andrew GeddesAndrew Geddes (artiste)

Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey (23 octobre 1773 – 26 janvier 1850) est un juge et critique littéraire écossais.

Biographie

Jeunesse et études

Francis Jeffrey est né à Édimbourg. Son père est George Jeffrey, greffier de la Court of Session, la cour suprême d'Écosse. Il étudie pendant six ans à la Royal High School (en) puis il va à l'Université de Glasgow de 1787 à mai 1789 et enfin au Queen's College d'Oxford de septembre 1791 à juin 1792.

Il commence à étudier le droit à Édimbourg avant d'aller à Oxford, et il retourne ensuite. Il devient membre de la Speculative Society (en), un société d'éloquence, où il peut se mesurer notamment à Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham, Francis HornerFrancis Horner et Lord Kinnaird. Il est admis au barreau écossais en décembre 1794, mais, après avoir abandonné les principes conservateurs selon lesquels il avait été éduqué, il s'aperçoit que sa tendance politique Whig entrave ses perspectives de carrière juridique.

Carrière de journaliste

Rédacteur en chef de l'Edinburgh Review

Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey par Robert Scott Moncrieff (en).

Suite à son manque de succès au barreau, Francis Jeffrey va à Londres en 1798 pour s'essayer au journalisme mais il échoue dans sa recherche d'une situation salariée. Son mariage avec Catherine Wilson en 1801 rend la question d'un revenu stable plus pressante. Un projet d'une nouvelle revue, porté par Sydney SmithSydney Smith dans l'appartement de Jeffrey à Buccleuch Place avec Henry Brougham (futur Lord Brougham), Francis Horner et d'autres, conduit à la création de l'Edinburgh Review, le 10 octobre 1802.

À ses débuts la Review n'a pas de rédacteur en chef. Les trois premiers numéros sont dirigés de fait par Sydney Smith. On his leaving for England the work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with Archibald Constable, the publisher, was eventually appointed editor at a fixed salary. Most of those involved were Whigs; but, although the general bias of the Review was towards social and political reforms, it was at first so little of a party organ that it numbered Sir Walter Scott among its contributors; and no distinct emphasis was given to its political leanings until the publication in 1808 of an article by Jeffrey himself on the work of Don Pedro Cevallos on the French Usurpation of Spain. This article expressed despair of the success of the British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon afterwards started in opposition. According to Lord Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was "electrical." The English reviews were at that time practically publishers' organs, with articles by hack writers instructed to obey the publishers' interests. The Edinburgh Review, on the other hand, enlisted a brilliant and independent staff of contributors, guided by the editor, not the publisher. They received sixteen guineas a sheet (sixteen printed pages), increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, instead of the two guineas earned by London reviewers. The review was not limited to literary criticism but became the accredited organ of moderate Whig public opinion. The particular work which provided the starting-point of an article was in many cases merely the occasion for the exposition, always brilliant and incisive, of the author's views on politics, social subjects, ethics or literature. These general principles and the novelty of the method ensured the success of the undertaking even after the original circle of exceptionally able men who founded it had been dispersed. It had a circulation of 12,000. Jeffrey's editorship lasted about twenty-six years, ceasing with the ninety-eighth number, published in June 1829, when he resigned in favour of Macvey NapierMacvey Napier.

Francis Jeffrey's own contributions numbered two hundred, all except six being written before his resignation of the editorship. He wrote quickly, at odd moments of leisure and with little special preparation. Great fluency and ease of diction, considerable warmth of imagination and moral sentiment, and a sharp eye to discover any oddity of style or violation of the accepted canons of good taste, made his criticisms pungent and effective. But the essential narrowness and timidity of his general outlook prevented him from detecting and estimating latent forces, either in politics or in matters strictly intellectual and moral; and this lack of understanding and sympathy accounts for his distrust and dislike of the passion and fancy of Shelley and Keats, and for his praise of the half-hearted and elegant romantisme of Samuel Rogers and Thomas Campbell.

A criticism in the sixteenth number of the Review on the morality of Thomas Moore (poète)'s poems led in 1806 to a duel between the two authors at Chalk Farm. The proceedings were stopped by the police, and Jeffrey's pistol was found to contain no bullet. The affair led to a warm friendship, and Moore contributed to the Review, while Jeffrey made ample amends in a later article on Lalla Rookh (en) (1817).

Carrière d'avocat et politique

Francis Jeffrey par Patric Park (en), 1840, National Gallery, Londres

Notwithstanding the increasing success of the Review, Francis Jeffrey continued to look to the bar as the chief field of his ambition. His literary reputation helped his professional advancement. His practice extended rapidly in the civil and criminal courts, and he regularly appeared before the general assembly of the Église d'Écosse. As an advocate his sharpness and rapidity of insight gave him a formidable advantage in the detection of the weaknesses of a witness and the vulnerable points of his opponent's case, while he grouped his own arguments with an admirable eye to effect, especially excelling in eloquent closing appeals to a jury. Jeffrey was twice, in 1820 and 1822, elected Rector of the University of Glasgow. In 1829 he was chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates. On the return of the Whigs to power in 1830 he became Lord Advocate, and entered parliament at a by-election in January 1831 as member for the Perth burghs. The election was overturned on petition, and in March he was returned at a by-election for Malton, a borough in the interest of Lord Fitzwilliam. He was re-elected in Malton at the general election in May 1831, but was also returned for the Perth burghs and chose to sit for the latter. After the passing of the Scottish Reform Bill, which he introduced in parliament, he was returned for Edinburgh in December 1832. At this time he was living at 24 Moray Place in the west end of Édimbourg.

His parliamentary career, which, though not brilliantly successful, had won him high general esteem, was terminated by his elevation to the judicial bench as Lord Jeffrey in May 1834. In 1842 he was moved to the first division of the Court of Session. On the disruption of the Scottish Church he took the side of the seceders, giving a judicial opinion in their favour, afterwards reversed by the Chambre des lords.

Vie personnelle

Francis Jeffrey's wife had died in 1805, and in 1810 he became acquainted with Charlotte, daughter of Charles Wilkes of New York, and great-niece of John Wilkes. When she returned to the United States, Jeffrey followed her, and they were married in 1813. Before returning to Scotland, they visited several of the chief American cities, and his experience strengthened Jeffrey in the conciliatory policy he had advocated towards the States.

Grave in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh

He died at Edinburgh and was buried in the "Lords Row" near the western wall in Dean Cemetery on the west side of the city.

Publications

Some of his contributions to the Edinburgh Review appeared in four volumes in 1844 and 1845. This selection includes the essay on "Beauty" contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica. The Life of Lord Jeffrey, with a Selection from his Correspondence, by Lord Cockburn, appeared in 1852 in 2 vols. See also the Selected Correspondence of Macvey Napier (1877); the sketch of Jeffrey in Carlyle's Reminiscences, vol. ii. (1881); and an essay by Lewis E Gates in Three Studies in Literature (New York, 1899).

Hommages posthumes

Plaque en hommage de Francis Jeffrey, 18 Buccleuch Place, Édimbourg

22 au 24 Moray Place à Édimbourg. Le 24, à gauche, était la maison de Lord Jeffrey

Jeffrey Street (a planned street of 1868) in Edinburgh is named in his memory.

A bust by Sir John Steell stands on the east wall of Parliament Hall in Edinburgh.

Famille

Francis Jeffrey's first wife, Catherine Wilson, died 8 August 1805, aged only 28, and is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, as is his brother, John Jeffrey (1775-1848).

His sister, Marian, married Dr Thomas Brown of Lanfine and Waterhaughs Membre de la Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1800.

Bibliographie

• John Clive, "The Edinburgh Review," History Today. (1952) 2#12 pp 844–850.

(en) « Ange Gabriel/Brouillon », dans Encyclopædia Britannica , vol. 15, 1911 (lire sur Wikisource), p. 307–308.

• 'Francis Jeffrey's American Journal: New York to Washington, 1813', humming earth (2011), (ISBN 9781846220364)

Liens externes

• Modèle:OL author
• (en)Hansard 1803–2005 : contributions de Francis Jeffrey au Parlement du Royaume-Uni