شیطان بزرگ

شیطان بزرگ اصطلاحی پروپاگاندایی است^[۱]^[۲]^[۳] که نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران به‌طور عمومی^[۴] اما غیررسمی بر کشور آمریکا اطلاق می‌کند.^[۵]

این اصطلاح نخستین بار پس از تسخیر سفارت آمریکا توسط بنیانگذار نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران، سید روح‌الله خمینی بکار برده شد.^[۶]^[۷]^[۸]

به ادعای خبرگزاری فارس، روزنامه‌هایی نظیر فیگارو و سیاتل تایمز چندین بار از این واژه برای ذکر نام آمریکا استفاده کرده‌اند.^[۹]

تاریخچه

دولت پس از انقلاب ۵۷ ایران، ایالات متحده و انگلستان را به عنوان کشورهای امپریالیستی در نظر گرفته‌است که سابقه دخالت طولانی در امور داخلی ایران را دارند. در سال ۱۹۰۷، یک توافق‌نامه انگلیسی و روسی بین روسیه و انگلیس، ایران را به حوزه‌های نفوذ تقسیم کرد و حاکمیت ایران نادیده گرفته شد، در سال ۱۹۵۳، در زمان جنگ سرد، مقامات اطلاعاتی بریتانیا^[۱۰] و دولت رئیس‌جمهور آمریکا دوایت آیزنهاور عملیات مشترک انگلیسی-آمریکایی را برای سرنگونی محمد مصدق، نخست‌وزیر منتخب برنامه‌ریزی کردند.^[۱۱]^[۱۲]^[۱۳] این عملیات با نام رمز عملیات آژاکس شناخته شد. در ابتدا کودتای نظامی شکست خورد و شاه محمدرضا پهلوی از کشور فرار کرد.^[۱۴]^[۱۵] پس از شورش‌های گسترده و با کمک سیا و سرویس‌های اطلاعاتی انگلیس، مصدق شکست خورد و شاه به قدرت بازگشت و حمایت از منافع نفتی غرب (عمدتا انگلیس) را تضمین کرد و به تهدید توسعه کمونیستی پایان داد. ژنرال فضل‌الله زاهدی، رهبری کودتای نظامی، نخست‌وزیر شد.

در سال ۱۹۶۵ خمینی به دلیل انتقاد از انقلاب سفید و حق به زنان، اصلاحات ارضی^[۱۶] و لایحه‌ای که به پرسنل ارتش آمریکا مصونیت دیپلماتیک برای جنایات مرتکب شده در ایران، تبعید شد.^[۱۷] در اوایل دهه ۱۹۷۰، بسیاری از ایرانیان با دولت شاه مخالفت کردند.^[۱۸] خمینی سرانجام به ایران بازگشت و انقلاب ۱۹۷۹ ایران را رهبری کرد. در جریان انقلاب ایران، تظاهرکنندگان معمولاً شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر شاه»، «استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی»^[۱۹] و «مرگ بر آمریکا» سر می‌دادند.^[۲۰]

تعریف

به نقل از خمینی در ۵ نوامبر ۱۹۷۹، «[آمریکا] شیطان بزرگ، مار زخمی است.»^[۲۱] این واژه در طول و پس از انقلاب اسلامی^[۲۲] بسیار مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و همچنان در برخی محافل سیاسی ایران به کار می‌رود. استفاده از این اصطلاح در تجمعات اغلب با فریادهای «مرگ بر آمریکا» در مجلات دانشگاهی استفاده می‌شود.^[۲۳]

شیطان کوچک

دولت اسرائیل در سال ۱۹۷۹ توسط ایت الله خمینی هنگامی که در مورد حمایت اسرائیل از شاه، روابط نزدیک آن با آمریکا و درگیری مداوم اسرائیل و فلسطین صحبت می‌کرد، به عنوان «شیطان کوچک» محکوم شد. معمر قذافی، رهبر سابق لیبی نیز در مصاحبه ای در ژوئیه ۱۹۸۰ اظهار داشت که «اسرائیل شیطان کوچک است».^[۲۴]

جستارهای وابسته

پانویس

↑ America’s“Great Satan”Then And Now
↑ Search - Global Edition - The New York Times
↑ Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. Nicholas John Cull, David Holbrook Culbert, David Welch. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-57607-820-5 p.185-186
↑ Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader. Judith Colp Rubin. Oxford University Press US, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517659-6, 9780195176599 p.99
↑ Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power. David Menashri. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-7146-5074-9, 9780714650746 p.187
↑ «سخنرانی در جمع کارکنان بیمه مرکزی ایران (توطئه‌های آمریکا)». سایت جامع امام خمینی.
↑ The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11. Dinesh D'Souza. Random House, Inc. , 2007. ISBN 0-385-51012-8, 9780385510127 pp.206
↑ Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy. Fawaz A. Gerges. Harcourt Trade, 2006. ISBN 0-15-101213-X p.143
↑ Fars News Agency : بیخود نیست که به ما شیطان بزرگ می‌گویند
↑ Risen, James (16 April 2000). "SECRETS OF HISTORY: The C.I.A. in Iran -- A special report. ; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79)". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
↑ Staff writer(s) (c. 1975). "The Battle for Iran (excerpt)". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Complete secrecy about the operation that was known under the cryptonym of TPAJAX has been impossible to enforce...[T]he military coup that overthrew Mosadeq and his National Front cabinet was carried out under CIA direction as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government.
↑ Wilber, Donald (March 1954). "CIA Clandestine Service History, "Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953," March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber" (PDF). Retrieved 20 May 2016. In early summer of 1953 Carroll was assigned the task of planning military aspects of TPAJAX. Several assumptions first had to be taken into account: A. Operation would be joint operation with SIS.
↑ Wilber, Donald (March 1954). "CIA Clandestine Service History, 'Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953,' March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber" (PDF). p. iv. Retrieved 20 May 2016. An estimate entitled 'Factors Involved in the Overthrow of Mossadeq' was completed on 16 April 1953... In April it was determined that the CIA should conduct the envisioned operation jointly with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). By the end of April, it was decided that CIA and SIS officers would draw up a plan… which would be submitted to CIA and SIS Headquarters, and to the Department of State and the Foreign Office for final approval.
↑ Risen, James (16 April 2000). "Key Events in the 1953 Coup". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016. Aug. 16, 1953…The shah flees to Baghdad.
↑ Berry, Burton Y. (17 August 1953). "Telegram No. 343 The Ambassador in Iraq (Berry) to the Department of State". Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 May 2016. On the third day Mosadeq by some means had been alerted and had had the time to take successful countermeasures so that when the Colonel arrived at Mosadeq's house he was himself arrested...This morning the Shah left his Caspian Palace in a Beechcraft with a pilot, one Palace official and his Queen and landed in Baghdad at 10:15. He said that he thought that he should not stay here more than a few days, but would then go to Europe and he hoped eventually to America. He added he would be looking for work shortly as he has a large family and very small means outside of Iran. I tried to boost his morale by saying that I hoped that soon he would return to reign over his people for whom he had done so much, but he replied that Mosadeq was absolutely mad and insanely jealous, like a tiger who springs upon any living thing that it sees moving above him. Shah believes Mosadeq thinks he can form a partnership with the [Communist] Tudeh Party and then outwit it, but in so doing Mosadeq will become the Dr. [Edvard] Bene[š] of Iran.
↑ Hughes, Thomas L. (28 January 1965). "67. Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk; SUBJECT: The Significance of the Assassination of Prime Minister Hasan Ali Mansur". Johnson Library, National Security File, Robert W. Komer Files, Iran, 1965–March 1966. Retrieved 21 May 2016. There is considerable discontent in Iran because of continued repression of opposition groups, exile of Ayatollah Khomeini, unpopular measures passed by the government such as the recent Status of Forces Bill, and the increase in the cost of basic fuels.
↑ Staff writer(s) (2014). "Chronology: U.S. –Iran relations 1906-2002". PBS News\Frontline. Retrieved 21 May 2016. 1964... Khomeini is exiled to Turkey for his outspoken denunciation of the shah's Status of Forces bill, which grants U.S. military personnel diplomatic immunity for crimes committed on Iranian soil.
↑ Staff writer(s) (May 1972). "Central Intelligence Agency\Directorate of Intelligence\Intelligence Report\Centers of Power in Iran". Source: Central Intelligence Agency, OCI Files, Job 79T00832A, Box 9, 46. Secret; No Foreign Dissem. Prepared in the Office of Current Intelligence and coordinated within CIA. Retrieved 21 May 2016. [P]laying an essentially negative role at present... are the clergy, whose strength lies in the emotions of the Iranian masses and whose opposition to the Shah's government is nearly total...Detailed information on the clergy is not available. There are perhaps 100,000 clergymen ranging from the mullah, the lowest clerical post, to the mojtahed.
↑ Staff writer(s) (7 December 2009). "How Iran's opposition inverts old slogans". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2016. One of the big anti-Shah chants ended with the slogan "Death to Shah!"...A main revolutionary cry was: "Estaghlal, Azadi, Jomhuriye Eslami" (Eng: Independence, Freedom, Islamic Republic).
↑ Staff writer(s) (6 November 1979). "IRAN LEADERS BACK U.S. EMBASSY SEIZURE; Khomeini's Son Tells Students All American Ties Should Be Cut". The New York Times. Teheran. Reuters. pp. A1, A12. Students Shout "Death to America!"…Tens of thousands of students surrounded the American Embassy compound today shouting anti-American slogans such as "Death to America!"...
↑ Christopher Buck, Religious myths and visions of America: how minority faiths redefined America's world role, page 136
↑ «Iran & the Great Satan» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۲۸ ژوئن ۲۰۱۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۲ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۱.
↑ "America's foreign policy: Manifest Destiny or Great Satan?". Contemporary Politics.
↑ "This Week in History: Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran - Features". The Jerusalem Post.

پیوند به بیرون

[1] America’s“Great Satan”Then And Now

[2] Search - Global Edition - The New York Times

[3] Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. Nicholas John Cull, David Holbrook Culbert, David Welch. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-57607-820-5 p.185-186

[4] Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader. Judith Colp Rubin. Oxford University Press US, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517659-6, 9780195176599 p.99

[5] Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power. David Menashri. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-7146-5074-9, 9780714650746 p.187

[6] «سخنرانی در جمع کارکنان بیمه مرکزی ایران (توطئه‌های آمریکا)». سایت جامع امام خمینی.

[7] The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11. Dinesh D'Souza. Random House, Inc. , 2007. ISBN 0-385-51012-8, 9780385510127 pp.206

[8] Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy. Fawaz A. Gerges. Harcourt Trade, 2006. ISBN 0-15-101213-X p.143

[9] Fars News Agency : بیخود نیست که به ما شیطان بزرگ می‌گویند

[10] Risen, James (16 April 2000). "SECRETS OF HISTORY: The C.I.A. in Iran -- A special report. ; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79)". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016.

[11] Staff writer(s) (c. 1975). "The Battle for Iran (excerpt)". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Complete secrecy about the operation that was known under the cryptonym of TPAJAX has been impossible to enforce...[T]he military coup that overthrew Mosadeq and his National Front cabinet was carried out under CIA direction as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government.

[12] Wilber, Donald (March 1954). "CIA Clandestine Service History, "Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953," March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber" (PDF). Retrieved 20 May 2016. In early summer of 1953 Carroll was assigned the task of planning military aspects of TPAJAX. Several assumptions first had to be taken into account: A. Operation would be joint operation with SIS.

[13] Wilber, Donald (March 1954). "CIA Clandestine Service History, 'Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953,' March 1954, by Dr. Donald Wilber" (PDF). p. iv. Retrieved 20 May 2016. An estimate entitled 'Factors Involved in the Overthrow of Mossadeq' was completed on 16 April 1953... In April it was determined that the CIA should conduct the envisioned operation jointly with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). By the end of April, it was decided that CIA and SIS officers would draw up a plan… which would be submitted to CIA and SIS Headquarters, and to the Department of State and the Foreign Office for final approval.

[14] Risen, James (16 April 2000). "Key Events in the 1953 Coup". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016. Aug. 16, 1953…The shah flees to Baghdad.

[15] Berry, Burton Y. (17 August 1953). "Telegram No. 343 The Ambassador in Iraq (Berry) to the Department of State". Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 May 2016. On the third day Mosadeq by some means had been alerted and had had the time to take successful countermeasures so that when the Colonel arrived at Mosadeq's house he was himself arrested...This morning the Shah left his Caspian Palace in a Beechcraft with a pilot, one Palace official and his Queen and landed in Baghdad at 10:15. He said that he thought that he should not stay here more than a few days, but would then go to Europe and he hoped eventually to America. He added he would be looking for work shortly as he has a large family and very small means outside of Iran. I tried to boost his morale by saying that I hoped that soon he would return to reign over his people for whom he had done so much, but he replied that Mosadeq was absolutely mad and insanely jealous, like a tiger who springs upon any living thing that it sees moving above him. Shah believes Mosadeq thinks he can form a partnership with the [Communist] Tudeh Party and then outwit it, but in so doing Mosadeq will become the Dr. [Edvard] Bene[š] of Iran.

[16] Hughes, Thomas L. (28 January 1965). "67. Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State Rusk; SUBJECT: The Significance of the Assassination of Prime Minister Hasan Ali Mansur". Johnson Library, National Security File, Robert W. Komer Files, Iran, 1965–March 1966. Retrieved 21 May 2016. There is considerable discontent in Iran because of continued repression of opposition groups, exile of Ayatollah Khomeini, unpopular measures passed by the government such as the recent Status of Forces Bill, and the increase in the cost of basic fuels.

[17] Staff writer(s) (2014). "Chronology: U.S. –Iran relations 1906-2002". PBS News\Frontline. Retrieved 21 May 2016. 1964... Khomeini is exiled to Turkey for his outspoken denunciation of the shah's Status of Forces bill, which grants U.S. military personnel diplomatic immunity for crimes committed on Iranian soil.

[18] Staff writer(s) (May 1972). "Central Intelligence Agency\Directorate of Intelligence\Intelligence Report\Centers of Power in Iran". Source: Central Intelligence Agency, OCI Files, Job 79T00832A, Box 9, 46. Secret; No Foreign Dissem. Prepared in the Office of Current Intelligence and coordinated within CIA. Retrieved 21 May 2016. [P]laying an essentially negative role at present... are the clergy, whose strength lies in the emotions of the Iranian masses and whose opposition to the Shah's government is nearly total...Detailed information on the clergy is not available. There are perhaps 100,000 clergymen ranging from the mullah, the lowest clerical post, to the mojtahed.

[19] Staff writer(s) (7 December 2009). "How Iran's opposition inverts old slogans". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2016. One of the big anti-Shah chants ended with the slogan "Death to Shah!"...A main revolutionary cry was: "Estaghlal, Azadi, Jomhuriye Eslami" (Eng: Independence, Freedom, Islamic Republic).

[20] Staff writer(s) (6 November 1979). "IRAN LEADERS BACK U.S. EMBASSY SEIZURE; Khomeini's Son Tells Students All American Ties Should Be Cut". The New York Times. Teheran. Reuters. pp. A1, A12. Students Shout "Death to America!"…Tens of thousands of students surrounded the American Embassy compound today shouting anti-American slogans such as "Death to America!"...

[21] Christopher Buck, Religious myths and visions of America: how minority faiths redefined America's world role, page 136

[22] «Iran & the Great Satan» (PDF). بایگانی‌شده از اصلی (PDF) در ۲۸ ژوئن ۲۰۱۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۲ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۱.

[23] "America's foreign policy: Manifest Destiny or Great Satan?". Contemporary Politics.

[24] "This Week in History: Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran - Features". The Jerusalem Post.

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