Diferencia entre revisiones de «Darmstatio»
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Se calcula que la [[configuración electrónica]] externa del darmstatio es 6d<sup>8</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>, que obedece al [[principio de Aufbau]] y no sigue la configuración externa del platino, configuración electrónica de 5d<sup>9</sup> 6s<sup>1</sup>. Esto se debe a la estabilización relativista del par de electrones 7s<sup>2</sup> durante todo el séptimo período, por lo que se espera que ninguno de los elementos del 104 al 112 tenga configuraciones electrónicas que violen el principio de Aufbau. Se espera que el radio atómico del darmstatio sea de alrededor de 132 pm.<ref name="Haire" />
==Isótopos==
{{clear}}
{{Isotopes summary
|element=darmstadtium
|isotopes=
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=267
|sym=Ds{{efn|name=nc|This isotope is unconfirmed}}
|hl={{sort|000000010|10 µs}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|ref}}
|dm=α
|year=1994
|re=<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>59</sup>Co,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=269
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|00000023|230 µs}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=1994
|re=<sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>62</sup>Ni,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=270
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|000000205|205 µs}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=2000
|re=<sup>207</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=270m
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|00001|10 ms}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=2000
|re=<sup>207</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=271
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|00009|90 ms}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=1994
|re=<sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=271m
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|0000017|1.7 ms}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=1994
|re=<sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=273
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|00000024|240 µs}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=1996
|re=<sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>34</sup>S,5n)<ref name="273Ds">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.54.620 |pmid = 9971385|title=α decay of <sup>273</sup>110: Shell closure at N=162|date=1996|author=Lazarev, Yu. A.|journal=Physical Review C|volume=54|last2=Lobanov|first2=Yu.|last3=Oganessian|first3=Yu.|last4=Utyonkov|first4=V.|last5=Abdullin|first5=F.|last6=Polyakov|first6=A.|last7=Rigol|first7=J.|last8=Shirokovsky|first8=I.|last9=Tsyganov|first9=Yu.|first10=S. |last10=Iliev|first11=V. G. |last11=Subbotin|first12=A. M. |last12=Sukhov|first13=G. V. |last13=Buklanov|first14=B. N. |last14=Gikal|first15=V. B. |last15=Kutner|first16=A. N. |last16=Mezentsev|first17=K. |last17=Subotic|first18=J. F. |last18=Wild|first19=R. W. |last19=Lougheed|first20=K. J. |last20=Moody |bibcode = 1996PhRvC..54..620L|issue=2 |pages = 620–625}}</ref>
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=277
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|0000035|3.5 ms}}
|ref=<ref name="PuCa2017">{{cite journal |last1=Utyonkov |first1=V. K. |last2=Brewer |first2=N. T. |first3=Yu. Ts. |last3=Oganessian |first4=K. P. |last4=Rykaczewski |first5=F. Sh. |last5=Abdullin |first6=S. N. |last6=Dimitriev |first7=R. K. |last7=Grzywacz |first8=M. G. |last8=Itkis |first9=K. |last9=Miernik |first10=A. N. |last10=Polyakov |first11=J. B. |last11=Roberto |first12=R. N. |last12=Sagaidak |first13=I. V. |last13=Shirokovsky |first14=M. V. |last14=Shumeiko |first15=Yu. S. |last15=Tsyganov |first16=A. A. |last16=Voinov |first17=V. G. |last17=Subbotin |first18=A. M. |last18=Sukhov |first19=A. V. |last19=Karpov |first20=A. G. |last20=Popeko |first21=A. V. |last21=Sabel'nikov |first22=A. I. |last22=Svirikhin |first23=G. K. |last23=Vostokin |first24=J. H. |last24=Hamilton |first25=N. D. |last25=Kovrinzhykh |first26=L. |last26=Schlattauer |first27=M. A. |last27=Stoyer |first28=Z. |last28=Gan |first29=W. X. |last29=Huang |first30=L. |last30=Ma |date=30 January 2018 |title=Neutron-deficient superheavy nuclei obtained in the <sup>240</sup>Pu+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction |journal=Physical Review C |volume=97 |issue=14320 |pages=014320 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014320|bibcode=2018PhRvC..97a4320U |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|dm=α
|year=2010
|re=<sup>285</sup>Fl(—,2α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=279
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|00021|210 ms}}
|ref=<ref name="shesummary" />
|dm=SF, α
|year=2003
|re=<sup>287</sup>Fl(—,2α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=280
|sym=Ds<ref name="xxx">{{cite journal |last=Forsberg |first=U. |display-authors=et al.<!--53 co-authors omitted--> |title=Recoil-α-fission and recoil-α-α-fission events observed in the reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>243</sup>Am |date=2016 |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=953 |pages=117–138 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025 |arxiv=1502.03030|bibcode=2016NuPhA.953..117F |s2cid=55598355 }}</ref>
|hl={{sort|00000036|360 µs}}
|ref=<ref name="xi">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nishina.riken.jp/researcher/APR/APR047/pdf/xi.pdf |title=Measurement of the <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reaction products at RIKEN GARIS |page=xi |journal=RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. |volume=47 |year=2014 |author=Morita, K.|display-authors=et al}}</ref><ref name="Kaji">{{cite journal |last1=Kaji |first1=Daiya |last2=Morita |first2=Kosuke |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Hiromitsu |last4=Haba |first5=Masato |last5=Asai |first6=Kunihiro |last6=Fujita |first7=Zaiguo |last7=Gan |first8=Hans |last8=Geissel |first9=Hiroo |last9=Hasebe |first10=Sigurd |last10=Hofmann |first11=MingHui |last11=Huang |first12=Yukiko |last12=Komori |first13=Long |last13=Ma |first14=Joachim |last14=Maurer |first15=Masashi |last15=Murakami |first16=Mirei |last16=Takeyama |first17=Fuyuki |last17=Tokanai |first18=Taiki |last18=Tanaka |first19=Yasuo |last19=Wakabayashi |first20=Takayuki |last20=Yamaguchi |first21=Sayaka |last21=Yamaki |first22=Atsushi |last22=Yoshida |date=2017 |title=Study of the Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=034201–1–7 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201 |bibcode=2017JPSJ...86c4201K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.032503|title = Spectroscopy along Flerovium Decay Chains: Discovery of <sup>280</sup>Ds and an Excited State in <sup>282</sup>Cn|journal = Physical Review Letters|volume = 126|pages = 032503|year = 2021|last1 = Såmark-Roth|first1 = A.|last2 = Cox|first2 = D. M.|last3 = Rudolph|first3 = D.|last4 = Sarmento|first4 = L. G.|last5 = Carlsson|first5 = B. G.|last6 = Egido|first6 = J. L.|last7 = Golubev|first7 = P|last8 = Heery|first8 = J.|last9 = Yakushev|first9 = A.|last10 = Åberg|first10 = S.|last11 = Albers|first11 = H. M.|last12 = Albertsson|first12 = M.|last13 = Block|first13 = M.|last14 = Brand|first14 = H.|last15 = Calverley|first15 = T.|last16 = Cantemir|first16 = R.|last17 = Clark|first17 = R. M.|last18 = Düllmann|first18 = Ch. E.|last19 = Eberth|first19 = J.|last20 = Fahlander|first20 = C.|last21 = Forsberg|first21 = U.|last22 = Gates|first22 = J. M.|last23 = Giacoppo|first23 = F.|last24 = Götz|first24 = M.|last25 = Hertzberg|first25 = R.-D.|last26 = Hrabar|first26 = Y.|last27 = Jäger|first27 = E.|last28 = Judson|first28 = D.|last29 = Khuyagbaatar|first29 = J.|last30 = Kindler|first30 = B.|issue = 3|pmid = 33543956|bibcode = 2021PhRvL.126c2503S|display-authors = 29|doi-access = free}}</ref>
|dm=SF
|year=2021
|re=<sup>288</sup>Fl(—,2α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=281
|sym=Ds
|hl={{sort|0127|12.7 s}}
|ref=<ref name="shesummary">{{cite journal|last=Oganessian|first=Y.T.|date=2015|title=Super-heavy element research|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273327193|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=78|issue=3|pages=036301|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036301|pmid=25746203|bibcode=2015RPPh...78c6301O}}</ref>
|dm=SF, α
|year=2004
|re=<sup>289</sup>Fl(—,2α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=281m
|sym=Ds{{efn|name=nc}}
|hl={{sort|000900|900 ms}}
|ref={{NUBASE2016|name}}
|dm=α
|year=2012
|re=<sup>293m</sup>Lv(—,3α)
}}
}}
{{main|Isotopes of darmstadtium}}
Darmstadtium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Nine different isotopes of darmstadtium have been reported with atomic masses 267, 269–271, 273, 277, and 279–281, although darmstadtium-267 is unconfirmed. Three darmstadtium isotopes, darmstadtium-270, darmstadtium-271, and darmstadtium-281, have known [[metastable state]]s, although that of darmstadtium-281 is unconfirmed.<ref name="gsi12">{{cite journal | doi=10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1 | volume=48 | issue=5 | pages=62 | title=The reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>116<sup>*</sup> studied at the GSI-SHIP | journal=The European Physical Journal A| year=2012 | last1=Hofmann | first1=S. | last2=Heinz | first2=S. | last3=Mann | first3=R. | last4=Maurer | first4=J. | last5=Khuyagbaatar | first5=J. | last6=Ackermann | first6=D. | last7=Antalic | first7=S. | last8=Barth | first8=W. | last9=Block | first9=M. | last10=Burkhard | first10=H. G. | last11=Comas | first11=V. F. | last12=Dahl | first12=L. | last13=Eberhardt | first13=K. | last14=Gostic | first14=J. | last15=Henderson | first15=R. A. | last16=Heredia | first16=J. A. | last17=Heßberger | first17=F. P. | last18=Kenneally | first18=J. M. | last19=Kindler | first19=B. | last20=Kojouharov | first20=I. | last21=Kratz | first21=J. V. | last22=Lang | first22=R. | last23=Leino | first23=M. | last24=Lommel | first24=B. | last25=Moody | first25=K. J. | last26=Münzenberg | first26=G. | last27=Nelson | first27=S. L. | last28=Nishio | first28=K. | last29=Popeko | first29=A. G. | last30=Runke | first30=J. | s2cid=121930293 | display-authors=29 | bibcode=2012EPJA...48...62H }}</ref> Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay, but some undergo spontaneous fission.<ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=110&n=163 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |author=Sonzogni, Alejandro |location=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=2008-06-06 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801110322/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Stability and half-lives===
[[File:Superheavy decay modes predicted (KTUY).svg|thumb|left|upright=1.75|This chart of decay modes according to the model of the [[Japan Atomic Energy Agency]] predicts several superheavy nuclides within the [[island of stability]] having total half-lives exceeding one year (circled) and undergoing primarily alpha decay, peaking at <sup>294</sup>Ds with an estimated half-life of 300 years.<ref name="SHlimit">{{cite conference|last=Koura|first=H.|date=2011|title=Decay modes and a limit of existence of nuclei in the superheavy mass region|url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/10_Sep/S_2/05_Koura.pdf|conference=4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>]]
Todos los isótopos de darmstatio son extremadamente inestables y radiactivos; en general, los isótopos más pesados son más estables que los más ligeros. El isótopo de darmstatio conocido más estable, <sup>281</sup>Ds, es también el isótopo de darmstatio más pesado conocido; tiene una vida media de 12,7 segundos. El isótopo <sup>279</sup>Ds tiene una vida media de 0,18 segundos, mientras que el <sup>281m</sup>Ds no confirmado tiene una vida media de 0,9 segundos. Los siete isótopos restantes y dos estados metaestables tienen vidas medias entre 1 microsegundo y 70 milisegundos.<ref name="nuclidetable" /> Sin embargo, algunos isótopos de darmstadtio desconocidos pueden tener vidas medias más largas.<ref name="prc08ADNDT08" />
Theoretical calculation in a quantum tunneling model reproduces the experimental alpha decay half-life data for the known darmstadtium isotopes.<ref name="prc06npa07">{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=73|issue=1|page=014612|date=2006|title=α decay half-lives of new superheavy elements|author=P. Roy Chowdhury|author2=C. Samanta|author3=D. N. Basu|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.73.014612|arxiv = nucl-th/0507054 |bibcode = 2006PhRvC..73a4612C |s2cid=118739116}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=789|issue=1–4|pages=142–154| title=Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements|author=C. Samanta|author2=P. Roy Chowdhury|author3=D.N. Basu|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001|arxiv = nucl-th/0703086 |bibcode = 2007NuPhA.789..142S |year=2007|citeseerx=10.1.1.264.8177|s2cid=7496348}}</ref> It also predicts that the undiscovered isotope <sup>294</sup>Ds, which has a [[magic number (physics)|magic number]] of [[neutron]]s (184),<ref name="Haire" /> would have an alpha decay half-life on the order of 311 years; exactly the same approach predicts a ~3500-year alpha half-life for the non-magic <sup>293</sup>Ds isotope, however.<ref name="prc08ADNDT08">{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=77|page=044603|title=Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability|author=P. Roy Chowdhury|author2=C. Samanta|author3=D. N. Basu|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603|bibcode = 2008PhRvC..77d4603C|issue=4 |arxiv = 0802.3837 |year=2008|s2cid=119207807}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables]]|title=Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 |author=P. Roy Chowdhury |author2=C. Samanta |author3=D. N. Basu |name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003|volume=94|bibcode = 2008ADNDT..94..781C|issue=6 |pages=781–806|arxiv = 0802.4161 |year=2008}}</ref>
== Referencias ==
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