Louis Pasteur: Malsamoj inter versioj
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'''Louis PASTEUR''' {{prononco|LuI PasTER}} naskiĝis en [[Dole]] la {{daton|27|decembro|1822}} kaj mortis en kastelo Villeneuve-l’Étang, [[Marnes-la-Coquette]] la {{daton|28|septembro|1895}}), estis [[Francio|franca]] [[sciencisto]], [[kemiisto]], pioniro de la [[mikrobiologio]], inventisto de la metodo de [[pasteŭrizado]] kaj esploristo pri [[fermentado]]. Lia esplorado en kemio kondukis al rimarkindaj elrompoj en la kompreno de la kaŭzoj kaj preventoj de [[malsano]]j, kiuj rezultis en la fundamanto de higieno, publika sano kaj multo de moderna medicino.<ref name="Ligon">{{cite journal|last1=Ligon|first1=B. Lee|year=2002|title=Biography: Louis Pasteur: A controversial figure in a debate on scientific ethics|journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–141|doi=10.1053/spid.2002.125138|pmid=12122952}}</ref> Oni konsideras, ke lia laboro savis milionojn de vivoj pere de la disvolvigo de vakcinoj kontraŭ [[rabio]] kaj [[antrakso]]. Li estas konsiderata kiel unu el la fondintoj de la moderna [[bakteriologio]] kaj estis honorita kiel la "patro de bakteriologio"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adam|first=P.|date=1951|title=Louis Pasteur: Father of bacteriology|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14870064|journal=Canadian Journal of Medical Technology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=126–128|pmid=14870064}}</ref> kaj kiel la "patro de [[mikrobiologio]]"<ref name="fein">{{cite book|author= Feinstein, S|title= Louis Pasteur: The Father of Microbiology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mwwzIdiuhkC|year= 2008|pages= 1–128|publisher= Enslow Publishers, Inc.|isbn =978-1-59845-078-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fleming|first=Alexander|date=1952|title=Freelance of Science|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=4778|pages=269|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4778.269|pmc=2020971}}</ref> (kun [[Robert Koch]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=S. Y.|last2=Berman|first2=E.|date=2008|title=Robert Koch (1843-1910): father of microbiology and Nobel laureate|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037548|journal=Singapore Medical Journal|volume=49|issue=11|pages=854–855|pmid=19037548}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Gradmann|first=Christoph|date=2006|title=Robert Koch and the white death: from tuberculosis to tuberculin|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16126424|journal=Microbes and Infection|volume=8|issue=1|pages=294–301|doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.004|pmid=16126424}}</ref> kaj tiu lasta epiteto estas atribuita ankaŭ el [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=Nick|date=2015|title=The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning little animals'|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=370|issue=1666|pages=20140344|doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0344|pmc=4360124|pmid=25750239}}</ref>).
Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of [[spontanea generado]]. Under the auspices of the [[Franca Akademio de Sciencoj]], his experiment demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks, nothing ever developed; and, conversely, in sterilized but open flasks, microorganisms could grow.<ref name="seckbach">{{cite book|editor-last1=Seckbach |editor-first1=Joseph |title=Origins: Genesis, Evolution and Diversity of Life|year=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-1813-8|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=937NljkEbgYC}}</ref> For this experiment, the academy awarded him the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2,500 [[franko]]j in 1862.
Pasteur is also regarded as one of the fathers of [[mikroba teorio pri malsanoj]], which was a minor medical concept at the time.<ref name="ullmann">{{Cite journal| last = Ullmann| first = Agnes| title = Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive Ways of Thinking about Infectious Diseases| journal = Microbe| volume = 2| issue = 8| pages = 383–387| date = August 2007| url = http://www.asm.org/index.php/component/content/article/114-unknown/unknown/4469-pasteur-koch-distinctive-ways-of-thinking-about-infectious-diseases| access-date = 12 December 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160510103839/http://www.asm.org/index.php/component/content/article/114-unknown/unknown/4469-pasteur-koch-distinctive-ways-of-thinking-about-infectious-diseases| archive-date = 10 May 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref> His many experiments showed that diseases could be prevented by killing or stopping germs, thereby directly supporting the germ theory and its application in clinical medicine. He is best known to the general public for his invention of the technique of treating [[lakto]] and [[vino]] to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called [[pasteŭrizado]]. Pasteur also made significant [[#Molecular asymmetry|discoveries]] in chemistry, most notably on the molecular basis for the [[asymmetry]] of certain [[kristalo]]j and [[racemization]]. Early in his career, his investigation of [[tartaric acid]] resulted in the first resolution of what is now called [[Chirality (chemistry)|optical isomers]]. His work led the way to the current understanding of a fundamental principle in the structure of organic compounds.
He was the director of the [[Pasteur Institute]], established in 1887, until his death, and his body was interred in a vault beneath the institute. Although Pasteur made groundbreaking experiments, his reputation became associated with various controversies. Historical reassessment of his notebook revealed that he practiced deception to overcome his rivals.<ref name=Geison1995>{{cite book|last1=Geison|first1=Gerald L|title=The Private Science of Louis Pasteur|year=1995|publisher=Princeton university press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-01552-1|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/5670.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=C.|title=Pasteur Notebooks Reveal Deception|journal=Science|year=1993|volume=259|issue=5098|page=1117|doi=10.1126/science.259.5098.1117-a|pmid=8438162|bibcode=1993Sci...259.1117A}}</ref>
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