मुख

Garhwali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Noun

मुख (mukh) m

1. mouth
2. face

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha). Doublet of मुँह (mũh), a tadbhava.

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /mʊkʰ/

Noun

मुख • (mukh) m (Urdu spelling مکھ)

1. (anatomy) mouth
2. (anatomy) face

Declension

Declension of मुख (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	मुख mukh	मुख mukh
oblique	मुख mukh	मुखों mukhõ
vocative	मुख mukh	मुखो mukho

Synonyms

• (mouth): मुँह (mũh)
• (face): चेहरा (cehrā)

Derived terms

• मुखाभिगम (mukhābhigam)
• मुखमैथुन (mukhmaithun)

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (múkha, “mouth, face, visage”). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mukʰ/, [muːkʰ]

Noun

मुख • (mukh) n

1. (anatomy) mouth

   Synonym: तोंड (toṇḍa)

2. (anatomy) face

   Synonyms: चेहरा (cehrā), तोंड (toṇḍa)

Declension

Declension of मुख (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	मुख mukh
direct plural	मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	मुख mukh		मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha
oblique सामान्यरूप	मुखा mukhā		मुखां- mukhān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	मुखाला mukhālā		मुखांना mukhānnā
ergative	मुखाने, मुखानं mukhāne, mukhāna		मुखांनी mukhānnī
instrumental	मुखाशी mukhāśī		मुखांशी mukhānśī
locative सप्तमी	मुखात mukhāt		मुखांत mukhāt
vocative संबोधन	मुखा mukhā		मुखांनो mukhānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of मुख (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	मुखाचा mukhāċā	मुखाचे mukhāċe	मुखाची mukhācī	मुखाच्या mukhācā	मुखाचे, मुखाचं mukhāċe, mukhāċa	मुखाची mukhācī	मुखाच्या mukhācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	मुखांचा mukhānċā	मुखांचे mukhānċe	मुखांची mukhāñcī	मुखांच्या mukhāncā	मुखांचे, मुखांचं mukhānċe, mukhānċa	मुखांची mukhāñcī	मुखांच्या mukhāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “मुख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “मुख”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press

Nepali

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [muk̞ʰ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: मुख्

Noun

मुख • (mukh)

1. (anatomy) mouth
2. mouth (opening, outlet, source)
3. beak
4. (anatomy) face

Old Marathi

Noun

मुख (mukha) n

1. Devanagari script form of 𑘦𑘳𑘏

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• mukha (Latin script)
• 𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
• মুখ (Bengali script)
• මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
• မုခ or မုၶ (Burmese script)
• มุข or มุขะ (Thai script)
• ᨾᩩᨡ (Tai Tham script)
• ມຸຂ or ມຸຂະ (Lao script)
• មុខ (Khmer script)
• 𑄟𑄪𑄈 (Chakma script)

Noun

मुख n

1. Devanagari script form of mukha

Declension

Declension table of "मुख" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	मुखं (mukhaṃ)	मुखानि (mukhāni)
Accusative (second)	मुखं (mukhaṃ)	मुखानि (mukhāni)
Instrumental (third)	मुखेन (mukhena)	मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi)
Dative (fourth)	मुखस्स (mukhassa) or मुखाय (mukhāya) or मुखत्थं (mukhatthaṃ)	मुखानं (mukhānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	मुखस्मा (mukhasmā) or मुखम्हा (mukhamhā) or मुखा (mukhā)	मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	मुखस्स (mukhassa)	मुखानं (mukhānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	मुखस्मिं (mukhasmiṃ) or मुखम्हि (mukhamhi) or मुखे (mukhe)	मुखेसु (mukhesu)
Vocative (calling)	मुख (mukha)	मुखानि (mukhāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• মুখ (Assamese script)
• ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
• মুখ (Bengali script)
• 𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
• မုခ (Burmese script)
• મુખ (Gujarati script)
• ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
• ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
• 𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
• ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
• មុខ (Khmer script)
• ມຸຂ (Lao script)
• മുഖ (Malayalam script)
• ᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
• ᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
• ମୁଖ (Odia script)
• ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
• 𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
• මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
• முக² (Tamil script)
• ముఖ (Telugu script)
• มุข (Thai script)
• མུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam

Sanskrit मुख॑ (múkha)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.

According to Pokorny, ultimately from Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).

However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mukhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /mú.kʰɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈmu.kʰɐ/

Noun

मुख॑ • (múkha) stem, n

1. (anatomy) mouth
2. (anatomy) face
3. visage
4. (neologism) font

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of मुख (múkha)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	मुखम् múkham	मुखे múkhe	मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹
Vocative	मुख múkha	मुखे múkhe	मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹
Accusative	मुखम् múkham	मुखे múkhe	मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹
Instrumental	मुखेन múkhena	मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām	मुखैः / मुखेभिः¹ múkhaiḥ / múkhebhiḥ¹
Dative	मुखाय múkhāya	मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām	मुखेभ्यः múkhebhyaḥ
Ablative	मुखात् múkhāt	मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām	मुखेभ्यः múkhebhyaḥ
Genitive	मुखस्य múkhasya	मुखयोः múkhayoḥ	मुखानाम् múkhānām
Locative	मुखे múkhe	मुखयोः múkhayoḥ	मुखेषु múkheṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Khowar: موخ (mux)
  • Shina: مُک (muk)
• Pali: mukha
  • → Burmese: မုခ် (muhk)
    • → Shan: မုၵ်ႈ (mūk)
• Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

• → Assamese: মুখ (mukh)
• → Bengali: মুখ (mukh)
• → Gujarati: મુખ (mukh)
• → Hindi: मुख (mukh)
• → Kannada: ಮುಖ (mukha)
• → Khmer: មុខ (muk)
• → Malay: muka
  • Indonesian: muka
• → Malayalam: മുഖം (mukhaṁ)
• → Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
  • Marathi: मुख (mukh)
• → Nepali: मुख (mukh)
• → Punjabi: ਮੁਖ (mukh)
• → Marwari:

  Devanagari script: मुखड़ौ (mukhṛau)

  Mahajani script: 𑅬𑅒𑅖𑅲𑅒 (mukhṛu /⁠mukhṛau⁠/)

• → Tamil: முகம் (mukam)
• → Tagalog: mukhâ
• → Telugu: ముఖము (mukhamu)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 819/3.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 360
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 648-649
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “751-52”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 751-52