plain: difference between revisions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Content deleted Content added
m remove horizontal rule separators per Wiktionary:Votes/2023-02/Removing the horizontal rule
Phacromallus (talk | contribs)
No edit summary
(42 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:
===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{enPR|plān}}, {{IPA|en|/pleɪn/|[pl̥eɪn]}}
* {{enPR|plān}}, {{IPA|en|/pleɪn/|[pl̥eɪn]}}
* {{audio|en|en-us-plain.ogg|Audio (US)}}
* {{audio|en|en-us-plain.ogg|a=US}}
* {{rhymes|en|eɪn|s=1}}
* {{rhymes|en|eɪn|s=1}}
* {{homophones|en|plane}}
* {{homophones|en|plane}}
Line 10: Line 10:
===Etymology 1===
===Etymology 1===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*pleh₂-}}
{{root|en|ine-pro|*pleh₂-}}
From {{inh|en|enm|pleyn}}, borrowed from {{der|en|xno|pleyn}}, {{m|fro|playn}}, {{bor|en|frm|plain}}, {{m|en|plein}}, and {{der|en|fro|plain}}, from {{der|en|la|plānus||flat, even, level, plain}}.
From {{inh|en|enm|pleyn}}, borrowed from {{der|en|xno|pleyn}}, {{m|fro|playn}}, {{der|en|frm|plain}}, {{m|frm|plein}}, and {{der|en|fro|plain}}, from {{der|en|la|plānus||flat, even, level, plain}}.


====Alternative forms====
====Alternative forms====
Line 20: Line 20:


# {{lb|en|now|_|rare|regional}} [[flat|Flat]], [[level]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
# {{lb|en|now|_|rare|regional}} [[flat|Flat]], [[level]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
#* {{RQ:KJV|Isaiah|40|4}}
#* {{RQ:KJV|Isaiah|40|4|passage=The crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places '''plain'''.}}
#*: The crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places '''plain'''.
# Simple, [[unaltered]].
# Simple, [[unaltered]].
## [[ordinary|Ordinary]]; lacking [[adornment]] or [[ornament]]ation; [[unembellished]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
## [[ordinary|Ordinary]]; lacking [[adornment]] or [[ornament]]ation; [[unembellished]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
##: {{ux|en|He was dressed simply in '''plain''' black clothes.}}
##: {{ux|en|He was dressed simply in '''plain''' black clothes.}}
##: {{ux|en|a '''plain''' tune}}
##: {{ux|en|a '''plain''' tune}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|year=2013|month=September–October|author={{w|Henry Petroski}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|year=2013|month=September–October|author=w:Henry Petroski
|magazine={{w|American Scientist}}|title=[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2013/5/the-evolution-of-eyeglasses The Evolution of Eyeglasses]| passage=The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or '''plain''' glass paperweight.}}
|magazine=w:American Scientist|title=[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2013/5/the-evolution-of-eyeglasses The Evolution of Eyeglasses]| passage=The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or '''plain''' glass paperweight.}}
## Of just one [[colour]]; lacking a [[pattern]].
## Of just one [[colour]]; lacking a [[pattern]].
##: {{ux|en|a '''plain''' pink polycotton skirt}}
##: {{ux|en|a '''plain''' pink polycotton skirt}}
## Simple in habits or qualities; [[unsophisticated]], not exceptional, [[ordinary]]. {{defdate|from 16th c.}}
## Simple in habits or qualities; [[unsophisticated]], not exceptional, [[ordinary]]. {{defdate|from 16th c.}}
##: {{ux|en|They're just '''plain''' people like you or me.}}
##: {{ux|en|They're just '''plain''' people like you or me.}}
##* '''1654''', {{w|Henry Hammond}}, ''Of Fundamentals''
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1654|author=w:Henry Hammond|title=Of Fundamentals
##*: '''plain''' yet pious Christians
|passage='''plain''' yet pious Christians}}
##* '''1861''', {{w|Abraham Lincoln}}, ''Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4th''
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1861|author=w:Abraham Lincoln|title=Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4th
##*: the '''plain''' people
|passage=the '''plain''' people}}
## {{lb|en|of food}} Having only few ingredients, or no additional ingredients or [[seasoning]]s; not elaborate, without toppings or extras. {{defdate|from 17th c.}}
## {{lb|en|of food}} Having only few ingredients, or no additional ingredients or [[seasoning]]s; not elaborate, without toppings or extras. {{defdate|from 17th c.}}
##: {{ux|en|Would you like a poppy bagel or a '''plain''' bagel?}}
##: {{ux|en|Would you like a poppy bagel or a '''plain''' bagel?}}
Line 47: Line 46:
## [[honest|Honest]] and without deception; [[candid]], [[open]]; [[blunt]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
## [[honest|Honest]] and without deception; [[candid]], [[open]]; [[blunt]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
##: {{ux|en|Let me be '''plain''' with you: I don't like her.}}
##: {{ux|en|Let me be '''plain''' with you: I don't like her.}}
##* {{quote-book|en|author=Socrates Scholasticus [''i.e.'', {{w|Socrates of Constantinople}}]| chapter=Constantinus the Emperour Summoneth the Nicene Councell, it was Held at Nicæa a Citie of Bythnia for the Debatinge of the Controuersie about the Feast of Easter, and the Rootinge out of the Heresie of Arius| mainauthor=[[w:Eusebius|Eusebius Pamphilus]]; Socrates Scholasticus; {{w|Evagrius Scholasticus}}; [[w:Dorotheus of Tyre|Dorotheus]]; {{w|Meredith Hanmer}}, transl.| title=The Avncient Ecclesiasticall Histories of the First Six Hundred Yeares after Christ, Wrytten in the Greeke Tongue by Three Learned Historiographers, Eusebius, Socrates, and Euagrius. [...]|location=imprinted at London|publisher=By [[w:Thomas Vautrollier|Thomas Vautroullier]] dwelling in the [[w:Blackfriars|Blackefriers]] by {{w|Ludgate}}| year=1577| volume_plain=book I (The First Booke of the Ecclesiasticall Historye of Socrates Scholasticvs)| page=225| pageurl=https://archive.org/stream/aunciente00euse#page/n224/mode/1up| oclc=55193813| passage=[VV]e are able with '''playne''' demonſtration to proue, and vvith reaſon to perſvvade that in tymes paſt our fayth vvas alike, that then vve preached thinges correſpondent vnto the forme of faith already published of vs, ſo that none in this behalfe can repyne or gaynesay vs.}}
##* {{quote-book|en|author=Socrates Scholasticus [''i.e.'', {{w|Socrates of Constantinople}}]| chapter=Constantinus the Emperour Summoneth the Nicene Councell, it was Held at Nicæa a Citie of Bythnia for the Debatinge of the Controuersie about the Feast of Easter, and the Rootinge out of the Heresie of Arius| mainauthor=[[w:Eusebius|Eusebius Pamphilus]]; Socrates Scholasticus; w:Evagrius Scholasticus; [[w:Dorotheus of Tyre|Dorotheus]]| tlr=w:Meredith Hanmer| title=The Avncient Ecclesiasticall Histories of the First Six Hundred Yeares after Christ, Wrytten in the Greeke Tongue by Three Learned Historiographers, Eusebius, Socrates, and Euagrius. [...]|location=imprinted at London|publisher=By [[w:Thomas Vautrollier|Thomas Vautroullier]] dwelling in the [[w:Blackfriars|Blackefriers]] by {{w|Ludgate}}| year=1577| volume_plain=book I (The First Booke of the Ecclesiasticall Historye of Socrates Scholasticvs)| page=225| pageurl=https://archive.org/stream/aunciente00euse#page/n224/mode/1up| oclc=55193813| passage=[VV]e are able with '''playne''' demonſtration to proue, and vvith reaſon to perſvvade that in tymes paſt our fayth vvas alike, that then vve preached thinges correſpondent vnto the forme of faith already published of vs, ſo that none in this behalfe can repyne or gaynesay vs.}}
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare King Lear|act=II|scene=v|passage=an honest mind, and '''plain''', he must speak truth}}
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare King Lear|act=II|scene=v|passage=an honest mind, and '''plain''', he must speak truth}}
##* {{RQ:Fielding Tom Jones|text=The Quaker was no sooner assured by this fellow of the birth and low fortune of Jones, than all compassion for him vanished; and the honest '''plain''' man went home fired with no less indignation than a duke would have felt at receiving an affront from such a person.}}
##* {{RQ:Fielding Tom Jones|text=The Quaker was no sooner assured by this fellow of the birth and low fortune of Jones, than all compassion for him vanished; and the honest '''plain''' man went home fired with no less indignation than a duke would have felt at receiving an affront from such a person.}}
## Clear; unencumbered; equal; fair.
## Clear; unencumbered; equal; fair.
##* {{RQ:Felton Classics}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1711|author=w:Henry Felton|title=Dissertation on Reading the Classics
##*: Our troops beat an army in '''plain''' fight.
|passage=Our troops beat an army in '''plain''' fight.}}
# Not unusually beautiful; [[unattractive]]. {{defdate|from 17th c.}}
# Not unusually beautiful; [[unattractive]]. {{defdate|from 17th c.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1986| author={{w|John le Carré}}| title={{w|A Perfect Spy}}| passage= Yet her beauty clung to her like an identity she was trying to deny and her '''plainness''' kept slipping like a bad disguise.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1986| author=w:John le Carré| title=w:A Perfect Spy| passage= Yet her beauty clung to her like an identity she was trying to deny and her '''plainness''' kept slipping like a bad disguise.}}
#: {{ux|en|Throughout high school she worried that she had a rather '''plain''' face.}}
#: {{ux|en|Throughout high school she worried that she had a rather '''plain''' face.}}
# {{lb|en|card games}} Not a [[trump]].
# {{lb|en|card games}} Not a [[trump]].
Line 74: Line 73:


=====Derived terms=====
=====Derived terms=====
{{der4|en|plain bread|plain speech|plain vanilla|plain people
{{der4|en
|in plain sight|in plain view|just plain folks|plain as a haystack|plain as day|plain as Dunstable highway|plain as porridge|plain as print|plain as Salisbury|plain ball|plain bearing|plain brown wrapper|plain cook|plain dealer|plain dealing|plain English|plain leaf warbler|plain loaf|plain old|plain old data|plain old telephone service|plain radiography|plain saw|plain tall|plain to see|plain water|plain work|plain wrapper|plain-clothed|plain-clothes|plain-looking|plain-saw|plain-song|plain-speaking|plain-winged antshrike|plain-woven
|plain and simple
|plain and simple
|plain as a pikestaff
|plain as a pikestaff
Line 116: Line 116:
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|senzill}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|senzill}}
* Chinese:
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|平|tr=píng de|alt=平的}}, {{t+|cmn|簡單|tr=jiǎndān}}, {{t+|cmn|平常|tr=píngcháng}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|平|tr=píng de|alt=平的}}, {{t+|cmn|簡單|tr=jiǎndān}}, {{t+|cmn|平常|tr=píngcháng}}, {{t+|cmn|質素|tr=zhìsù}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|prostý}}, {{t+|cs|obyčejný}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|prostý}}, {{t+|cs|obyčejný}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|eenvoudig}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|eenvoudig}}
Line 131: Line 131:
* Korean: {{t|ko|소박한}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|소박한}}
* Kurdish:
* Kurdish:
*: Central Kurdish: {{t+check|ckb|سادە}}
*: Central Kurdish: {{t-check|ckb|سادە}}
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|sade}}, {{t+|kmr|xwerû}}
* Ladino: {{t|lad|plano}}, {{t|lad|sémplise}} {{qualifier|Monastir}}
* Ladino: {{t|lad|plano}}, {{t|lad|sémplise}} {{qualifier|Monastir}}
* Malagasy: {{t+|mg|sàha}}
* Malagasy: {{t+|mg|sàha}}
Line 163: Line 164:
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|enfärgad}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|enfärgad}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|liso}}, {{t|tl|linso}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|liso}}, {{t|tl|linso}}
* Westrobothnian: {{t|gmq-bot|äjnläitt}}
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


Line 170: Line 170:
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|natural}}, {{t+|ca|simple}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|natural}}, {{t+|ca|simple}}
* Chinese:
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t-needed|cmn}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|原味|tr=yuánwèi}}
* Czech: {{t-needed|cs}}
* Czech: {{t-needed|cs}}
* Danish: {{t-needed|da}}
* Danish: {{t-needed|da}}
Line 191: Line 191:
* Ladin: {{t-needed|lld}}
* Ladin: {{t-needed|lld}}
* Ladino: {{t-needed|lad}}
* Ladino: {{t-needed|lad}}
* Latin: {{t-needed|la}}
* Latin: {{t|la|non condītus}}
* Latvian: {{t-needed|lv}}
* Latvian: {{t-needed|lv}}
* Lithuanian: {{t-needed|lt}}
* Lithuanian: {{t-needed|lt}}
Line 208: Line 208:
* Veps: {{t-needed|vep}}
* Veps: {{t-needed|vep}}
* Volapük: {{t-needed|vo}}
* Volapük: {{t-needed|vo}}
* Votic: {{t-needed|vot}}
* Võro: {{t-needed|vro}}
* Võro: {{t-needed|vro}}
* Votic: {{t-needed|vot}}
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


Line 231: Line 231:


===Etymology 2===
===Etymology 2===
From {{der|en|xno|plainer}}, {{m|fro|pleiner}}, variant of {{cog|xno|-}} and {{der|en|fro|pleindre}}, {{m|fro|plaindre}}, from {{der|en|la|plangere}}, present active infinitive of {{m|la|plangō}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|en|plein}} <!--in Webster 1913-->

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|rare|poetic}} A [[lamentation]].
#* '''1815''', Sir {{w|Walter Scott}}, ''[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AAW4795.0005.001/153?rgn=full+textview=image The Lady of the Isles]'', Canto IV, part IX
#*: The warrior-threat, the infant's '''plain''',<br>The mother's screams, were heard in vain;

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|reflexive|obsolete}} To [[complain]]. {{defdate|13th–19th c.}}
#* {{RQ:Langland Piers Plowman|Prologue|text=Persones and parisch prestes · '''pleyned hem''' to þe bischop / Þat here parisshes were pore · sith þe pestilence tyme […].}}
# {{lb|en|ambitransitive|now|rare|poetic}} To [[lament]], [[bewail]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
#: {{ux|en|to '''plain''' a loss}}
#*{{RQ:Spenser Astrophel|passage=Shepheards, that wont{{...}}<br>Oft times to '''plaine''' your loves concealed smart}}
#* {{RQ:Joseph Hall Satires}}
#*: Thy mother could thee for thy cradle set<br>Her husband's rusty iron corselet;<br>Whose jargling sound might rock her babe to rest,<br>That never '''plain''''d of his uneasy nest.
#* {{RQ:Landon Francesca Carrara|page=9|volume=III|text=Then, again, she almost thought that the soft and wailing wind which swept mournfully through the sepulchral boughs of the large old yews, had a voice not of this world—was it the inarticulate '''plaining''' of her brother's gentle spirit, debarred from intercourse, but still keeping over her the deep and eternal watch of love?}}
#* '''1936''', {{w|Alfred Edward Housman}}, ''More Poems'', "XXV", lines 5–9
#*: Then came I crying, and to-day, / With heavier cause to '''plain''', / Depart I into death away, / Not to be born again.

=====Related terms=====
{{rel3|en
|complain
|plaint
|plaintive
}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{der|en|fro|plain}}, from {{der|en|la|plānum|t=level ground, a plain}}, neuter substantive from {{m|la|plānus|t=level, even, flat}}. {{doublet|en|llano|piano|plane}}.
From {{der|en|fro|plain}}, from {{der|en|la|plānum|t=level ground, a plain}}, neuter substantive from {{m|la|plānus|t=level, even, flat}}. {{doublet|en|llano|piano|plane}}.


Line 272: Line 238:
{{en-noun}}
{{en-noun}}


# An [[expanse]] of [[land]] with relatively low [[relief]], [[usually]] [[exclusive]] of [[forest]]s, [[desert]]s, and [[wasteland]]s.
# An [[expanse]] of [[land]] with relatively low [[relief]] and [[few]] [[tree]]s, especially a [[grassy]] expanse.
#* {{RQ:Milton Paradise Lost|book=1|passage=Him the Ammonite / Worshipped in Rabba and her watery '''plain'''.}}
#* {{RQ:Milton Paradise Lost|book=1|passage=Him the Ammonite / Worshipped in Rabba and her watery '''plain'''.|year=1873}}
#* '''1961''', J. A. Philip. ''Mimesis in the ''Sophistês'' of Plato''. In: Proceedings and Transactions of the American Philological Association 92. p. 467.
#* '''1961''', J. A. Philip. ''Mimesis in the ''Sophistês'' of Plato''. In: Proceedings and Transactions of the American Philological Association 92. p. 467.
#*: For Plato the life of the philosopher is a life of struggle towards the goal of knowledge, towards “searching the heavens and measuring the '''plains''', in all places seeking the nature of everything as a whole”
#*: For Plato the life of the philosopher is a life of struggle towards the goal of knowledge, towards “searching the heavens and measuring the '''plains''', in all places seeking the nature of everything as a whole”
Line 279: Line 245:
#: {{hyper|en|land|terrain}}
#: {{hyper|en|land|terrain}}
#: {{hypo|en|prairie|steppe}}
#: {{hypo|en|prairie|steppe}}
# A [[broad]], [[flat]] [[expanse]] in general, as of [[water]].
#* {{RQ:Tennyson In Memoriam|IX||Fair ship, that from the Italian shore,<br>⁠Sailest the placid ocean-'''plains'''<br>⁠With my lost Arthur’s loved remains,<br>Spread thy full wings, and waft him o’er.}}
# {{lb|en|archaic}} {{syn of|en|field|nodot=a}} in reference to a [[battlefield]].
# {{lb|en|archaic}} {{syn of|en|field|nodot=a}} in reference to a [[battlefield]].
#*'''1899''', Alexander John Arbuthnot, ''Lord Clive: The Foundation of British Rule in India''
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1899|author=Alexander John Arbuthnot|title=Lord Clive: The Foundation of British Rule in India
#*:You have stormed no town and found the money there ; neither did you find it in the '''plains''' of Plassey after the defeat of the Nawab
|passage=You have stormed no town and found the money there ; neither did you find it in the '''plains''' of Plassey after the defeat of the Nawab}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Richard 3|V|iii|passage=Lead forth my soldiers to the '''plain'''.}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Richard 3|V|iii|passage=Lead forth my soldiers to the '''plain'''.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} {{alternative spelling of|en|plane|nodot=a}}: a [[flat]] [[geometric]] [[field]].
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} {{alternative spelling of|en|plane|nodot=a}}: a [[flat]] [[geometric]] [[field]].
Line 289: Line 257:


=====Derived terms=====
=====Derived terms=====
{{der3|en
{{der3|en|Staked Plain
|abyssal plain
|abyssal plain|Bell Plain
|alluvial plain
|alluvial plain
|Central Plain
|Central Plain|Plain of Esdraelon|plain of Mars
|Depsang Plains
|Depsang Plains
|Emu Plains
|Emu Plains
Line 300: Line 268:
|Great Plains
|Great Plains
|Manchurian Plain
|Manchurian Plain
|Moree Plains
|North China Plain
|North China Plain
|Northeast China Plain
|Northeast China Plain
|Nullarbor Plain
|peneplain
|peneplain
|Plains
|Plains
Line 310: Line 280:
|West Plains
|West Plains
|White Plains
|White Plains
|Sharon Plain|walled plain}}
}}


=====Related terms=====
=====Related terms=====
Line 344: Line 314:
* Georgian: {{t|ka|ვაკე}}, {{t+|ka|ბარი}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|ვაკე}}, {{t+|ka|ბარი}}
* German: {{t+|de|Ebene|f}}
* German: {{t+|de|Ebene|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πεδιάδα|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πεδιάδα|f}}, {{t+|el|πεδίο|n}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|πεδίον|n}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|πεδιάς|f}}, {{t|grc|πεδίον|n}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|מִישׁוֹר|m|tr=mishór}}, {{t+|he|עֲרָבָה|f|tr='aravá}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|מִישׁוֹר|m|tr=mishór}}, {{t+|he|עֲרָבָה|f|tr='aravá}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|मैदान|m}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|मैदान|m}}
Line 351: Line 321:
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|flatlendi|n}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|flatlendi|n}}
* Ilocano: {{t|ilo|patag}}
* Ilocano: {{t|ilo|patag}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|lakkia}}, {{t|izh|tasanko}}, {{t|izh|neemi}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|machaire|m}}, {{t|ga|má|f}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|machaire|m}}, {{t|ga|má|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|pianura|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|pianura|f}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|平地|tr=へいち, heichi}}, {{t+|ja|平野|tr=へいや, heiya}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|平地|tr=へいち, heichi}}, {{t+|ja|平野|tr=へいや, heiya}}
* Kabuverdianu: {{t|kea|txada}}
* Kabuverdianu: {{t|kea|txada}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|жазаң}}, {{t+|kk|жазық}}, {{t|kk|тегістік}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|жазаң}}, {{t|kk|жазық}}, {{t|kk|тегістік}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|វាល}}, {{t|km|វាលរាប}}, {{t|km|វាលទំនាប}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|វាល}}, {{t|km|វាលរាប}}, {{t|km|វាលទំនាប}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|평지}}, {{t+|ko|평야}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|평지}}, {{t+|ko|평야}}
Line 392: Line 363:
* Southern Kalinga: {{t|ksc|tanap}}
* Southern Kalinga: {{t|ksc|tanap}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|llanura|f}}, {{t+|es|planicie|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|llanura|f}}, {{t+|es|planicie|f}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|tambarare|cn}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|slätt|c}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|slätt|c}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|patag}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|patag}}
Line 398: Line 370:
* Telugu: {{t+|te|బయలు}}
* Telugu: {{t+|te|బయలు}}
* Tetum: {{t|tet|rai tetuk}}
* Tetum: {{t|tet|rai tetuk}}
* Tibetan: {{t|bo|ཐང}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|ที่ราบ}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|ที่ราบ}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|ova}}
* Tibetan: {{t|bo|ཐང}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|düzlük}}, {{t+|tr|ova}}
* Turkmen: {{t|tk|düzlük}}
* Turkmen: {{t|tk|düzlük}}
* Tày: {{t|tyz|búng tô̱ng nà}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|рівни́на|f}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|рівни́на|f}}
* Uzbek: {{t+|uz|tekislik}}
* Uzbek: {{t+|uz|tekislik}}
Line 415: Line 388:


# {{lb|en|obsolete|transitive}} To [[level]]; to [[raze]]; to make plain or [[even]] on the [[surface]].
# {{lb|en|obsolete|transitive}} To [[level]]; to [[raze]]; to make plain or [[even]] on the [[surface]].
#* {{RQ:Marlowe Edward 2|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A07018.0001.001|text=Frownst thou thereat aspiring Lancaster,<br>The sworde shall '''plane''' the furrowes of thy browes,}}
#* {{RQ:Marlowe Edward 2|year=1622|text=Frownst thou thereat aspiring Lancaster,<br>The sworde shall '''plane''' the furrowes of thy browes,}}
#* '''1612''', {{w|George Wither}}, ''Prince Henrie’s Obsequies'', Elegy 24, in {{w|Egerton Brydges}} (editor), ''Restituta'', Volume I, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1814, p. 399,<sup>[https://archive.org/details/restitutaortitle00bryd]</sup>
#* '''1612''', {{w|George Wither}}, ''Prince Henrie’s Obsequies'', Elegy 24, in {{w|Egerton Brydges}} (editor), ''Restituta'', Volume I, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1814, p. 399,<sup>[https://archive.org/details/restitutaortitle00bryd]</sup>
#*: Though kept by ''Rome''’s and ''Mahomet''’s chiefe powers;<br>They should not long detain him there in thrall:<br>We would rake ''Europe'' rather, '''plain''' the ''East'';<br>Dispeople the whole ''Earth'' before the doome:
#*: Though kept by ''Rome''’s and ''Mahomet''’s chiefe powers;<br>They should not long detain him there in thrall:<br>We would rake ''Europe'' rather, '''plain''' the ''East'';<br>Dispeople the whole ''Earth'' before the doome:
# {{lb|en|obsolete|transitive}} To make plain or [[manifest]]; to [[explain]].
# {{lb|en|obsolete|transitive}} To make plain or [[manifest]]; to [[explain]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Pericles|III|Prologue|text=What’s dumb in show, I’ll '''plain''' with speech.}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Pericles|III|Prologue|text=What’s dumb in show, I’ll '''plain''' with speech.}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{der|en|xno|plainer}}, {{m|fro|pleiner}}, variant of {{cog|xno|-}} and {{der|en|fro|pleindre}}, {{m|fro|plaindre}}, from {{der|en|la|plangere}}, present active infinitive of {{m|la|plangō}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|en|plein}} <!--in Webster 1913-->

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|rare|poetic}} A [[lamentation]].
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1815|author=Sir {{w|Walter Scott}}|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AAW4795.0005.001/153?rgn=full+textview=image|title=The Lady of the Isles|section=Canto IV, part IX
|passage=The warrior-threat, the infant's '''plain''',<br>The mother's screams, were heard in vain;}}

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|reflexive|obsolete}} To [[complain]]. {{defdate|13th–19th c.}}
#* {{RQ:Langland Piers Plowman|Prologue|text=Persones and parisch prestes · '''pleyned hem''' to þe bischop / Þat here parisshes were pore · sith þe pestilence tyme […].}}
# {{lb|en|ambitransitive|now|rare|poetic}} To [[lament]], [[bewail]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
#: {{ux|en|to '''plain''' a loss}}
#* {{RQ:Spenser Astrophel|passage=Shepheards, that wont{{...}}<br>Oft times to '''plaine''' your loves concealed smart}}
#* {{RQ:Joseph Hall Satires|passage=Thy mother could thee for thy cradle set<br>Her husband's rusty iron corselet;<br>Whose jargling sound might rock her babe to rest,<br>That never '''plain''''d of his uneasy nest.}}
#* {{RQ:Landon Francesca Carrara|page=9|volume=III|text=Then, again, she almost thought that the soft and wailing wind which swept mournfully through the sepulchral boughs of the large old yews, had a voice not of this world—was it the inarticulate '''plaining''' of her brother's gentle spirit, debarred from intercourse, but still keeping over her the deep and eternal watch of love?}}
#* '''1936''', {{w|Alfred Edward Housman}}, ''More Poems'', "XXV", lines 5–9
#*: Then came I crying, and to-day, / With heavier cause to '''plain''', / Depart I into death away, / Not to be born again.

=====Related terms=====
{{rel3|en
|complain
|plaint
|plaintive
}}


===Etymology 4===
===Etymology 4===
Line 431: Line 437:


===Anagrams===
===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=ailnp|Aplin|Lipan|Palin|Pinal|in lap|lapin|plani-}}
* {{anagrams|en|a=ailnp|Pinal|palin-|lapin|Palin|plani-|Aplin|Lipan|in lap}}


[[Category:English degree adverbs]]
[[Category:English degree adverbs]]
Line 450: Line 456:


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{inh|fr|fro|plain}}, from {{inh|fr|la|plānus}}. {{doublet|fr|plan|piano}}.
{{inh+|fr|fro|plain}}, from {{inh|fr|la|plānus}}. {{doublet|fr|plan|piano}}.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Penegal-plain.wav|Audio}}
* {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Penegal-plain.wav}}
* {{homophones|fr|plains|plein|pleins}}
* {{homophones|fr|plains|plein|pleins}}


Line 467: Line 473:


===Further reading===
===Further reading===
* {{R:TLFi}}
* {{R:fr:TLFi}}


===Anagrams===
===Anagrams===
Line 491: Line 497:


# [[full]] (not empty)
# [[full]] (not empty)
#* '''circa 1170''', {{w|Chrétien de Troyes}}, ''[[s:fr:Érec et Énide|Érec et Énide]]'':
#*: De tant come ele l'ot veü,
#*: Que '''plains''' estoit de felenie.
#*:: As she had seen
#*:: He was full of evil
#: {{ant|fro|vuit}}
#: {{ant|fro|vuit}}
#* {{quote-text|fro|year=c. 1170|author=w:Chrétien de Troyes|title=s:fr:Érec et Énide
|passage=De tant come ele l'ot veü,<br>Que '''plains''' estoit de felenie.
|translation=As she had seen<br>He was full of evil}}


<!---->=====Descendants=====
=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|fr|plein}}
* {{desc|fr|plein}}


Line 530: Line 534:


===Alternative forms===
===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|rm|plein||Sursilvan}}
* {{alt|rm|plein||Sursilvan}}
* {{alter|rm|plagn||Sutsilvan|Surmiran}}
* {{alt|rm|plagn||Sutsilvan|Surmiran}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology===

Revision as of 16:33, 20 July 2024

See also: Plain

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle English pleyn, borrowed from Anglo-Norman pleyn, playn, Middle French plain, plein, and Old French plain, from Latin plānus (flat, even, level, plain).

Alternative forms

Adjective

a plain bagel

plain (comparative plainer, superlative plainest)

  1. (now rare, regional) Flat, level. [from 14th c.]
  2. Simple, unaltered.
    1. Ordinary; lacking adornment or ornamentation; unembellished. [from 14th c.]
      He was dressed simply in plain black clothes.
      a plain tune
      • 2013 September–October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:
        The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.
    2. Of just one colour; lacking a pattern.
      a plain pink polycotton skirt
    3. Simple in habits or qualities; unsophisticated, not exceptional, ordinary. [from 16th c.]
      They're just plain people like you or me.
      • 1654, Henry Hammond, Of Fundamentals:
        plain yet pious Christians
      • 1861, Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4th:
        the plain people
    4. (of food) Having only few ingredients, or no additional ingredients or seasonings; not elaborate, without toppings or extras. [from 17th c.]
      Would you like a poppy bagel or a plain bagel?
    5. (computing) Containing no extended or nonprinting characters (especially in plain text). [from 20th c.]
  3. Obvious.
    1. Evident to one's senses or reason; manifest, clear, unmistakable. [from 14th c.]
      • 1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, “ch. XV, Practical — Devotional”, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book II (The Ancient Monk):
        In fact, by excommunication or persuasion, by impetuosity of driving or adroitness in leading, this Abbot, it is now becoming plain everywhere, is a man that generally remains master at last.
    2. Downright; total, unmistakable (as intensifier). [from 14th c.]
      His answer was just plain nonsense.
  4. Open.
    1. Honest and without deception; candid, open; blunt. [from 14th c.]
      Let me be plain with you: I don't like her.
      • 1577, Socrates Scholasticus [i.e., Socrates of Constantinople], “Constantinus the Emperour Summoneth the Nicene Councell, it was Held at Nicæa a Citie of Bythnia for the Debatinge of the Controuersie about the Feast of Easter, and the Rootinge out of the Heresie of Arius”, in Eusebius Pamphilus, Socrates Scholasticus, Evagrius Scholasticus, Dorotheus, translated by Meredith Hanmer, The Avncient Ecclesiasticall Histories of the First Six Hundred Yeares after Christ, Wrytten in the Greeke Tongue by Three Learned Historiographers, Eusebius, Socrates, and Euagrius. [...], book I (The First Booke of the Ecclesiasticall Historye of Socrates Scholasticvs), imprinted at London: By Thomas Vautroullier dwelling in the Blackefriers by Ludgate, →OCLC, page 225:
        [VV]e are able with playne demonſtration to proue, and vvith reaſon to perſvvade that in tymes paſt our fayth vvas alike, that then vve preached thinges correſpondent vnto the forme of faith already published of vs, ſo that none in this behalfe can repyne or gaynesay vs.
      • c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies [] (First Folio), London: [] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene v]:
        an honest mind, and plain, he must speak truth
      • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volumes (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, [], →OCLC:
        The Quaker was no sooner assured by this fellow of the birth and low fortune of Jones, than all compassion for him vanished; and the honest plain man went home fired with no less indignation than a duke would have felt at receiving an affront from such a person.
    2. Clear; unencumbered; equal; fair.
      • 1711, Henry Felton, Dissertation on Reading the Classics:
        Our troops beat an army in plain fight.
  5. Not unusually beautiful; unattractive. [from 17th c.]
    • 1986, John le Carré, A Perfect Spy:
      Yet her beauty clung to her like an identity she was trying to deny and her plainness kept slipping like a bad disguise.
    Throughout high school she worried that she had a rather plain face.
  6. (card games) Not a trump.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Derived terms
Translations

Adverb

plain (not comparable)

  1. (colloquial) Simply.
    It was just plain stupid.
    I plain forgot.
  2. (archaic) Plainly; distinctly.
    Tell me plain: do you love me or no?

Etymology 2

From Old French plain, from Latin plānum (level ground, a plain), neuter substantive from plānus (level, even, flat). Doublet of llano, piano, and plane.

Noun

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
a plain

plain (plural plains)

  1. An expanse of land with relatively low relief and few trees, especially a grassy expanse.
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. [], London: [] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker []; [a]nd by Robert Boulter []; [a]nd Matthias Walker, [], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: [], London: Basil Montagu Pickering [], 1873, →OCLC:
      Him the Ammonite / Worshipped in Rabba and her watery plain.
    • 1961, J. A. Philip. Mimesis in the Sophistês of Plato. In: Proceedings and Transactions of the American Philological Association 92. p. 467.
      For Plato the life of the philosopher is a life of struggle towards the goal of knowledge, towards “searching the heavens and measuring the plains, in all places seeking the nature of everything as a whole”
    Synonyms: flatland, grassland
    Hypernyms: land, terrain
    Hyponyms: prairie, steppe
  2. A broad, flat expanse in general, as of water.
  3. (archaic) Synonym of field in reference to a battlefield.
    • 1899, Alexander John Arbuthnot, Lord Clive: The Foundation of British Rule in India:
      You have stormed no town and found the money there ; neither did you find it in the plains of Plassey after the defeat of the Nawab
    • c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: []”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies [] (First Folio), London: [] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:
      Lead forth my soldiers to the plain.
  4. (obsolete) Alternative spelling of plane: a flat geometric field.
Usage notes
  • As with grassland(s), flatland(s), etc., plains can function as the plural of plain (There are ten principal low plains on Mars) or as its synonym (She lives on the plains), with a vague sense of greater expansiveness.
Derived terms
Translations

Verb

plain (third-person singular simple present plains, present participle plaining, simple past and past participle plained)

  1. (obsolete, transitive) To level; to raze; to make plain or even on the surface.
  2. (obsolete, transitive) To make plain or manifest; to explain.

Etymology 3

From Anglo-Norman plainer, pleiner, variant of Anglo-Norman and Old French pleindre, plaindre, from Latin plangere, present active infinitive of plangō.

Alternative forms

Noun

plain (plural plains)

  1. (rare, poetic) A lamentation.
    • 1815, Sir Walter Scott, The Lady of the Isles[2], Canto IV, part IX:
      The warrior-threat, the infant's plain,
      The mother's screams, were heard in vain;

Verb

plain (third-person singular simple present plains, present participle plaining, simple past and past participle plained)

  1. (reflexive, obsolete) To complain. [13th–19th c.]
  2. (transitive, intransitive, now rare, poetic) To lament, bewail. [from 14th c.]
    to plain a loss
    • 1595, Ed. Spencer [i.e., Edmund Spenser], “Astrophel. A Pastoral Elegie vpon the Death of the Most Noble and Valorous Knight, Sir Philip Sidney.”, in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, London: [] T[homas] C[reede] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
      Shepheards, that wont []
      Oft times to plaine your loves concealed smart
    • c. 1600, John Ayliffe, Satires:
      Thy mother could thee for thy cradle set
      Her husband's rusty iron corselet;
      Whose jargling sound might rock her babe to rest,
      That never plain'd of his uneasy nest.
    • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter II, in Francesca Carrara. [], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, [], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 9:
      Then, again, she almost thought that the soft and wailing wind which swept mournfully through the sepulchral boughs of the large old yews, had a voice not of this world—was it the inarticulate plaining of her brother's gentle spirit, debarred from intercourse, but still keeping over her the deep and eternal watch of love?
    • 1936, Alfred Edward Housman, More Poems, "XXV", lines 5–9
      Then came I crying, and to-day, / With heavier cause to plain, / Depart I into death away, / Not to be born again.

Etymology 4

From Middle English pleyn, borrowed from Old French plein, from Latin plēnus (full, filled, complete). Ultimately from Proto-Italic *plēnos, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (full). Doublet of plene, plenary, and full.

Adjective

plain (comparative plainer, superlative plainest)

  1. (obsolete) Full, complete in number or extent.

Anagrams

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin plēnus. Compare Italian pieno, Romansch plain, Romanian plin, French plein.

Adjective

plain (feminine plaina)

  1. full

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French plain, from Latin plānus. Doublet of plan and piano.

Pronunciation

Adjective

plain (feminine plaine, masculine plural plains, feminine plural plaines)

  1. (obsolete) plane

Derived terms

Further reading

Anagrams

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French plain, from Latin plēnus.

Adjective

plain m (feminine singular plaine, masculine plural plains, feminine plural plaines)

  1. full (not empty)

Old French

Etymology 1

From Latin plēnus.

Adjective

plain m (feminine plaine)

  1. full (not empty)
    Antonym: vuit
Descendants
  • French: plein

Etymology 2

From Latin plānum (level ground, a plain), neuter substantive from plānus (level, even, flat).

Noun

plain oblique singularm (oblique plural plainz, nominative singular plainz, nominative plural plain)

  1. plain (flat area)
Synonyms
Descendants

Etymology 3

From Latin plānus (level, even, flat).

Adjective

plain m (oblique and nominative feminine singular plaine)

  1. flat (not even or mountainous)

Romansch

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Latin plēnus.

Adjective

plain m (feminine singular plaina, masculine plural plains, feminine plural plainas)

  1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Puter, Vallader) full