मुख: difference between revisions

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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
Borrowed from {{bor|gbm|sa|मुख}}.
{{lbor|gbm|sa|मुख}}.


===Noun===
===Noun===
Line 10: Line 10:
# [[face]]
# [[face]]


[[Category:gbm:Body parts]]
----
[[Category:sa:Mouth]]


==Hindi==
==Hindi==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
Borrowed from {{bor|hi|sa|मुख}}. {{doublet|hi|मुँह}}, a tadbhava.
{{bor+|hi|sa|मुख}}. {{doublet|hi|मुँह}}, a tadbhava.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|hi|/mʊkʰ/}}
* {{hi-IPA}}


===Noun===
===Noun===
Line 25: Line 26:
# {{lb|hi|anatomy}} [[mouth]]
# {{lb|hi|anatomy}} [[mouth]]
# {{lb|hi|anatomy}} [[face]]
# {{lb|hi|anatomy}} [[face]]

====Declension====
{{hi-ndecl|<M>}}


====Synonyms====
====Synonyms====
Line 34: Line 38:
* {{l|hi|मुखमैथुन}}
* {{l|hi|मुखमैथुन}}


==Marathi==
----

===Etymology===
From {{inh|mr|omr|𑘦𑘳𑘏}}, from {{der|mr|sa|मुख|tr=múkha||mouth, face, visage}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{mr-IPA}}

===Noun===
{{mr-noun|g=n}}

# {{lb|mr|anatomy}} [[mouth]]
#: {{syn|mr|तोंड}}
# {{lb|mr|anatomy}} [[face]]
#: {{syn|mr|चेहरा|तोंड}}

====Declension====
{{mr-noun-c-n|मुख|mukh}}

===References===
* {{R:mr:Berntsen}}
* {{R:mr:Molesworth}}
* {{R:mr:Vaze}}


==Nepali==
==Nepali==
Line 40: Line 66:
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{der|ne|sa|मुख}}.
From {{der|ne|sa|मुख}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ne-IPA}}


===Noun===
===Noun===
Line 49: Line 78:
# {{lb|ne|anatomy}} [[face]]
# {{lb|ne|anatomy}} [[face]]


==Old Marathi==
----

===Noun===
{{head|omr|noun|g=n}}

# {{form of|omr|Devanagari form|𑘦𑘳𑘏}}


==Pali==
==Pali==
Line 63: Line 97:
====Declension====
====Declension====
{{pi-decl-noun|मुख|a|n}}
{{pi-decl-noun|मुख|a|n}}

----


==Sanskrit==
==Sanskrit==

===Alternative forms===
===Alternative scripts===
{{sa-alt}}
{{sa-alt}}

===Etymology===
{{dercat|sa|dra|}}
From {{inh|sa|inc-pro|*múkʰam}}, from {{inh|sa|iir-pro|*múkʰam}}, from earlier {{m|iir-pro|*múkHam}}, with further origin {{uncertain|sa|nocap=1}}.

According to Pokorny, ultimately from {{der|sa|dra-pro|-}} and not related to {{cog|ine-pro|*mū-|t=lips, muzzle}} ({{cog|gem-pro|*mūlō}}, {{cog|en|mutter}}, {{cog|la|muttiō}}).

However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking {{cog|ine-pro|*mu-}} to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares {{cog|grc|μῠχός|t=innermost part of a place}}, {{m|grc|μῦθος|t=word}}, and {{cog|de|Maul|t=mouth (of an animal)}}. According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare {{cog|ta|முகம்|t=face}}) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
{{sa-IPA|a=1}}
* {{sa-IPA|a=1}}


===Noun===
===Noun===
Line 85: Line 126:


====Descendants====
====Descendants====
* Dardic:
* {{desc|inc-dar-pro|*múkʰa-}}
** {{desc|khw|موخ|tr=mux}}
** {{desc|khw|موخ|tr=mux}}
** {{desc|scl|مُک|tr=muk}}
* {{desc|as|মুহ}}
* {{desc|as|মুহ}}
* {{desctree|pmh|𑀫𑀼𑀳}}
* {{desc|pra-mah|𑀫𑀼𑀳}}
* {{desc|pi|mukha}}
** {{desc|omr|𑘦𑘳𑘮}}
** {{desc|my|မုခ်}}
* {{desctree|pi|mukha}}
* {{desc|psu|𑀫𑀼𑀳}}
* {{desc|pra-sau|𑀫𑀼𑀳}}
** {{desc|gu|મોં}}
** {{desc|hi|मुँह}}
** {{desc|hi|मुँह}}
** {{desc|pa|ਮੂੰਹ}}
** {{desc|pa|ਮੂੰਹ}} / {{m|pa|مُون٘ہہ}}
** {{desc|rom|muj}}
* {{desc|as|মুখ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|as|মুখ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|bn|মুখ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|bn|মুখ|bor=1}}
Line 103: Line 147:
** {{desc|id|muka}}
** {{desc|id|muka}}
* {{desc|ml|മുഖം|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ml|മുഖം|bor=1}}
* {{desc|mr|मुख|bor=1}}
* {{desctree|omr|𑘦𑘳𑘏|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ne|मुख|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ne|मुख|bor=1}}
* {{desc|pa|ਮੁਖ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|pa|ਮੁਖ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|raj|मुखड़ौ|tr=mukhṛau|bor=1}}
* {{desc|raj|मुखड़ौ|tr=mukhṛau|bor=1}}
* {{desc|tl|mukha|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ta|முகம்|bor=1}}
* {{desc|tl|mukhâ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|te|ముఖము|bor=1}}
* {{desc|te|ముఖము|bor=1}}

===References===
* {{R:MW|819/3}}
* {{R:sa:EWAia|vol=2|page=360}}
* {{R:sa:KEWA|vol=2|pages=648-649}}
* {{R:ine:IEW|751-52}}

Revision as of 17:48, 29 April 2024

Garhwali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Noun

मुख (mukh) m

  1. mouth
  2. face

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha). Doublet of मुँह (mũh), a tadbhava.

Pronunciation

Noun

मुख • (mukh) m (Urdu spelling مکھ)

  1. (anatomy) mouth
  2. (anatomy) face

Declension

Declension of मुख (masc cons-stem)
singular plural
direct मुख
mukh 		मुख
mukh
oblique मुख
mukh 		मुखों
mukhõ
vocative मुख
mukh 		मुखो
mukho

Synonyms

Derived terms

Marathi

Etymology

From Old Marathi 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha), from Sanskrit मुख (múkha, “mouth, face, visage”).

Pronunciation

Noun

मुख • (mukh) n

  1. (anatomy) mouth
    Synonym: तोंड (toṇḍa)
  2. (anatomy) face
    Synonyms: चेहरा (cehrā), तोंड (toṇḍa)

Declension

Declension of मुख (neut cons-stem)
direct
singular 		मुख
mukh
direct
plural 		मुखे, मुखं
mukhe, mukha
singular
एकवचन 		plural
अनेकवचन
nominative
प्रथमा 		मुख
mukh 		मुखे, मुखं
mukhe, mukha
oblique
सामान्यरूप 		मुखा
mukhā 		मुखां-
mukhān-
acc. / dative
द्वितीया / चतुर्थी 		मुखाला
mukhālā 		मुखांना
mukhānnā
ergative मुखाने, मुखानं
mukhāne, mukhāna 		मुखांनी
mukhānnī
instrumental मुखाशी
mukhāśī 		मुखांशी
mukhānśī
locative
सप्तमी 		मुखात
mukhāt 		मुखांत
mukhāt
vocative
संबोधन 		मुखा
mukhā 		मुखांनो
mukhānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions.
There is no space between the stem and the postposition.
Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.
Genitive declension of मुख (neut cons-stem)
masculine object
पुल्लिंगी कर्म 		feminine object
स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म 		neuter object
नपुसकलिंगी कर्म 		oblique
सामान्यरूप
singular
एकवचन 		plural
अनेकवचन 		singular
एकवचन 		plural
अनेकवचन 		singular*
एकवचन 		plural
अनेकवचन
singular subject
एकवचनी कर्ता 		मुखाचा
mukhāċā 		मुखाचे
mukhāċe 		मुखाची
mukhācī 		मुखाच्या
mukhācā 		मुखाचे, मुखाचं
mukhāċe, mukhāċa 		मुखाची
mukhācī 		मुखाच्या
mukhācā
plural subject
अनेकवचनी कर्ता 		मुखांचा
mukhānċā 		मुखांचे
mukhānċe 		मुखांची
mukhāñcī 		मुखांच्या
mukhāncā 		मुखांचे, मुखांचं
mukhānċe, mukhānċa 		मुखांची
mukhāñcī 		मुखांच्या
mukhāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a).
Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

  • Berntsen, Maxine, “मुख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
  • Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
  • Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “मुख”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press

Nepali

Etymology

From Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Pronunciation

Noun

मुख • (mukh)

  1. (anatomy) mouth
  2. mouth (opening, outlet, source)
  3. beak
  4. (anatomy) face

Old Marathi

Noun

मुख (mukha) n

  1. Devanagari form of 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

Noun

मुख n

  1. Devanagari script form of mukha

Declension

Declension table of "मुख" (neuter)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Nominative (first)मुखं (mukhaṃ)मुखानि (mukhāni)
Accusative (second)मुखं (mukhaṃ)मुखानि (mukhāni)
Instrumental (third)मुखेन (mukhena)मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi)
Dative (fourth)मुखस्स (mukhassa) or मुखाय (mukhāya) or मुखत्थं (mukhatthaṃ)मुखानं (mukhānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)मुखस्मा (mukhasmā) or मुखम्हा (mukhamhā) or मुखा (mukhā)मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi)
Genitive (sixth)मुखस्स (mukhassa)मुखानं (mukhānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)मुखस्मिं (mukhasmiṃ) or मुखम्हि (mukhamhi) or मुखे (mukhe)मुखेसु (mukhesu)
Vocative (calling)मुख (mukha)मुखानि (mukhāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.

According to Pokorny, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).

However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mukhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.

Pronunciation

Noun

मुख • (múkha) stem, n

  1. (anatomy) mouth
  2. (anatomy) face
  3. visage
  4. (neologism) font

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of मुख (múkha)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative मुखम्
múkham 		मुखे
múkhe 		मुखानि / मुखा¹
múkhāni / múkhā¹
Vocative मुख
múkha 		मुखे
múkhe 		मुखानि / मुखा¹
múkhāni / múkhā¹
Accusative मुखम्
múkham 		मुखे
múkhe 		मुखानि / मुखा¹
múkhāni / múkhā¹
Instrumental मुखेन
múkhena 		मुखाभ्याम्
múkhābhyām 		मुखैः / मुखेभिः¹
múkhaiḥ / múkhebhiḥ¹
Dative मुखाय
múkhāya 		मुखाभ्याम्
múkhābhyām 		मुखेभ्यः
múkhebhyaḥ
Ablative मुखात्
múkhāt 		मुखाभ्याम्
múkhābhyām 		मुखेभ्यः
múkhebhyaḥ
Genitive मुखस्य
múkhasya 		मुखयोः
múkhayoḥ 		मुखानाम्
múkhānām
Locative मुखे
múkhe 		मुखयोः
múkhayoḥ 		मुखेषु
múkheṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

References

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