View source for ruga

{{also|Ruga|rugá|rugă|rugą|ruĝa|rú ga|rũga}}
==English==

===Etymology===
Borrowed from {{bor|en|la|rūga||a crease in the face, wrinkle}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɹuː.ɡə/}}
** {{audio|en|en-us-ruga.ogg|a=US}}
* {{rhymes|en|uːɡə|s=2}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun|rugae}}

# {{lb|en|anatomy|zootomy|botany|usually|in the plural}} A [[fold]], [[crease]] or [[wrinkle]].
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1980|author=Joseph Kenneth Jonathan|title=The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)|page=83
|passage=Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, '''rugae''' somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; {{...}}}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1997|author=w:Thomas Pynchon|title=w:Mason & Dixon|passage=the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the '''Rugæ''' of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|en|rugate|pos=adjective}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|crease, wrinkle}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|poimu}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===References===
* {{R:Lexico}}
* {{R:MWO}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=agru|Guar.|Gura|Urga|gaur|guar|ragu|ragù}}

{{C|en|Plant anatomy}}

==Afar==
[[Image:MLF Red Bull Calf.jpg|thumb|upright|Ruga (1).]]

===Pronunciation 1===
* {{aa-IPA|rúga}}

====Noun====
{{aa-noun|rúga|g=m|pl=rugaagí|gpl=f}}

# [[male]] [[calf]]

=====Declension=====
{{aa-decl|rúga|rúga|rugí|rugí}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{q|diminutive}} {{l|aa|rugáytu}}

===Pronunciation 2===
* {{aa-IPA|rugá}}

====Noun====
{{aa-noun|rugá|g=f|pl=rugaagí|gpl=f}}

# [[female]] [[calf]]

=====Declension=====
{{aa-decl|rugá}}

===References===
* {{R:aa:Parker:1985|page=183}}
* {{R:aa:Hassan Kamil:2015}}

{{C|aa|Baby animals|Bovines|Female animals}}

==Catalan==

===Pronunciation===
* {{ca-IPA}}

===Noun===
{{ca-noun|f}}

# {{alternative form of|ca|arruga||wrinkle}}

==Italian==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|it|la|ruga}}, from {{der|it|ine-pro|*krewp-||to become encrusted}}, extension of {{m|ine-pro|*krew-||scab}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{it-pr|rùga}}

===Noun===
{{it-noun|f}}

# [[wrinkle]], [[line]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|it|rugoso}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|it|a=agru|ragù|urga}}

==Kikuyu==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ki|/ɾuɣa/}}

===Verb===
{{head|ki|verb|infinitive|kũruga}}

# to [[cook]]

====Derived terms====
{{qualifier|Nouns}}
* {{l|ki|mũrugi|g=c1}}
{{qualifier|Verbs}}
* {{l|ki|rugĩra|kũrugĩra}}
{{qualifier|Proverbs}}
* {{l|ki|mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega|mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega}}

===References===
* {{R:ki:Armstrong|p=363}}

==Latin==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*rougā}}, from {{der|la|ine-pro|*h₁roug-h₂-|t=wrinkle}}, related to {{m|ine-pro|*h₁rewg-|t=to roar, belch}}, where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate"<ref>{{cite-journal
|author=De Vaan, Michiel
|authorlink=Michiel de Vaan
|title=Reconsidering Dutch rups, German Raupe 'caterpillar'
|journal={{w|lang=de|Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik}}
|publisher={{w|Brill Publishers}}
|date=November 2000
|volume=54
|issue=1
|page=160
|text=The connection between 'to belch' and 'caterpillar' may be the way in which a caterpillar moves forward, viz. by slowly pushing itself foward (sic), first with its hind legs, thus raising the central part of its body to a curve, which is lowered again when the front legs move forward. This movement may easily call into mind the lowering and raising of the Adam's apple when people belch, or retching movements of the throat when vomiting.}}</ref> → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle".<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|ruga|pages=528-29}}</ref> Compare {{m|la|ructo|t=I belch, bring up noisily}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|rūga}}

===Noun===
{{la-noun|rūga<1>}}

# {{lb|la|usually|in the plural}} a [[crease]] in the [[face]], [[wrinkle]]
# {{lb|la|transferred sense}} a [[crease]], [[fold]], [[plait]], [[wrinkle]], [[corrugation]] of any kind
## a [[female]] [[screw]] ([[nut]] (that fits on a bolt)) {{rfv-sense|la}}
# {{lb|la|EML.}} a [[street]]<ref>{{R:es:CP|arruga|360|vol=A-Ca}}</ref>

{{rfq|la}}

====Inflection====
{{la-ndecl|rūga<1>}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|la|corrūgis}}
* {{l|la|rūgō|pos=verb}}
* {{l|la|rūgōsus|pos=adjective}}

====Descendants====
{{desc-top|rūga}}
* {{desc|rup|arugã}}
* {{desc|ca|arruga}}, {{desc|ca|ruga|nolb=1}}, {{desc|ca|rua|nolb=1}}
* {{desc|en|ruga|bor=1}}
* {{desc|it|ruga|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fro|rue}}
** {{desc|fr|rue}}
** {{desc|nrf|rue}}
** {{desctree|bor=1|roa-opt|rua}}
* {{desc|pro|-}}
** {{desc|oc|rua}}
* {{desc|osp|rua}}
** {{desc|es|rúa}}
* {{desc|pms|rùa}}
* {{desc|bor=1|pt|ruga}}
* {{desc|bor=1|es|ruga}}
* {{desc|vec|ruga|bor=1}}
** {{desc|bor=1|sq|rrugë}}
{{desc-bottom}}

===References===
<references />

===Further reading===
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:du Cange}}
* {{R:Peck}}

==Polish==

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr}}

===Etymology 1===
{{deverbal|pl|rugać}}.

====Noun====
{{pl-noun|f}}

# {{lb|pl|colloquial}} [[scolding]], [[slating]] {{gl|criticism}}
#: {{syn|pl|reprymenda}}

=====Declension=====
{{pl-decl-noun-f}}

=====Related terms=====
{{col-auto|pl|title=verbs|rugać<g:impf>|rugnąć<g:pf>|zrugać<g:pf>}}

===Etymology 2===
{{nonlemma}}

====Verb====
{{head|pl|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|pl|rugać||3|s|pres}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

==Portuguese==

===Etymology 1===
From {{der|pt|la|ruga}}. {{doublet|pt|rua|t1=street}}.

====Pronunciation====
{{pt-IPA}}
* {{hyph|pt|ru|ga}}

====Noun====
{{pt-noun|f}}

# [[wrinkle]]
# [[crease]]

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|pt|rugoso}}

===Etymology 2===

====Verb====
{{head|pt|verb form}}

# {{pt-verb form of|rugar}}

==Romanian==

===Etymology===
Inherited from {{inh|ro|la|rogo|rogāre}}, from {{der|ro|ine-pro|*h₃roǵ-}}, ablaut of {{m|ine-pro|*h₃reǵ-}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ro|/ruˈɡa/}}
* {{audio|ro|LL-Q7913 (ron)-Filosoful-ruga.wav}}
* {{audio|ro|LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-ruga.wav}}
* {{rhymes|ro|a|s=2}}
* {{hyph|ro|ru|ga}}

===Verb===
{{ro-verb|conj=1|roagă|rugat}}

# {{lb|ro|transitive}} to politely [[ask]]
#: {{ux|ro|'''Rugăm''' pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.|We '''ask''' the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.}}
# {{lb|ro|reflexive}} to [[pray]] {{+obj|ro|:la<deity>}}
# {{lb|ro|reflexive}} to insistently or repeatedly ask {{+obj|ro|:de<person>}}

====Usage notes====
{{m|ro||Ruga}} in the meaning of “ask (for)” expresses the request by a secondary clause and never through a prepositional object.

====Conjugation====
{{ro-conj-a|rug|1s=rog|2s=rogi|3s=roagă|3p=roagă|3sub=roage}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|ro|rugare}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|ro|rugăciune}}
* {{l|ro|rugăminte}}
* {{l|ro|rugător}}

====See also====
* [[mă rog]]
* [[te rog]]
* [[vă rog]]

===References===
* {{R:DEX}}

{{C|ro|Christianity|Religion}}

==Sardinian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|sc|rua|arruga|orruga}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|sc|la|rūga}}.

====Noun====
{{sc-noun|f|rugas}}

# [[street]]

=====Alternative forms=====
* {{alter|sc|eruga|berruca|arruga|ferruga|orruca|verruga|ruda|rugaruga}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|sc|la|eruca}}.

====Noun====
{{sc-noun|f|rugas}}

# [[caterpillar]]

====See also====
* {{l|sc|mamaruga|g=f}}, {{l|sc|maniposa|g=f}}, {{l|sc|babbaliscu|g=m}}, {{l|sc|cabagasu|g=m}}, {{l|sc|mariavolavola|g=m}}

==Spanish==

===Verb===
{{head|es|verb form}}

# {{es-verb form of|rugar}}

==Veps==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|vep|urj-fin-pro|*ruka|id=resin}}

===Noun===
{{vep-noun}}

# [[resin]]

====Inflection====
{{vep-decl-kuva|ruga}}

===References===
* {{R:vep:UVVV|смола}}