View source for fell

{{also|Fell}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/fɛl/}}
* {{audio|en|en-us-fell.ogg|a=US}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɛl|s=1}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|en|enm|fellen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|fellan}}, {{m|ang|fiellan|t=to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*fallijan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*fallijaną|t=to fell, to cause to fall}}, causative of {{der|en|gem-pro|*fallaną|t=to fall}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₃elh₁-|*h₂peh₃lH-}}.

Cognate with {{cog|nl|vellen|t=to fell, cut down}}, {{cog|de|fällen|t=to fell}}, {{cog|da|fælde|t=to fell}}, {{cog|no|felle|t=to fell}}.

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|transitive}} To make something [[fall]]; especially to [[chop]] down a [[tree]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Henry 6-2|IV|ii|passage=Stand, or I'll '''fell''' thee down.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=October 2, 2011|author=Aled Williams| title=Swansea 2 - 0 Stoke| work=BBC Sport Wales| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/15051279.stm| passage=Sinclair opened Swansea's account from the spot on 8 minutes after a Ryan Shawcross tackle had '''felled''' Wayne Routledge.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|title={{w|The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History}}| year=2014| author=w:Elizabeth Kolbert| publisher=Picador| ISBN=9781250062185| passage=As southeast Asia's forests were '''felled''', the rhino's habitat shrank and became fragmented.|page=219}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To strike down, [[kill]], [[destroy]].
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1922| year_published='''2010'''| edition=HTML| author=w:Edgar Rice Burroughs| title=The Chessmen of Mars| url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1153/1153-h/1153-h.htm| publisher=The Gutenberg Project| passage=Gahan, horrified, saw the latter's head topple from its body, saw the body stagger and fall to the ground. ... The creature that had '''felled''' its companion was dashing madly in the direction of the hill upon which he was hidden, it dodged one of the workers that sought to seize it. … Then it was that Gahan's eyes chanced to return to the figure of the creature the fugitive had '''felled'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|passage="Even in his most temperate moments he is constantly '''felling''' people with a hunting-crop."|page=19|title=The Flyaway Highway|author=Norman Lindsay|authorlink=Norman Lindsay|publisher=Angus and Robertson|location=Sydney|year=1936}}
#* {{quote-web|en| date=2010-09-27| author=Christina Passariello| title=Prodos Capital, Samsung Make Final Cut for Ferré| site=Wall Street Journal| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704760704575516142603948202.html| accessdate=2012-08-26| passage=… could make Ferré the first major fashion label '''felled''' by the economic crisis to come out the other end of restructuring.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=January 17 2016|title=What ''Weiner'' Reveals About Huma Abedin|titleurl=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/01/weiner-documentary-reveals-about-huma-abedin?mbid=nl_012016_Daily&CNDID=37352344&spMailingID=8454428&spUserID=MTA5MzMyMDg1NTAyS0&spJobID=842215726&spReportId=ODQyMjE1NzI2S0|journal=Vanity Fair|accessdate=21 January 2016
|passage=This Sunday marks the debut of ''Weiner'', a documentary that follows former congressman Anthony Weiner in his attempt to overcome a sexting scandal and run for mayor of New York City—only to be '''felled''', somewhat inexplicably, by another sexting scandal.}}
# {{lb|en|sewing}} To stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat.
#* {{quote-text|en|year=2006|author=Colette Wolff|title=The Art of Manipulating Fabric|page=296
|passage=To '''fell''' seam allowances, catch the lining underneath before emerging 1/4" (6mm) ahead, and 1/8" (3mm) to 1/4" (6mm) into the seam allowance.}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|little strokes fell great oaks}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|to make something fall}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|повалям|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|bg|събарям|sc=Cyrl}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|kácet}}, {{t|cs|skácet}}
* Danish: {{t|da|fælde}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|vellen}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|dehaki}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|fella}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|kaataa}}, {{t+|fi|hakata}}
* French: {{t+|fr|abattre}}, {{t|fr|faire tomber}}
* German: {{t+|de|fällen}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|kivág}}, {{t+|hu|kidönt}}, {{t+|hu|ledönt}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|leikata}}, {{t|izh|halettaa}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|abbattere}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|whakahinga}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|fellan}} {{qualifier|Anglian}}, {{t|ang|fiellan}} {{qualifier|West Saxon}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|انداختن|tr=andâxtan}}, {{t|fa|به زمین زدن|tr=beh zamin zadan}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|abater}}, {{t+|pt|derrubar}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|вали́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|повали́ть|pf}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|poraziť}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|talar}}, {{t+|es|cortar}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|fälla}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|зруба́ти|pf}}, {{t|uk|зру́бувати|impf}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to strike down, kill, destroy}}
* Danish: {{t|da|fælde}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|kaataa}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|leterít}}, {{t+|hu|leüt}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|zabić|n}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|sewing: to stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|päärmätä}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|beszeg}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====Noun====
[[Image:Kilt_stitching_001.jpg|thumb|right|125px|The fell, or stitched down portion of a kilt]]
{{en-noun}}

# A cutting-down of timber.
# The [[stitching]] down of a fold of cloth; specifically, the portion of a [[kilt]], from the waist to the seat, where the [[pleat]]s are stitched down.
# {{lb|en|textiles}} The end of a [[web]], formed by the last [[thread]] of the [[weft]].

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en||fell stitch}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|cutting-down of timber}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|hakkuu}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|stitching down of a fold of cloth}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|textiles: end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*pel- (skin)}}
From {{inh|en|enm|fell}}, {{m|enm|fel}}, {{m|enm|vel}}, from {{inh|en|ang|fel}}, {{m|ang|fell|t=hide, skin, pelt}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*fell}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*fellą}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pel-|*pél-no-|skin, animal hide}}.

See  also {{cog|fy|fel}}, {{cog|nl|vel}}, {{cog|de|Fell}}, {{cog|la|pellis||skin}}, {{cog|lt|plėnė||skin}}, {{cog|ru|плена́||pelt}}, {{cog|sq|plah||to cover}}, {{cog|grc|πέλλᾱς||skin}}. Related to {{m|en|film}}, {{m|en|felt}}, {{m|en|pell}}, and {{m|en|pelt}}.

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{senseid|en|pelt}} An animal [[skin]], [[hide]], [[pelt]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare As You Like It|3 |3 |line=35|text=Why, we are still handling our ewes, and their '''fells''', you know, are greasy.}}
# Human skin {{q|now only as a metaphorical use of previous sense}}.
#* {{quote-text|en|year=c. 1390|author=w:William Langland|title=Piers Plowman|section=I
|passage=For he is fader of feith · fourmed ȝow alle / Bothe with '''fel''' and with face.}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|fellmaker}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|animal hide}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|козина|f|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|bg|руно|n|sc=Cyrl}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|talja}}, {{t+|fi|vuota}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|fell|m}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|fäll|c}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|en|enm|fell}}, {{m|enm|felle|t=hill, mountain}}, from {{der|en|non|fell}}, {{m|non|fjall||rock, mountain}}, compare {{cog|nb|fjell}} 'mountain', {{cog|da|fjeld}} 'mountain', from {{der|en|gem-pro|*felzą}}, {{m|gem-pro|*fel(e)zaz}}, {{m|gem-pro|*falisaz}} (compare {{cog|de|Felsen}} 'boulder, cliff', {{cog|gml|vels}} 'hill, mountain'), from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pels-}}; compare {{cog|ga|aill||boulder, cliff}}, {{cog|grc|πέλλα|t=stone}}, {{cog|ps|پرښه||tr=parṣ̌a|rock, rocky ledge}}, {{cog|sa|पाषाण||stone}}. [[doublet|Doublet]] of ''[[fjeld]]''.

[[File:2014-07-26 Padjelantaleden, Sweden 5166.jpg|thumb|right|Typical fells in Scandinavia.]]

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{senseid|en|ridge}} {{lb|en|archaic|_|outside|_|Northern England|Scotland}} A rocky ridge or chain of [[mountain]]s.
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1886|author=Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr| title=The Squire of Sandal-Side : A Pastoral Romance| url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16258/16258-h/16258-h.htm| passage=Every now and then the sea calls some farmer or shepherd, and the restless drop in his veins gives him no peace till he has found his way over the hills and '''fells''' to the port of Whitehaven, and gone back to the cradling bosom that rocked his ancestors.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1937|author=J.R.R. Tolkien|title=The Hobbit|passage=The dwarves of yore made mighty spells,&nbsp;/ While hammers fell like ringing bells,&nbsp;/ In places deep, where dark things sleep,&nbsp;/ In hollow halls beneath the '''fells.'''}}
#* {{quote-book |en |year=1970 |author=James Herriot |title=If Only They Could Talk |passage=I got out and from where I stood, high at the head, I could see all of the strangely formed cleft in the hills, its steep sides grooved and furrowed by countless streams feeding the boisterous Halden Beck which tumbled over its rocky bed far below. Down there, were trees and some cultivated fields, but immediately behind me the wild country came crowding in on the bowl where the farmhouse lay. Halsten Pike, Alstang, Birnside—the huge '''fells''' with their barbarous names were very near.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1971|author=Catherine Cookson|title=The Dwelling Place|passage=She didn't know at first why she stepped off the road and climbed the bank on to the '''fells;''' it wasn't until she found herself skirting a disused quarry that she realised where she was making for, and when she reached the place she stood and gazed at it. It was a hollow within an outcrop of rock, not large enough to call a cave but deep enough to shelter eight people from the rain, and with room to spare.}}
# {{lb|en|archaic|_|outside|_|Northern England|Scotland}} A wild [[field]] or upland moor.
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1612|author=w:Michael Drayton|title=w:Poly-Olbion|section=song 11 p. 174|sectionurl=http://poly-olbion.exeter.ac.uk/the-text/full-text/song-11/
|passage=As over Holt and Heath, as thorough Frith and '''Fell''';<!--glossed Lowe coppis in margin-->}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|year=1948|month=March and April|author=O. S. Nock|title=Scottish Night Mails of the L.M.S.R.—2|journal=Railway Magazine|page=77|text=The night continued beautifully clear and fine, and as we came into the '''fell''' country the outlines of the hills showed up dark against the starlit sky.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=2022 November 2|author=Paul Bigland|title=New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery|journal=RAIL|issue=969|page=57|text=And there are few better ways to enjoy the rugged bleakness of the '''fells''' than from a nice warm train, especially when the weather's constantly changing as the day slips away.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=29 June 2023|journal=Metro|location=London|page=15|column=3|passage=An artist dubbed the Borrowdale Banksy has created this slate work on a Lake District '''fell''' after past efforts were vandalised.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{der2|en
|Campsie Fells
|Low Fell|fell runner|fell running|fellfield
}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|rocky ridge}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|скалист склон|m|sc=Cyrl}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|tunturi}}, {{t+|fi|kukkula}}, {{t+|fi|mäki}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|fell|n}}, {{t+|is|fjall|n}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|fjell|n}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|fjäll|n}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|wild field or upland moor}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|hed}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 4===
From {{inh|en|enm|fel}}, {{m|enm|fell|t=strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry}}, either from {{der|en|fro|fel}}<ref>{{R:OED Online|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/fell_adj1?tab=etymology#4588929}}</ref> or from {{inh|en|ang|*fel}}, {{m|ang|*felo}}, {{m|ang|*fæle|t=cruel, savage, fierce}} (only in compounds, {{l|ang|wælfel|wæl''fel''|gloss=bloodthirsty}}, {{l|ang|ealfelu|eal''felo''|gloss=evil, baleful}}, {{l|ang|ælfæle|æl''fæle''|gloss=very dire}}, etc.), from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*fali}}, {{m|gmw-pro|*falu}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*faluz|t=wicked, cruel, terrifying}}. Cognate with {{cog|ofs|fal|t=cruel}}, {{cog|dum|fel|t=wrathful, cruel, bad, base}}, {{cog|nds-de|fell|t=rash, swift}}, {{cog|da|fæl|t=disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim}}. Compare also {{cog|gmh|vālant|t=imp}} and {{cog|nl|fel|t=fierce, feisty, bitter}}. See {{m|en|felon}}.

====Adjective====
{{en-adj|er}}

# Of a [[strong]] and [[cruel]] nature; [[eager]] and [[unsparing]]; [[grim]]; [[fierce]]; [[ruthless]]; [[savage]].
#: {{ux|en|[[one fell swoop|one '''fell''' swoop]]}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Henry 6-3|II|vi|text={{...}}While we devise '''fell''' tortures for thy faults.}}
#* {{RQ:Butler Hudibras|year=1905|part=1|canto=2|text=And many a serpent of '''fell''' kind, / With wings before, and stings behind}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1862|title=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London|passage={{...}} but if it be solitary with the position of an incisor, will it even then bear out Professor Owen's hypothesis, that ''Thylacoleo'', which he infers to have been one of “the '''fellest''' and most destructive of predatory beasts, {{...}}}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1892|author=w:James Yoxall| chapter=5| title=[http://openlibrary.org/works/OL10504990W The Lonely Pyramid]| passage=The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the '''fell''' simoom. Whirling wreaths and columns of burning wind, rushed around and over them.}}
#* {{RQ:Wodehouse Jeeves in the Offing|chapter=XIX|passage=No words had been exchanged between Upjohn and self on the journey out, but the glimpses I had caught of his face from the corner of the eyes had told me that he was grim and resolute, his supply of the milk of human kindness plainly short by several gallons. No hope, it seemed to me, of turning him from his '''fell''' purpose.}}
# {{lb|en|UK|_|dialectal|Scotland}} Strong and [[fiery]]; [[biting]]; [[keen]]; [[sharp]]; [[pungent]]
# {{lb|en|UK|_|dialectal|Scotland}} Very [[large]]; [[huge]].
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} [[eager|Eager]]; [[earnest]]; [[intent]].
#* {{RQ:Pepys Diary|VI|15 January 1667
|passage=I am so '''fell''' to my business.}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|of a strong and cruel nature}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|hirveä}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|grym}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ärhäkkä}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|very large; huge}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|suunnaton}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|eager; earnest; intent}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|sitoutunut}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====Adverb====
{{en-adv}}

# [[sharply|Sharply]]; [[fiercely]].

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|fellness}}

===Etymology 5===
Perhaps from {{bor|en|la|fel||gall, poison, bitterness}}, or more probably from the adjective above.

====Noun====
{{en-noun|-}}

# {{lb|en|obsolete|rare}} [[anger#Noun|Anger]]; [[gall#Noun|gall]]; [[melancholy]].
#* {{RQ:Spenser Faerie Queene|book=III|canto=XI|passage=Untroubled of vile fear or bitter '''fell'''.}}
#* {{RQ:Hopkins Poems|poem=45|stanza=1|page=66|passage=I wake and feel the '''fell''' of dark, not day. / What hours, O what black hoürs we have spent / This night!}}

===Etymology 6===

====Noun====
{{en-noun|?}}

# {{lb|en|mining}} The finer portions of [[ore]], which go through the [[mesh]]es when the ore is sorted by [[sift]]ing.

===Etymology 7===

====Verb====
{{head|en|verb form}}

# {{infl of|en|fall||spast}}
# {{lb|en|now|_|colloquial}} {{past participle of|en|fall}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1650|publisher=Richard Cotes|location= London|title=A New Light of Alchymie: Taken Out of the Fountaine of Nature, and Manuall Experience{{...}}|author={{w|Sendivogius|Micheel Sandivogius}}|translator=J. F.|page=121|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=DexeAAAAcAAJ |passage= For I have heard that my Enemies have '''fell''' into that ſnare which they laid for mee. They which would have taken away my life have loſt their own;{{...}}}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1796|location= London|title= The Life and Remarkable Conversion of T. Bennett, Etc. [Written by Himself.] |author=Thomas Bennett |isbn=9780857901446|page=31|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=DexeAAAAcAAJ |passage=I ſhould have '''fell''' overboard, or been killed by the enemy ; for having ſo many things to carry along with me, which I knew not how to uſe{{...}}}}
#* {{quote-book|en|date=3 October 2013|publisher=w:Faber & Faber|title= Collected Stories |author=John McGahern|isbn= 9780571313105 |page=147|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=4QhnAgAAQBAJ|passage= And when it got to ten past I said you must have '''fell''' in with company, but I was beginning to get worried.' 'You know I never fall in with company,' he protested irritably. 'I always leave the Royal at ten to, never a minute more nor less.'}}

===References===
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{pedia|Fell (disambiguation)}}
* {{R:Britannica 1911|Fell}}

{{cln|en|causative verbs|irregular simple past forms}}
{{C|en|Geography|Kilts}}

==Albanian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|sq|sqj-pro|*spesla}}, metathesized form of {{m|sqj-pro|*spelsa}}, from {{der|sq|ine-pro|*pels-||rock, boulder}}, variant of {{m|ine-pro|*spel-||to cleave, break}}. Compare Latin hydronym [[Pelso]], {{cog|la|Palatium}}, {{cog|ps|پرښه||tr=parša|rock, rocky ledge}}, {{cog|grc|πέλλα|t=stone}}, {{cog|de|Felsen||boulder, cliff}}. Mostly dialectal, used in Gheg Albanian.

===Adverb===
{{sq-adv}}

# [[deep]], [[shallow]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|sq|fellë}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|sq|fyell}}

==Cornish==

===Etymology===
Perhaps an alteration of {{der|kw|cnx|felen}} (under influence from [[Middle English]] {{m|enm|fell}}), itself a mutation of {{der|kw|cnx|-}} {{m|cnx|melen}}/{{m|cnx|milen}}, which being equivalent to the modern word {{m|kw|milus|t=brutal}}.<ref>{{R:kw:LCB|head=felen|147, 205}}</ref>

===Adjective===
{{head|kw|adj}}

# [[grim]]; [[cruel]]; [[fierce]]

===References===
<references/>

==Icelandic==

===Etymology===
{{der|is|non|fjall|t=mountain}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|is|/fɛtl/}}
* {{rhymes|is|ɛtl|s=1}}

===Noun===
{{is-noun|n|fells|fell}}

# [[isolated]] [[hill]], isolated [[mountain]]

====Declension====
{{is-decl-noun-n-s|f|e|ll}}

===Verb===
{{head|is|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|is|falla||1|s|pres|ind|act}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===

====Adjective====
{{enm-adj}}

# {{alt form|enm|fele|t=good|id=good}}

===Etymology 2===

====Noun====
{{head|enm|noun}}

# {{alt form|enm|fille}}

==Norwegian Bokmål==

===Verb===
{{head|nb|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|nb|felle||imp}}

==Norwegian Nynorsk==

===Etymology 1===

====Verb====
{{head|nn|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|nn|falle||pres}}

===Etymology 2===

====Verb====
{{head|nn|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|nn|fella||imp}}

==Old English==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|ang|fel}}

===Etymology===
{{dercat|ang|gem-pro|inh=1}}
From {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*fell}}, whence also {{cog|goh|vel}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ang-IPA|fell}}

===Noun===
{{ang-noun|n}}

# [[fell#English|fell]]
# [[skin]]

==Old Norse==

===Verb===
{{head|non|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|non|falla||1|s|pres//past|act|ind|;|3|s|past|act|ind}}