View source for Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pel-

{{reconstructed}}
==Proto-Indo-European==

===Root===
{{etymon|ine-pro|id=skin|pos=root}}
{{ine-root}}<ref>{{R:gem:EDPG|*fella-|page=135}}</ref><ref>{{R:itc:EDL|page=455|pellis}}</ref>
# to [[cover]], to [[wrap]]
# {{senseid|ine-pro|skin}} [[skin]], [[hide]], [[cloth]]

====Derived terms====
{{rootsee|id=skin}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl-ēn-ih₂}}, {{l|ine-pro||*pl-ēn-(y)éh₂}}<ref name="Derksen2015">{{R:bat:EDBIL|head=plėnė|page=365|passage=*pl-ēn-}}</ref><ref name="DeVaan" /><ref name="Kroonen" />
*** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*plēnīˀ|*plēnjāˀ|*plēnāˀ|t3=membrane}}{{attn|ine-bsl-pro}}
**** {{desc|lv|plēne}}
**** {{desc|lt|plėnė̃}}, {{l|lt|plėnìs}}
**** {{desc|prg|pleynis}}
**** {{desc|sla-pro|*plěnà}} {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂}}<ref name="Derksen2015">{{R:bat:EDBIL|head=plėnė|page=365|passage=*pl-ēn-}}</ref><ref name="Derksen2008">{{R:sla:EDSIL|head=*pelenà; *pelna|page=394}}</ref><ref name="DeVaan" />
*** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro}}
**** {{desc|sla-pro|*pelenà|t=diaper|alts=1}} {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pel-nó-m}}<ref name="Kroonen" /><ref name="Derksen2015" />
*** {{desc|gem-pro|*fellą|t=skin, hide}}<ref name="Kroonen">{{R:gem:EDPG|head=*fella-|page=135|passage=*pel-nó-}}</ref> {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl̥-n-eh₂}}
*** {{desc|itc-pro|alt=*palnā|unc=1}}
**** {{desc|la|palla|t=a fine cloth|unc=1}} {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pel-n-i-s}}<ref name="DeVaan">{{R:itc:EDL|head=pellis|page=455|passage=*pelni-}}</ref><ref name="Kroonen" />
*** {{desc|itc-pro|*pelnis}}
**** {{desc|la|pellis|t=pelt, hide}} {{see desc}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pél-mn̥}}
** {{desc|der=1|nolb=1|unc=1|ine-pro||alt=*pel-mo-s}}
*** {{desc|gem-pro|*felma-|alt=*felmaz|t=covering, skin, hide}} {{see desc}}
** {{desc|gem-pro|*felma-|alt=*felmô}} {{q|< collective {{l|ine-pro||*pél-mō}}}}
** {{desc|grk-pro|*pélmə}}
*** {{desctree|grc|πέλμᾰ|t=sole (of the foot); stalk}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pél-sḱo-s}}
** {{desc|sqj-pro|*plaska}}
*** {{desc|sq|plah|t=to cover|pos=denominative}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pél-trom}}
** {{desc|cel-pro|*ɸletrom|t=skin, hide; leather|unc=1}} {{q|with vowel metathesis}}
*** {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*lledr}} {{see desc}}
*** {{desc|mga|lethar}}
*** {{desc|gem-pro|*leþrą|t=leather|bor=1|unc=1}} {{see desc}}
Unsorted formations:
* {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|}}
** {{desc|lt|palà|t=linen kerchief}}

; Extensions
* {{l|ine-pro||*pel-k-}}
** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|}}
*** {{desc|prg|pelkis|t=cloak}}
** {{desc|gem-pro|*felhaną|t=to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere|unc=1}} {{see desc}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pel-t-}}
** {{desc|der=1|nolb=1|unc=1|ine-pro|alt=*polto-}} {{q|or substantivized from {{m|ine-pro||*pol-to-}}}}
*** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|}}
**** {{desc|sla-pro|*poltьno|t=linen|der=1}} {{see desc}}
** {{desc|grc|πέλτη|unc=1}} {{q|via {{cog|txh|-}}?}} {{see desc}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl-ew-}} {{q|or a ''u''-variant of {{m|ine-pro|*pleh₂-}}?}}<ref>{{R:sla:EDSIL|head=*plěva|page=405}}</ref>
** {{desc|der=1|nolb=1|ine-pro|alt=*plēw-eh₂}}
*** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*plēwāˀ|t=membrane|der=1|unc=1}}
**** {{desc|lt|plėvė̃}}
**** {{desc|sla-pro|*plěva}} {{see desc}}
** {{desc|der=1|nolb=1|ine-pro|*[[h₁epi]]-plow-yo-m}}
*** {{desc|grk-pro|alt=*epiplóyyon|unc=1}}
**** {{desc|grc|ἐπίπλοον}} {{see desc}}
* {{desc|ine-pro|alt=*pl-eh₂- ''or'' *pel-h₂-|der=1|nolb=1|unc=1}}
** {{desc|ine-pro|alt=*pleh₂-s-o-s|der=1|nolb=1}}
*** {{desc|ine-ana-pro|}}
**** {{desc|hit|𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸|tr=pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš|ts=|t=a garment|unc=1}} {{q|or from {{m|ine-pro|*pleh₂-|t=wide, broad, flat}}}}<ref>{{R:hit:EDHIL|head={{sup|(TÚG)}}palaḫša-|page=619}}</ref>
** {{desc|ine-pro|alt=*pélh₂-t-{{?}}|der=1|nolb=1}}
*** {{desc|grk-pro|}}
**** {{desc|grc|*πέλας|unc=1}} {{q|or from Pre-Greek}}
***** {{desc|grc|ἐρυσίπελας|unc=1}} {{q|+ {{m|ine-pro|[[*h₁rewdʰ-]]ti-}}{{?}}}} {{see desc}}

===Root===
{{etymon|ine-pro|id=fold|pos=root}}
{{ine-root}} ''(perhaps the same as the above)''

# {{senseid|ine-pro|fold}} to [[fold]]

====Extensions====
* {{l|ine-pro|*pleḱ-}}

====Derived terms====
{{rootsee|id=fold}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl-okos}}
** {{desc|ira-pro|*frakah}}
*** {{desc|xpr|-|ts=-frag|t=-fold}}
***: {{desc|xpr|-𐫜𐫡𐫃|sc=Mani|sclb=1}} (e.g. {{m|xpr|𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃|ts=dōfrag|t=two-fold|sc=Mani}} )
*** {{desc|fa-cls|پر|tr=-pirr}}
***: {{desc|fa-ira|پر|tr=-per(r)}}, {{l|fa|پل|tr=-pel|t=-fold}} (e.g. in [[w:Shushtari_dialect|Shushtari dialect]] {{m|fa|دوپر|tr=dôper|t=two-fold}}) <ref>[https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/252069/%d8%af%d9%88%d9%be%d8%b1], "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.</ref>
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl-o-}}
** {{desc|grk-pro|*-plós}}
*** {{desc|grc|-πλός}} (e.g. {{m|grc|ἁπλός}}, {{m|grc|διπλός}})
** {{desc|itc-pro|*-plos}}
*** {{desc|la|-plus}} (e.g. {{m|la|simplus}}, {{m|la|duplus}})
* {{l|ine-pro||*pé-pl-os|pos=reduplicated thematic noun}}
** {{desc|grk-pro|*péplos}}
*** {{desc|grc|πέπλος|t=woven cloth, fabric, carpet|unc=1}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pel-t-}}
** {{desc|gem-pro|*falþaną}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl̥-tu-}}
** {{desc|cel-pro|*ɸaltu-|t=joint}}
*** {{desc|sga|alt}}
**** {{desc|ga|alt}}
**** {{desc|gd|alt}}
* {{desc|ine-pro||alt=*pl̥-h₂-t-yo-|der=1|nolb=1}}
** {{desc|grk-pro}}
*** {{desc|grc|-πλάσιος}}, {{l|grc|-πλήσιος}} (e.g. {{m|grc|τριπλάσιος}})
* Unsorted formations:
** {{desc|sqj-pro|*palā}}
*** {{desc|sq|palë}}
** Hellenic:
*** {{desc|grc|-πλόος}}, {{l|grc|-πλοῦς}} (e.g. {{m|grc|ἁπλόος}}, {{m|grc|ἁπλοῦς}}, {{m|grc|διπλόος}}, {{m|grc|διπλοῦς}})

===Root===
{{etymon|ine-pro|id=drive|pos=root}}
{{ine-root}}

# {{senseid|ine-pro|drive}} to [[beat]], [[push]], [[drive]]

====Extensions====
* {{l|ine-pro||*pel-d-}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pel-d}}
*** {{desc|gmw-pro|*felt}} {{see desc}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pel-em-}}
** {{desc|grk-pro}}
*** {{desc|grc|πελεμίζω}}
* {{l|ine-pro|*pelh₂-|*pel-h₂-}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*pl-eh₂-k-}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti}}
*** {{desc|grk-pro|*plāťťō}}
**** {{desc|grc|πλήσσω}}
**** {{desc|grc-att|πλήττω}}
***** {{desc|el|πλήττω|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*plā́ˀktei}}
**** {{desc|sla-pro|*plakati}} {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl-eh₂-k-tro-}}
*** {{desc|grk-pro|*plā́ktrom}}
**** {{desc|grc|πλᾶκτρον}}, {{l|grc|πλῆκτρον}} {{see desc}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*pl-eh₂-g-}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pleh₂-g-e-ti|pos=thematic present}}
*** {{desc|gem-pro|*flōkaną}} {{see desc}}
*** {{desc|itc-pro|*plāgō}}
**** {{desc|la|plāgō}} {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti}}
*** {{desc|itc-pro|*plāngō}}
**** {{desc|la|plangō}} {{see desc}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti}}
*** {{desc|grk-pro|*plā́ďďō}}
**** {{desc|grc|πλάζω}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂}}
*** {{desc|sqj-pro|*plāgā}}<ref>{{R:sq:Orel:2000|page=8|ploje}}</ref>
**** {{desc|sq|plojë|t=bloodshed, carnage}}
*** {{desc|grk-pro|*plāgā́|t=slaughter}}
**** {{desc|grc|πλαγά}}, {{l|grc|πληγή||blow (of a weapon)}}
*** {{desc|itc-pro|*plāgā}}
**** {{desc|la|plāga|t=blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune}} {{see desc}}
** Unsorted formations:
*** {{desc|unc=1|gem-pro|*flekka-|alt=*flekkaz|t=mark, spot, blemish}} {{see desc}}
*** {{desc|unc=1|gem-pro|*flekka-|alt=*flekkô}} {{see desc}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*pl-eh₁-k-t-}}
** {{l|ine-pro||*pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti}}
*** {{desc|itc-pro|*plēktō}}
**** {{desc|la|plēctō|id=punish}}

====Derived terms====
{{rootsee|id=beat}}
{{rootsee|id=drive}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pol-ye-ti}}
** {{desc|itc-pro|*poljō}}
*** {{desc|la|poliō}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pol-eh₂-yé-ti}}
** {{desc|itc-pro|*polāō}}
*** {{desc|la|interpolō|alt=(inter)polō}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl̥-yé-ti}}
** {{desc|grk-pro|*pə́ľľō}}
*** {{desc|grc|πάλλω}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti}}
** {{desc|itc-pro|*pelnō}}
*** {{desc|la|pellō}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*pl̥-tós}}
** {{desc|grk-pro|*plətós}}
*** {{desc|grc|παλτός}} (by analogy to ''πάλλω'')
** {{desc|itc-pro|*poltos}}
*** {{desc|la|pultō|der=1}}
*Unsorted formations:
**{{desc|grc|πόλεμος}} (''perhaps'')

===Root===
{{etymon|ine-pro|id=flour|pos=root}}
{{ine-root}} ''(perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)''

# {{senseid|ine-pro|flour}} [[flour]], [[dust]]

====Derived terms====
* Unsorted formations:
** {{desc|grk-pro}}
*** {{desc|grc|πάλη}}
*** {{desc|grc|πόλτος}}
** {{desc|itc-pro}}
*** {{desc|la|puls}}
*** {{desc|la|pulvis}}
*** {{desc|la|pollen}}
** {{desc|sla-pro|*pylъ}}
*** {{desc|pl|pył}}
*** {{desc|pl|pyłek}}
*** {{desc|pl|pylić}}
*** {{desc|pl|pylenie}}
*** {{desc|pl|pylnik}}
===Root===
{{ine-root}}<ref>{{R:gem:EDPG|falwa-}}</ref>

# {{form of|ine-pro|alternative reconstruction|*pelH-||pale, gray}}

===References===
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{R:Sihler 1995}}
* {{R:ine:Pokorny}}

{{catlangname|ine-pro|homonymic roots}}