View source for -de

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "de"}}

==Afrikaans==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|af|nl|-de}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|af|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes}}

# {{l|en|-st}}, {{l|en|-th}}, {{l|en|-nd}}; {{n-g|Forms [[ordinal number]]s from [[cardinal number]]s.}}
#: {{suffixusex|af|twee|tweede}}
#: {{suffixusex|af|nege|negende}}

====Usage notes====
The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with {{m|af|-ste}}, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for example {{m|af||honderd-en-tweede|t=hundred and second}}, {{m|af||honderd-en-vyfde|t=hundred and fifth}}, but {{m|af||honderd-en-agtste|t=hundred and eighth}}.

The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits ({{m|af||2de}}, {{m|af||9de}}).

====Coordinate terms====
* {{l|af|-ste}}

==Dutch==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nl|/də/}}
* {{audio|nl|Nl--de.ogg}}

===Etymology 1===
Compare {{cog|en|-th}} in {{m|en|fourth}} and {{cog|de|-te}} in {{m|de|zweite}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|nl|-ste|-e}}

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Forms [[ordinal number]]s from cardinal numbers.}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|twee|tweede}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|negen|negende}}

=====Usage notes=====
The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except {{m|nl|eerste}} and {{m|nl|achtste}}. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with {{m|nl|-ste}}.

The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits ({{m|nl||2de}}, {{m|nl||9de}}). The ''e'' is sometimes written in superscript, like in French ({{m|nl||2<sup>de</sup>}}, {{m|nl||9<sup>de</sup>}}), but this is discouraged by the {{w|Dutch Language Union}}.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180531050044/http://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/2</ref>

===Etymology 2===
Cognate with {{cog|en|-ed}}; derives from a Germanic verb form of ''to [[do]]''.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|nl|-te||after voiceless consonants}}

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{n-g|a suffix that forms the singular of the past tense of weak verbs}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|spelen|speelde}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|nl|dum|-dī}}, from a contraction of the ''þ'' in {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*-aiþ|pos=second person plural ending}} and {{m|gem-pro|*jīz|t=you (plural)}},<ref>https://taalaandewandel.com/2021/02/13/hedde-gij/</ref> somewhat comparable to {{ncog|is|þér}}. Sometimes incorrectly seen as a remnant of {{ncog|dum|du|t=you}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|nl|-te||after voiceless consonants}}

====Suffix====
{{head|nl|suffix}} {{tlb|nl|Belgium|Brabant|colloquial}}

# ''Indicates second person in inversion, substituting or supplementing {{m|nl|gij}}:'' [[you]]
#: {{ux|nl|Ga'''de''' vandaag naar huis?|Do '''you''' go home today?}}

===References===
<references/>

==German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|de|gmh|-ede}}, from {{inh|de|goh|-ida}}, from {{inh|de|gem-pro|*-iþō}}. Compare the equally rare doublet {{m|de|-te}} (from Low German). Cognate with {{cog|nl|-te}}, {{cog|en|-th}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|de|/də/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|de|suffix}}

# {{lb|de|rare|not productive}} {{ng|forms abstract nouns from adjectives}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|gemein|gloss1=common|Gemeinde|gloss2=community}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|de}}

==Hungarian==

===Pronunciation===
* {{hu-IPA}}
* {{audio|hu|Hu-de.ogg}}
* {{rhymes|hu|dɛ|s=1}}

===Suffix===
{{head|hu|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}}

# {{lb|hu|noun-forming suffix}} {{ng|Added to a [[verb]] to form a [[noun]] indicating the place of the action.}}
#: {{afex|hu|zene|t1=music|zene'''de'''|t2=school of music}}

====Usage notes====
{{U:hu:noun-da}}

====Declension====
{{hu-infl-nom|-dé|e|esm_sg=y|esm_pl=y}}{{hu-pos-tek|-dé}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=noun}}

===See also===
* [[Appendix:Hungarian suffixes]]

==Low German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|nds|gml|-ede}}, from {{inh|nds|osx|-itha}}, from {{inh|nds|gem-pro|*-iþō}}. Cognate with {{cog|nl|-te}}, {{cog|en|-th}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nds|/də/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|nds|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|appended to an [[adjective]], it makes a feminine noun referring to the size of the quality referred to by the adjective, cognate to [[-th]].}}
#: {{suffixusex|nds|hooch|Hööchde}}
#: {{suffixusex|nds|deep|Deepde}}
#: {{suffixusex|nds|eng|Engde}}
#: {{suffixusex|nds|lang|gloss1=long|Längde|gloss2=length}}
# {{non-gloss|appended to the stem of a verb, yields a feminine noun which refers to the object of such a verb.}}
#: {{suffixusex|nds|schamen|Schaamde}}
#: {{suffixusex|nds|bögen|Böögde}}

====Usage notes====
The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, {{m|nds|Süükde}} is more often found as {{m|nds|Süük}} with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. {{m|nds|Hööchde}} can be found as {{m|nds|Hööchd}} and {{m|nds|Leevde}} as {{m|nds|Leevd}}, with loss of the final ''-e''. Though this process exists, the forms in ''-de'' remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: {{m|nds|Süükde}} → {{m|nds|Süük}}, {{m|nds|Stillde}} → {{m|nds|Still}}, {{m|nds|Mengde}} → {{m|nds|Meng}}, {{m|nds|Stärkde}} → both {{m|nds|Stärkde}} and {{m|nds|Stärkd}}.
Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are {{m|nds|Grött||size}} and {{m|nds|Hitt||heat}}.

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|nds}}
{{der3|nds|Böögde
|Deepde
|Dickde
|Drockde
|Dröögde
|Engde
|{{l|nds|Grötte}}, {{l|nds|Grött}}
|Hitt
|Hööchde
|Köhlde
|Längde
|Leevde
|{{l|nds|Mengde}}, {{l|nds|Meng}}
|Möögde
|Neegde
|Schaamde
|{{l|nds|Stärkde}}, {{l|nds|Starkde}}
|{{l|nds|Stillde}}, {{l|nds|Still}}
|Süükde
}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|nds|-te}}
* {{l|nds|-t}}

==Middle English==

===Suffix===
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{alt form|enm|-the|id=ordinal|pos=ordinal suffix}}

==Murui Huitoto==

===Etymology===
Cognates include {{cog|hto|-de}} and {{cog|hux|-de}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{huu-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{head|huu|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Used to derive verbs from roots.}}

====Conjugation====
{{huu-conj|+}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|huu}}

===References===
* {{R:huu:Wojtylak:2017|page=103}}

==Old English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{ang-IPA|-de}}

===Suffix===
{{ang-suffix}}

# {{n-g|Used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative of some class I and class III weak verbs}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|ċierran|gloss1=to turn|ċierde|gloss2=I/he/she/it turned}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|habban|gloss1=to have|hæfde|gloss2=I/he/she/it had}}

====See also====
* {{l|ang|-ede}}
* {{l|ang|-te}}

==Old Irish==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|sga|-da|-dae|-ide|-ta|-tae}}

===Etymology===
{{inh+|sga|cel-pro|*-adyos}}, cognate with {{cog|xbm|-eid}}.<ref>{{R:ga:SnaG|chapter=2|section=19.5, 21.2|author=Kim McCone|pages=121, 127}}</ref>

===Suffix===
{{head|sga|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form [[adjective]]s from [[noun]]s, denoting quality, kind, origin or material.}}
#: {{afex|sga|Gréc|t1=Greek|pos1=noun|-de|grécdae|t3=Greek|pos3=adjective}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|sga}}

===References===
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{R:Thurneysen|s=347}}

==Swedish==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|sv|-te}}

===Suffix===
{{head|sv|suffix}}

# Creates the past tense of weak verbs in the first conjugation.
#: {{suffixusex|sv|att [[simma]]|simmade|gloss1=to swim|gloss2=swam}}
#: {{suffixusex|sv|att [[träffa]]|träffade|gloss1=to hit|gloss2=hit (past)}}

====Usage notes====
Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:
{{ux|sv|Jag simma' 25 meter!|I swam 25 meters!}}

====See also====
* {{l|sv|-te}}
* {{l|sv|-dde}}
* {{l|sv|-t}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|sv|a=de|e.d.|ed}}

==Turkish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|tr|ota|ـدا|tr=-de|t=locative suffix}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-te|t=locative suffix}}, front vowel variant of {{m|trk-pro|*-ta}}. Cognate with {{cog|xqa|ـدا|tr=-dē|t=locative suffix}}, {{cog|otk|𐱅𐰀|ts=-te|t=locative suffix}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|tr|/dɛ/}}

===Suffix===
{{tr-suffix|inflectional}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form locative of nouns.}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|köy|t1=village|köyde|t2=in/at village}}
# {{non-gloss|Indicates time}}, [[at]]
#: {{uxi|tr|beş'''te'''|'''at''' five o'clock}}
#: {{uxi|tr|kapanış saatin'''de'''|'''at''' closing time}}
# [[when]]
#: {{ux|tr|Yoğun bakımda kendine geldiğin'''de''' ilk sözü "Ne zaman aşı yaptırabilirim" oldu.|First thing he said '''when''' he regained consciousness in the intensive care was "when can I get vaccinated".}}
# [[over]]
#: {{uxi|tr|beş'''te''' üç|three '''over''' five}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|yüz|t1=hundred|yüzde|t2=percent}}

====Usage notes====
* This version is used when the noun's final vowel is a front vowel (Ee, İi, Öö, or Üü).
* In cases where a noun's final vowel is a back vowel (Aa, Iı, Oo, or Uu) and doesn't end with a clear l sound, it takes the form “{{l|tr|-da}}”.
*: {{m|tr|okul}} → {{m|tr|okulda}}
* It takes the form of “{{l|tr|-te}}” when the noun’s final consonant is devoiced.
*: {{m|tr|ofis}} → {{m|tr|ofiste}}
* An [[apostrophe]] is mandatory when forming the locative of a proper noun.
*: {{m|tr|Türkiye}} → {{m|tr|Türkiye'de|Türkiye’de}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|tr}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|tr|-deki}}
* {{l|tr|-nde}}
* {{l|tr|-da}}
* {{l|tr|-te}}

==Wutunhua==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|wuh|[tə]}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{der|wuh|cmn|-}} {{zh-l|的|tr=-}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|wuh|suffix}}

# [[-'s]], [[of]] {{gloss|but with the order switched}}; {{n-g|attached to nouns to mark the [[genitive]] case.}}
#: {{ux|wuh|nga-n'''-de''' hua|t='''our''' speech (the local name for the Wutunhua language)}}
#: {{usex|wuh|gu da gejhai-'''de''' niren-ha gga-la-di mi-li.|t=He doesn't like '''his''' girlfriend anymore.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 94)}}
#: {{usex|wuh|ngu reben-'''de''' ren-ha qong-je-lio.|t=I met a person '''from''' Japan.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 120)}}
# [[that]], [[who]]; {{n-g|attached to [[noun]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[verb]]s, or [[phrase]]s to mark them as [[attributive]].}}
#: {{usex|wuh|jjekzhen je-ge-li zui xho-'''de''' ti|t=the best place in this world; the place '''which''' is best in this world|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 146)}}
# [[-ing]]; {{n-g|attached to [[verbal]]s to form a noun phrase or nominal expression.}}
#: {{ux|wuh|gu qhi-di-'''de'''-ge ngu sawo jedo-gu-lio.|t=I know that he went away.|lit=[As for] his go'''ing''', I know it.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 142)}}
# [[-er]]; {{n-g|attached to [[verb]]s to form [[agent noun]]s.}}
#: {{uxi|wuh|lu wanlan'''-de'''|t=construction worker|lit=road-mak'''er'''}}
#: {{uxi|wuh|xai-'''de'''|t=writing tool|lit=writ'''er'''}}
#: {{ux|wuh|en lhazzo'''-de''' bbakzzo'''-de''' en da rek mezzhawo jhi-ge yek-li.|t=[There are] [[thangka]] paint'''er'''s and mask paint'''er'''s; there are different kinds of professionals.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 140)}}
# {{n-g|Attached for emphasis.}}
#: {{ux|wuh|a a da mazang'''-de'''.|Oh, oh, that is '''very''' bad!|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 141)}}

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{head|wuh|suffix}}

# [[so much]] that {{gloss|attached to the main verb}}
#: {{ux|wuh|gu ni ddo-di-de gu-dera qe-di mi-li.|t=S/he thinks about you '''so much that''' it is impossible for him/her to eat any of those.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 137)}}
# {{n-g|Attached to the main verb to indicate that the subsequent verb or adjective is used as an [[adverb]] of the main verb.}}
#: {{ux|wuh|gu xai'''-de''' xaige xho-li.|t=S/he writes very well.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 137)}}

===References===
{{R:wuh:Sandman}}

==Ye'kwana==
{{mch-variant}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{mch-IPA}}

===Etymology 1===

====Suffix====
{{head|mch|suffix}}

# {{ng|intensifier that attaches to adverbs, used especially in contexts of surprise}}
# {{ng|used in certain contexts to soften speech or make it more polite}}

=====Usage notes=====
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{head|mch|suffix}}

# [[again]], [[anew]]

=====Usage notes=====
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.

===References===
* {{R:mch:Cáceres|162, 222|head=⸗de, ⸗:de}}