View source for Hyper-Calvinism

{{Short description|Branch of Protestant theology}}
'''Hyper-Calvinism''' is a branch of [[Protestant theology]] that places strong emphasis on supralapsarianism, or salvation from eternity (God [[Election in Christianity|elects]] from [[Predestination|before time]]), where the atonement of Christ was and is difficult for the non-elect to understand, where man has little to do with his salvation, there being nothing man can do to resist being saved, wherein evangelism was given lower emphasis as compared to traditional Calvinism, and where assurance of salvation was felt within a person, identified by introspection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Toon |first=Peter |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Emergence_of_Hyper_Calvinism_in_Engl/269MAwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity 1689-1765 |date= |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-60899-688-9 |pages=144-145 |language=en}}</ref>

It is at times regarded as a variation of [[Calvinism]], but critics emphasize its differences from traditional Calvinistic beliefs. Hyper-Calvinism distinguishes itself from traditional Calvinism as regards the "sufficiency and efficiency" of Christ's atonement. [[Predestination in Calvinism]] traditionally argues that only the [[Unconditional election|elect]] are able to understand Christ's atonement, but that the sufficiency of the atonement stretches to all humanity, while Hyper-Calvinism argues the atonement is sufficient only to the elect.

The term originated in the 19th century as a sometimes-pejorative descriptor predated by terms such as "false Calvinism" and "High Calvinism". The term can be used vaguely, and its distinction from traditional Calvinism is not always clear; writers such as Jim Ellis have suggested that Hyper-Calvinism as a concept is sometimes applied broadly to denominations more theologically conservative than the speaker's, rather than to a consistent theological stance. Nonetheless, Hyper-Calvinism is distinguished as a distinct theological branch, associated with figures such as the 18th-century theologian [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]].

==Definitions==
[[Peter Toon]] notes that the expression "Hyper-Calvinism" came to be generally used in the 19th century, while the terms "False Calvinism" and "High Calvinism" were used near the end of the 18th century to define the same doctrinal views.<ref>[[Peter Toon]], ''[http://www.anglicanbooksrevitalized.us/Peter_Toons_Books_Online/History/hypercal1.htm The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226001003/http://www.anglicanbooksrevitalized.us/Peter_Toons_Books_Online/History/hypercal1.htm |date=2009-02-26 }}''.</ref> "High Calvinism" has sometimes been used as a synonym for Hyper-Calvinism, and at other times as a synonym for the [[Calvinism]] of the [[Canons of Dort]] (1619).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Dewey D. |title=Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 |date=1996 |isbn=9780313283918 |page=65 |chapter=Calvinism |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=30 August 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8goko0Lpr5sC&pg=PA65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McMahon|first1=C. Matthew|title=Presumptive Regeneration, or, the Baptismal Regeneration of Elect Infants|chapter=Presumptive Regeneration, High Calvinism and Resting on the Word of God|date=2014|page=15|publisher=Puritan Publications |isbn=9781626631052|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUS9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Ian|title=Dissent and the Bible in Britain, C.1650-1950|chapter='The Only Certain Rule of Faith and Practice': The Interpretation of Scripture Among English High Calvinists, c.1780s–1850|date=2013|page=133|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-960841-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSZnAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> Although the doctrine of [[limited atonement]] is taught in the Canons of Dort,<ref name="dort">{{cite web|url=http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/dort.htm |title=Canons of Dort |location=SECOND HEAD: ARTICLE 8. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919133747/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/dort.htm |archive-date=2012-09-19 }}</ref> the term "Hyper-Calvinism" in previous generations has been used to define those who reject the view that the atonement is sufficient for all mankind or that there is a general design in the death of Christ.

===Historic definitions of the term===
In his publication from 1825, George Croft defined Hyper-Calvinism as holding to a particular design of Christ's death and denying a general design. He also notes that Hyper-Calvinists were generally styled High-Calvinists because they had views above genuine Calvinism: denying that the death of Christ was "in any respect" intended for the salvation of all, not inviting all to believe in Christ for salvation, contending that invitations should only be given to the "willing", and holding to [[antinomianism|antinomian]] doctrines, which tend to discourage holiness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Croft |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9gGAAAAQAAJ&dq=hyper+calvinism&pg=PA169 |title=The Christian Instructor; Containing a Brief But Comprehensive View of the Evidences, Doctrines, Duties, External Economy and Prospects of the Christian Religion. In the Form of Question and Answer |date=1825 |publisher=Francis Westley |pages=169–173 |language=en}}</ref> In a ''Protestant Dictionary'' from 1904, Charles Neil defined Hyper-Calvinism as a view that maintains the theory of [[limited atonement]] and limits the scope of gospel invitations to the elect.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Charles Henry Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4eFbRYVc94C&dq=hyper+calvinism+limited+atonement&pg=PA575 |title=A Protestant Dictionary: Containing Articles on the History, Doctrines, and Practices of the Christian Church |last2=Neil |first2=Charles |date=1904 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |at=p. 575, Column 2. |language=en}}</ref>

===Modern definitions of the term===
Modern definitions of Hyper-Calvinism usually distinguish it from points of [[Calvinism]], such as [[limited atonement]] or [[supralapsarianism]].<ref name=Ellis /> There is not, however, unanimity regarding the definition.

Curt Daniel defines Hyper-Calvinism as "that school of [[supralapsarian]] [[Five Point Calvinism]] which so stresses the sovereignty of God by overemphasizing the secret [will of God] over the revealed will [of God] and eternity over time, that it minimizes the responsibility of Man, notably with respect to the denial of the word ‘offer’ in relation to the preaching of the Gospel of a finished and limited atonement, thus undermining the universal duty of sinners to believe savingly with assurance that the Lord Jesus Christ died for them." Daniel goes on to suggest that the real difference between "High" and "Hyper-" Calvinism is the word "offer"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniel |first=Curt D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVuMbwAACAAJ |title=Hyper-Calvinism and John Gill |date=1983 |publisher=University of Edinburgh |language=en}}</ref>

[[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]] adopts a different approach, putting the emphasis on the denial of a "universal command to repent and believe" and the assertion "that we have only warrant to invite to Christ those who are conscious of a sense of sin and need."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Iain H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKg9AAAAYAAJ&q=iain+Murray,+The+Forgotten+Spurgeon |title=The Forgotten Spurgeon |date=1973 |publisher=Banner of Truth Trust |isbn=978-0-85151-156-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref>

Jim Ellis argues that "adequately defining what constitutes the fundamental error of hyper-Calvinism" is problematic because many definitions "blur the distinction between it and legitimate Calvinism", and most of them include an apparent bias against [[Five Point Calvinism]].<ref name=Ellis /> Ellis goes on to say that Hyper-Calvinism "consists of two fundamental errors: a denial of duty-faith and a resultant denial of the universal call of the gospel."<ref name=Ellis />

==Adherents==
The term "Hyper-Calvinist" is sometimes used as a [[pejorative]]; Jim Ellis suggests that "it seems as if anyone to the right of one's own theological position is fair game to be labeled a hyper-Calvinist."<ref name=Ellis>{{cite journal|last=Ellis|first=Jim|title=What is Hyper-Calvinism?|journal=Reformed Perspectives Magazine|date=April 2008|volume=10|issue=15|url=http://thirdmill.org/newfiles/jim_ellis/jim_ellis.hyper.html|access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> Notwithstanding this, people who have been described as Hyper-Calvinists include John Skepp (d. 1721),<ref>{{cite book|last=Howson|first=Barry H.|title=Erroneous and Schismatical Opinions: The Question of Orthodoxy Regarding the Theology of Hanserd Knollys (c.1599-1691)|year=2001|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|page=133|isbn=9004119973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKBY3VuWAsMC&pg=PA133}}</ref> Lewis Wayman (d. 1764),<ref name=Toon3>[[Peter Toon]], ''The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity''. [http://www.anglicanbooksrevitalized.us/Peter_Toons_Books_Online/History/hypercal2.htm Part Three: The Propagation of Hyper-Calvinism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616165615/http://www.anglicanbooksrevitalized.us/Peter_Toons_Books_Online/History/hypercal2.htm |date=2012-06-16 }}.</ref> [[John Brine]] (d. 1765),<ref name=Toon3 /> and [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] (d. 1771).<ref name=Toon3 /> Additionally, the Gospel Coalition described the [[Westboro Baptist Church]] of [[Fred Phelps]] as a Hyper-Calvinist church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=9 Things You Should Know About Fred Phelps and Westboro Baptist Church | url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-fred-phelps-and-westboro-baptist-church/ | date=March 19, 2014 | first=Joe | last=Carter | access-date=2023-11-02 | website=The Gospel Coalition | language=en-US}}</ref>

David Engelsma notes that his own denomination, the [[Protestant Reformed Churches in America]], has been labelled as "Hyper-Calvinist" for its rejection of the "[[well-meant offer of the gospel]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio |url=https://hopeprc.org/radio/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Hope PRC |date=8 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Engelsma disputes this label, and says that Hyper-Calvinism is instead "the denial that God in the preaching of the gospel calls everyone who hears the preaching to repent and believe... that the church should call everyone in the preaching... that the unregenerated have a duty to repent and believe."<ref name=Ellis />

==Differences from orthodox Calvinism==

===Hyper-Calvinism doctrine===
The beliefs which have been termed "Hyper-Calvinism" may be seen in historic writings of numerous Calvinistic ministers and in the Gospel Standard Articles of Faith (See Articles 24, 26, 27, 28 and 29).<ref>''[http://www.gospelstandard.org.uk/gs/media/GS/Articles.pdf The Gospel Standard Articles of Faith and Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211055054/http://www.gospelstandard.org.uk/gs/media/GS/Articles.pdf |date=2014-12-11 }}''</ref> The Hyper-Calvinism of these articles arose in part as a reaction to the [[Amyraldism]] of men like [[Richard Baxter]]. According to [[J. I. Packer]], Baxter "devised an eclectic middle route between Reformed, Arminian, and Roman doctrines of grace: interpreting the [[kingdom of God]] in terms of contemporary political ideas, he explained Christ's death as an act of universal [[Redemption (religious)|redemption]] (penal and vicarious, but not substitutionary), in virtue of which God has made a new law offering [[pardon]] and [[amnesty]] to the [[penitent]]. [[Repentance]] and faith, being obedience to this law, are the believer's personal saving righteousness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles Archives |url=https://banneroftruth.org/us/category/resources/articles/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Banner of Truth USA |pages=9–10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====The Gospel Standard Articles of Faith and statements by ministers====
'''Denial of sufficient grace in the atonement for all persons'''<br>Article 28<ref>Gospel Standard Articles of Faith, Article 28, Baxterianism Denied</ref> states a rejection of the general redemption view of [[Richard Baxter]] and a denial that there is a residue of [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] in Christ for [[Reprobation|non-elect persons]] if they will only accept it. The [[Baptist]] minister Daniel Whitaker reasoned against "Baxterianism" and defined it as the teaching that Christ died intentionally for the elect only, but sufficiently for the rest. He believed that the Baxterian view allowed a possible and probable salvation for non-elect persons from the sufficiency of the death of Christ.<ref>Daniel Whitaker, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/DANIEL_WHITAKER_GOSPEL_INVITATIONS.pdf The Nature and Design of Gospel Invitations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507200240/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/DANIEL_WHITAKER_GOSPEL_INVITATIONS.pdf |date=2015-05-07 }}'', (pg. 5.)</ref> John Stevens, also a [[Baptist]] minister, affirmed that the [[Atonement in Christianity|atonement]] is "insufficient" to save those whom Christ never intended to save. He reasoned that Christ has never benefited any person "unintentionally" and that his meritorious worth should not be divided or confounded.<ref>John Stevens, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/JS_PARTICULAR%20REDEMPTION.pdf Help for the True Disciples of Immanuel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182316/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/JS_PARTICULAR%20REDEMPTION.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', Section 18 (pg. 15)</ref>

'''Denial of indiscriminate offers of the gospel to all persons'''<br>Article 24<ref>Gospel Standard Articles of Faith, Article 24, Gospel Invitations</ref> states a confession that invitations of the gospel are only for sensible sinners who are made aware of their need for Christ. Article 27<ref>Gospel Standard Articles of Faith, Article 27, The Non-Elect Incapable of Receiving Grace</ref> states a denial that the non-elect are ever enlightened by the Holy Spirit to receive grace. Article 29<ref>Gospel Standard Articles of Faith, Article 29, Indiscriminate Offers of Grace Denied</ref> states a confession that the gospel is to be preached in all the world without indiscriminate offers of the gospel to all. The English [[Baptist]] pastor [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] denied that there are universal offers of grace made to any, but that grace and salvation are published and revealed in the gospel.<ref>''[http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/Sermons&Tracts/sermon_07.htm Sermon 7: The Doctrine of Predestination Stated, and Set in the Scripture Light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810002523/http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/Sermons%26Tracts/sermon_07.htm |date=2010-08-10 }}'' by [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]].</ref> The English [[Anglican Church]] pastor [[Robert Hawker]] contended that Jesus only invited the weary and heavy laden. He believed that it is in "direct contradiction to [[bible|scripture]]" to invite all. He also reasoned that an attempt to offer Christ is "little short of blasphemy" and those who make invitations to allure the carnal world to faith and repentance know not the scriptures nor the power of God.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Index of ./Robert Hawker/ |url=https://www.grace-ebooks.com/library/index.php?dir=Robert%20Hawker/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.grace-ebooks.com |pages=47–53}}</ref>

'''Denial of duty-faith'''<br>Article 26 states a confession that the natural man should not be given exhortation or duties to "spiritually and savingly" repent and believe.<ref>Gospel Standard Articles of Faith, Article 26, Duty Faith and Duty Repentance Denied</ref> Article 26 has been a subject of controversy concerning what was intended. In his book "What Gospel Standard Baptists Believe", J.H. Gosden clarifies that this article is not meant to minimize the sin of unbelief. He understood this article to be a denial that man is duty bound to believe "each individual is himself" included in the redemption work of Christ and he affirmed that man is "inexcusable in his unbelief" against God's revealed word and works.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gosden |first=John Hervey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyHxYdhZM2kC&q=J.H.+Gosden |title=What Gospel Standard Baptists Believe: A Commentary on the Gospel Standard Articles of Faith |date=1993 |publisher=Gospel Standard Publications |isbn=978-0-9510796-1-4 |pages=129–130 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Baptist]] pastor William Styles reasoned that duty-faith blends the [[covenant of works]] with the [[covenant of grace]] and makes faith a work of the law.<ref>William Styles, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf A Manual of Faith and Practice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182436/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', (pg. 230)</ref> W. Kitchen reasoned in a [[Strict Baptists]] magazine that duty-faith would imply a universal design in the atonement by calling on all persons to exercise a faith which grants them to believe Jesus gave himself for them.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSgEAAAAQAAJ |title=The Voice of truth; or, Strict baptists' magazine |date=1867 |at=pp. 5–7, continued on p. 27 |language=en}}</ref>

===Orthodox Calvinistic doctrine===
While "Hyper Calvinism" reasons that the sufficiency of the atonement extends no further than its efficiency, "Orthodox Calvinism" reasons that Christ suffered sufficiently for the whole world, but efficiently only for the elect.

====John Calvin====
[[John Calvin]] denied that the sins of the [[Reprobation|reprobate]] have been expiated, but he maintained that Christ died sufficiently for the whole world and only efficiently for the [[Unconditional election|elect]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Calvin: Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles – Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom45.v.iii.i.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref> He affirmed that Jesus makes his favor "common to all" and offered "indiscriminately to all", though not "extended to all"; for all do not receive him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Calvin: Commentary on Romans – Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom38.ix.x.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.ccel.org |at=Romans 5:18}}</ref> He also stated that it is their unbelief which prevents anyone from receiving benefit from the death of Christ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Calvin: Commentary on Hebrews – Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom44.xv.v.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.ccel.org |at=Hebrews 9:28}}</ref> With reference to God's desire concerning the reprobate wicked, Calvin condemns the view of Georgius the Sicilian that "God Would have all men to be saved" and continues by saying "It follows, therefore, according to his understanding of that passage, either that God is disappointed in His wishes, or that all men without exception must be saved … why, if such be the case, God did not command the Gospel to be preached to all men indiscriminately from the beginning of the world? why [did] He [suffer] so many generations of men to wander for so many ages in all the darkness of death?"<ref>"A Treatise on the Doctrine of Predestination," in Calvin’s Calvinism (RFPA: Grand Rapids, USA, 1987), p. 166</ref>

====Confessions and catechisms====
The [[Canons of Dort]] affirm an abundant sufficiency in the death of Christ of "infinite worth and value" for the whole world.<ref>Canons of Dort, Second Head: Article 3</ref> The word ''offer'' or ''free offer'' was used in the [[Westminster Standards]]<ref>''[http://www.greenwellstreet.org/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith.pdf Westminster Confession of Faith] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dvj3BM3m?url=http://www.greenwellstreet.org/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith.pdf |date=2013-01-25 }}'' VII/III; ''[https://puritanseminary.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Larger_Catechism.pdf Larger Catechism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042418/https://puritanseminary.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Larger_Catechism.pdf |date=2014-09-24 }}'', Ans. 32, 63, 68; ''[https://puritanseminary.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Shorter_Catechism.pdf Shorter Catechism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042431/https://puritanseminary.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Shorter_Catechism.pdf |date=2014-09-24 }}'', Ans. 31 and 86.</ref> and the [[Westminster Larger Catechism]] leaves no room for doubt that the phrase "grace offered" is used in reference to persons who "never truly come" to Christ.<ref>Larger Catechism, Ans. 68</ref> In his "Question & Answers on the Shorter Catechism", [[John Brown (theologian)|John Brown]] addressed and answered questions concerning [[the free offer of the gospel]]; he reasoned that God commands every person that hears the gospel to "take his gift Christ out of his hand", that Christ offers himself "Fully, freely, earnestly, and indefinitely" to all persons that hear the gospel "without exception", that this offer is for every person's case "as if he was named in it" and that to embrace the offer of Christ is to be persuaded that "Christ in the promise is mine."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wigPAAAAIAAJ&q=shorter+catechism+john+brown |title=An Essay Towards an Easy, Plain, Practical, and Extensive Explication of the Assembly's Shorter Catechism |date=1818 |publisher=Henry Frick |pages=142–143 |language=en}}</ref>

==Opposition to the doctrine==
Both Calvinistic and non-Calvinistic ministers have expounded on several Bible passages as contradicting the doctrines which are considered to be Hyper-Calvinism. Verification that such scripture citations were a matter of doctrinal controversy may be seen in [[William Jeyes Styles]]' ''A Manual of Faith and Practice'',<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-25 |title= |url=http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf |access-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182436/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> [[Andrew Fuller|Andrew Fuller's]] ''The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation'',<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Andrew Fuller |url=http://archive.org/details/gospelworthyall02fullgoog |title=The Gospel worthy of all acceptation: or, The duty of sinners to believe in ... |publisher=American Doctrinal Tract Society, 1837 |others=Harvard University |language=English}}</ref> [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill's]] ''The Cause of God and Truth'',<ref name="auto1">John Gill, "[http://grace-ebooks.com/library/John%20Gill/JG_Cause%20of%20God%20and%20Truth%20The.pdf The Cause of God and Truth]"</ref> [[Richard Baxter|Richard Baxter's]] ''Universal Redemption'',<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-22 |title= |url=http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Universal_Redemption.pdf |access-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322103206/http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Universal_Redemption.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-22 }}</ref> [[Daniel Whitby|Daniel Whitby's]] ''A Discourse Concerning Election and Reprobation'' <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Whitby |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D809AAAAIAAJ |title=A Discourse Concerning I. The True Import of the Words Election and Reprobation, and the Things Signified by Them in the Holy Scripture. II. The Extent of Christ's Redemption. III. The Grace of God ... IV. The Liberty of the Will in a State of Trial and Probation. V. The Perseverance Or Defectibility of the Saints ...: To which is Added a Postscript, in Answer to Some of Doctor Edwards's Remarks |date=1816 |publisher=F.C. and J. Rivington |language=en}}</ref> and William Button's ''The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-25 |title= |url=http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf |access-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182135/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> [[Arthur Pink]] wrote an article arguing for the doctrine of faith as the bounden duty of every person who hears the gospel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A. W. Pink on Duty-Faith |url=http://www.romans45.org/articles/dutyfth.htm |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.romans45.org}}</ref>

=== Biblical references used in favor of orthodox Calvinism ===
* '''Matthew 23:37''' ''"...how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!"'' [[Adam Clarke]] believed that here it is evident that there were persons whom Jesus "wished to save, and bled to save" who perished because they would not come unto him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 23 – Clarke's Commentary – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/acc/matthew-23.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Richard Baxter]] referred to this scripture as teaching that the cause of persons perishing is not "for want of an expiatory Sacrifice", but "for want of Faith" to receive Christ and his benefits.<ref>[[Richard Baxter]], ''[http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Universal_Redemption.pdf Universal Redemption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322103206/http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Universal_Redemption.pdf |date=2017-03-22 }}'', (pg. 135)</ref> [[John Calvin]] reasoned from this scripture that God "calls all men indiscriminately to salvation", that he "wills to gather all to himself" and that this is distinct from his secret purpose to [[Irresistible grace|efficaciously gather]] whomsoever he wills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 23 – Calvin's Commentary on the Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/cal/matthew-23.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Matthew 23:37 |language=en}}</ref> [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] understood that Christ here expresses his "will for their temporal good" that they may be gathered under the ministry of his word and acknowledge him as the Messiah in order to preserve them from the "temporal ruin" threatened upon their city. He concludes that this scripture does not prove men resist the operations of God's grace, but rather reveals the "obstructions and discouragements" that were "thrown in the way" of attendance to the ministry of his word.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 23 – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb/matthew-23.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Matthew 23:37 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''John 1:7''' ''"...that all men through him might believe."'' [[Albert Barnes (theologian)|Albert Barnes]] noted on this scripture that [[John the Baptist|John]] and Jesus came that "we may all" trust in Christ for salvation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John 1 – Barnes' Notes on the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bnb/john-1.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=John 1:7–8 |language=en}}</ref> John Calvin commented here that [[John the Baptist|John]] came to prepare a church for Christ by "inviting all" to him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John 1 – Calvin's Commentary on the Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/cal/john-1.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=John 1:6–8 |language=en}}</ref> John Gill reasoned that the faith here required was not to believe Jesus died for them, but to acknowledge him as the Messiah. He also contended that souls who are made sensible of their lost state and "need of a Savior" ought to believe that Jesus died for them and "none but such."<ref>John Gill, ''[http://grace-ebooks.com/library/John%20Gill/JG_Cause%20of%20God%20and%20Truth%20The.pdf The Cause of God and Truth]'', (pp. 118–119)</ref>
* '''John 3:16–17''' ''"...that the world through him might be saved."'' On this scripture, Richard Baxter interpreted the world which Jesus came to save to be divided into believers who will eventually be saved and unbelievers who will eventually be condemned.<ref>Richard Baxter, ''[http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Universal_Redemption.pdf Universal Redemption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322103206/http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Universal_Redemption.pdf |date=2017-03-22 }}'', (pg. 304)</ref> John Calvin stated that the word "world" is repeated here so that no man may consider himself "wholly excluded", if he only "keep the road of faith."<ref>{{Cite web |title=John 3 – Calvin's Commentary on the Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/cal/john-3.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=John 3:17 |language=en}}</ref> John Gill commented here that the "world" is referring to the elect in general and in particular God's people among the gentiles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=John 3:17 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Romans 3:22–23''' ''"...unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: For all have sinned..."'' Adam Clarke commented here that all human creatures are "equally helpless and guilty" and therefore God's "endless mercy has embraced all."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Clarke's Commentary – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/acc.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Romans 3:22–23 |language=en}}</ref> John Calvin stated here that Christ "is offered to all" and becomes an advantage only to believers. He also commented that the apostle Paul here "urges on all, without exception" concerning the "necessity of seeking righteousness in Christ."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Calvin's Commentary on the Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/cal.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Romans 3:22–23 |language=en}}</ref> John Gill understood these scriptures to refer to "not all men," but to persons who "believe in Christ for salvation" and that there is no room here for any person to "despair of the grace and righteousness of Christ" on account of viewing themselves as the worst of sinners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Romans 3:22–23 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Revelation 3:20''' ''"...if any man hear my voice, and open the door..."'' Albert Barnes reasoned that this scripture is "applicable to all persons" and is the method by which Jesus seeks to come into the heart of a sinner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Barnes' Notes on the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bnb.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Revelation 3:20 |language=en}}</ref> William Styles commented that this scripture is not referring to the unconverted, but rather regenerated persons of the church at Laodicea who were in "a low and lukewarm state" showing little regard for Christ. He understood the purpose of this appeal to be "not salvation from the punishment of sin," but of communion with Christ.<ref>William Styles, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf A Manual of Faith and Practice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182436/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', (pg. 111)</ref>

'''Additional scriptures'''<br>John 5:34 is addressed by William Styles (A Manual of Faith and Practice, pg. 274). John 10:31 is addressed by William Styles (A Manual of Faith and Practice, pg. 245).

=== Biblical references used in favor of the concept of duty-faith ===
* '''Psalm 2:12''' ''"Kiss the Son, lest he be angry..."'' [[Andrew Fuller]] concluded from this scripture that "unconverted sinners are commanded to believe in Christ for salvation" and that "believing in Christ for salvation is their duty."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Andrew |url=http://archive.org/details/gospelworthyall02fullgoog |title=The Gospel worthy of all acceptation: or, The duty of sinners to believe in ... |publisher=American Doctrinal Tract Society, 1837 |others=Harvard University |pages=24–25 |language=English}}</ref> William Button understood the phrase "Kiss the Son" as a duty to reverence Christ and the phrase "Blessed are they" to be an encouragement to those who are privileged to "believe in him for pardon."<ref>William Button, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182135/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf|date=2011-07-25}}'', (pp. 25–26)</ref>
* '''John 12:36''' ''"While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light..."'' Andrew Fuller stated that the belief which was required of these "unbelievers" would have "issued in their salvation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Andrew |url=http://archive.org/details/gospelworthyall02fullgoog |title=The Gospel worthy of all acceptation: or, The duty of sinners to believe in ... |publisher=American Doctrinal Tract Society, 1837 |others=Harvard University |pages=29 |language=English}}</ref> William Styles understood "believe in the light” to mean "receive my testimony concerning Myself and My mission" and that the title "children of light" intends "Jews whose minds were informed by the teaching of Jesus" and not "spiritually illuminated persons."<ref>William Styles, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf A Manual of Faith and Practice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182436/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Manual_Complete_5a.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', (pg. 244-245)</ref>
* '''2 Corinthians 5:17–21''' ''"...we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God."'' Andrew Fuller reasoned that this scripture is spoken to "rebellious subjects" and to not "submit" to this mercy is to maintain "the war."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Andrew |url=http://archive.org/details/gospelworthyall02fullgoog |title=The Gospel worthy of all acceptation: or, The duty of sinners to believe in ... |publisher=American Doctrinal Tract Society, 1837 |others=Harvard University |pages=48–49 |language=English}}</ref> Albert Barnes, on this scripture, stated that "ministers of reconciliation" are to "urge this duty on their fellow-men."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Barnes' Notes on the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bnb.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=2 Corinthians 5:20 |language=en}}</ref> John Calvin commented here that the phrase "be reconciled" is addressed to believers as a daily embassy "sounded forth in the Church."<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Corinthians 5 – Calvin's Commentary on the Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/cal/2-corinthians-5.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=2 Corinthians 5:20 |language=en}}</ref> John Gill commented on this scripture as referring to "new creatures" that Christ died for.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=2 Corinthians 5:20 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2 Thessalonians 1:8''' ''"...them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ."''
* '''1 John 3:23''' ''"...this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ..."''

'''Additional scriptures'''<br>	Isaiah 55:6–7 is addressed by William Button (The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered, pg. 30). Acts 16:30–31 is addressed by John Gill (The Cause of God and Truth, p. 574).

==Support for the doctrine==
Several bible passages are urged as supporting the doctrines which are considered to be Hyper-Calvinism. Verification that such scripture citations were a matter of doctrinal controversy may be seen in [[William Jeyes Styles]]' ''Baptist Manual Complete'',<ref name="auto4"/> [[Andrew Fuller|Andrew Fuller's]] ''The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation'',<ref name="auto"/> [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill's]] ''The Cause of God and Truth'',<ref name="auto1"/> [[Richard Baxter|Richard Baxter's]] ''Universal Redemption'',<ref name="auto2"/> [[Daniel Whitby|Daniel Whitby's]] ''A Discourse Concerning Election and Reprobation'' <ref name="auto3"/> and William Button's ''The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered''.<ref>William Button, "[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182135/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}"</ref>

=== Biblical references used to support the position of gospel invitations going to certain persons only ===
* '''Isaiah 55:1''' ''"Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters..."'' John Gill taught that the persons here under the description of "thirsty" are spiritual persons "thirsting after forgiveness of sin by the blood of Christ" and to such is the gospel invitation given.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isaiah 55 – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb/isaiah-55.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Isaiah 55:1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Andrew Fuller]] believed that "thirst" here does not mean "holy desire after spiritual blessings" but rather a "natural desire of happiness" which God places in every bosom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Andrew |url=http://archive.org/details/gospelworthyall02fullgoog |title=The Gospel worthy of all acceptation: or, The duty of sinners to believe in ... |publisher=American Doctrinal Tract Society, 1837 |others=Harvard University |pages=26 |language=English}}</ref>
* '''Matthew 11:25–28''' ''"...Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden..."'' John Gill reasoned from this scripture that the persons invited here are "not all the individuals of mankind," but those who are "burdened with the guilt of sin upon their consciences."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Available – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Matthew 11:28 |language=en}}</ref> [[John Calvin]] commented here that "it would be in vain" for Christ to invite those who are "devoted to the world" or those who are "intoxicated with their own righteousness." On this verse, he also stated that Christ is "ready to reveal the Father to all" though the greater part is careless of coming to him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 11 – Calvin's Commentary on the Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/cal/matthew-11.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Matthew 11:28 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Mark 2:15–17''' ''"...I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."'' John Gill noted here that Christ "attended the one, and not the other." He also stated that this scripture refers to the "usefulness of Christ to one sort, and not another."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark 2 – Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible – Bible Commentaries |url=https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/geb/mark-2.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=StudyLight.org |at=Mark 2:17 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Luke 4:18''' ''"...he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted..."''
* '''Revelation 22:17''' ''"...let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely."''

=== Biblical references used against duty-faith ===
* '''Romans 4:13''' ''"...the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith."'' The [[Baptist]] pastor Job Hupton concluded from this scripture that "the eternal inheritance" is not by "the law and its duty," but through "the gospel and its promises."<ref>Job Hupton, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Toplady/Job_Hupton_Fullerism.pdf A Blow Struck at the Root of Fullerism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182515/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Toplady/Job_Hupton_Fullerism.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', (pg. 6)</ref>
* '''Romans 4:16''' ''"...it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure..."'' William Button made the argument here that "if faith is a duty (and so a work)" the apostle Paul should have rather said "It is of faith that it might be by works." He concluded that there is a "beauty" here in the apostles words because faith is rather a "blessing of the covenant of grace" and a "fruit of electing grace."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-25 |title= |url=http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf |access-date=2023-04-26 |pages=22–23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182135/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}</ref>
* '''Galatians 3:11–12''' ''"...the law is not of faith..."'' The [[Baptist]] minister William Wales Horne asserted from this scripture that because faith is a grace of the Spirit, it is therefore not a duty of the law. He also reasoned that faith is not "a duty which God requires of his people," but rather "a grace which he gives them."<ref>William Wales Horne, ''[http://02a7a62.netsolhost.com/What's%20New/WWH%20-%20The%20Faith%20of%20The%20Gospel%20Vindicated%20-1-14p.pdf The Faith of the Gospel Vindicated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033430/http://02a7a62.netsolhost.com/What's%20New/WWH%20-%20The%20Faith%20of%20The%20Gospel%20Vindicated%20-1-14p.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}'', (pg. 12)</ref>
* '''Ephesians 2:8–9''' ''"...by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves..."'' The English [[Baptist]] John Foreman made an argument here that their faith was not a "duty produced of themselves" or of a "divine requirement," for God determined that his gift should "not be of works, and so not of duty."<ref>John Foreman, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/JOHN_FOREMAN_DUTY_FAITH_2007.pdf Duty Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182329/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/JOHN_FOREMAN_DUTY_FAITH_2007.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', (pg. 12)</ref>
* '''2 Timothy 1:9''' ''"...not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace..."'' John Foreman reasoned from this scripture that grace is "sovereign and particular only" and that here is the reason why all men are not called and saved by God's purpose and grace given before the world began. In light of this, he contended against the view that persons are "damned for not coming" to Christ for salvation.<ref>John Foreman, ''[http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/JOHN_FOREMAN_DUTY_FAITH_2007.pdf Duty Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182329/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/JOHN_FOREMAN_DUTY_FAITH_2007.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}'', p. 28.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Reformed Christianity}}
{{columns-list|colwidth= |
*{{Annotated link |Amyraldism}}
*{{Annotated link |Calvinism}}
*{{Annotated link |Comparative theology}}
*{{Annotated link |Free offer of the gospel}}
*{{Annotated link |John Gill (theologian)|John Gill}}
*{{Annotated link |Ordo salutis|''Ordo salutis''}}
*{{Annotated link |Predestination}}
*{{Annotated link |Protestant Reformed Churches in America}}
*{{Annotated link |Reformed Baptists}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=suM2AAAAMAAJ&q=john+skepp+divine+energy Divine Energy] by John Skepp (1675–1721)
* [http://grace-ebooks.com/library/John%20Gill/JG_Cause%20of%20God%20and%20Truth%20The.pdf The Cause of God and Truth] by John Gill (1738)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182018/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/John_Brine_A_Refutation%5B1%5D.pdf A Refutation of Arminian Principles] "The Modern Question Concerning Repentance & Faith Examined" by John Brine (1753)
* Excommunication And The Duty of All Men to Believe, Weighed in The Balance. by William Huntington (1745–1813)
* [http://baptisthistoryhomepage.com/fuller.gospel.worthy.indx.html The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation] by Andrew Fuller (1785)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182135/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/button-_Book.pdf The Nature of Faith in Christ Considered a Reply to Andrew Fuller] by William Button (1785)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182151/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/Robert%20Hawker_No%20Yea%20and%20Nay%20Gospel.pdf The True Gospel; No Yea and Nay Gospel] by Robert Hawker (1753–1827)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182212/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Rushton_PARTICULAR_REDEMPTION.pdf A Defense of Particular Redemption] (The Atonement of Christ and Andrew Fuller) by William Rushton (1831)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182225/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Tant_On_offering_the_Gospel.pdf On Offering The Gospel] by William Tant (1837)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182316/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Duty%20Faith/JS_PARTICULAR%20REDEMPTION.pdf Particular Redemption a Reply to Andrew Fuller] by John Steven's (1841)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pYCAAAAQAAJ&q=light+thrown+upon+four+gospels Light thrown upon the four Gospels] by William Odling (1851)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182329/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/JOHN_FOREMAN_DUTY_FAITH_2007.pdf Duty Faith] by John Foreman (1860)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=a7gVAAAAYAAJ&dq=spurgeon+duty+faith&pg=PA8 On Duty-faith] by G. Rogers, from "The Sword and the Trowel" [magazine by Charles Haddon Spurgeon] (1866)
* On Duty-Faith in Several Relations by W. Kitchen from "The Voice of Truth" [Strict Baptist magazine] (1867)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182338/http://www.mountzionpbc.org/Pdf/William_Styles_Baptist_Duty_Faith.pdf Duty Faith Examined] by William Styles (1897)

==External links==
* [http://www.metropolitantabernacle.org/NewMT/media/Article-PDFs/The-Necessity-of-Justification.pdf The Necessity and Justification for the Free Offer of the Gospel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506201822/http://www.metropolitantabernacle.org/NewMT/media/Article-PDFs/The-Necessity-of-Justification.pdf |date=2014-05-06 }} from The [[Metropolitan Tabernacle]] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101704/http://www.monergism.com/directory/link_category/HyperCalvinism/ Monergism: Hyper Calvinism] – a collection of articles on the subject from Monergism.com
* [http://www.romans45.org/articles/hypercal.htm A primer on Hyper-Calvinism] – written by [[Phillip R. Johnson]], from a Calvinist perspective.
* [http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Hypercalvinism.pdf The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689–1765] by Peter Toon.
* [http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/histtheocalvin.html The History and Theology of Calvinism] by Dr. Curt Daniel.
* [http://evangelica.de/reviews/history-of-the-english-calvinistic-baptists/ History of the English Calvinistic Baptists 1771–1892: from John Gill to C. H. Spurgeon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028220838/http://evangelica.de/reviews/history-of-the-english-calvinistic-baptists/ |date=2014-10-28 }} Review by Historian George Ella
* [http://go-newfocus.co.uk/articles/app/category/theology/article/ten-arguments-against-duty-faith Ten Arguments Against Duty Faith] by Peter Meney
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235021/http://02a7a62.netsolhost.com/PDF%20BOOKS/Old%20School%20Baptist/HYPER-CALVINISM%20BY%20STANLEY%20PHILLIPS%202000.pdf Hyper-Calvinism Is it True?] by Stanley C. Phillips

[[Category:17th-century Reformed Christianity]]
[[Category:Calvinist theology]]
[[Category:Christian soteriology]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Hyper-Calvinism]]
[[Category:Reformed Baptist movement]]