Sustainable Development Goal 9: Difference between revisions
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== Monitoring == |
== Monitoring == |
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High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]], the most recent one is from [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 28 April 2020 |
High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]], the most recent one is from April 2020.<ref name=":52">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General], High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</ref> The report before that was from May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 28 April 2020 High-level segment: ministerial meeting of the high-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals|url=https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Besides, updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations.<ref name=":5" /> |
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== Links with other SDGs == |
== Links with other SDGs == |
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Revision as of 16:07, 5 September 2020
Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9 or Goal 9) is about "industry, innovation and infrastructure" and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations.[1] The full title is: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation".[2] The SDG 9 is focused on attaining inclusive and sustainable industrialization so as to "unleash dynamic and competitive economic forces that generate employment and income".[2]
Background
In order to have a successful community, a functioning and resilient infrastructure has to be in place as its basic requirement.[3] SDG 9 is all about promoting innovative sustainable technologies and ensuring equal and universal access to information and financial markets.[3] This is expected to create prosperity and jobs, and build stable and prosperous societies across the globe.[3]
The key emphasis is on developing reliable and sustainable infrastructural solutions that support economic development as well as human well being, while also ensuring financial affordability.[4]
Targets, indicators and progress
The United Nations believes: "Everyone can help to make sure that we meet the Global Goals." The followings are the eight targets to create action to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.[5]
Target 9.1: Develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures
The full text of Target 9.1 is: "Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all"[2]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.1.1 is the "Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road".
- Indicator 9.1.2 is "Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport".
International air passenger numbers, railway passenger-kilometres and air freight ton-kilometres indicators by country are available.
Target 9.2: Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
The full text of Target 9.2 is "Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and by 2030 raise significantly industry’s share of employment and GDP in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries"
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.2.1 is "Maufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita".
- Indicator 9.2.2 is "Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment".
In 2019, 14 per cent of the world’s workers were employed in manufacturing activities, a figure that has not changed much since 2000. The share of manufacturing employment was the largest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (18 per cent) and the smallest in sub-Saharan Africa (6 per cent).[7]
Global growth in manufacturing had already steadily declined even before the outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic. The pandemic is hitting manufacturing industries hard and causing disruptions in global value chains and the supply of products.[8]
Target 9.3: Increase access to financial services and markets
The full text of Target 9.3 is: "Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, particularly in developing countries, to financial services including affordable credit and their integration into value chains and markets"[2]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.3.1 is "Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value added".
- Indicator 9.3.2 is "Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit".
According to surveys covering the period from 2010 to the present, in developing countries, 34 per cent of small-scale industries benefit from loans or lines of credit, which enable them to integrate into local and global value chains. However, only 22 per cent of small-scale industries in sub-Saharan Africa received loans or lines of credit, compared with 48 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean.[7]
Target 9.4: Upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability
The full text of Target 9.4 is: "By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities".[3]
The Indicator 9.4.1 is CO2 emissions per unit of value added.[9] (kilograms of CO2 emitted per dollar of GDP).
After three years of stability, global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion started to rise again in 2017, reaching 32.8 billion tons, underpinned by economic growth and a slowdown in efficiency improvements.[7] However, the intensity of global carbon dioxide emissions has declined by nearly one quarter since 2000, showing a general decoupling of carbon dioxide emissions from GDP growth.[7] The same trend was visible in manufacturing industries after 2010, with global manufacturing intensity falling at an average annual rate of 3 per cent until 2017. 89. Globally, investment in research and development as a proportion of GDP[7]
Target 9.5: Enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies
The full text of Target 9.5 is "Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending."[3]
This target has two indicators:[2]
- Indicator 9.5.1 is "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP".
- Indicator 9.5.2 is "Number of Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants".
The number of researchers per 1 million inhabitants increased, from 1,018 in 2010 to 1,198 in 2017, ranging widely, from 3,707 in Europe and Northern America to only 99 in sub-Saharan Africa.[7] In addition, women represented only 30 per cent of global researchers.[7]
Universally, investment in research and development as a proportion of GDP increased, from 1.5 per cent in 2000 to 1.7 per cent in 2015, and remained almost unchanged in 2017, but was only less than 1 per cent in developing regions.[7]
Target 9.a: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries
The full text of Target 9.A is: "Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States."
The Indicator 9.A.1 is: "Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure".[2]
Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $61 billion in 2018, an increase of 32.6 per cent in real terms from 2010. The main sectors assisted were transport ($22.8 billion) and energy ($20.3 billion).[7]
Target 9.b: Support domestic technology development and industrial diversification
The full text of Target 9.b is: "Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities".[2]
The Indicator 9.b.1 is the Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added.[2] Higher values indicate that a country's industrial sector is more focused on high-tech and innovation products.[2]
As at 2017, the share of medium-high and high-technology goods in world manufacturing production reached nearly 45 per cent. Medium-high and high-technology products continued to dominate manufacturing production in developed regions, reaching 49 per cent in 2017, compared with 9 per cent in least developed countries.
Target 9.c: Universal access to information and communications technology
The full text of Target 9.c is: "Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020".[3]
The Indicator 9.c.1 is: "Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology".[2] There are two technology types featured for this indicator: the number of mobile cellphone subscriptions (per 100 people), and the share of a given population using the internet (on any device).[2]
As at 2020, nearly the entire world population lives in an area covered by a mobile network.[7] It is estimated that, in 2019, 96.5 per cent thereof was covered by at least a 2G network, with 81.8 per cent covered by at least a long-term evolution network.[7]
There are many parts of the world that still lack access to mobile broadband networks (16%), and infrastructure places an outsized economic constraint on developing countries.
Monitoring
High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General, the most recent one is from April 2020.[10] The report before that was from May 2019.[11] Besides, updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations.[2]
Links with other SDGs
SDG 9 like every other SDGs are interwoven with others. These partnerships and tools are indicative of the importance that organizations and governments are placing on, inter alia, innovation and digital connectivity, and on advancing the SDGs, particularly SDG 9.[12] In addition, such partnerships are critical to ensure that the SDGs are implemented in all parts of the globe, especially in more vulnerable regional and countries, such as Africa and the LDCs.[12]
Organisations
See also
References
- ^ "About the Sustainable Development Goals". United Nations. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation". United Nations. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f "9: Industries Innovation and Infrastrusture". The Global Goals for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:7was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Industry Innovation and Infrastructure".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 9) SDG-Tracker.org, website
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "United Nations Economic and Social Council - E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Report of the Secretary-General". undocs.org. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Global Goals".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020
- ^ "United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 28 April 2020 High-level segment: ministerial meeting of the high-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Infrastructure Industry and Innovation".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)