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{{short description|A term used to categorize types or levels of sanitation for monitoring purposes}}
{{short description|A term used to categorize types or levels of sanitation for monitoring purposes}}
[[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>]]
[[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>]]
'''Improved sanitation''' is a term used to categorize types or levels of [[sanitation]] for monitoring purposes. The term was coined by the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation]] of [[UNICEF]] and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs). In 2015 this goal was superceeded by [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]], in which Target 2 states: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations." Indicator 6.2.1 is the Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>
'''Improved sanitation''' is a term used to categorize types or levels of [[sanitation]] for monitoring purposes. The term was coined by the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation]] of [[UNICEF]] and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs). The opposite of "improved water source" has been termed "unimproved water source" in the JMP definitions.


The same terms are used to monitor progress towards [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] (Target 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1) from 2015 onwards.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Here, they are a component of the definition for "'''safely managed sanitation service'''".
The opposite of "improved sanitation" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions.


The Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation has been publishing updates on the global sanitation situation on an annual basis. For example, in 2015 it was reported that 68% percent of the world's population had access to improved sanitation.<ref name="JMP2015">{{cite book|title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2015 Update|date=2014|publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)|isbn=9789241507240|url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2332}}</ref>
The Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation has been publishing updates on the global sanitation situation on an annual basis. For example, in 2015 it was reported that 68% percent of the world's population had access to improved sanitation.<ref name="JMP2015">{{cite book|title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2015 Update|date=2014|publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)|isbn=9789241507240|url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2332}}</ref>


In 2015 this goal was superceeded by [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]], in which Target 6.2 states: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations." Indicator 6.2.1 is the Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>
⚫
In 2017, JMP defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. A higher level of service is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.<ref name="JMP2017-2">{{cite book|title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines|date=2017|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)|isbn=978 92 4 151289 3|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/whounicef-joint-monitoring-program-water-supply-sanitation-hygiene-jmp-2017-update-sdg-baselines}}</ref>



== Definitions ==
== Definitions ==


===Limited, basic and safely managed sanitation ===
===During SDG period (2015 to 2030) ===
⚫
In 2017, JMP defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. A higher level of service is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.<ref name="JMP2017-2">{{cite book|title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines|date=2017|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)|isbn=978 92 4 151289 3|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/whounicef-joint-monitoring-program-water-supply-sanitation-hygiene-jmp-2017-update-sdg-baselines}}</ref>
⚫
In 2016, JMP defined three new terms:<ref name="JMP2017-2" />

⚫
In 2017, JMP defined three new terms:<ref name="JMP2017-2" />
* "Basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.
* "Basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.
* A lower level of service than basic sanitation is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households.
* A lower level of service than basic sanitation is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households.
* A higher level of service than basic sanitation is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.
* A higher level of service than basic sanitation is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.


The ladder of sanitation services includes (from lowest to highest): [[open defecation]], unimproved, limited, basic, safely managed.<ref name="JMP2017">{{rp|8}}
=== Improved sanitation ===
⚫
[[File:Improved version of a traditional toilet (showroom) (6908550969).jpg|thumb|Improved sanitation example: [[pit latrine]] with a slab covering the drop hole and [[Hand washing|handwashing]] station in [[Burundi]]]]
⚫
An improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.<ref name=":0">WHO and UNICEF (2012) [http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ Improved and unimproved water and sanitation facilities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014620/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ |date=2015-10-03 }}, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on 15 June 2015</ref> It is not necessarily identical with [[sustainable sanitation]].


=== During MDG period (2000 to 2015) ===
⚫
[[File:Improved version of a traditional toilet (showroom) (6908550969).jpg|thumb|Improved sanitation example: [[pit latrine]] with a slab covering the drop hole and [[Hand washing|handwashing]] station in [[Burundi]]]]
⚫
An improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.<ref name=":0">WHO and UNICEF (2012) [http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ Improved and unimproved water and sanitation facilities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014620/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ |date=2015-10-03 }}, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on 15 June 2015</ref> It is not necessarily identical with [[sustainable sanitation]]. The opposite of "improved sanitation" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions.
To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation]] defines "improved" sanitation as the following kind of toilets:<ref name=":0" />
To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation]] defines "improved" sanitation as the following kind of toilets:<ref name=":0" />


Revision as of 06:18, 19 August 2020

Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015[1]

Improved sanitation is a term used to categorize types or levels of sanitation for monitoring purposes. The term was coined by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of UNICEF and WHO in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The opposite of "improved water source" has been termed "unimproved water source" in the JMP definitions.

The same terms are used to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Target 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1) from 2015 onwards.[2] Here, they are a component of the definition for "safely managed sanitation service".

The Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation has been publishing updates on the global sanitation situation on an annual basis. For example, in 2015 it was reported that 68% percent of the world's population had access to improved sanitation.[3]

In 2015 this goal was superceeded by Sustainable Development Goal 6, in which Target 6.2 states: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations." Indicator 6.2.1 is the Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.[4]


Definitions

During SDG period (2015 to 2030)

In 2017, JMP defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. A higher level of service is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.[5]

In 2017, JMP defined three new terms:[5]

  • "Basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.
  • A lower level of service than basic sanitation is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households.
  • A higher level of service than basic sanitation is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.

The ladder of sanitation services includes (from lowest to highest): open defecation, unimproved, limited, basic, safely managed.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). It is not necessarily identical with sustainable sanitation. The opposite of "improved sanitation" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions.

To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation defines "improved" sanitation as the following kind of toilets:[6]

Unimproved sanitation

Unimproved sanitation example: pit latrine without slab in Lusaka, Zambia

Sanitation facilities that are not considered as "improved" (also called "unimproved") are:

  • Public or shared latrine (meaning a toilet that is used by more than one household)
  • Flush/pour flush to elsewhere (not into a pit, septic tank, or sewer)
  • Pit latrine without slab
  • Bucket latrines
  • Hanging toilet / latrine
  • No facilities / bush / field (open defecation)

Whilst "shared" toilets are not counted as improved sanitation, data about usage of shared toilets is nevertheless report in the annual progress reports of the JMP.[7]

References

  1. ^ Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) SDG-Tracker.org, website
  2. ^ WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017
  3. ^ Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2015 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. ISBN 9789241507240.
  4. ^ Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) SDG-Tracker.org, website
  5. ^ a b Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2017. ISBN 978 92 4 151289 3.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ WHO and UNICEF Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York
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