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Community Health Clubs (CHCs) also known as Community Hygiene Clubs are voluntary community based organisations dedicated to improving health through the promotion of hygiene^[1]. CHCs are formed at village level and have no po The concept was developed by Dr Juliet Waterkeyn, Africa AHEAD.

The WP:LEAD should provide a three to four paragraph summary or overview in basic language. The lead should contain only one image

Nomenclature or definitions

Background

The idea of CHCs was first developed in Kenya where Dr Juliet Waterkeyn spent a lot of time developing illustrations for training materials for the Kenya Water for Health Organisation (KWAHO) and spent a significant amount of time observing the living conditions and habits of rural communities. After observing the practices of women in rural households, it became evident that a lack of ownership was the cause for slow community development. The concept of CHC was developed to gather communities and communally discuss hygiene and improving the health of children ^[2].

Overview / explanations / current practice

Community Health Workers (CHW) as well as Environmental Health Technicians (EHT) are often used to help run the clubs. They receive a 1 week training about the organisation of the Community Health Clubs and are given the training materials and taught how to use it ^[3].

There are two types of CHCs, Classic and Lite. The difference between the two is based on the length of the training of the CHWs as well as the number of dialogue sessions that they have been trained in.

CHCs attract an average of 75 members, which includes an elected six member committee, a chairperson, a secretary and a Community Health Worker (CHW) facilitator, who is responsible for leading the dialogue sessions and motivating the club members to adopt better hygiene practices ^[4]. The Classic CHCs have a training session of 6 months where the club meets weekly to discuss one of the 20 - 24 dialogue sessions on health and hygiene. Lite CHCs have a training session of 3 months and discuss a total of 8 dialogue sessions concentrating only on WASH topics ^[5]. After each session members are given homework and are encouraged to complete it before the next session. Each member is given a membership card when they join the club and the CHW is responsible for signing off the dialogue sessions attended by each member ^[3]. A certificate of completion is awarded to club members that complete all dialogue sessions during the graduation ceremony ^[6].

Health Aspects

There are four main stages that have been identified that CHCs go through ^[4]:

Stage 1: Health Promotion

This stage is the entry point, where members meet weekly for a two-hour session at a venue of choice. During these sessions visual aid cards are used to engage members in discussions and debates on topics encouraging health and hygiene promotion. Various participatory activities take place that entertain and encourage members to get involved in the decision making process on improving daily hygiene habits. Additionally, it is recommended that each week members make small changes in their own homes before the next meeting. These recommended practices rarely require financial expenditure and are solely habit changing ^[4].

Stage 2: Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation

Once club members begin to understand the transmission of germs, effort is made to protect oneself. When a majority of the members become convinced, it is through positive peer pressure that makes sanitation a priority and club members help each other with meeting their new hygiene standards. Latrines and wells are dug, hand washing facilities are build without any support from outside funds. The maintenance of water facilities is the responsibility of the CHC committee, who are in charge for the use and sustainability of the WASH facilities in the village ^[4].

Stage 3: Food Agriculture and Nutrition (FAN)

Members then shift their focus on child survival and a balanced diet after all high-risk habits have been replaced by safe hygiene practices and when basic safe water and sanitation facilities available. As a result communal nutrition gardens are started by CHC members where produce is organised to maintain a balanced diet all year round. Additionally these gardens also help to support vulnerable families in the community ^[4].

Stage 4: Empowerment of Women

The importance of the CHC meetings can result into the construction of permanent meeting shelter, which can also be used for play school for toddlers. Other clubs start income generating projects such as soap making, whilst others create saving and loan schemes and so enable members to buy the necessary products needed to keep maintain hygiene standards. As most CHCs have more female members (citation needed), the clubs themselves end up becoming a safetly net for mothers ^[4].

Critics

History

(particularly who first coined the term, how the use has changed in time)

Society and culture

(might include regulations if applicable)

Examples

(e.g. of NGOs/governments/academics who use this term and noting any variety in usage)

References

(preference given to reputable sources, literature reviews; not blogs or discussion forums)

^ "Africa AHEAD | Applied Health Education & Development". africaahead.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
^ "VISION | Africa AHEAD". africaahead.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
^ ^a ^b Waterkeyn, Cairncross, Juliet, Sandy (31 May 2005). "Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs: A cost-effective intervention in two districts in Zimbabwe". Social Science & Medicine. 61 (9). doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.012. Retrieved 2005 – via Elsevier Science Direct. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f http://www.africaahead.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2014..Africa-AHEAD-Strategic-Plan.pdf
^ http://www.africaahead.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2014-15-Annual-Report-final.pdf
^ "Africa AHEAD".

External links

(should only link to very important websites)

++++++++++++++

A vermidigester (also called wormdigester) is an aerobic reactor where vermicomposting occurs. It can be addapted to all types of vermicomposting as domestic vermicomposting, urban vermicomposting, farm vermicomposting and agroindustrial vermicomposting.

The system is constructed according to environmental engineering principles and procedures. One particular characteristic is that the top surface area is normally higher than the bottom surface area, as this increases pressure in the bottom and an increase in vermicompost release. However, other models cold not have this geometry.

Definition and basic principles

In all vermidigesters, the organic wastes are treated in treatment compartments. Consonant their typology, the treatment compartments may have a static configuration or a dynamic configuration. The great majority of vermidigesters have static compartments, as the dynamic compartments are fundamentally characteristic of the systems used in urban small scale vermicomposting. In this particular case, the systems are called vermicomposters, and vertical vermiculture systems, consisting these ones by stackable vertical boxes.

Relatively to the systems with syatic compartments, these may to be divided in compartment with a semipyramid configuration and compartments with uniform configuration, being the section for the deposition of the vermicompost open or closed. In the static configuration, the different wastes streams are treated in a single compartment, as this is subdivided by modules, being the vermicompost separated from the earthworms after deposition into a specific and independent compartment. In contrary, the systems with dynamic configuration, earthworms are separated from the vermicompost, using 3 to 5 vertical stackble compartments.

Process

The vermicomposting process that occurs in vermidigesters in slightly different when compared with traditional beds or conventional wormeries. The structure increases pressure inside the wall but also in the bottom. In result, the vermicompost produced over the process will fall more easily and more often when compared with traditional and conventional vermicomposting process. The entirely process is characterized as a vertical process, when earthworms work in the upper centimeters of materials. Pressure inside in the walls of the vermidigester is created since the vermicompost and waste in decomposition work like a fluid. In this case, since each material has a proper bulk density, each material will develop a proper pressure. Total pressure inside the vermidigester is dependent of the depth of each level.

Types

Vermidigesters should all have a lid, preventing the entry of natural or artificial light, and also rainwater. The bottom of the treatment section of a vermidigester consists of bars with 3 and 20 mm thick, with 30 to 100 mm space between each one. Other alternative to the previous bars is to apply a mesh with square ir circular holes with 8 to 12 mm gap. Several boxes are placed in the bottom of the system for the deposition of the vermicompost under the bars/mesh or, alternatively, it should be deposited in an appropriate section or waterproofed soil. Some systems may have a leachate holding compartment under the vermicompost compartment.

Sizing and Design

Vermidigesters are sized according to the organic waste production per person per unit of time. Is well known that Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei earthworms ingest per day half of their own weight per day.^[1]^[2] Each person produces near 500 g day⁻¹ of organic food waste. On a typical household family of 4 persons, this should be a total waste production of near 2.0 kg day⁻¹. Besides, an ideal treatment capacity is 2.5 kg m⁻².day. According to this:

$Earthworm density = treatment capacity * 2$

$Surface area required = organic waste production / treatment capacity$

$Mass of eaethworms required = Earthworm density * surface area required$

$Daily total vermicompost produced = organic waste production * 0.6$

Maintenance

Vermicompost, as worm castings, will fall to the bottom of the system, by gravity of using mechanical processes. In general, domestic vermidigesters, doesn't require special mechanical processes since the organic loading of waste is not higher than 1–2 kg day⁻¹. However, when the organic waste production increases - on farms, gardens of bigger families, a mechanic process should be installed in the vermidigester. This is particular important since 60% of the organic waste ingested by an earthwrorm is converted into wormcasts.^[3]^[4]

Environmental beneffits

References

^ LOURENÇO, N.(2010). Vermicompostagem, Gestão de Resíduos Orgânicos – Princípios, Processos e Aplicações. ISBN 9789899685512 FUTURAMB, 1.ª Ed. 404 pp.)
^ LOURENÇO, N. (2014). Manual de Vermicompostagem e Vermicultura para a Agricultura Orgânica. ISBN 9789897230479. Publindústria, 1.ª Ed. 260 pp)
^ LOURENÇO, N.(2010). Vermicompostagem, Gestão de Resíduos Orgânicos – Princípios, Processos e Aplicações. ISBN 9789899685512 FUTURAMB, 1.ª Ed. 404 pp.)
^ LOURENÇO, N. (2014). Manual de Vermicompostagem e Vermicultura para a Agricultura Orgânica. ISBN 9789897230479. Publindústria, 1.ª Ed. 260 pp.)

Welcome to Sanitation Wikipedia!

A video describing Editing Wikipedia for medical content (WikiProject Medicine)

Welcome to Wikipedia, Bvv002! Thank you for your contributions. I am EMsmile, and I am a part of a group of people wishing to improve sanitation-related articles on Wikipedia (which also includes topics around water supply and public health). If you have any questions about editing on Wikipedia, please feel free to leave me a message on my talk page.

I noticed that you added your name to the Outreach Dashboard of the Sanitation Wikipedia project here. That's great, thank you! After running our first SuSanA Wikipedia Edit-a-thon for World Water Day in March 2017, we are now doing something similar but better for World Toilet Day. This drive is taking place during the two months prior to 19 November 2017. We've put together an outline of how we see this working here in our Meetup page. This time we are focussing on a select few number of articles (we have chosen 70). Also we are focussing mainly on improving their readability scores and their leads. Can you help? Then please start editing and improving any number of those 70 articles which are listed here. And please get in touch with us on the talk page of that meetup page because it is always more fun to feel part of a team effort!

I am EMsmile, and I am a part of a group of people wishing to improve sanitation-related articles on Wikipedia (which also includes topics around water supply and public health). If you have any questions about this work, please feel free to leave me a message on my talk page.

Here are some pages about Wikipedia editing that you might find helpful:

Welcome to Wikipedia and Wikiproject Medicine - a project that WikiProject Sanitation is trying to emulate

Please sign your name using four tildes (~~~~) when you post on talk pages. This will automatically produce your username and the date.

Also if you are interested in improving sanitation-related articles, you may want to join WikiProject Sanitation.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Again welcome to Wikipedia!

Added welcome notes to talk pages

Editors to be approached later

User:Krischan Makowka

User_talk:Almawateraid Dannyboi886

Snippet on hygiene promotion

Hygiene promotion is a planned approach of enabling people to take action and change their behaviors towards prevention and reduction of incidents relating to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) diseases. Hygiene promotion should aim to draw on the affected population’s knowledge, practices and resources, as well as on the current WASH evidence base to determine how public health can best be protected.^[1]

Hygiene promotion is a participatory way of involving people to be accountable and take charge of WASH services and infrastructure. The three key factors are; a mutual sharing of information and knowledge, the mobilization of affected communities and the provision of essential materials and facilities.^[1]

References

Water country profiles

Still need to go through all those that Alma worked on with the new terms of "basic water" etc.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Almawateraid

Access data updated with WASHwatch data and references fixed:^[2]

List by country:

Article numbers: 1-10 are "top priority"; 11-69 are "high priority"	Title	View rates (average daily views from Aug 2016 to Aug 2017)	Flesch score of entire article (aim for > 70)	Flesch score of lead only (aim for > 70)
1	Swachh Bharat Abhiyan	3883	27	35
2	Sustainable Development Goals	2596	25	35
3	Toilet	1190	53	46
4	Hygiene	1032	40	38
5	Sanitation	913	31	24
6	Open defecation	632	34	35
7	Wastewater	523	35	25
8	Reclaimed water	315	34	37
9	WASH	166	32	20
10	World Toilet Day (Note a)	121	36	48
11	Water pollution	5004	35	27
12	Gastroenteritis	3771	35	49
13	Cholera	3612	43	57
14	Diarrhea	2758	38	54
15	Sewage treatment	1773	36	38
16	Malnutrition	1429	39	40
17	Feces	1292	50	36
18	Schistosomiasis	1260	40	50
19	Menstrual cup	1155	49	49
20	Urine	1103	44	33
21	Public health	1074	21	8
22	Drinking water	1069	44	56
23	Compost	1054	39	35
24	Waterborne diseases	977	33	30
25	Emergency management	942	21	-32
26	Human feces	796	44	48
27	Wastewater treatment	784	20	41
28	Composting toilet	760	38	35
29	Antimicrobial resistance	671	22	22
30	Ascariasis	623	48	52
31	Sewage	608	38	39
32	Helminths	601	41	40
33	Greywater	418	35	38
34	Hand washing	410	43	43
35	Public toilet	371	48	43
36	History of water supply and sanitation	370	46	34
37	Pit latrine	368	59	68
38	Manual scavenging	342	37	33
39	Human waste	336	48	45
40	Stunted growth	330	42	44
41	Fecal–oral route	292	42	16
42	Child mortality	264	46	58
43	Helminthiasis	261	30	21
44	Groundwater pollution	255	28	30
45	Malnutrition in children	254	32	24
46	Social marketing	245	37	17
47	Neglected tropical diseases	192	34	36
48	World Water Day (Note a)	153	36	44
49	Blackwater (waste)	139	42	35
50	Dry toilet	113	41	58
51	Vacuum truck	111	58	61
52	Urine-diverting dry toilet	107	40	38
53	Fecal sludge management	81	42	26
54	Reuse of excreta	80	39	41
55	Menstrual hygiene day	77	40	47
56	Behavior change (public health)	75	27	39
57	Mass deworming	61	36	37
58	Community-led total sanitation	60	36	32
59	Improved sanitation	56	31	42
60	Human right to water and sanitation	54	42	34
61	Global Handwashing Day	49	35	54
62	Septic tank	36	37	44
63	Omni Processor	26	46	41
64	Decentralized wastewater system	23	25	16
65	Emergency sanitation	22	37	21
66	Vermifilter	20	24	12
67	Self-supply of water and sanitation	17	38	33
68	Sustainable sanitation	13	17	19
69	Container-based sanitation	7	36	27
Average			37	36
Sum		50575

^ ^a ^b Project., Sphere (2011-01-01). The Sphere Project : humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. The Sphere Project. ISBN 9781908176004. OCLC 783645500.
^ WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MDG assessment, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

[1] "Africa AHEAD | Applied Health Education & Development". africaahead.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.

[2] "VISION | Africa AHEAD". africaahead.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03.

[:1-3] Waterkeyn, Cairncross, Juliet, Sandy (31 May 2005). "Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs: A cost-effective intervention in two districts in Zimbabwe". Social Science & Medicine. 61 (9). doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.012. Retrieved 2005 – via Elsevier Science Direct. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f http://www.africaahead.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2014..Africa-AHEAD-Strategic-Plan.pdf

[5] ttps://www.africaahead.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2014-15-Annual-Report-final.pdf

[6] "Africa AHEAD".

[7] LOURENÇO, N.(2010). Vermicompostagem, Gestão de Resíduos Orgânicos – Princípios, Processos e Aplicações. ISBN 9789899685512 FUTURAMB, 1.ª Ed. 404 pp.)

[8] LOURENÇO, N. (2014). Manual de Vermicompostagem e Vermicultura para a Agricultura Orgânica. ISBN 9789897230479. Publindústria, 1.ª Ed. 260 pp)

[9] LOURENÇO, N.(2010). Vermicompostagem, Gestão de Resíduos Orgânicos – Princípios, Processos e Aplicações. ISBN 9789899685512 FUTURAMB, 1.ª Ed. 404 pp.)

[10] LOURENÇO, N. (2014). Manual de Vermicompostagem e Vermicultura para a Agricultura Orgânica. ISBN 9789897230479. Publindústria, 1.ª Ed. 260 pp.)

[:0-11] Project., Sphere (2011-01-01). The Sphere Project : humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. The Sphere Project. ISBN 9781908176004. OCLC 783645500.

[12] WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MDG assessment, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

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@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]]
 [[File:Editing Wikipedia.webm|thumb|A video describing Editing Wikipedia for medical content (WikiProject Medicine)]]
-[[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|Welcome to Wikipedia]], Bvv002! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Bvv002|your contributions]]. I am [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]], and I am a part of  a group of people wishing to improve [[sanitation]]-related articles on Wikipedia (which also includes topics around [[water supply]] and [[public health]]). If you have any questions about editing on Wikipedia, please feel free to leave me a message on [[User talk:EMsmile|my talk page]]. You can also check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]].
+[[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|Welcome to Wikipedia]], Bvv002! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Bvv002|your contributions]]. I am [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]], and I am a part of  a group of people wishing to improve [[sanitation]]-related articles on Wikipedia (which also includes topics around [[water supply]] and [[public health]]). If you have any questions about editing on Wikipedia, please feel free to leave me a message on [[User talk:EMsmile|my talk page]].
 I noticed that you added your name to the Outreach Dashboard of the Sanitation Wikipedia project [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/SuSanA/Sustainable_Sanitation_Alliance_Wikipedia_Initiative__Sept_2017_and_beyond_(Sept_2017_onwards)/students here]. That's great, thank you!
-In March 2017 we ran our first Sanitation Wikipedia [[edit-a-thon]]: the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Sustainable_Sanitation_Alliance_Edit-a-thon_for_World_Water_Day_March_2017_@_SuSanA_Platform_Worldwide#Event_information|SuSanA Wikipedia Edit-a-thon for World Water Day]]. We are now doing something similar but better for [[World Toilet Day]] for the two months prior to 19 November 2017. We've put together an outline of how we see this working here in our [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Sanitation Wikipedia/2|Meetup page]]. This time we are focussing on a select few number of articles (we have chosen 70). Also we are focussing on improving their readability scores and their leads.
+After running our first [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Sustainable_Sanitation_Alliance_Edit-a-thon_for_World_Water_Day_March_2017_@_SuSanA_Platform_Worldwide#Event_information|SuSanA Wikipedia Edit-a-thon for World Water Day]] in March 2017, we are now doing something similar but better for [[World Toilet Day]]. This drive is taking place during the two months prior to 19 November 2017. We've put together an outline of how we see this working here in our [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Sanitation Wikipedia/2|Meetup page]]. This time we are focussing on a select few number of articles (we have chosen 70). Also we are focussing mainly on improving their readability scores and their leads. Can you help? Then please start editing and improving any number of those 70 articles which are listed [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Sanitation Wikipedia/2#Sanitation articles to choose from for this drive|here]]. And please get in touch with us on the talk page of that meetup page because it is always more fun to feel part of a team effort!
+I am [[User:EMsmile|EMsmile]], and I am a part of  a group of people wishing to improve [[sanitation]]-related articles on Wikipedia (which also includes topics around [[water supply]] and [[public health]]). If you have any questions about this work, please feel free to leave me a message on [[User talk:EMsmile|my talk page]].
 Here are some pages about Wikipedia editing that you might find helpful:

v t e Toilets
Equipment	Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Seat Toilet seat riser Toilet Toilet cleaner Toilet paper Holder/dispenser Orientation Toilet rim block Trap (U-bend)
Types	Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container-based Dry Dual flush EToilet Flush Freezing Head (boat) Hudo (Scouting) Incinerating Intelligent Latrine Low-flush On-board Passenger train Pay Pig Pit Portable Potty Public Sanisette (self-cleaning) Sink Space Squat Telescopic Treebog Urine-diverting dry Vacuum Vermifilter Washlet (combined toilet and bidet)
Cultural and policy aspects	Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Bathroom reading Honeywagon (vehicle) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Swachh Bharat Mission Toilet god Toilet humour Skibidi Toilet Toilet plume Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilet Revolution in China Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck
Jobs and activities	Manual scavenging Restroom attendant Sanitation worker Slopping out Toilet training Toileting
Urine-related aspects	Female urinal Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pee curl Pollee Sanistand Urinal Urinal deodorizer block Urinal (health care) Urination Urine collection device Urine deflector Urine diversion
Feces-related aspects	Anal hygiene Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology
Places	Haewoojae Hundertwasser Toilets Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue Modern Toilet Restaurant National Poo Museum Outhouse Public toilets in Bratislava Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet (room) Toilet History Museum Toilets in Japan Toilets in New York City Bryant Park restroom
Historical terms	Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Dansker Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the Stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter
See also	Ecological sanitation History of water supply and sanitation Human right to water and sanitation Improved sanitation Infection prevention and control Public health Reuse of human excreta Sanitation Sewage treatment Sustainable sanitation Waste management World Toilet Day Workers' right to access the toilet

Revision as of 22:01, 9 October 2017

Nomenclature or definitions

Background

Overview / explanations / current practice

Health Aspects

Critics

History

Society and culture

Examples

References

See also

External links

Definition and basic principles

Process

Types

Sizing and Design

Maintenance

Environmental beneffits

See also

References

Welcome to Sanitation Wikipedia!

Added welcome notes to talk pages

Editors to be approached later

Snippet on hygiene promotion

References

Water country profiles