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In July 2013, the composition of the Theranos board of directors changed markedly, with departure of Channing Robertson (emeritus professor, chemical engineering, Stanford University),<ref>Stanford Engineering, 2014, "Channing Robertson Timeline," see [http://engineering.stanford.edu/channing-robertson-timeline], accessed 28 January 2014</ref> experienced pharma and biotech executive [[Robert B. Shapiro]] (former chairman/CEO of the [[Pharmacia]], [[Monsanto]], and [[G.D. Searle]] group of companies), and financier Pete Thomas (principal, ATA Ventures).<ref name=never/><ref name=LeutySFBTAug13>Ron Leuty, 2013, [https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/30/theranos-the-biggest-biotech-youve.html?page=all "Theranos: The biggest biotech you’ve never heard of"] San Francisco Business Times (online), Aug 30, 2013, accessed 28 January 2014. Quote: "Theranos continues to move stealthily. Requests to speak with Holmes or other executives, board members and the company’s financiers were consistently rebuffed, and the company declined to provide any answers to written questions."</ref> Remaining from the original board were Theranos President and COO Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani and former Secretary of State [[George Shultz]]; added to the new board were [[Riley P. Bechtel]] (chairman of the board at [[Bechtel Group]]), [[Richard Kovacevich]] (former Wells Fargo Chairman and CEO), [[Sam Nunn]] and [[Bill Frist]] (former U.S. Senators), [[Henry Kissinger]] (former Secretary of State), [[William Perry]] (former Secretary of Defense), [[William Foege]] (epidemiologist, former director U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]), [[James Mattis]] (General, [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]], retired) and [[Gary Roughead]] (Admiral, [[United States Navy|USN]], retired),<ref name=LeutySFBTAug13/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/02/theranos-adds-kovacevich-to-all-star.html|title=Theranos adds Kovacevich to all-star board|last=Leuty|first=Ron|date=2 August 2013|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/biotech/2013/07/theranos-dick-kovacevich-james-mattis.html|title=Quiet Theranos adds former Wells chief Kovacevich, 'Mad Dog' Mattis to power-packed board|last=Leuty|first=Ron|date=29 July 2013|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref> several of whom are members of [[Stanford University|Stanford's]] [[Hoover Institution]],<ref name=emerging>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/biotech/2013/09/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-walgreens.html|title=Secretive Theranos emerging (partly) from shadows|last=Leuty|first=Ron|date=9 September 2013|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref> with medical doctors Frist and Foege, and lawyer/executive Bechtel being added most recently (in 2014).<ref name=AnonBloomb15>Anon., 2015, "Company Overview of Theranos, Inc.: …Key Developments," in BloombergBusiness (online), see [http://host.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20334531], accessed 28 January 2014</ref><ref>Anon., 2014, "Theranos Appoints Riley P. Bechtel to its Board of Directors," BusinessWire (online), March 25, 2014, see [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140325005637/en/Theranos-Appoints-Riley-P.-Bechtel-Board-Directors#.VMkWilohzzI], accessed 28 January 2015.</ref><ref name = dellaCavaUSATJul14>Marco della Cava, 2014, "Change Agents: Elizabeth Holmes wants your blood, USA Today (online), July 26, 2014, see [https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/07/08/change-agents-elizabeth-holmes-theranos-blood-testing-revolution/12183437/], accessed 28 January 2014</ref>
In July 2013, the composition of the Theranos board of directors changed markedly, with departure of Channing Robertson (emeritus professor, chemical engineering, Stanford University),<ref>Stanford Engineering, 2014, "Channing Robertson Timeline," see [http://engineering.stanford.edu/channing-robertson-timeline], accessed 28 January 2014</ref> experienced pharma and biotech executive [[Robert B. Shapiro]] (former chairman/CEO of the [[Pharmacia]], [[Monsanto]], and [[G.D. Searle]] group of companies), and financier Pete Thomas (principal, ATA Ventures).<ref name=never/><ref name=LeutySFBTAug13>Ron Leuty, 2013, [https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/30/theranos-the-biggest-biotech-youve.html?page=all "Theranos: The biggest biotech you’ve never heard of"] San Francisco Business Times (online), Aug 30, 2013, accessed 28 January 2014. Quote: "Theranos continues to move stealthily. Requests to speak with Holmes or other executives, board members and the company’s financiers were consistently rebuffed, and the company declined to provide any answers to written questions."</ref> Remaining from the original board were Theranos President and COO Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani and former Secretary of State [[George Shultz]]; added to the new board were [[Riley P. Bechtel]] (chairman of the board at [[Bechtel Group]]), [[Richard Kovacevich]] (former Wells Fargo Chairman and CEO), [[Sam Nunn]] and [[Bill Frist]] (former U.S. Senators), [[Henry Kissinger]] (former Secretary of State), [[William Perry]] (former Secretary of Defense), [[William Foege]] (epidemiologist, former director U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]), [[James Mattis]] (General, [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]], retired) and [[Gary Roughead]] (Admiral, [[United States Navy|USN]], retired),<ref name=LeutySFBTAug13/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/02/theranos-adds-kovacevich-to-all-star.html|title=Theranos adds Kovacevich to all-star board|last=Leuty|first=Ron|date=2 August 2013|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/biotech/2013/07/theranos-dick-kovacevich-james-mattis.html|title=Quiet Theranos adds former Wells chief Kovacevich, 'Mad Dog' Mattis to power-packed board|last=Leuty|first=Ron|date=29 July 2013|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref> several of whom are members of [[Stanford University|Stanford's]] [[Hoover Institution]],<ref name=emerging>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/biotech/2013/09/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-walgreens.html|title=Secretive Theranos emerging (partly) from shadows|last=Leuty|first=Ron|date=9 September 2013|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref> with medical doctors Frist and Foege, and lawyer/executive Bechtel being added most recently (in 2014).<ref name=AnonBloomb15>Anon., 2015, "Company Overview of Theranos, Inc.: …Key Developments," in BloombergBusiness (online), see [http://host.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20334531], accessed 28 January 2014</ref><ref>Anon., 2014, "Theranos Appoints Riley P. Bechtel to its Board of Directors," BusinessWire (online), March 25, 2014, see [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140325005637/en/Theranos-Appoints-Riley-P.-Bechtel-Board-Directors#.VMkWilohzzI], accessed 28 January 2015.</ref><ref name = dellaCavaUSATJul14>Marco della Cava, 2014, "Change Agents: Elizabeth Holmes wants your blood, USA Today (online), July 26, 2014, see [https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/07/08/change-agents-elizabeth-holmes-theranos-blood-testing-revolution/12183437/], accessed 28 January 2014</ref>


A consequence of these 2013 changes, noted Ron Leuty of the ''San Francisco Business Times,'' was that "Theranos’ board… consists mainly of directors with diplomatic or military backgrounds."<ref name=LeutySFBTAug13/> While two physicians have subsequently been named to the board, and published reference has been made to a "deep medical advisory group,"<ref name = dellaCavaUSATJul14/> as of January 2016, no scientific or medical advisory board information appears in the company's public information.
A consequence of these 2013 changes, noted Ron Leuty of the ''San Francisco Business Times,'' was that "Theranos’ board… consists mainly of directors with diplomatic or military backgrounds."<ref name=LeutySFBTAug13/> In April 2016, Theranos announced its medical advisory board which included past presidents or board members of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fortune.com/2016/04/07/theranos-adds-startlingly-well-qualified-medical-board/ | title=Theranos Adds Startlingly Well-Qualified Medical Board | publisher=Fortune | date=7 April 2016 | accessdate=14 April 2016 | author=Parloff, Roger}}</ref>


Famed litigator [[David Boies]] was hired by Theranos after it failed a federal laboratory inspection.<ref name=dealbook>{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Steven Davidoff|title=David Boies's Dual Roles at Theranos Set Up Conflict|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/business/dealbook/david-boiess-dual-roles-at-theranos-set-up-conflict.html?ref=dealbook&_r=0|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=The New York Times' Dealbook|date=2 February 2016}}</ref> The company’s general counsel is a former partner at [[Boies Schiller]] and Theranos had hired Boies in the past.<ref name=dealbook/> Theranos attracted controversy, however by also granting Boies a seat on the board of directors.<ref name=dealbook/> While the 2013 adopted high-vote stock structure gives Holmes total control of the company, business ethics experts still complained that having Boies serve both on the board and as the company’s attorney is “a corporate governance disaster.”<ref name=dealbook/>
Famed litigator [[David Boies]] was hired by Theranos after it failed a federal laboratory inspection.<ref name=dealbook>{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Steven Davidoff|title=David Boies's Dual Roles at Theranos Set Up Conflict|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/business/dealbook/david-boiess-dual-roles-at-theranos-set-up-conflict.html?ref=dealbook&_r=0|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=The New York Times' Dealbook|date=2 February 2016}}</ref> The company’s general counsel is a former partner at [[Boies Schiller]] and Theranos had hired Boies in the past.<ref name=dealbook/> Theranos attracted controversy, however by also granting Boies a seat on the board of directors.<ref name=dealbook/> While the 2013 adopted high-vote stock structure gives Holmes total control of the company, business ethics experts still complained that having Boies serve both on the board and as the company’s attorney is “a corporate governance disaster.”<ref name=dealbook/>

Revision as of 20:40, 15 April 2016

Theranos
Company typePrivate
IndustryHealth care
Founded2003; 21 years ago (2003)
FounderElizabeth Holmes
Headquarters
Palo Alto, California
,
United States
Key people
Elizabeth Holmes
Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani
ProductsBlood tests
ServicesMedical tests
Websitewww.theranos.com

Theranos is an American privately held health-technology and medical-laboratory-services company based in Palo Alto, California.[1]

Theranos said it developed a blood-testing device named Edison that uses a few drops of blood obtained via a finger-stick, rather than vials of blood obtained via traditional venipuncture,[2] utilizing microfluidics technology.[3] Its founders raised over $800 million from investors, valuing the company at $9 billion.[4] In 2015, controversy surrounding the company's blood testing process arose after a report in The Wall Street Journal raised concerns about the accuracy of its Edison device. An independent U.S. government review by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reported inaccurate testing results and multiple deficiencies in sample handling during a recent inspection.

History

Theranos was founded in 2003 by Elizabeth Holmes with the goal of streamlining and standardizing blood tests by creating a hand-held device.[5]

Holmes founded a software company and worked on a protein microarray for the detection of SARS in Singapore,[6] and left Stanford University at age 19 while a sophomore majoring in chemical engineering, to start Theranos.[7] Holmes' Stanford chemical engineering professor Channing Robertson had encouraged her in the endeavor, and joined the board of directors.[6] By the end of 2004, Theranos had raised at least $6.9 million, the first $1 million an investment by Tim Draper, a founder of Draper Fisher Jurvetson.[5]

The company had raised $16 million in two rounds of initial fundraising,[8] and $28.5 million in a third round in 2006.[9] In 2010, Theranos raised an additional $45 million from a single unnamed investor,[8] bringing its total funding to more than $70 million. Investors included ATA Ventures, Tako Ventures, Continental Properties Inc.,[10] and Larry Ellison, former CEO of Oracle.[6] With this funding, the company was valued at more than $1 billion.[5]

In February 2015, a Journal of the AMA editorial noted that information about such technology had appeared in the mainstream press including The Wall Street Journal, Business Insider, San Francisco Business Times, Fortune, Forbes, Medscape, and Silicon Valley Business Journal, but not in the peer-reviewed biomedical literature.[11]

Controversies

On October 16, 2015, The Wall Street Journal, quoting many unnamed current and former employees, reported that Theranos's flagship Edison testing device might provide inaccurate results.[12] The alleged discrepancies in Theranos' proficiency testing and reporting to regulators led to a formal complaint filed with the New York State Department of Health that was forwarded to the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services.[12] Moreover, the bulk of the blood tests being performed by Theranos were reported to be conducted on traditional machines of competitors' companies, such as Siemens, rather than its own Edison machines.[13] Wired asserted that the company may have been succumbing to Silicon Valley pressures of trying to "spin hype into startup gold" and promising more than they could deliver.[13] Theranos attacked the Wall Street Journal, but did not refute any of the allegations.[14]

Theranos has also claimed to have partnerships with GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, which both GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer have denied.[15] The company also claimed successful venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson had invested in them, but company principal Steve Jurvetson clarified that it had provided the company's first $500,000 seed investment and nothing more.[16]

FDA

On October 28, 2015, the Food and Drug Administration also reported major shortcomings in the company's practices and ordered Theranos to stop using its Edison device, which it had neither tested for accuracy nor approved, contrary to the company's previous claims.[17] Theranos was ordered to limit its use of Edison to one of the 200 tests it offers. The Arizona Department of Health Services reported issues in the company's other laboratory.[18]

Theranos asserted that the reports were “factually and scientifically erroneous and grounded in baseless assertions by inexperienced and disgruntled former employees and industry incumbents.”[19] Subsequently, a key metric of Theranos valuation was notably called into question when Walgreens placed on hold further expansion of Theranos Wellness Centers.[20] Additionally, after an FDA inspection Theranos reports it has voluntarily suspended use of its flagship micro or low volume blood testing technique except for Herpes virus testing.[21]

Subsequent articles have called into question the credibility of statements Theranos has previously made regarding the nature and source of its income.[15] Though Theranos has often claimed to have FDA approval for its laboratory tests, FDA inspection reports from 2014 and 2015 suggest that the government has noted significant concerns.[22]

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

A report from the U.S. government's Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services released in 2016 detailed a number of deficiencies with Theranos procedures and testing results.[23] The inspection report indicates that 29% of the quality control checks performed on the Edison devices produced results outside an acceptable range.[24] In addition, federal inspectors also cited Theranos for "doing tests with unqualified personnel, for long delays in notifying patients of flawed test results and for storing blood samples at the wrong temperatures."[24]

U.S. military

On December 2, The Washington Post reported that the exploration of a partnership with the US military had led to issues being found with the Edison device and a request that the FDA investigate. This request was denied by United States Marine Corps General James Mattis after Holmes's intervention. Mattis later joined the Board of Directors of Theranos.[25]

Corporate partners

After the revelations of October 2015, Theranos's partner Walgreens suspended their plans to rollout Theranos's testing services in their stores,[26] and it was revealed that Safeway had already cancelled a $350 million agreement to use Theranos's testing technology amid doubts about its accuracy.[27] The Cleveland Clinic hospital, recently announced as a Theranos partner, distanced itself from Theranos's technology and denied they had verified its accuracy.[28] Customers have reported writing to Theranos querying inaccurate results, receiving no response.[29]

On October 27, 2015, Theranos claimed to have data verifying the accuracy of its Edison testing device and announced it would publish it.[30]

CMS certification

On January 27, 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services said that Theranos's Newark, California location posed "immediate jeopardy to patient safety," and required a response in 10 days, or it would pull its certification of the lab.[31]

Edison device

Little information is publicly known of the process Theranos uses to test blood in its proprietary Theranos Edison[13] blood testing device.[32][33] Theranos' device design uses a fingerstick to draw a microlitre sample of blood into a disposable cartridge, which is loaded into the device's "reader" for analysis; results are sent wirelessly from the reader to a secure database, from where they go online to the patient or patient's physician.[34] In July 2015, the Food and Drug Administration provided limited approval for Theranos' Edison device for use in a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) blood test, which tests for disease using a finger-prick's worth of blood, but did not verify its accuracy.[35] Although this FDA waiver applies only to this one test, Theranos announced it is pursuing FDA clearances on more than 120 other diagnostic exams it performs using similar hardware and software.

The technology used in the Theranos device has not been scientifically peer reviewed,[36] but in response to the Wall Street Journal's revelations, on 27 October 2015 Theranos promised to publish its testing results data for scientific peer review.[5] As of February 2, 2016, Theranos had yet to begin the validation study that was to be carried out by the Cleveland Clinic, and declined to announce a date when the study would begin.[37]

Governance

While other aspects of its operations remain secretive,[38] Theranos corporate governance has been the subject of various press disclosures and subsequent news reports.

In July 2013, the composition of the Theranos board of directors changed markedly, with departure of Channing Robertson (emeritus professor, chemical engineering, Stanford University),[39] experienced pharma and biotech executive Robert B. Shapiro (former chairman/CEO of the Pharmacia, Monsanto, and G.D. Searle group of companies), and financier Pete Thomas (principal, ATA Ventures).[6][38] Remaining from the original board were Theranos President and COO Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani and former Secretary of State George Shultz; added to the new board were Riley P. Bechtel (chairman of the board at Bechtel Group), Richard Kovacevich (former Wells Fargo Chairman and CEO), Sam Nunn and Bill Frist (former U.S. Senators), Henry Kissinger (former Secretary of State), William Perry (former Secretary of Defense), William Foege (epidemiologist, former director U.S. CDC), James Mattis (General, USMC, retired) and Gary Roughead (Admiral, USN, retired),[38][40][41] several of whom are members of Stanford's Hoover Institution,[42] with medical doctors Frist and Foege, and lawyer/executive Bechtel being added most recently (in 2014).[43][44][45]

A consequence of these 2013 changes, noted Ron Leuty of the San Francisco Business Times, was that "Theranos’ board… consists mainly of directors with diplomatic or military backgrounds."[38] In April 2016, Theranos announced its medical advisory board which included past presidents or board members of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.[46]

Famed litigator David Boies was hired by Theranos after it failed a federal laboratory inspection.[47] The company’s general counsel is a former partner at Boies Schiller and Theranos had hired Boies in the past.[47] Theranos attracted controversy, however by also granting Boies a seat on the board of directors.[47] While the 2013 adopted high-vote stock structure gives Holmes total control of the company, business ethics experts still complained that having Boies serve both on the board and as the company’s attorney is “a corporate governance disaster.”[47]

Litigation

In 2007, Theranos filed suit in Santa Clara, California, accusing former employees of breaching company secrecy.[6] In 2011 the company filed suit against Fuisz Pharma LLC, accusing them of stealing Theranos' patent files from McDermott Will & Emery. The suit was settled in 2014.[48] Another case, in Washington, D.C. against McDermott Will & Emery itself, was dismissed in August 2013.[49][50]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Theranos". Manta.com.
  2. ^ Rago, Joseph (2013-09-08). "Elizabeth Holmes: The Breakthrough of Instant Diagnosis". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  3. ^ Scott, Cameron (8 November 2013). "Small, fast and cheap, Theranos is the poster child of med tech — and it's in Walgreen's". Singularity Hub. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  4. ^ Johnson, Carolyn Y. (2015-10-15). "The wildly hyped $9 billion blood test company that no one really understands". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  5. ^ a b c d Carreyrou, John (27 December 2015). "At Theranos, Many Strategies and Snags". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e Leuty, Ron (30 August 2013). "Theranos: The biggest biotech you've never heard of". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  7. ^ "Developing the Future of Home Healthcare (podcast)". The DFJ Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders Seminar.
  8. ^ a b Timmerman, Luke (8 July 2010). "Theranos Raises $45M For Personalized Medicine". Xconomy. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  9. ^ "Theranos raises $28.5M for device tracking effects of drugs on patients". VentureBeat. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  10. ^ Klein, Julie (2010-07-08). "Theranos raises $45M to help patients track drug reactions". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  11. ^ John P. A. Ioannidis (February 17, 2015). "Stealth Research: Is Biomedical Innovation Happening Outside the Peer-Reviewed Literature?". JAMA. 313 (7): 663–664. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17662. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  12. ^ a b Carreyrou, John. "Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  13. ^ a b c Lapowsky, Issie (2015-10-15). "Theranos' Scandal Exposes the Problem With Tech's Hype Cycle". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
  14. ^ Dawn Chmielewski. "Theranos Attacks Wall Street Journal (Again) in a Rebuttal You'll Need a Medical Degree to Understand". Re/code. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  15. ^ a b Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (2015-10-26). "Theranos didn't work with the huge drug company it supposedly made money from, drug company says". The Verge. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  16. ^ Caroline Chen (19 October 2015). "Early Theranos Investor Stands by Blood Testing Startup". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  17. ^ Carreyrou, John. "FDA Inspectors Call Theranos Blood Vial 'Uncleared Medical Device'". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  18. ^ "Arizona inspectors find Theranos lab issues". USA TODAY. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  19. ^ "Report Claims Theranos Struggling With Blood Test Tech". Fortune. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
  20. ^ "Walgreens halts expansion of Theranos centers". Fortune Magazine. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  21. ^ "Theranos suspends micro blood tests to allow FDA review". AZ Centeral. October 25, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  22. ^ "The FDA's notes from its visit to Theranos' labs don't look good". Business Insider. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  23. ^ "Theranos Scandal Widens on Scathing Report". Fox Business. April 4, 2016.
  24. ^ a b "Theranos Devices Often Failed Accuracy Requirements". Wall Street Journal. March 31, 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Carolyn Y. Johnson (2 December 2015). "E-mails reveal concerns about Theranos's FDA compliance date back years". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  26. ^ "Quinn: Time for Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes to open up". Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  27. ^ Daniel Roberts (11 November 2015). "A Theranos Deal With Safeway Stores May be Falling Apart". Fortune. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  28. ^ http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/30/well-work-to-verify-theranos-technology-cleveland-clinic-ceo.html
  29. ^ "Theranos Trouble: A First Person Account". Monday Note. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  30. ^ "Theranos Chief Yields to Calls for Proof of Blood Test's Reliability". The New York Times. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  31. ^ "US government says Theranos lab poses 'immediate jeopardy to patient safety'". The Verge. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  32. ^ Nguyen, Tuan C. "How To Run 30 Health Tests On a Single Drop of Blood". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  33. ^ Johnson, Caolyn Y. "Theranos' 'groundbreaking' approach isn't breaking much new ground". Washington Post. Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  34. ^ Adkins, Jasmine D. (2006-06-22). "The Lifesaver". Inc. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  35. ^ Parloff, Roger (2 July 2015). "Disruptive diagnostics firm Theranos gets boost from FDA". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  36. ^ Stewart, James B. "The Narrative Frays for Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  37. ^ "Theranos Has Still Not Begun a Promised Validation Study". Fortune. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  38. ^ a b c d Ron Leuty, 2013, "Theranos: The biggest biotech you’ve never heard of" San Francisco Business Times (online), Aug 30, 2013, accessed 28 January 2014. Quote: "Theranos continues to move stealthily. Requests to speak with Holmes or other executives, board members and the company’s financiers were consistently rebuffed, and the company declined to provide any answers to written questions."
  39. ^ Stanford Engineering, 2014, "Channing Robertson Timeline," see [1], accessed 28 January 2014
  40. ^ Leuty, Ron (2 August 2013). "Theranos adds Kovacevich to all-star board". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  41. ^ Leuty, Ron (29 July 2013). "Quiet Theranos adds former Wells chief Kovacevich, 'Mad Dog' Mattis to power-packed board". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  42. ^ Leuty, Ron (9 September 2013). "Secretive Theranos emerging (partly) from shadows". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  43. ^ Anon., 2015, "Company Overview of Theranos, Inc.: …Key Developments," in BloombergBusiness (online), see [2], accessed 28 January 2014
  44. ^ Anon., 2014, "Theranos Appoints Riley P. Bechtel to its Board of Directors," BusinessWire (online), March 25, 2014, see [3], accessed 28 January 2015.
  45. ^ Marco della Cava, 2014, "Change Agents: Elizabeth Holmes wants your blood, USA Today (online), July 26, 2014, see [4], accessed 28 January 2014
  46. ^ Parloff, Roger (7 April 2016). "Theranos Adds Startlingly Well-Qualified Medical Board". Fortune. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  47. ^ a b c d Solomon, Steven Davidoff (2 February 2016). "David Boies's Dual Roles at Theranos Set Up Conflict". The New York Times' Dealbook. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  48. ^ Beth Winegarner (March 17, 2014). "Patent Theft Trial Over McDermott Docs Settles". Law360.
  49. ^ Overly, Jeff (5 August 2013). "McDermott Ducks Health IT Client's IP Theft Suit". Law360. LexisNexis. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  50. ^ Tillman, Zoe (5 August 2013). "Malpractice Suit Against McDermott Dismissed". ALM. pp. The Blog of Legal Times. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
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