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While ruled by Pakistan since 1947, it has never been formally integrated into the Pakistani state and does not participate in Pakistan's constitutional political affairs.<ref name = indian_express>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/1 Indian Express: Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy]</ref><ref name = gilgit_polls>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/12/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112 Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls ]</ref> On 29 August 2009, the ''Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order, 2009'', was passed by the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by the [[President of Pakistan]]. The order granted self-rule to the people of ''Gilgit-Baltistan'', by creating, among other things, an elected [[Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly]]. Gilgit–Baltistan thus gained de facto province-like status without constitutionally being a province.<ref name = indian_express/><ref name = dawn_gilgit>[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/30198 DAWN: Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy]</ref> Officially, Pakistan has rejected Gilgit–Baltistani calls for further integration on the grounds that it would prejudice its international obligations over the [[Kashmir dispute]]. Some militant Kashmiri nationalist groups, such as the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]], claim Gilgit–Baltistan as a part of a future independent Kashmir rather than as a future integral part of Pakistan.<ref name="Schofield">{{Cite book|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War|first=Victoria|last=Schofield|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2000|pages=180–181}}</ref>
While ruled by Pakistan since 1947, it has never been formally integrated into the Pakistani state and does not participate in Pakistan's constitutional political affairs.<ref name = indian_express>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/1 Indian Express: Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy]</ref><ref name = gilgit_polls>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/12/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112 Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls ]</ref> On 29 August 2009, the ''Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order, 2009'', was passed by the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by the [[President of Pakistan]]. The order granted self-rule to the people of ''Gilgit-Baltistan'', by creating, among other things, an elected [[Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly]]. Gilgit–Baltistan thus gained de facto province-like status without constitutionally being a province.<ref name = indian_express/><ref name = dawn_gilgit>[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/30198 DAWN: Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy]</ref> Officially, Pakistan has rejected Gilgit–Baltistani calls for further integration on the grounds that it would prejudice its international obligations over the [[Kashmir dispute]]. Some militant Kashmiri nationalist groups, such as the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]], claim Gilgit–Baltistan as a part of a future independent Kashmir rather than as a future integral part of Pakistan.<ref name="Schofield">{{Cite book|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War|first=Victoria|last=Schofield|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2000|pages=180–181}}</ref>


==Administrative divisions==
===Administrative divisions===

Gilgit–Baltistan is administratively divided into two divisions which, in turn, are divided into seven districts,<ref name="districts">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/01/nat13.htm|title=Wrangling over new Astore district headquarters|accessdate=2006-11-17|work=Dawn Newspaper Internet Edition}}</ref> including the two [[Baltistan]] districts of [[Skardu District|Skardu]] and [[Ghanche District|Ghanche]], and the five [[Gilgit]] districts of [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]], [[Ghizer District|Ghizer]], [[Diamer District|Diamer]], [[Astore District|Astore]], and [[Hunza-Nagar District|Hunza-Nagar]]. The main political centres are the towns of [[Gilgit]] and [[Skardu]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Division
! District
! Area (km²)
! Population (1998)
! Headquarters
|-
|'''Baltistan'''||[[Ghanche District|Ghanche]]||9,400||88,366||[[Khaplu]]
|-
| ||[[Skardu District|Skardu]]||18,000||214,848||[[Skardu]]
|-
|'''Gilgit'''||[[Gilgit District|Gilgit]]||39,300||383,324||[[Gilgit]]
|-
| ||[[Diamer District|Diamer]]||10,936||131,925||[[Chilas]]
|-
|||[[Ghizer District|Ghizar]]||9,635||120,218||[[Gahkuch]]
|-
| ||[[Astore District|Astore]]||8,657||71,666||[[Gorikot]]
|-
| ||[[Hunza-Nagar District|Hunza-Nagar]]||||||| [[Aliabad, Hunza|Aliabad]], [[Sikanderabad]]
|-
| colspan="5" style="background: black" |
|-
|'''Gilgit–Baltistan totals'''
|'''7 districts'''
|'''72,971'''
|'''970,347'''
| [[Gilgit]]
|}
⚫
[[File:Northern Areas Pakistan.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Gilgit-Baltistan, showing the boundaries of six of the seven present districts and their tehsils. The boundary between the recently created Hunza-Nagar District and the now smaller Gilgit District is the same line as the northern boundary of the former Gilgit Tehsil, which is the southernmost division of the area shown above in light blue. Sikanderabad, the administrative center of the new Hunza-Nagar District, is not yet shown on this map.]]

==Azad Kashmir Administrative divisions==


The state is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8|title= Administrative Setup.|publisher= ajk.gov.pk|accessdate= May 17, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100409161504/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8| archivedate= April 09 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
The state is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8|title= Administrative Setup.|publisher= ajk.gov.pk|accessdate= May 17, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100409161504/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8| archivedate= April 09 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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|[[Muzaffarabad]]
|[[Muzaffarabad]]
|}
|}

⚫
[[File:Northern Areas Pakistan.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Gilgit-Baltistan, showing the boundaries of six of the seven present districts and their tehsils. The boundary between the recently created Hunza-Nagar District and the now smaller Gilgit District is the same line as the northern boundary of the former Gilgit Tehsil, which is the southernmost division of the area shown above in light blue. Sikanderabad, the administrative center of the new Hunza-Nagar District, is not yet shown on this map.]]


==Geography and climate==
==Geography and climate==

Revision as of 10:30, 15 December 2012

This redirect is about the autonomous state under Pakistani control. For other uses, see Kashmir (disambiguation).

Pakistan-occupied Kashmir(POK)
آزاد جموں و کشمیر
Azad Jammu o Kashmir
Counterclockwise from top: K2 - Astore Valley - Mangla Lake, Mirpur - Toli Pir - Mirpur City, Azad Kashmir
Counterclockwise from top: K2 - Astore Valley - Mangla Lake, Mirpur - Toli Pir - Mirpur City, Azad Kashmir
Flag of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir(POK)
Flag
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is shown in red
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is shown in red
Established1948
CapitalMuzaffarabad
Largest cityMirpur
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing state under Pakistani control[1]
 • BodyLegislative assembly
 • PresidentSardar Muhammad Yaqoob Khan
 • Prime MinisterChaudhry Abdul Majeed
Area
 • Total13,297 km2 (5,134 sq mi)
Population
 (2008; est.)
 • Total4,567,982
 • Density340/km2 (890/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)
ISO 3166 codePK-JK
Main Language(s)
Assembly seats49
Districts10
Towns19
Union Councils182
Websitewww.ajk.gov.pk
gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk

Pakistan-occupied Kashmir(POK) also called Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) (Urdu: آزاد جموں و کشمیر, Azad Jammu o Kashmir, literally Free Jammu and Kashmir or, for short, Azad Kashmir (literally Free Kashmir) is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-controlled part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It borders the present-day Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to the west, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, and the Punjab province to the south. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 sq mi) and has an estimated population of about four million.

Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan together constitute the region referred to as Pakistani-controlled Kashmir by the United Nations[2][3] and other international organisations and as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in India,[4][5][6][7][8] in contrast to the name Indian-occupied Kashmir, which is given by Pakistan to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The territories have been under the control of the two countries since the first Kashmir war, after which the area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir was successfully captured from the princely state by rebelling militias with the help of the Pakistani army.

History

Main article: History of Azad Kashmir
Further information: History of Kashmir
Map of the entire Kashmir region

At the time of the Partition of India in 1947, the British abandoned their suzerainty over the princely states, which were left with the options of joining India or Pakistan or remaining independent. Hari Singh, the maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, wanted his state to remain independent. In order to buy some time, he signed a stand-still agreement, which sidestepped the encouragement of the princely states to join either India or Pakistan.[9] Later, there was a revolution by Muslims in the western part of the state,[10] as raiders from what was then the North-West Frontier Province and the tribal areas feared that Hari Singh might accede to the Union of India. In October 1947, they attacked Kashmir in an attempt to take control of the princely state. Initially, Hari Singh tried to resist their progress but failed. He then requested the military help of India, which responded that it would not help him unless he acceded to India. On October 26, 1947, Hari Singh signed an Instrument of Accession,[11] and Indian troops were immediately airlifted into Srinagar. Pakistan intervened subsequently.[10] Fighting ensued between the Indian and Pakistani armies, with the two areas of control stabilized, more or less, around what is now known as the "Line of Control".[12]

Later, India approached the United Nations, asking it to solve the dispute, and resolutions were passed in favour of the holding of a plebiscite with regard to Kashmir's future. However, no such plebiscite has ever been held on either side, since there was a precondition which required the withdrawal of the Pakistani Army along with the non-state elements and the subsequent partial withdrawal of the Indian Army. [13] from the parts of Kashmir under their respective control – a withdrawal that never took place.[14] In 1949, a cease-fire line separating the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir was formally put into effect.

Following the 1949 cease-fire agreement, the government of Pakistan divided the northern and western parts of Kashmir which it held into the following two separately-controlled political entities:

  1. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) – the narrow, southern part, 250 miles (400 km) long, with a width varying from 10 to 40 miles (16 to 64 km).
  2. Gilgit–Baltistan formerly called the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA) – the much larger area to the north of AJK, 72,496 square kilometres (27,991 sq mi). It was directly administered by Pakistan as a de facto dependent territory, i.e., a non-self-governing territory. However, it was ostensibly granted "full autonomy" on August 29, 2009.[15]

An area of Kashmir that was once under Pakistani control is the Shaksgam tract, a small region along the northeastern border of Gilgit-Baltistan that was provisionally ceded by Pakistan to the People's Republic of China in 1963 and which now forms part of China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

In 1972, the then-current border between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir was designated as the "Line of Control". The Line of Control has remained unchanged[16] since the 1972 Simla Agreement, which bound the two countries "to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations". Some political experts claim that, in view of that pact, the only solution to the issue is mutual negotiation between the two countries without involving a third party such as the United Nations.

A devastating earthquake hit Azad Kashmir in 2005.

Azad Kashmir Day is celebrated in Azad Jammu and Kashmir on October 24th, which is the day that the Azad Jammu and Kashmir government was created in 1947. Pakistan has celebrated Kashmir Solidarity Day on February 5th of each year since 1990 as a day of protest against India's control of the major part of Jammu and Kashmir.[17] That day is a national holiday in Pakistan.[18]

Government

Districts of Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is a self-governing state under Pakistani control, but under Pakistan's constitution the state is not actually part of Pakistan.[1][19] Azad Kashmir has its own elected president, prime minister, legislature, high court, and official flag. The state has it own judiciary, as well, with Khawaja Shahad Ahmad as its present chief justice. The government of Pakistan has not yet allowed Azad Kashmir to issue its own postage stamps. Stamps of Pakistan are used, instead.

Azad Kashmir's financial matters, i.e., budget and tax affairs, are dealt with by the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council rather than by Pakistan's Central Board of Revenue. The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council is a supreme body consisting of 11 members, six from the government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and five from the government of Pakistan. Its chairman/chief executive is the president of Pakistan. Other members of the council are the president and the prime minister of Azad Kashmir and a few other AJK ministers.[1][19]

The human rights of the inhabitants of Azad Kashmir have been the subject of controversy. Brad Adams, the Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said in 2006, "Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but. The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms."[20]

Gilgit–Baltistan

K2 in Gilgit–Baltistan
Gilgit-Baltistan is shown in red minus the Siachen Glacier area

The territory of present-day Gilgit–Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areas, formed by the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar. It presently consists of seven districts, has a population approaching one million, and an area of approximately 28,000 square miles (73,000 km2), and shares borders with Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India.

While ruled by Pakistan since 1947, it has never been formally integrated into the Pakistani state and does not participate in Pakistan's constitutional political affairs.[21][22] On 29 August 2009, the Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order, 2009, was passed by the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by the President of Pakistan. The order granted self-rule to the people of Gilgit-Baltistan, by creating, among other things, an elected Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly. Gilgit–Baltistan thus gained de facto province-like status without constitutionally being a province.[21][23] Officially, Pakistan has rejected Gilgit–Baltistani calls for further integration on the grounds that it would prejudice its international obligations over the Kashmir dispute. Some militant Kashmiri nationalist groups, such as the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, claim Gilgit–Baltistan as a part of a future independent Kashmir rather than as a future integral part of Pakistan.[24]

Administrative divisions

Gilgit–Baltistan is administratively divided into two divisions which, in turn, are divided into seven districts,[25] including the two Baltistan districts of Skardu and Ghanche, and the five Gilgit districts of Gilgit, Ghizer, Diamer, Astore, and Hunza-Nagar. The main political centres are the towns of Gilgit and Skardu.

Division District Area (km²) Population (1998) Headquarters
Baltistan Ghanche 9,400 88,366 Khaplu
Skardu 18,000 214,848 Skardu
Gilgit Gilgit 39,300 383,324 Gilgit
Diamer 10,936 131,925 Chilas
Ghizar 9,635 120,218 Gahkuch
Astore 8,657 71,666 Gorikot
Hunza-Nagar Aliabad, Sikanderabad
Gilgit–Baltistan totals 7 districts 72,971 970,347 Gilgit
Map of Gilgit-Baltistan, showing the boundaries of six of the seven present districts and their tehsils. The boundary between the recently created Hunza-Nagar District and the now smaller Gilgit District is the same line as the northern boundary of the former Gilgit Tehsil, which is the southernmost division of the area shown above in light blue. Sikanderabad, the administrative center of the new Hunza-Nagar District, is not yet shown on this map.

Azad Kashmir Administrative divisions

The state is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.[26]

Division District Area (km²) Population (1998) Headquarters
Mirpur Bhimber 1,516 301,633 Bhimber
Kotli 1,862 563,094 Kotli
Mirpur 1,010 333,482 Mirpur
Muzaffarabad Muzaffarabad[27] 2,496 638,973 Muzaffarabad
Hattian ? ? Hattian Bala
Neelum[28] 3,621 106,778 Athmuqam
Poonch Poonch 855 411,035 Rawalakot[27]
Haveli 600 (est.) 150,000 (est.) Forward Kahuta[27]
Bagh 768 243,415 Bagh
Sudhnati 569 334,091 Pallandari
AJK Total 10 districts 13,297 2,972,501 Muzaffarabad

Geography and climate

The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower part of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (15,531 feet [4,734 meters]). However, Hari Parbat peak in the Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous valleys are characteristic of Azad Kashmir's geography, making it one of the most beautiful regions on the subcontinent.[1] The region receives rainfall in both winter and summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of the state. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the Jhelum and Leepa rivers are common, due to high rainfall and melting snow.

Tourist attractions

Azad Kashmir is the one of the most beautiful regions in the world. It's sometimes referred to as "Heaven on Earth" for its scenic beauty. Some well-known and popular tourist destinations are the following.

  • The Neelam Valley is situated to the north and northeast of Muzaffarabad, which is the gateway to the valley. The main tourist attractions in the valley are Athmuqam, Sharda, Keran, and Kel.
  • Rawalakot city is the headquarters of Poonch District and is located 122 kilometres (76 mi) from Islamabad. Tourist attractions in Poonch District are Banjosa Lake, Devi Gali, Tatta Pani, and Toli Pir.
  • Bagh city, the headquarters of Bagh District, is 205 kilometres (127 mi) from Islamabad and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Muzaffarabad. The principal tourist attractions in Bagh District are Dhirkot, Sudhan Gali, Neela Butt, and Las Danna.
  • The Leepa Valley is located 105 kilometres (65 mi) southeast of Muzaffarabad. It is the most charming and scenic place for tourists in Azad Kashmir.

Culture

File:Traditional Pahari Pothohari Dresses.jpg
Traditional Pahari Pothohari Dresses
Main article: Culture of Kashmir

The culture of Azad Kashmir has many similarities to that of northern Punjabi (Potohar) culture in Punjab province. The natives of Azad Kashmir speak Urdu, Potwari, and the Pahari languages. The traditional dress of Kashmiri women is the shalwar kameez in Pahari style. The shalwar kameez is commonly worn by both men and women. Women use the Kashmir shawl to cover their head and upper body.

The popular and traditional cuisines of Azad Kashmir are Kashmiri raan (fried leg of lamb in Kashmiri style), rogan josh, Balti gosht, Kashmiri dal chawal (a mixture of split peas, split red lentils, and boiled rice), and dam aloo.

The traditional drink of Kashmir is Kashmiri tea. Kashmiris are very fond of drinking tea.

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups of Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir is predominantly Muslim. The majority of the population is culturally, linguistically, and ethnically related to the people of northern Punjab. The article, Ethnic groups of Azad Kashmir gives a breakdown of all the major tribes in the state. The principal languages spoken are Pahari, Gojri, Dogri, Potohari, Urdu, Kashmiri, Pashto, and Punjabi.

A large number of residents of this area have relatives who live in England. Mirpur, in particular, retains strong links with the UK.[29]

Languages

Urdu is the official language of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.[30] However, due to the area's diverse cultural blend, many languages are spoken by different populations, including Pahari-Potwari, Hindko, Gojri, Punjabi and Pashto.[31][32]

Toli pir Rawalakot

Economy and resources

In the mid-1950s various economic and social development processes were launched in Azad Kashmir.[33] In the 1960s, with the construction of the Mangla Dam in Mirpur District, the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government began to receive royalties from the Pakistani government for the electricity that the dam provided to Pakistan. During the mid-2000s, a multi-billion dollar reconstruction began in the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.[34]

Agriculture is a major part of Azad Kashmir's economy. Low-lying areas that have high populations grow crops like barley, mangoes, millet, corn (maize), and wheat, and also raise cattle. In the elevated areas that are less populated and more spread-out, forestry, corn, and livestock are the main sources of income.

There are mineral and marble resources in Azad Kashmir close to Mirpur and Muzaffarabad. There are also graphite deposits at Mohriwali. There are also reservoirs of low-grade coal, chalk, bauxite, and zircon. Local household industries produce carved wooden objects, textiles, and dhurrie carpets.[1] There is also an arts and crafts industry that produces such cultural goods as namdas, shawls, pashmina, pherans, Papier-mâché, basketry copper, rugs, wood carving, silk and woolen clothing, patto, carpets, namda gubba, and silverware. Agricultural goods produced in the region include mushrooms, honey, walnuts, apples, cherries, medicinal herbs and plants, resin, deodar, kail, chir, fir, maple, and ash timber.[1][19][35]

In addition to agriculture, textiles, and arts and crafts, remittances have played a major role in the economy of Azad Kashmir. One analyst estimated that the figure for Azad Kashmir was 25.1% in 2001. With regard to annual household income, people living in the higher areas are more dependent on remittances than are those living in the lower areas.[36]

In the latter part of 2006, billions of dollars for development were mooted by international aid agencies for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of earthquake-hit zones in Azad Kashmir, though much of that amount was subsequently lost in bureaucratic channels, leading to considerable delays in help getting to the most needy. Hundreds of people continued to live in tents long after the earthquake.[34] A land-use plan for the city of Muzaffarabad was prepared by the Japan International Cooperation Agency.

Remittances by British Pakistanis form an important part of the Kashmiri economy.

Education

The literacy rate in Azad Kashmir was 62% in 2004, higher than in any region in Pakistan.[37] However, only 2.2% were graduates, compared to the average of 2.9% for Pakistan.[38]

Kashmiris

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Azad Kashmir" at britannica.com
  2. ^ Afghans in Pakistan: documenting a population on the move – UNHCR
  3. ^ Humanitarian Appeal: About the CAP – Copy of CAP Pakistan 2010 – Flash Appeal (PIFERP) Rev2
  4. ^ China has major presence in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir: Gilgit activist
  5. ^ http://folks.co.in/blog/2012/10/26/nehru-sat-unmoved-as-pakistan-took-gilgit/
  6. ^ http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/concerns-raised-over-chinese-activities-in-ladakh-pok/93309/
  7. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/ISI-training-girls-at-terror-camps-in-PoK/SP-Article1-971601.aspx
  8. ^ http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=783550
  9. ^ "The J&K conflict: A Chronological Introduction". India Together. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  10. ^ a b Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. "Kashmir (region, Indian subcontinent) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  11. ^ BBC News Kashmir dispute
  12. ^ Prem Shankar Jha. "Grasping the Nettle". South Asian Journal.
  13. ^ "UN resolution 47". Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  14. ^ "UNCIP Resolution of August 13, 1948 (S/1100) – Embassy of India, Washington, DC".[dead link]
  15. ^ Miller, David (August 30, 2009). "Pakistan grants full autonomy to northern areas | Pakistan Daily". Daily.pk. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  16. ^ "UNMOGIP: United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan".
  17. ^ "Pakistan to observe Kashmir Solidarity Day today". The Hindu. February 5, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  18. ^ "Kashmir Day being observed today". The News International. February 5, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  19. ^ a b c "Azad Jammu and Kashmir – Introduction". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  20. ^ "Pakistan: 'Free Kashmir' Far From Free". Human Rights Watch. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 9 JUly 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ a b Indian Express: Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy
  22. ^ Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls
  23. ^ DAWN: Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy
  24. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2000). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War. I.B. Tauris. pp. 180–181.
  25. ^ "Wrangling over new Astore district headquarters". Dawn Newspaper Internet Edition. Retrieved November 17, 2006.
  26. ^ "Administrative Setup". ajk.gov.pk. Archived from the original on April 09 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ a b c http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr%2017%203.pdf#page=89
  28. ^ Official website, Government of Azad Kashmir. "Facts and Figures". Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
  29. ^ Moss, Paul (November 30, 2006). "South Asia | The limits to integration". BBC News. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  30. ^ "Urdu declared official language of Azad Kashmir". Pakistan Times. August 21, 2005. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  31. ^ "About Kashmir". Prime Minister of AJ&K. Archived from the original on February 06 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Manzoor Ali Shah. "26 languages spoken in NWFP, northern areas: Many face threat of extinction." Daily Times. February 22, 2010.
  33. ^ "History of Planning & Development Department in AJK".
  34. ^ a b Naqash, Tariq (October 1, 2006). "'Rs1.25 trillion to be spent in Azad Kashmir': Reconstruction in quake-hit zone". Dawn. Muzaffarabad.
  35. ^ "Azad Jammu & Kashmir – Tourism". Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  36. ^ Abid Qaiyum Suleri. "Remittances in crises: a case study from Pakistan" (PDF). Retrieved June 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "'Literacy Rate in Azad Kashmir nearly 62 pc'". Pakistan Times. MUZAFFARABAD (Azad Kashmir). September 27, 2004.
  38. ^ Hasan, Khalid (April 17, 2005). "Washington conference studies educational crisis in Pakistan". Daily Times. Washington. Grace Clark told the conference that only 2.9% of Pakistanis had access to higher education.
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