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[[File:OSN 2023.png|thumb|On 27 October, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|Resolution ES-10/21 calling for]] an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.]]
[[File:OSN 2023.png|thumb|On 27 October, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|Resolution ES-10/21 calling for]] an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.]]
Medical personnel have taken a heavy toll in the conflict, as many doctors have been killed by Israeli airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php|title=Oct 16, 2023 &#124; Gaza losing its doctors to Israeli air strikes|date=October 16, 2023|website=Dawn Epaper}}</ref>
Medical personnel have taken a heavy toll in the conflict, as many doctors have been killed by Israeli airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php|title=Oct 16, 2023 &#124; Gaza losing its doctors to Israeli air strikes|date=October 16, 2023|website=Dawn Epaper}}</ref>

According to an update from the UN World Health Organization (WHO), doctors in Gaza have been conducting surgeries without the use of anesthesia or other essential surgical resources. The report highlights that fuel has now become the most crucial commodity in the region. Dr. Rick Brennan, the Emergencies Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Region at the UN health agency (WHO), expressed the urgent need for continuous, expanded, and safeguarded humanitarian operations.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142732 Israel-Palestine: Gaza buckles under fuel shortage, healthcare in crisis] Retrieved 16 January 2024</ref>


==Casualties==
==Casualties==

Revision as of 19:46, 27 January 2024

Palestine Red Crescent Society ambulance hit by an Israeli airstrike in Khan Yunis on 7 October 2023.

A significant number of attacks on healthcare facilities occurred during the Israel-Hamas war. During the first week of the war, there were 94 attacks on health care facilities in Israel and Gaza, killing 29 health care workers and injuring 24.[1] The attacks on healthcare facilities contributed to a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza.[2] By 30 November, the World Health Organization documented 427 attacks on healthcare in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, resulting in 566 fatalities and 758 injuries.[3]

Each side has been accused of committing war crimes in their attacks. CNN quoted the ICRC saying that "hospitals are given special protection under international humanitarian law in a time of war, but if militants store weapons there, or use them as a base of fire, then that protection falls away".[4] Human Rights Watch stated, "The Israeli government has put forward no evidence that would justify stripping hospitals of their special protections."[5][6]

Background

Israel is alleged to have broken medical neutrality, a war crime under the Geneva Conventions.[7][8] According to Gaza officials, the IDF deliberately targeted ambulances and health facilities with airstrikes.[9][10][11] In a statement, the Palestine Red Crescent demanded "accountability for this war crime."[11] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNRWA, and Medecins Sans Frontieres reported the deaths of their medical personnel.[12][11]

The Physicians for Human Rights organization stated that a prominent aspect of the attacks carried out by Hamas on October 7, 2023, was the assault on medical personnel and facilities, during which emergency teams were prevented from reaching the wounded, while some of those attempting to provide care were killed. They also stated that the crimes of those who knowingly murdered them must not be diminished.[13]

Attacks in Israel

Attacks on ambulances and medical crews

Israel's national emergency service reported three employees were killed, four volunteers remain injured, nine ambulances were put out of use due to gunshot and fire damage on the October 7 attack, and a patient was shot inside an ambulance.[13] Director General of the service said that paramedics’ bodies were found with their medical gloves still on, and claimed that Hamas had killed them in the midst of treating the wounded; ambulance drivers were killed while sitting in the drivers’ seats, and ambulances were intentionally torched and blown up by Hamas militants to prevent any attempt to save potential victims.[14][15] Several people that were hiding in an abandoned ambulance were killed when it was bombed by Hamas gunmen at the Re'im music festival massacre.[16][17] A Battalion Aid Station team took cover under an armored vehicle due to AK-47 fire on them from the front and from its right side, while they were providing medical care, near Sufa.[18]

Attack on medical helicopter

On October 7, an ambulance helicopter was transporting three critically wounded people while rockets were flying overhead. Debris hit its rotors. The helicopter lost its balance and started the helicopter spinning. No casualties were reported.[19]

Be'eri Clinic

Main article: Be'eri massacre

During Be'eri massacre on October 7, the local dental clinic became the site of a standoff between attacking militants and the kibbutz's security teams.[20] Militants eventually stormed the clinic, reportedly killing all of the staff and patients.[21][22]

Barzilai Hospital

Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center, on October 8, 2023 [23]

Barzilai Hospital in Ashkelon suffered 3 direct rocket strikes:[24] with one rocket striking a bridge between buildings at the hospital[25] and another hitting the childcare clinic.[26]

Soroka Medical Center

Soroka Medical Center in Beer Sheba was used as the main hub for treating the injured during initial attacks from Gaza Strip on October 7, 2023. According to the head of the hospital, Shlomi Codish, while the medical personnel were treating the patients, there were repeated rocket attacks on the area, of which 18 landed in the area around the hospital.[21]

Sheba Medical Center

On 21 October 2023, a cyber attack against Sheba Medical Center occurred.[27] Israel’s Ministry of Health instructed several hospitals to temporarily disconnect from the internet amid fears of a cyberattack. [28]

Attacks in Gaza

Further information: 2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis § Healthcare
See also: Timeline of the 2023 Gaza Strip healthcare collapse

According to the ICRC on October 12,“hospitals in Gaza risk turning into morgues without electricity.” As per the WHO data from October 15, there were 48 reported attacks on healthcare facilities in the Gaza Strip, resulting in damage to approximately 24 hospitals and healthcare facilities, including six hospitals.[29] And only one hospital is still operating in the north of Gaza (as of November 14).[30]

According to the World Health Organization, at least 521 people, including 16 medical workers, have been killed in 137 “attacks on health care” in Gaza as of November 12.[31]

Al-Ahli Arab Hospital

Main article: Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
Aftermath of the Al-Ahli Arab hospital explosion, 18 October 2023

On Saturday 14 October, according to a statement by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, an Israeli rocket had damaged the upper two floors of the hospital's cancer treatment center, which contained the ultrasound and mammography wards, and injured four staff members.[32][33][34][35]

Then on 17 October 2023, an explosion took place in the parking lot of the courtyard of al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza City during the war, resulting in a large number of fatalities and injuries among displaced Palestinians seeking shelter there.

The consensus from various independent studies of videos, images, and eyewitness reports of the explosion, its aftermath, and the blast area suggests that an errant rocket launch from within Gaza hitting a parking lot near a hospital is the most probable cause. While this is not a conclusive finding, it is currently considered the likeliest explanation based on the evidence gathered in investigations conducted by the Associated Press, CNN, The Economist, The Guardian, and The Wall Street Journal.[36]

Then 18 December, the al-Ahli Arab Hospital was attacked by Israeli soldiers, with displaced people forced out and two doctors arrested.[37] The following day, the al-Ahli Hospital director stated Israeli troops arrested doctors, patients, and medical staff, partially destroyed the building's grounds, leaving the hospital unable to receive patients. Four people from the 18 December attacks on the hospital died.[38]

Al-Shifa Hospital siege

Main article: Al-Shifa Hospital siege

Al-Shifa Hospital was under siege and bombing during the war. The hospital has been completely cut off from the rest of Gaza City, trapping 15,000 people who are either patients in need of treatment or have taken refuge in the hospital grounds.[39][40] Israel claims it is used as a military base by Hamas, a claim that Hamas denies.[41][42] Analysis from BBC, The Independent, and The Washington Post found Israel's claims of a Hamas base at al-Shifa to be "unconvincing."[43][44][45]

Indonesian Hospital

The Indonesia Hospital in Gaza, funded by Indonesian citizens and organizations, was struggling to treat patients injured in Israeli bombardment because of dwindling drug stocks and blackouts that forced doctors to work in the dark.[46]

On 20 November 2023, as part of the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, the IDF completely surrounded and besieged the hospital.[47][48] A report by Al-Haq found that the Indonesian Hospital had been the one targeted most persistently by the IDF.[49]

Al-Quds Hospital

Al-Quds Hospital in Gaza City was hit several times and the Israeli army ordered its immediate evacuation. The World Health Organization has expressed deep concern over the situation.[50] On 19 January 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent reported they were working to clean and repair Al-Quds after it sustained damage from Israeli attacks, stating, "The hospital suffered a fire, and a destruction of all its medical equipments and contents."[51]

Al-Amal Hospital

On 26 January 2024, Israeli snipers were reported around the vicinity of the hospital.[52] Two brothers were shot by the snipers despite waving a white flag.[53]

Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital

An air strike in the vicinity of the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital caused damage and was condemned by Turkey.[54]

Jordan Field Hospital

The Jordan Field Hospital in Gaza, which has been operating since 2009, was badly affected during the conflict. The hospital faced an existential threat due to a lack of supplies during the Israeli bombardment. In response, the Jordanian Air Force sent emergency medical aid to the hospital.[55][56] On 19 January 2024, the Jordanian government reported that the Israeli military had deliberately targeted its field hospital in Khan Younis, using a tank to block the hospital entrance and shooting at the hospital and bunker shelters.[57]

Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike

Main article: Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike

An Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying critically injured patients.[58] The strike killed 15 people and wounded dozens.[58] The Palestine Red Crescent Society, which formed part of the convoy, stated that all 15 casualties were civilians.[59][60] The IDF issued a statement that it had targeted and destroyed an ambulance being utilized by a Hamas terrorist cell, accusing Hamas of using ambulances to transport militants and weapons.[61]

Al Awda Hospital

The World Health Organization (WHO) has strongly condemned Israel's repeated orders to evacuate al-Awda Hospital in northern Gaza, calling it a death sentence for the sick and wounded. More than 2,000 patients were forced to move to southern Gaza. This will worsen the current humanitarian and public health disaster.[62] On 1 December, Doctors Without Borders stated the hospital had been damaged in an Israeli bombing.[63]

On 13 December, Jacobin reported 240 people were trapped at al-Awda, surrounded by Israeli snipers, without clean water and surviving on one meal per day of bread or rice.[64] A staffer at the hospital reported Israeli snipers had shot at a one pregnant civilian at the hospital.[65] A hospital monitoring manager stated a nurse had been killed by an Israeli sniper on the hospital's fourth floor through the window.[66] On 14 December, the Gaza Health Ministry stated their fear that after the Israeli raid of Kamal Adwan was complete, al-Awda would be their next target.[67] Renzo Fricke, an official at Doctors Without Borders, stated, "Reports coming out of Al-Awda hospital are harrowing and we are gravely worried for the safety of patients and staff inside".[68] On 19 December, Doctors Without Borders reported Israeli troops seized Al Awda, with troops stripping, bounding, and interrogating all men and boys over the age of sixteen.[69] Soldiers continued holding the hospital.[70] A nurse was reportedly killed by a sniper on 21 December, with people left in a "state of horror".[71]

Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani Hospital

The Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani Hospital for Rehabilitation and Prosthetics in Gaza reported heavy damage.[72][73] the hospital was the first in Gaza to equip individuals with prosthetic limbs and deliver comprehensive rehabilitation services. The hospital had already been damaged previously during an Israeli bombardment in 2021.[74]

Doctors Without Borders convoy

On 18 November 2023, two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified Doctors Without Borders evacuation convoy in Gaza City.[75] Doctors Without Borders termed it a "deliberate attack."[76]

Kamal Adwan hospital

On 3 December, the IDF striked in the vicinity of Kamal Adwan hospital, killing at least four people.[77] On 11 December, the director of Kamal Adwan Hospital stated Israel had killed two mothers and their newborn babies when Israel targeted its maternity ward.[78] The UN confirmed the killings.[79] On 12 December, Israel raided the Kamal Adwan Hospital.[80][81] The head of pediatrics stated the IDF had ordered all men and boys above age sixteen to leave the hospital to be searched.[82] 70 medical staffers were arrested and taken to an unknown location.[83] The head of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, stated he was "extremely worried" about the situation at Kamal Adwan.[67]

The IDF released a video of supposed militants near Kamal Adwan surrendering their weapons.[84] These claims were quickly challenged by family members who identified their non-combatant relatives.[85]

On 14 December, the Ministry of Health reported 2,500 internally displaced persons had been forcibly evacuated, and that IDF soldiers had prevented medical staff from continuing support to 12 babies in intensive care and ten emergency department patients, leading to two deaths.[86] On 16 December, journalists reported Israeli bulldozers had crushed people sheltering outside the hospital, with one reporter describing "a terrifying massacre and unspeakable scenes" and stating, "Dozens of displaced, sick and wounded people were buried alive".[87] Palestinian health minister Mai al-Kaila called for a probe into Israeli actions at Kamal Adwan.[88] The Council on American–Islamic Relations called for a United Nations international probe.[89]

Yafa Hospital

On 8 December, the IDF damaged the Yafa hospital in central Gaza with an airstrike.[90]

Nasser Medical Complex

An Israeli shooting at the maternity ward of the Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis on 17 December killed a girl and wounded three others.[91] Richard Peeperkorn, a WHO representative, stated 4,000 displaced internally displaced people were at risk as the Israeli military pursued operations at the hospital.[92] On 26 January 2024, the Health Ministry stated Nasser hospital was out of food, anaesthetics, and painkillers due to an Israeli siege, stating, "There are 150 health personnel, 350 patients, and hundreds of displaced families in the Nasser Medical Complex in catastrophic conditions of starvation, targeting, and lack of treatment".[93]

Al-Rantisi and Al-Nasr children's hospitals

Reports indicate that medical care at Al-Rantisi and Al-Nasr children's hospitals has nearly come to a halt. Only a small generator is currently providing power to the intensive care and neonatal intensive care units. Al-Rantisi Hospital is facing intense attacks and hostilities, putting the lives of children on dialysis and in intensive care at risk.

Furthermore, Al-Nasr Children's Hospital has once again suffered damage, including vital equipment. Another children's hospital in the northern region has ceased operations due to both damage and a shortage of fuel. Additionally, a specialized maternity hospital is in dire need of fuel to continue functioning.[94]

Lebanon

Meiss Ej Jabal Hospital

On 10 November, the IDF shelled Meiss Ej Jabal Hospital which injured a doctor. The Lebanese health ministry condemned the attack, saying that “Israeli authorities were fully responsible for this unjustifiable act, which would have led to catastrophic results", and called for an investigation.[95]

Hanin Hospital

On 11 January 2024, the IDF conducted strikes in the town of Hanine and targeted an emergency center affiliated with the Hezbollah-backed Islamic Health Committee. The attack killed two workers from the rescue force and destroyed an ambulance.[96]

UN Aid workers and other medical personnel

On 27 October, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution ES-10/21 calling for an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.

Medical personnel have taken a heavy toll in the conflict, as many doctors have been killed by Israeli airstrikes.[97]

According to an update from the UN World Health Organization (WHO), doctors in Gaza have been conducting surgeries without the use of anesthesia or other essential surgical resources. The report highlights that fuel has now become the most crucial commodity in the region. Dr. Rick Brennan, the Emergencies Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Region at the UN health agency (WHO), expressed the urgent need for continuous, expanded, and safeguarded humanitarian operations.[98]

Casualties

Further information: Killing of health workers in the Israel–Hamas war and Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war § Health and aid workers

So far, 198 medical personnel have been killed, and 87 ambulances have been damaged. In Gaza, 21 of 35 hospitals are closed, and 51 of 72 primary medical care facilities are closed.[99]

Impact

Attacks on healthcare facilities have had devastating consequences for the population.[1] Hospitals in Gaza are facing severe shortages of medical supplies amid Israel's blockade. Hospitals are running on external generators – a backup that is heading into its last few hours. Israel has cut off water, electricity and fuel supplies, leaving 2.3 million people stranded.[100] The World Health Organization has stressed the urgent need to end the violence and create a humanitarian corridor in the Gaza Strip.[101][102]

Because of the fuel shortage, Gaza’s health facilities are not able to run generators to deliver lifesaving healthcare, it is impossible for ambulances to run, water desalination plants cannot function, as well as for garbage disposal, and other problems.[103]

Reactions

Health officials and medical organizations in the Gaza Strip accused Israel of deliberately bombing ambulances and health facilities in the besieged enclave. And said that these attacks are considered a violation of international laws that include such attacks in the list of war crimes.[104]

The Joint Arab-Islamic Summit urged the International Criminal Court's prosecutor to "thoroughly investigate the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Israel against the Palestinians."[104]

Human Rights Watch (HRW) said the attack on an ambulance near al-Shafa Hospital should be investigated as a possible war crime.[105]

President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said that Turkey has "crossed out" Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and will refer Israel's human rights abuses and war crimes to the International Criminal Court (ICC).[106][107][108]

Adele Khodr, the Regional Director of UNICEF Middle East and North Africa, emphasized that the rights of children to life and health are being violated. She stressed that the laws of war require the protection of hospitals and the provision of life-saving medical supplies, both of which are urgently needed. In addition to the already burdened medical facilities in the middle and southern areas of the Gaza Strip, there is now the added challenge of providing healthcare to the hundreds of thousands of people who have recently arrived and are residing in densely populated areas. It is crucial to provide the necessary support and reinforcement to these existing services in order to effectively address the growing challenges they are facing.[109]

See also

References

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