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Reverted 2 edits by Alalch E. (talk): ...as claimed by Numbeo, and using a citation that leads back to the Numbeo website with said claim. Seriously?
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'''Numbeo''' is a Serbian [[crowd-sourced]] [[online database]] of perceived [[consumer price index|consumer prices]], [[real property]] prices, and [[quality of life]] metrics. The website was founded in April 2009 by former [[Google]] employee Mladen Adamović,<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Cost of Living Information Website, Numbeo.com, Announces New Software Release which Contains Information for More than 300 Cities |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2009/11/prweb3143234.htm |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=PRWeb |publisher=[[Cision|Cision Ltd.]]}}</ref><ref name="cene">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=Cene nekretnina u Beogradu u vrhu liste evropskih gradova |trans-title=Real estate prices in Belgrade top the list of European cities |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/magazin/Zanimljivosti/4312152/cene-nekretnina-u-beogradu-u-vrhu-liste-evropskih-gradova.html |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Radio Television of Serbia]] |agency=[[Tanjug]]}}</ref> to enable users to share and compare information about the cost of living between countries and cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icaew.com/en/library/subject-gateways/human-resources/cost-of-living-comparisons |website=ICAEW|publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|location=London|title=Sources for cost of livings reports and comparisons |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918173455/https://www.icaew.com/library/subject-gateways/human-resources/cost-of-living-comparisons |archivedate=18 September 2019}}</ref> Since 2012, the website has been operated by NUMBEO DOO Beograd-Palilula, a Serbian [[private limited company]] run by Adamović.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Претрага привредних друштава |trans-title=Company search |url=https://pretraga2.apr.gov.rs/unifiedentitysearch |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Business Registers Agency (Serbia) |language=sr |id=20853514}}</ref><ref name="cene" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.numbeo.com/common/about.jsp|title=About This Website - Numbeo.com|website=www.numbeo.com}}</ref> According to Adamović, the website earns money through advertising and the sale of subscriptions to its [[API]].<ref><!-- see WP:SELFSOURCE -->{{Cite web |last=Adamović |first=Mladen |title=How does Numbeo.com make money? How successful is it? |url=https://www.quora.com/How-does-Numbeo-com-make-money-How-successful-is-it |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Quora |language=en}}</ref>
'''Numbeo''' is a Serbian [[crowd-sourced]] [[online database]] of perceived [[consumer price index|consumer prices]], [[real property]] prices, and [[quality of life]] metrics. The website was founded in April 2009 by former [[Google]] employee Mladen Adamović,<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Cost of Living Information Website, Numbeo.com, Announces New Software Release which Contains Information for More than 300 Cities |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2009/11/prweb3143234.htm |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=PRWeb |publisher=[[Cision|Cision Ltd.]]}}</ref><ref name="cene">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=Cene nekretnina u Beogradu u vrhu liste evropskih gradova |trans-title=Real estate prices in Belgrade top the list of European cities |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/magazin/Zanimljivosti/4312152/cene-nekretnina-u-beogradu-u-vrhu-liste-evropskih-gradova.html |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Radio Television of Serbia]] |agency=[[Tanjug]]}}</ref> to enable users to share and compare information about the cost of living between countries and cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icaew.com/en/library/subject-gateways/human-resources/cost-of-living-comparisons |website=ICAEW|publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|location=London|title=Sources for cost of livings reports and comparisons |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918173455/https://www.icaew.com/library/subject-gateways/human-resources/cost-of-living-comparisons |archivedate=18 September 2019}}</ref> Since 2012, the website has been operated by NUMBEO DOO Beograd-Palilula, a Serbian [[private limited company]] run by Adamović.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Претрага привредних друштава |trans-title=Company search |url=https://pretraga2.apr.gov.rs/unifiedentitysearch |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Business Registers Agency (Serbia) |language=sr |id=20853514}}</ref><ref name="cene" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.numbeo.com/common/about.jsp|title=About This Website - Numbeo.com|website=www.numbeo.com}}</ref> According to Adamović, the website earns money through advertising and the sale of subscriptions to its [[API]].<ref><!-- see WP:SELFSOURCE -->{{Cite web |last=Adamović |first=Mladen |title=How does Numbeo.com make money? How successful is it? |url=https://www.quora.com/How-does-Numbeo-com-make-money-How-successful-is-it |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Quora |language=en}}</ref>


Numbeo's crowd-sourced data can be inserted or altered by anyone accessing the website, and is not [[peer-reviewed]].<ref name="Continuing to Broaden the Marketing Concept">{{cite book |last1=Iacobucci |first1=Dawn |title=Continuing to Broaden the Marketing Concept |date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-78754-824-4 |page=253 |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Continuing_to_Broaden_the_Marketing_Conc/_5sLEAAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=numbeo&pg=PA253&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Toward a Just Society">{{cite book |last1=Guzman |first1=Martin |title=Toward a Just Society: Joseph Stiglitz and Twenty-First Century Economics |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-54680-5 |page=92 |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Toward_a_Just_Society/50pBDwAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=numbeo&pg=PT92&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.propertyobserver.com.au/international/harare-has-poor-healthcare-and-political-violence-but-property-is-relatively-inexpensive/2012082956292 |title = Harare has poor healthcare and political violence, but property is relatively inexpensive | website = propertyobserver.com.au | date= 29 August 2012 | first = Alistair | last = Walsh | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064737/https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/finding/location/expat-and-international/18102-harare-has-poor-healthcare-and-political-violence-but-property-is-relatively-inexpensive.html| url-status=live | archive-date = 18 September 2017 | quote=Serbian-run website Numbeo lists the inner-city apartment prices in Harare at $1,000 a square metre. The numbers are based on user contributed figures and should be taken with a hefty pinch of salt.}}</ref> User inputted data is collated with data manually gathered by the operator, from sources such as company and governmental websites, which is given extra weight in the final score calculation, according to Numbeo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Methodology and Motivation |url=https://www.numbeo.com/common/motivation_and_methodology.jsp |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.numbeo.com |quote=Numbeo's data collection process involves a combination of user-generated input and manually gathered information from reputable sources such as supermarket and taxi company websites, and governmental institutions. The manually collected data from each source are entered twice yearly and given a weight that is three times higher than user-generated input to improve the reliability of the data.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=John |date=2018-01-19 |title=Hamilton's cost of living more expensive than Auckland, international index says |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/money/100687712/hamiltons-cost-of-living-more-expensive-than-auckland-international-index-says |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref> As of 2017, it was the largest database of user generated data about cities in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yilmazkuday |first1=Demet |last2=Yilmazkuday |first2=Hakan |title=The role of direct flights in trade costs |journal=[[Review of World Economics]] / Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv |date=2017 |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=255 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26748568 |issn=1610-2878}}</ref> As of 2020, this possibly applied to (user generated) data on housing prices as well.<ref name="Housing Inequality">{{cite journal |last1=Aizawa |first1=Toshiaki |last2=Helble |first2=Matthias |last3=Lee |first3=Kwan Ok |title=Housing Inequality in Developing Asia and the United States: Will Common Problems Mean Common Solutions? |journal=[[HUD USER|Cityscape]] |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=33 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26926892 |issn=1936-007X}}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank]] has been referencing the Numbeo database for the quality of life indices (purchasing power, safety, healthcare, cost of living, property price to income ratio, traffic commute time, pollution, and climate) in its annual "Mapping the world's prices" reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Will |date=2017-05-05 |title=The 26 major cities with the highest quality of life in the world |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/world-cities-with-best-quality-of-life-deutsche-bank-mapping-the-worlds-prices-index-2017-5 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graff |first=Amy |date=2019-05-20 |title=San Francisco now has the highest salaries in the world |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/San-Francisco-highest-salaries-in-the-world-zurich-13863696.php |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=[[SFGATE]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
Numbeo's crowd-sourced data can be inserted or altered by anyone accessing the website, and is not [[peer-reviewed]].<ref name="Continuing to Broaden the Marketing Concept">{{cite book |last1=Iacobucci |first1=Dawn |title=Continuing to Broaden the Marketing Concept |date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-78754-824-4 |page=253 |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Continuing_to_Broaden_the_Marketing_Conc/_5sLEAAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=numbeo&pg=PA253&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Toward a Just Society">{{cite book |last1=Guzman |first1=Martin |title=Toward a Just Society: Joseph Stiglitz and Twenty-First Century Economics |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-54680-5 |page=92 |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Toward_a_Just_Society/50pBDwAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=numbeo&pg=PT92&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.propertyobserver.com.au/international/harare-has-poor-healthcare-and-political-violence-but-property-is-relatively-inexpensive/2012082956292 |title = Harare has poor healthcare and political violence, but property is relatively inexpensive | website = propertyobserver.com.au | date= 29 August 2012 | first = Alistair | last = Walsh | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064737/https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/finding/location/expat-and-international/18102-harare-has-poor-healthcare-and-political-violence-but-property-is-relatively-inexpensive.html| url-status=live | archive-date = 18 September 2017 | quote=Serbian-run website Numbeo lists the inner-city apartment prices in Harare at $1,000 a square metre. The numbers are based on user contributed figures and should be taken with a hefty pinch of salt.}}</ref> As of 2017, it was the largest database of user generated data about cities in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yilmazkuday |first1=Demet |last2=Yilmazkuday |first2=Hakan |title=The role of direct flights in trade costs |journal=[[Review of World Economics]] / Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv |date=2017 |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=255 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26748568 |issn=1610-2878}}</ref> As of 2020, this possibly applied to (user generated) data on housing prices as well.<ref name="Housing Inequality">{{cite journal |last1=Aizawa |first1=Toshiaki |last2=Helble |first2=Matthias |last3=Lee |first3=Kwan Ok |title=Housing Inequality in Developing Asia and the United States: Will Common Problems Mean Common Solutions? |journal=[[HUD USER|Cityscape]] |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=33 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26926892 |issn=1936-007X}}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank]] has been referencing the Numbeo database for the quality of life indices (purchasing power, safety, healthcare, cost of living, property price to income ratio, traffic commute time, pollution, and climate) in its annual "Mapping the world's prices" reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Will |date=2017-05-05 |title=The 26 major cities with the highest quality of life in the world |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/world-cities-with-best-quality-of-life-deutsche-bank-mapping-the-worlds-prices-index-2017-5 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graff |first=Amy |date=2019-05-20 |title=San Francisco now has the highest salaries in the world |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/San-Francisco-highest-salaries-in-the-world-zurich-13863696.php |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=[[SFGATE]] |language=en-US}}</ref>


The website's "Crime Index", intended to serve as an overall crime level estimate, is compiled from answers to user surveys, which have been processed by a [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-programmed backend to produce country- or city-level ratings on a 100-point scale, with higher values indicating worse crime. There is also a "Safety Index", with higher scores indicating a safer city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orii |first=Lisa |last2=Alonso |first2=Luis |last3=Larson |first3=Kent |date=2020-11-13 |title=Methodology for Establishing Well-Being Urban Indicators at the District Level to be Used on the CityScope Platform |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/22/9458 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=22 |pages=9458 |doi=10.3390/su12229458 |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Numbeo's data points on crime have been criticized by academics<ref name="beware">{{Cite web |author=Claire-Line Nass |date=17 May 2022 |title=Attention à ce classement des "villes les plus criminelles d'Europe" dominé par des métropoles françaises |trans-title=Beware of this ranking of "Europe's highest crime rate cities" dominated by French metropolises |url=https://factuel.afp.com/doc.afp.com.32A83V8 |website=Factuel ([[Agence France-Presse]]) |lang=fr}}</ref> and by the media as unreliable and, at times, misleading.
The website's "Crime Index", intended to serve as an overall crime level estimate, is compiled from answers to user surveys, which have been processed by a [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-programmed backend to produce country- or city-level ratings on a 100-point scale, with higher values indicating worse crime. There is also a "Safety Index", with higher scores indicating a safer city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orii |first=Lisa |last2=Alonso |first2=Luis |last3=Larson |first3=Kent |date=2020-11-13 |title=Methodology for Establishing Well-Being Urban Indicators at the District Level to be Used on the CityScope Platform |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/22/9458 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=22 |pages=9458 |doi=10.3390/su12229458 |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Numbeo's data points on crime have been criticized by academics<ref name="beware">{{Cite web |author=Claire-Line Nass |date=17 May 2022 |title=Attention à ce classement des "villes les plus criminelles d'Europe" dominé par des métropoles françaises |trans-title=Beware of this ranking of "Europe's highest crime rate cities" dominated by French metropolises |url=https://factuel.afp.com/doc.afp.com.32A83V8 |website=Factuel ([[Agence France-Presse]]) |lang=fr}}</ref> and by the media as unreliable and, at times, misleading.

Revision as of 09:17, 3 June 2023

Numbeo.com
Type of site
Crowd-sourced online database of cost of living, real property prices, and quality of life statistics
Available inMultilingual
FoundedApril 2009
Country of originSerbia
OwnerNUMBEO DOO Beograd-Palilula
Founder(s)Mladen Adamović
URLwww.numbeo.com
RegistrationOptional
LaunchedApril 2009
Visualisation of Numbeo's 2022 quality of life index by country

Numbeo is a Serbian crowd-sourced online database of perceived consumer prices, real property prices, and quality of life metrics. The website was founded in April 2009 by former Google employee Mladen Adamović,[1][2] to enable users to share and compare information about the cost of living between countries and cities.[3] Since 2012, the website has been operated by NUMBEO DOO Beograd-Palilula, a Serbian private limited company run by Adamović.[4][2][5] According to Adamović, the website earns money through advertising and the sale of subscriptions to its API.[6]

Numbeo's crowd-sourced data can be inserted or altered by anyone accessing the website, and is not peer-reviewed.[7][8][9] As of 2017, it was the largest database of user generated data about cities in the world.[10] As of 2020, this possibly applied to (user generated) data on housing prices as well.[11] Deutsche Bank has been referencing the Numbeo database for the quality of life indices (purchasing power, safety, healthcare, cost of living, property price to income ratio, traffic commute time, pollution, and climate) in its annual "Mapping the world's prices" reports.[12][13]

The website's "Crime Index", intended to serve as an overall crime level estimate, is compiled from answers to user surveys, which have been processed by a Java-programmed backend to produce country- or city-level ratings on a 100-point scale, with higher values indicating worse crime. There is also a "Safety Index", with higher scores indicating a safer city.[14] Numbeo's data points on crime have been criticized by academics[15] and by the media as unreliable and, at times, misleading.

  • In 2017, a Swedish man manipulated the crime stats of the Lund, Sweden by repeatedly submitting negative ratings in this category, at a time when the relevant data set was very small. In less than a day, he succeeded in making it show up as the most dangerous city in the world on the website's "Crime Index Rate" page. He commented: "Numbeo should hardly be considered stats, it’s more like reviews. Anyone, anywhere in the world can change the data, as many times as they want. Completely anonymously."[16]
  • In 2022, a Numbeo claim that Bradford, England was "Europe's most dangerous city" went viral on social media and was reported on in British press.[17][18] Another English city, Coventry, was ranked second in this statistic, which was disputed by a local newspaper journalist—citing higher official crime rates in various other English cities/counties.[19]
  • In 2022, David Weinberger expressed criticism of the site's methodology of measuring crime rate, saying: "It is misleading to claim to have derived from this a representation of the highest-crime rate cities: what is presented are cities which are perceived as those with the most crime, by a certain number of Internet users. But for studies in the social sciences, this approach is worthless." The crime and security indices' measurements are derived from answers to a 15-point questionnaire. Experts responding to AFP's fact-checkers' inquiries regarding reliability of Numbeo's crime stats contended that this does not make for a methodologically valid victimization survey, due to non-representative sampling, and that—especially with respect to cross-country comparisons which are considered effectively impossible to validly construct (except for certain crimes that may be experienced the same way across communities, such as car theft)—the site's information is false.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cost of Living Information Website, Numbeo.com, Announces New Software Release which Contains Information for More than 300 Cities". PRWeb (Press release). Cision Ltd. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Cene nekretnina u Beogradu u vrhu liste evropskih gradova" [Real estate prices in Belgrade top the list of European cities]. Radio Television of Serbia. Tanjug. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Sources for cost of livings reports and comparisons". ICAEW. London: The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019.
  4. ^ "Претрага привредних друштава" [Company search]. Business Registers Agency (Serbia) (in Serbian). 20853514. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  5. ^ "About This Website - Numbeo.com". www.numbeo.com.
  6. ^ Adamović, Mladen. "How does Numbeo.com make money? How successful is it?". Quora. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  7. ^ Iacobucci, Dawn (17 September 2020). Continuing to Broaden the Marketing Concept. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-78754-824-4.
  8. ^ Guzman, Martin (28 August 2018). Toward a Just Society: Joseph Stiglitz and Twenty-First Century Economics. Columbia University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-231-54680-5.
  9. ^ Walsh, Alistair (29 August 2012). "Harare has poor healthcare and political violence, but property is relatively inexpensive". propertyobserver.com.au. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Serbian-run website Numbeo lists the inner-city apartment prices in Harare at $1,000 a square metre. The numbers are based on user contributed figures and should be taken with a hefty pinch of salt.
  10. ^ Yilmazkuday, Demet; Yilmazkuday, Hakan (2017). "The role of direct flights in trade costs". Review of World Economics / Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. 153 (2): 255. ISSN 1610-2878.
  11. ^ Aizawa, Toshiaki; Helble, Matthias; Lee, Kwan Ok (2020). "Housing Inequality in Developing Asia and the United States: Will Common Problems Mean Common Solutions?". Cityscape. 22 (2): 33. ISSN 1936-007X.
  12. ^ Martin, Will (5 May 2017). "The 26 major cities with the highest quality of life in the world". Business Insider. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  13. ^ Graff, Amy (20 May 2019). "San Francisco now has the highest salaries in the world". SFGATE. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  14. ^ Orii, Lisa; Alonso, Luis; Larson, Kent (13 November 2020). "Methodology for Establishing Well-Being Urban Indicators at the District Level to be Used on the CityScope Platform". Sustainability. 12 (22): 9458. doi:10.3390/su12229458. ISSN 2071-1050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ a b Claire-Line Nass (17 May 2022). "Attention à ce classement des "villes les plus criminelles d'Europe" dominé par des métropoles françaises" [Beware of this ranking of "Europe's highest crime rate cities" dominated by French metropolises]. Factuel (Agence France-Presse) (in French).
  16. ^ Lee, Rodsen (17 January 2017). "How one Swede made a city the world's 'most dangerous' to expose fake stats". thelocal.se. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  17. ^ Meek, Natasha (19 August 2022). "Bradford is Europe's 'most dangerous' city? Police force slams viral claim". Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  18. ^ Mwitumwa, Monde (20 August 2022). "Yorkshire city is 'most dangerous in Europe' and police boss is furious". YorkshireLive. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  19. ^ Thompson, Danny (24 August 2022). "Is Coventry really the second-most dangerous city in Europe?". Coventry Telegraph. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
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