Bhoi dynasty: Difference between revisions
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The Aruna Stamba at the runied [[Konark Temple]] was also brought over to the Jagannath Temple at Puri during the reign of Dibyasingha Deva II. Under the reign of his son Mukundeva Deva II, the British started making inroads into the region and were emerged as the strongest contenders after conquering the regions of Bengal, Awadh and much of Southern India. Eventually after the Maratha defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the British ultimately took over the region and created the Orissa division within the [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1803. Conflicts with the British led Mukundeva Deva II to plot rebelions with the Paik leaders and local chieftains. The rebellion was discovered and suppressed and the kingdom was eventually annexed to the Orissa division in 1804. The kingdom's minister [[Jayi Rajaguru]] was executed for his role in the rebellion and following petitions, Mukunda Deva II was released and exiled to Puri but was allowed to retain his title.<ref name="ODISHA"/><ref name="Paṭṭanāẏaka1979">{{cite book|author=Praphulla Kumāra Paṭṭanāẏaka|title=A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568–1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzA-AAAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> |
The Aruna Stamba at the runied [[Konark Temple]] was also brought over to the Jagannath Temple at Puri during the reign of Dibyasingha Deva II. Under the reign of his son Mukundeva Deva II, the British started making inroads into the region and were emerged as the strongest contenders after conquering the regions of Bengal, Awadh and much of Southern India. Eventually after the Maratha defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the British ultimately took over the region and created the Orissa division within the [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1803. Conflicts with the British led Mukundeva Deva II to plot rebelions with the Paik leaders and local chieftains. The rebellion was discovered and suppressed and the kingdom was eventually annexed to the Orissa division in 1804. The kingdom's minister [[Jayi Rajaguru]] was executed for his role in the rebellion and following petitions, Mukunda Deva II was released and exiled to Puri but was allowed to retain his title.<ref name="ODISHA"/><ref name="Paṭṭanāẏaka1979">{{cite book|author=Praphulla Kumāra Paṭṭanāẏaka|title=A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568–1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzA-AAAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> |
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===Titular reign at Puri=== |
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Following the 1804 rebellion of Mukunda Deva II, the British decided to take control of the administration of the Khurda kingdom which was hence annexed to the Orissa division. However following petitions, Mukunda Deva II was allowed to return but was pensioned off and exiled to Puri to remain as a titular head of the dynasty albeit reduced to the status of a Zamindar. He was however successful in persuading the British to allow him to retain control of the administration of the Jagannath temple in the sacred temple-city of Puri as it was an important socio-political institution in the Orissa region. Thus as Rajas of Puri, the Bhoi dynasty managed to compensate for the loss of political power by building a religious institution through the superintendence of the hereditary temple of the Gajapati kings of Orissa.<ref>{{citation |title=Kings without a kingdom: The rajas of Khurda and the Jagannatha cult |publisher= South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Vol 4 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856407408730688 |author=Hermann Kulke |page=60-77 |date=1974 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=KINGS WITHOUT A KINGDOM: THE RAJAS OF KHURDA AND THE JAGANNATHA CULT |publisher= South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Vol 4 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630298.pdf |author=Hermann Kulke |page=60-77 |date=1974 }}</ref> |
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This remained the case until independence when the Indian Constitution brought in a republican system of government following which the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] through the [[Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955]] formally took over the management and affairs of the temple. The Gajapati was retained as the Chairman of the Temple Managing Committee which the current head of the dynasty, [[Dibyasingha Deb]] fulfils along with the members of the committee appointed by the govt of Odisha.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Choudhury|first1=Dr. D.P.|title=Administrative Arrangements of Shree Jagannath Temple|issue=June 2009|pages=94–98|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/June/engpdf/94-98.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Dr. Nilakantha|title=Temple Administration : Past and Present|issue=June–July, 2007|pages=96|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/June_july_2007.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Rulers== |
==Rulers== |
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Revision as of 08:17, 21 February 2021
Bhoi dynasty | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Capital | Cuttack (1541–1560) Khurda (1568–1804) Puri (1804-1947) | ||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Odia | ||||||||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism | ||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
| King (Odisha - Khurda) | |||||||||||||||
• 1541–1548 | Govinda Vidyadhara | ||||||||||||||
• 1558–1560 | Raghuram Chhotaraya | ||||||||||||||
• 1568-1600 | Ramachandra Deva | ||||||||||||||
• 1798-1804 | Mukundeva Deva II | ||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval India Early modern period | ||||||||||||||
• Established | 1541 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1804 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Odisha, India | ||||||||||||||
The Bhoi dynasty[1][2][3] (also called as dynasty of Yadus or Yaduvanshis)[4] were a medieval Hindu dynasty from the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of historical Odra (most of present-day Odisha, Northern coastal Andhra and southeastern parts of current West Bengal) that reigned from 1541 to 1560 CE. The Bhois are Gopalas and are associated with Yaduvansh, of which Sri Krishna of the Mahabharata fame.[5] This dynasty was founded by Govinda Vidyadhara, who had usurped the throne from the weaker Gajapati dynasty rulers as the kingdom started weakening but had a short-lived reign as ruling chiefs of Odisha as the ensuing internal rivalries and constant threats of invasions rendered them weak and were eventually overthrown by Mukunda Deva of Chalukya dynasty in 1560 CE.[6][7]
Under Ramachandra Deva, The dynasty shifted its power centre to Khurda as Mukunda Deva himself lost his throne in 1568 CE to the Sultans of Bengal who eventually lost to the Mughal Empire. During that period, most of the feudatory native states of Odisha became autonomous states in their own right and along with the dynasty remained vassals of the Mughal Empire until the advent of the Marathas who occupied Odisha in 1751. With the defeat of Marathas to the British East India Company in 1803, the dynasty became their vassals but by then had already weakened as their territories and power kept diminishing. The kingdom was eventually annexed to the British Empire after the King led a failed rebellion against the British in 1804 and were ultimately exiled to Puri where the dynasty remains to this day as nominal heads of the House. Nevertheless, they retained the titular legacy of the historical ruling chiefs of Odisha and also retained the administrative control of the Jagannath Temple at Puri.[8]
History
As rulers of Odisha
With the death of Prataparudra Deva of the Gajapati dynasty in 1540 and a succession of weak rulers lead to the rise of political instability in the kingdom as there was a rise in internal squabbles, economic decline and increasing threats of invasions from both south and northern parts of the subcontinent. In the political chaos, the Gajapati Kingdom started weakening as Prataprudra Deva's successors were unable to maintain political authority. Taking de facto control of the situation, the general and minister of the kingdom, Govinda Vidyadhara decided to take the opportunity by murdering the successors of the Gajapati king and usurped the throne of Odisha, thus laying the foundation of the Bhoi dynasty as the ruling monarchs of Odisha.
Under his reign, the kingdom was still undergoing political upheaval as the were rebellions in different provinces and conflicts with the neighouring Qutb Shahi rulers of the Golconda Sultanate. His 7 year reign came to an end in 1548 and was succeeded by his son Chakrapratapa whose 8 year reign came to an end when he was killed by his son Narasimha Jena in 1557. Around the same time, the influence of Mukunda Deva Harichandan of the Chalukya dynasty began to grow at the court. He was eventually successful in overthrowing him and placed the King's younger brother, Raghuram Chhotaraya on the throne, making him his puppet ruler while also simultaneously fending off the influence of his rival, general Danai Vidyadhara, a relative of Govinda Vidyadhara. The short-lived nearly two decade old reign of Bhoi dynasty as the ruling Kings of Odisha finally came to an end when Mukunda Deva overthrew the puppet king and took the throne for himself in 1560.[9]
Restoration at Khurda
With the defeat of the Chalukya king Mukunda Deva at Cuttack in 1568 at the hands of the Sultans of Bengal who subsequently lost to the Mughals in 1576, the fragmentation of territories of former Odra kingdom was well underway as the territories and the Barabati fort at Cuttack came under Mughal imperial control while the native feudatory Kings had become autonomous and vassals to the imperial rule. Meanwhile the surviving Bhoi dynasty led by the son of Danai Vidyadhara, Ramachandra Dev restored Bhoi rule by shifting the power centre by establishing the Khurda kingdom with their capital at Khurda. The extent of the kingdom ranged from Mahanadi river in the north to Khimidi in the South, while ranging from Khandapara-Daspalla in the west to the coasts of Puri in the east. He also retained control of the Jagannath Temple at Puri. The temple's status as the residing place of Lord Jagannath, the patron deity of Odia people, enabled Ramachandra Dev and the Bhoi dynasty to continue the nominal status and legacy of retaining the regnal titles of the historical ruling Kings of Odisha.[10][11]
Under Ramachandra Deva I, the patronage and pilgrimage of Jagannath temple at Puri resumed as he assumed its administrative control. He also constructed the Sakshigopal Temple at Sakhigopal near Puri. He also patronised Odia literature and arts as stability returned during his reign in the region following a spate of invasions. His successors continued to rule the kingdom as autonomous vassals to the Mughal Empire while fending off influence of the Mughal governor at Cuttack and continuing patronage of arts, culture and literature. This period coincides with the Riti Yuga, which is an important phase in Odia literature considering the evolution of language from middle Odia of Sarala and Panchasakhas Yuga to modern Odia. Towards the late 17th and early 18th century with the weakening of the Mughal Empire after its conflicts with the Marathas, their hold over Odisha region weakened as a result, thus making the feudatory states autonomous kingdoms while coming under the control of Bengal Nawabs who simultaneously became independent of the Mughal authority. This lasted until 1741 when Maratha Empire became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent succeeding the Mughals and led invasions against the Nawabs of Bengal. Thus during the reign of Birakesari Deva I, Maratha invasions of Bengal took place at the end of which Odisha formally became a part of the Maratha Empire. ending the era of Islamic rule over the region.[9]
The Aruna Stamba at the runied Konark Temple was also brought over to the Jagannath Temple at Puri during the reign of Dibyasingha Deva II. Under the reign of his son Mukundeva Deva II, the British started making inroads into the region and were emerged as the strongest contenders after conquering the regions of Bengal, Awadh and much of Southern India. Eventually after the Maratha defeat in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the British ultimately took over the region and created the Orissa division within the Bengal Presidency in 1803. Conflicts with the British led Mukundeva Deva II to plot rebelions with the Paik leaders and local chieftains. The rebellion was discovered and suppressed and the kingdom was eventually annexed to the Orissa division in 1804. The kingdom's minister Jayi Rajaguru was executed for his role in the rebellion and following petitions, Mukunda Deva II was released and exiled to Puri but was allowed to retain his title.[9][12]
Titular reign at Puri
Following the 1804 rebellion of Mukunda Deva II, the British decided to take control of the administration of the Khurda kingdom which was hence annexed to the Orissa division. However following petitions, Mukunda Deva II was allowed to return but was pensioned off and exiled to Puri to remain as a titular head of the dynasty albeit reduced to the status of a Zamindar. He was however successful in persuading the British to allow him to retain control of the administration of the Jagannath temple in the sacred temple-city of Puri as it was an important socio-political institution in the Orissa region. Thus as Rajas of Puri, the Bhoi dynasty managed to compensate for the loss of political power by building a religious institution through the superintendence of the hereditary temple of the Gajapati kings of Orissa.[13][14]
This remained the case until independence when the Indian Constitution brought in a republican system of government following which the Odisha government through the Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 formally took over the management and affairs of the temple. The Gajapati was retained as the Chairman of the Temple Managing Committee which the current head of the dynasty, Dibyasingha Deb fulfils along with the members of the committee appointed by the govt of Odisha.[15][16]
Rulers
Kings of Odisha
- Govinda Vidyadhara (1541–1548)
- Chakrapratapa (1548–1557)
- Narasimha Jena (1557–1558)
- Raghuram Chhotaraya (1558–1560)
Bhoi dynasty's reign as rulers of Odisha lasted nearly two decades, as they were deposed by Mukunda Deva in 1560. The dynasty then shifted its power centre to Khurda where they continued as Rajas of Khurda.[17]
Kings of Khurda
- Ramachandra Deva I (Abhinav Indradyumna) (1568-1600)
- Purusottam Deva (1600–1621)
- Narasingha Deva (1621–1647)
- Balabhadra Deva (1647–1657)
- Mukunda Deva I (1657–1689)
- Dibyasingha Deva I (1689 – 1716)
- Harekrushna Deva (1716–1720)
- Gopinath Deva (1720–1727)
- Ramachandra Deva II (1727–1736)
- Birakesari Deva I (Bhagirathi Deva) (1736–1793)
- Dibyasingha Deva II (1793–1798)
- Mukundeva Deva II (1798-1804)
The Rajas of Khurda continued to rule the region well into the early 1800s but by then their power had diminished. Then the Raja of Khurda along with other local chieftain led a series of rebellions against the British which was suppressed and the Raja of Khurda was later exiled to Puri.
Kings of Puri (titular)
- Mukundeva Deva II (1804-1817) (exiled and continues as Raja of Puri)
- Ramchandra Deva III (1817-1854)
- Birakesari Deva II (1854-1859)
- Dibyasingha Deva III (1859-1882)
- Mukundeva Deva III (1882-1926)
- Ramchandra Deva IV (1926-1956)
- Birakisore Deva III (1956-1970)
- Dibyasingha Deva IV (1970-current)
Gallery
| History of South Asia |
|---|
_without_national_boundaries.svg) |
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Konark temple sketch from an early 17th cen. palm leaf manuscript -
Sakhigopal temple -
Satyabadi gopinath temple
See also
References
- ^ J P Das (13 October 2018). A Time Elsewhere. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 299–. ISBN 978-93-5305-340-6.
- ^ "History of Odisha". Patra Tours and Travels. 12 September 1913. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ H. C. Das (1985). Cultural Development in Orissa. Punthi Pustak.
- ^ Gopinath Mohapatra (1982). Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa. Punthi Pustak.
- ^ Krishna Chandra Panigrahi (1981). History of Orissa: Hindu Period. Kitab Mahal.
- ^ L.S.S. O'malley (1 January 2007). Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri. Concept Publishing Company. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7268-138-8. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People Volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 370. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "History". Government of Orissa. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ a b c Manas Kumar Das, HISTORY OF ODISHA FROM 1435 TO 1803 AD) (PDF), DDCE Utkal University
- ^ Bhaskar Mishra (April 2017), Gajapati Rama Chandra Dev I as Abhinav Indradyumna (PDF), Odisha Review
- ^ Abhimanyu Dash (June 2012), The Legitimacy of the Maharaja of Puri Relating to Feudatories and the Car Festival (PDF), Odisha Review
- ^ Praphulla Kumāra Paṭṭanāẏaka (1979). A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568–1828. Punthi Pustak.
- ^ Hermann Kulke (1974), Kings without a kingdom: The rajas of Khurda and the Jagannatha cult, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Vol 4, p. 60-77
- ^ Hermann Kulke (1974), KINGS WITHOUT A KINGDOM: THE RAJAS OF KHURDA AND THE JAGANNATHA CULT (PDF), South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies Vol 4, p. 60-77
- ^ Choudhury, Dr. D.P. "Administrative Arrangements of Shree Jagannath Temple" (PDF) (June 2009): 94–98.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Mishra, Dr. Nilakantha. "Temple Administration : Past and Present" (PDF) (June–July, 2007): 96.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Bhaskar Mishra (July 2011), The Traditional Role of Gajapati Maharaja in Shri Jagannath Temple (PDF), Orissa Review
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