Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Redirect-distinguish|Saint John, Canada|St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saint John
| official_name = The City of Saint John{{efn|This is the legal name in both English and French.}}
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in New Brunswick|City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Saint John, NB, skyline at dusk12.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline of Uptown Saint John
| image2 = Imperial Theatre 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]]
| image3 = Douglas Ave 017.jpg
| caption3 = [[New Brunswick Museum]]
| image4 = June 2009 Reversing Falls Bridge.jpg
| caption4 = [[Reversing Falls Bridge]]
| image5 = Saint John City Market (21714657379).jpg
| caption5 = [[Saint John City Market]]
| image6 = Saint John New Brunswick street scape, Germain St..jpg
| caption6 = Germain Street row houses
| image7 = BANDSTAND.JPG
| caption7 = [[King's Square, Saint John|King's Square]] }}
| image_size = 250px
| image_blank_emblem = City of Saint John logo.jpg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_shield = Saint_John,_New_Brunswick_Coat_of_Arms.png
| nickname = [[List of city nicknames in Canada#New Brunswick|"Port City"]]<ref>Common Council Minutes – February 8, 2016</ref>
| motto = "O Fortunati Quorum Jam Moenia Surgunt"<br />([[Latin]] for, "O Fortunate Ones Whose Walls Are Now Rising." <br /> or "O Happy They, Whose Promised Walls Already Rise")
| pushpin_map = New Brunswick#Canada
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Saint John
| coordinates = {{coord|45|16|50|N|66|04|34|W|region:CA-NB|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Canada
| subdivision_type1 = Province
| subdivision_name1 = [[New Brunswick]]
| subdivision_type2 = Historic countries
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kingdom of France]]<br />[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br />[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| subdivision_type3 = County
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saint John County, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
| subdivision_type4 = Parish
| subdivision_name4 = City of Saint John<ref>{{cite web|title=Territorial Divisions Act (section 27(a))|url=http://laws.gnb.ca/en/showdoc/cs/T-3/ga:s_17#anchorga:s_17|publisher=The Province of New Brunswick, through the Queen's Printer|access-date=February 7, 2016|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817213211/http://laws.gnb.ca/en/showdoc/cs/T-3/ga:s_17#anchorga:s_17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_title = Founded on
| established_date = June 24, 1604<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john/|title=Saint John|first=Elizabeth W.|last=McGahan}}</ref>
| established_title2 = Major Settlement Started
| established_date2 = 1783<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>
| established_title3 = Incorporation
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1785|05|18}}
| named_for = [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Donna Reardon]]
| leader_title1 = Governing body
| leader_name1 = [[Saint John City Council]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census2021"/>
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 = 315.59
| area_urban_km2 = 70.05
| area_metro_km2 = 3,505.66
| elevation_min_m = 0
| population_total = 69,895<ref name="census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Saint%20John&DGUIDlist=2021A00051301006&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census: Saint John, New Brunswick|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 221.5
| population_urban = 63,447<ref name=2021urban>{{cite web |title=Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population. |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=saint%20john&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S05100734&HEADERlist=1 |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=May 24, 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 905.8
| population_metro = 130,613<ref name=2021metro>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census: Saint John [Census metropolitan area], New Brunswick |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503310&HEADERlist=1&SearchText=Saint%20John |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 37.3
| population_blank1_title = City Pop {{small|2016–2021}}
| population_blank1 = {{increase}} 3.4%
| population_blank2_title = Dwellings
| population_blank2 = 31825
| population_demonym = Saint Johner, Saint-Jeannois(e), Johner (colloquial)
| postal_code_type = Canadian Postal code
| postal_code = [[List of E Postal Codes of Canada|E]]2H, E2J, E2K, E2L, E2M, E2N, E2P, E2R, and E2S
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_codes = [[Area codes 506 and 428|506 and 428]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]] (Saint John {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]6.4 billion (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |title=Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) |date=27 January 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Saint John {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2 = CA$51,021 (2016)
| website = {{Official URL}}
| pushpin_label = Saint John
| leader_title2 = [[House of Commons of Canada|MPs]]
| leader_name2 = [[Wayne Long]] {{small|([[Liberal Party of Canada|Lib.]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick|MLAs]]
| leader_name3 = {{Plainlist |
* [[John Dornan (politician)|John Dornan]] {{small|([[New Brunswick Liberal Association|Lib.]])}}
* [[Kate Elman Wilcott]] {{small|(Lib.)}}
* [[David Hickey (politician)|David Hickey]] {{small|(Lib.)}}
* [[Ian Lee (politician)|Ian Lee]] {{small|([[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|PC]])}}
* [[Glen Savoie]] {{small|(PC)}}}}
| elevation_max_m = 80.8
| timezone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = – 04:00
| timezone_DST = ADT
| utc_offset_DST = – 03:00
| blank_name = Telephone exchanges
| blank_info = 202, 214, 333, 343, 557–8, 592, 608, 631–640, 642–654, 657–8, 663, 672, 674, 693–4, 696, 721, 977
| blank1_name = [[List of highways in New Brunswick|Highways]]
| blank1_info = {{jct|state=NB|NB|1}} <br /> {{jct|state=NB|NB|7}} <br /> {{jct|state=NB|NB|100}} <br /> {{jct|state=NB|NB|111}} <br /> {{jct|state=NB|NB|820}} <br /> {{jct|state=NB|NB|825}}
| blank2_name = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map
| blank2_info = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|21|G|8}}
| blank3_name = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code
| blank3_info = DAEGW<ref>{{Cite cgndb |id = DAEGW |name = Saint John}}</ref>
}}
'''Saint John''' is a [[port#seaport|seaport]] city located on the [[Bay of Fundy]] in the province of [[New Brunswick]], Canada. It is Canada's oldest [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] city,{{efn|While other cities throughout [[Canada]] were founded as communities earlier, Saint John was the first to be officially incorporated as a city.}} established by royal charter on May 18, 1785, during the reign of [[George III]].<ref name="CanEncycl">{{cite web |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john/ |title=Saint John, NB |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> The port is Canada's third-largest by tonnage with a cargo base that includes dry and liquid bulk, [[Breakbulk cargo|break bulk]], containers, and cruise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Port Saint John reports 2016 tonnage|url=https://www.sjport.com/port-saint-john-reports-2016-tonnage/|access-date=July 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114258/https://www.sjport.com/port-saint-john-reports-2016-tonnage/|archive-date=July 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city has a strong industrial base, including oil refining and manufacturing, matched with finance and tourism sectors and research institutions such as the [[New Brunswick Museum]] and the [[University of New Brunswick]]. Saint John was the most populous in New Brunswick until the [[2016 Canadian census|2016 census]], when it was overtaken by [[Moncton]]. It is currently the second-largest city in the province, with a population of 69,895 over an area of {{convert|315.59|sqkm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Saint%20John&DGUIDlist=2021A00051301006&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref>
French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] landed at [[Saint John Harbour]] on June 24, 1604, the feast of St. [[John the Baptist]], and named the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] in his honour;<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ratchford |first1=Sarah |last2=McGahan |first2=Elizabeth W. |date=September 10, 2012 |title=Saint John |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/community/history |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=History {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref> the indigenous [[Mi'kmaq]] and [[Maliseet|Wolastoqiyik]] peoples called the river "Wolastoq". The Saint John area was an important area for trade and defence for [[Acadia]] during the French colonial era, and Fort La Tour, in the city's harbour, was a pivotal battleground during the [[Acadian Civil War]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |title=Fortune & La Tour: The civil war in Acadia |date=1983 |publisher=Toronto: Methuen.}}</ref>
After more than a century of ownership disputes between the French and English over the land surrounding Saint John, the British government [[Expulsion of the Acadians|deported the Acadians]] in 1755 following the destruction of [[Fort Menagoueche]], which was reconstructed as [[Fort Frederick (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Fort Frederick]]. Following the pillaging and burning of Fort Frederick by American Privateers, [[Fort Howe]] was constructed across the river above the harbour in 1779. In 1785, the City of Saint John was established by uniting the two communities of Parr-town<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutional Discrimination in the 1785 Saint John Royal Charter {{!}} The Loyalist Collection |url=https://loyalist.lib.unb.ca/atlantic-loyalist-connections/institutional-discrimination-1785-saint-john-royal-charter |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=loyalist.lib.unb.ca}}</ref> and [[Carleton, New Brunswick|Carleton]] on either side of the harbour after the arrival of thousands of refugees from the newly founded United States who wished to remain British after the [[American Revolution]]. During the next century, immigration via [[Partridge Island, Saint John County|Partridge Island]], especially during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], would fundamentally change the city's demographics and culture.
==History==
{{Main|History of Saint John, New Brunswick}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Blacksmith Shop Behind Custom House.jpg|thumb|left|A blacksmith shop near Saint John Harbour during the late 19th century.]]
The Saint John area had been inhabited by peoples of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] for thousands of years. The northwestern coastal region of the [[Bay of Fundy]] was home to the [[Passamaquoddy]] Nation, while the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] valley north of the bay became the domain of the [[Maliseet|Wolastoqiyik]] Nation. The [[Mi'kmaq]] also frequented the Saint John area due to the harbour and coast being an important hunting ground for seals. The area around the harbour, where the city is, has been traditionally called Menahkwesk by the Wolastoqiyik people, who continue to reside in and around the city. In precolonial times, the Wolastoqiyik lived in mostly self-sustaining villages living largely off bass, sturgeon, salmon, corn, wild roots and berries.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |title=Saint John |publisher=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>
In 1604, [[Samuel de Champlain]] landed at [[Saint John Harbour]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Underrated Saint John, New Brunswick |url=https://www.bbc.com/storyworks/your-discovery/underrated-saint-john-new-brunswick |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref> though he did not settle the area. Saint John played a crucial role in trade and defense for [[Acadia]] during the French colonial era, with Fort La Tour in the city's harbour becoming a pivotal battleground during the [[Acadian Civil War]].<ref name="auto"/> At the end of the [[Seven Years' War]], the British took the region from the French.
The population of Saint John grew with immigration from the former [[Thirteen Colonies]] and Europe. In 1785, Saint John became the first incorporated city in what is now Canada.<ref name="CanEncycl" /> Immigration led to the building of North America's first quarantine station, [[Partridge Island, New Brunswick|Partridge Island]].<ref name="Canada's First City: Saint John">{{cite book |title=Canada's First City: Saint John |year=1962 |publisher=Lingley Printing |location=Saint John, N.B. |pages=30}}</ref>
[[File:Marcopoloclipper.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Marco Polo (1851 ship)|Marco Polo]]'']]
The city became a shipyard of global stature, producing vessels such as the 1851 ship {{ship||Marco Polo|1851 ship|2}}, which became the fastest in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-brunswick.net/marcopolo/historic.html |title=The Ship ''Marco Polo'' |access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> and witnessing the development of the automated [[foghorn]] by [[Robert Foulis (inventor)|Robert Foulis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Glaswegians – Robert Foulis, Jr. |url=http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-fame_Robert_Foulis_Jr.html |website=Glasgow Guide |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225819/http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-fame_Robert_Foulis_Jr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:The city of St. John, New Brunswick.tif|thumb|left|[[Bird's-eye view]] of Saint John in 1882]]
As the city grew in strategic importance to English power and capital, unrest grew among many of its working class. Black Saint Johners faced restrictions on trade, fishing and voting, compelling the majority of the city's Black community to settle in Portland (the city's north end), which later became amalgamated with Saint John.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia"/> In 1849, Canada's first labour union, the Laborer's Benevolent Association (now ILA local 273) was formed by [[longshoremen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfhathewaylabourexhibitcentre.ca/labour-history/for-whom-the-bells-toll/|title=For Whom The Bells Toll|publisher=Hatheway Labour Exhibit Center}}</ref> Between 1840 and 1860, [[sectarian]] violence became rampant in Saint John as tensions escalated in response to the poor living conditions of poor [[Irish Catholics]], resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winder |first1=Gordon M.|title=Trouble in the North End: The Geography of Social Violence in Saint John 1840–1860 |journal=Acadiensis |date=2000 |volume=XXIX|issue= 2 Spring|page=27|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/acadiensis/article/view/10782/11551}}</ref> Saint John experienced a [[cholera]] outbreak in 1854 that claimed over 1,500 lives,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bilson|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Cholera Epidemic in Saint John, N.B., 1854|journal=Acadiensis|date=1974|volume=4|issue=1|pages=85–99 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/viewFile/11369/12119}}</ref> as well as the [[Great Fire of Saint John]] in 1877 that destroyed 40% of the city and left 13,000 people homeless.<ref name="NewYorkTimes">{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Richard |title=In Saint John in Canada, Exploring the Legacy of the Loyalists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/travel/st-john-new-brunswick-canada-legacy-of-british-loyalists.html |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Although the fire caused damages exceeding $10 million (equivalent to approximately $256 million today),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collins |first1=Donald|title=Weary city resurfaces from ashes: In the weeks and months following the Great Fire of 1877, Saint John people and businesses persevered|url=http://new-brunswick.net/Saint_John/greatfire/greatfire2.html|website=newbrunswick.net|publisher=Telegraph-Journal (New Brunswick)|access-date=June 25, 2014|date=June 20, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f50oAQAAMAAJ|title=Scientific American, "St. John, N.B., Burned"|date=1877-07-07|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=3}}</ref> Saint John quickly embarked on rebuilding. Nevertheless, the aftermath prompted many residents to leave the city.<ref name="NewYorkTimes"/>
==Geography and climate==
===Physical geography===
[[File:St Martins NB covered bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Covered bridges dot the Greater Saint John region.]]
Situated in the south-central portion of the province, along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy at the mouth of the Saint John River, the city is split by the south-flowing river and the east side is bordered on the north by the Kennebecasis River where it meets the Saint John River at Grand Bay. Saint John Harbour, where the two rivers meet the Bay of Fundy, is a deep water port and ice-free all year long. Partridge Island is in the harbour. The city land area is {{convert|315.96|sqkm|abbr=on}}, and the metropolitan area covers {{convert|3509.62|sqkm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=310&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=310&TABID=1&type=0 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
Stonehammer [[UNESCO]] Geopark, the first Geopark in North America, is centred around Saint John. The Geopark has been recognized by UNESCO as having exceptional geological significance. The park contains rock formations that date back to the Precambrian era and some of the rocks may be a billion years old.
The Saint John River itself flows into the [[Bay of Fundy]] through a narrow gorge several hundred metres wide at the centre of the city. It contains a unique phenomenon called the [[Reversing Falls]] where the diurnal tides of the bay reverse the water flow of the river for several kilometres. A series of underwater ledges at the narrowest point of this gorge also create a series of rapids.
The topography surrounding Saint John is hilly; a result of the influence of two coastal mountain ranges which run along the Bay of Fundy – the ''St. Croix Highlands'' and the ''Caledonia Highlands''. The soil throughout the region is extremely rocky with frequent granite outcrops. The coastal plain hosts numerous freshwater lakes in the eastern, western and northern parts of the city.
In Saint John the height difference from low to high [[tide]] is approximately 8 metres (28 ft) due to the funnelling effect of the Bay of Fundy as it narrows. The Reversing Falls in Saint John, actually an area of strong rapids, provides one example of the power of these tides; at every high tide, ocean water is pushed through a narrow gorge in the middle of the city and forces the Saint John River to reverse its flow for several hours.
===Architecture===
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Saint John, New Brunswick}}
Saint John, especially in its Uptown region, features a multitude of architectural styles spanning from the 19th and early 20th centuries, with residences and buildings containing [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]], and [[Second Empire style|Second Empire]] architectural styles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arif |first1=Hassan |title=Saint John: Photos of an underappreciated city |url=http://spacing.ca/atlantic/2016/07/21/saint-john-underappreciated-city-photo-essay/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=Spacing Atlantic |date=21 July 2016}}</ref> Over time, the city would see the use of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]], [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]], [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]], Second Empire and [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]] style architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architectural Styles in Saint John 1785–1915 |url=https://saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=ba37d406829a4e16854c84990937d229 |website=saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com |publisher=[[City of Saint John]] |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>
As Saint John rebuilt from the [[Great Fire of Saint John|Great Fire]] in 1877, buildings would start to be constructed using brick and stone rather than wood.<ref>{{cite news |title=SAINT JOHN. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KRKAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Montreal Herald |date=24 June 1889}}</ref> During the late 19th to early 20th centuries, the most popular styles in the city were [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] architecture. In 1911, a proposed city hall was to share [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and Second Empire architectural styles. Over time, the city would no longer adopt some of these styles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music of the Eye II: Architectural Drawings of Saint John and Its Region |url=https://www.nbm-mnb.ca/exhibition/music-of-the-eye-ii-architectural-drawings-of-saint-john-and-its-region/ |website=NBM-MNB |publisher=New Brunswick Museum |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> Buildings in Saint John also feature stone carvings and sculptures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=The story behind Saint John's strange stone carvings |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/chubbs-corner-gargoyles-saint-john-architecture-1.4483196 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=CBC |date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Visit Saint John and Discover Saint Awesome |url=https://www.maritimesmaven.com/new-blog-1/2020/8/26/visit-saint-john-and-discover-saint-awesome |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=MARITIMES MAVEN |date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
In 1982, Saint John introduced the [[Trinity Royal Heritage Conservation Area]], which serves to preserve historic districts and buildings in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinity Royal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/512376198/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[National Post]] |date=14 May 1983 |page=53}}</ref> The Saint John Preservation Areas By-Law regulates exterior work done to these properties in a way that preserves the historic architecture in buildings built prior to 1915.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trinity Royal – The Historic Heart of Saint John |url=http://www.trinityroyal.com/BH-by-law.cfm |access-date=6 March 2024 |date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010155048/http://www.trinityroyal.com/BH-by-law.cfm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Only a few modern monoliths mar Saint John's skyline |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/424051694/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=25 April 1992 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Saint John blends old and new in renewal of its city centre |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/426009536/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=14 May 2005 |page=133}}</ref>
[[File:Germain Street Brunswick Square and Office Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Brunswick Square office tower]]
[[File:SaintJohnMarketExterior.jpg|thumb|[[Saint John City Market]]]]
List of buildings in Saint John:
* Courtney Bay Smokestacks (each {{convert|106.7|m|abbr=on}})
* [[Brunswick Square (building complex)|Brunswick Square]] ({{convert|80.8|m|abbr=on}}) 19-storey office tower with {{convert|511032|ft2|abbr=on}} which was built in 1976. It is the largest office building in New Brunswick in terms of square footage and second in Atlantic Canada behind the [[Maritime Centre (Halifax)|Maritime Centre]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]].
* [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]] (Gothic style Catholic cathedral, construction began in 1853, its spire rises to {{convert|70.1|m|abbr=on}})
* [[Saint John City Hall]] ({{convert|55.2|m|abbr=on}}) 16-storey office building ({{convert|165000|ft2|abbr=on}})
* Brunswick House ({{convert|52|m|abbr=on}}) 14-storey office building ({{convert|103000|ft2|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.commercial-properties.ca/selectedproperties/brunswickhouse.html|title= Commercial Properties|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120419075422/http://www.commercial-properties.ca/selectedproperties/brunswickhouse.html|archive-date= April 19, 2012}}</ref>
* Irving Building ({{convert|50|m|abbr=on}}) 14-storey office building<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jdirving.com|title= JD Irving}}</ref>
* Harbourside Senior Citizens Housing Complex ({{convert|43|m|abbr=on}}) 12-storey apartment building
* Harbour Building ({{convert|37|m|abbr=on}}) 10-storey office building
* Mercantile Centre ({{convert|30|m|abbr=on}}) 7-storey office building ({{convert|106600|ft2|abbr=on}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbre.ca/|title=Canada|website=cbre.ca}}</ref>
* Chateau Saint John 8-storey hotel (112 rooms)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chateausaintjohn.ca/en/|title=Home|website=chateausaintjohn.ca}}</ref>
* [[Saint John City Market|City Market]] (built in 1876, oldest city market in North America, with an original ship's hull roof design)
* [[Loyalist House]] (built in 1817)
* [[Irving Oil Home Office]] (2019) 11-storey office building
===Parks and nature===
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
Saint John is home to the historic [[King's Square, Saint John|King's Square]], an [[urban park]] located in the city's Uptown region.<ref>{{cite web |title=King's Square |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/kings-square |website=King's Square {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref> Multiple historic buildings are located by the park, including the [[Saint John City Market]], the [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], as well as the former [[Admiral Beatty Hotel]]. King's Square's counterpart, Queen Square, is another urban park located a few blocks south from it.<ref name="QueenSquareSJ">{{cite web |title=Queen Square |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/queen-square |website=saintjohn.ca |publisher=City of Saint John, New Brunswick |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> Queen Square features an annual outdoor [[farmers market]] which runs through the summer months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen Square Farmers Market {{!}} Discover Saint John |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/event/queen-square-farmers-market |website=discoversaintjohn.com |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=MacRae |first1=Avery |title=Queen's Square Farmers Market drawing big crowds early in the season |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/queen-s-square-farmers-market-drawing-big-crowds-early-in-the-season-1.6436826 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=11 June 2023}}</ref>
Located in west Saint John is the [[Irving Nature Park]], located in the city's west side and measuring {{convert|600|acre|hectare}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Irving Nature Park |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/irving-nature-park |website=Irving Nature Park {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explore the Irving Nature Park {{!}} Discover Saint John |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/place/explore-irving-nature-park |website=discoversaintjohn.com}}</ref> Saint John is also home to [[Rockwood Park (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Rockwood Park]], a large municipal park located to the east of the [[Millidgeville, New Brunswick|Millidgeville]] neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rockwood Park |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/rockwood-park |website=saintjohn.ca |publisher=City of Saint John, New Brunswick |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> Designed in the 19th century by [[landscape designer]] [[Calvert Vaux]], one of the designers for [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rockwood Park |url=https://stonehammergeopark.com/geosites/rockwood-park/ |website=Stonehammer UNESCO Global Geopark |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> It features 2,200 acres of park area, ten lakes, and 55 trails and footpaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROCKWOOD PARK |url=https://www.rockwoodpark.ca/ |website=rockwoodpark.ca |publisher=Rockwood Park |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
===Neighbourhoods===
[[File:Row houses in Saint John.JPG|thumb|right|Row houses in Saint John]]
According to Saint John mapping data, the city has 33 neighborhoods categorized into four groups: North, East, South and West.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neighbourhoods |url=https://catalogue-saintjohn.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/338f69c642454516b877085043966e96_0/explore?location=45.285098%2C-66.029587%2C12.52 |website=catalogue-saintjohn.opendata.arcgis.com |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neighbourhoods |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods |website=saintjohn.ca |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
* North: North End (mostly the former city of [[Portland Parish, New Brunswick|Portland]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=North End |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/north-end |website=North End |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=26 June 2022}}</ref> Pokiok,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3129 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Douglas Avenue, Churchill Boulevard, Cedar Point,<ref>{{cite web |title=Millidgeville/Cedar Point |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/millidgevillecedar-point |website=Millidgeville/Cedar Point |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=15 May 2022}}</ref> [[Millidgeville]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2586 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Mount Pleasant,<ref>{{cite news |title=Demolition of Mount Pleasant homes is 'quite sad' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/demolition-of-mount-pleasant-homes-is-quite-sad-1.1378525 |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=CBC |date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> Kennebecasis Bay, and Brookville.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=469 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brookville-Glen">{{cite web |title=Brookville/Glen Falls |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/brookvilleglen-falls |website=Brookville/Glen Falls |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Cedar Point is the site of the city's only completely French school and community centre, [[École Samuel-de-Champlain|Centre Scolaire Communautaire Samuel-de-Champlain]]. The area includes one of Canada's largest urban parks, [[Rockwood Park, Saint John|Rockwood Park]].
* East: East Saint John, McAllister,<ref>{{cite web |title=East Saint John/ McAllister |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/east-saint-john-mcallister |website=East Saint John/ McAllister |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=14 August 2022}}</ref> Champlain Heights,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=699 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Eastwood,<ref>{{cite web |title=Champlain Heights/Eastwood |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/champlain-heightseastwood |website=Champlain Heights/Eastwood |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Red Head,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3271 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Head |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/red-head |website=Red Head |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=15 May 2022}}</ref> Forest Hills,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1336 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Lakewood,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2040 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Hills/Lakewood |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/forest-hillslakewood |website=Forest Hills/Lakewood |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=1 August 2022}}</ref> Glen Falls,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1461 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brookville-Glen"/> Latimer Lake,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2060 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> and Loch Lomond.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loch Lomond/Latimer Lake |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/loch-lomondlatimer-lake |website=Loch Lomond/Latimer Lake |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2182 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
* South: Typically referred to as the South Central Peninsula.<ref>{{cite news |title=City Gets Glimpse Of What Saint Johners Think About South Central Peninsula |url=https://www.country94.ca/2017/06/29/city-gets-glimpse-of-what-saint-johners-think-about-south-central-peninsula/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=Country 94}}</ref><ref name="SouthCentralPeninsula">{{cite web |title=South Central Peninsula |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/south-central-peninsula |website=South Central Peninsula |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=3 April 2022}}</ref> Includes Uptown, Germain Street, Broad Street (although the mapping data refers to the area as Broad Street, it is commonly known as South End,<ref name="SouthCentralPeninsula"/> which formerly encompassed Lower Cove),<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2242 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Orange Street, and [[Waterloo Village, Saint John|Waterloo Village]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Atlantic Briefs |title=New 45-unit apartment complex with 23 affordable units proposed for Waterloo Village in Saint John, N.B. {{!}} SaltWire |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/business/new-45-unit-apartment-complex-with-23-affordable-units-proposed-for-waterloo-village-in-saint-john-nb-100882120/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=saltwire.com |date=August 11, 2023}}</ref> On the east side of [[Saint John Harbour]] and the area immediately opposite on the west side are the sites of the original city. Now includes the central business district and the [[Trinity Royal Heritage Conservation Area]], which together are referred to as Uptown.
* West: [[Saint John West]] (includes [[Carleton, New Brunswick|Carleton]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3519 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=627 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Lower West Side,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John West |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/saint-john-west |website=Saint John West |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=10 July 2022}}</ref> Sand Cove,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sand Cove |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/sand-cove |website=Sand Cove |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3624 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Fairville,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1265 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Island View,<ref>{{cite web |title=Island View/Fairville |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/island-viewfairville |website=Island View/Fairville |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1857 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> [[Lorneville, New Brunswick|Lorneville]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2210 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Ocean Westway,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean Westway/Lorneville |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/ocean-westwaylorneville |website=Ocean Westway/Lorneville |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Milford-Randolph,<ref>{{cite web |title=Milford Randolph |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/milford-randolph |website=Milford Randolph |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2561 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3222 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> and South Bay.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Bay |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/south-bay |website=South Bay |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3804 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Collectively referred to as West Side, but [[Lancaster, New Brunswick|Lancaster]] was a notable former municipality.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Saint John
| −13.6 | −2.7 | 139
| −12.7 | −1.9 | 94
| −7.3 | 2.3 | 118
| −1.2 | 8.3 | 104
| 4.0 | 14.8 | 118
| 8.4 | 19.5 | 101
| 11.7 | 22.4 | 102
| 11.6 | 22.2 | 90
| 7.7 | 17.7 | 117
| 2.7 | 11.9 | 125
| −2.1 | 6.0 | 134
| −9.7 | 0.3 | 149
| float = right
| clear = none
| source = Environment Canada<ref>{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=6250&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=saint_john&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12
| title = Saint John A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000
|date = 19 January 2011| access-date = September 30, 2013}}</ref>
}}
The climate of Saint John is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''[[Humid continental climate#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer subtype|Dfb]]''). The Bay of Fundy never fully freezes, thus moderating the winter temperatures compared with inland locations. Even so, with the prevailing wind blowing from the west (from land to sea), the average January temperature is about {{convert|-8.2|C}}. Summers are usually warm to hot, and daytime temperatures often exceed {{convert|25|C}}. The highest temperature recorded in a given year is usually {{convert|30|or|31|C|0}}. The confluence of cold Bay of Fundy air and inland warmer temperatures often creates onshore winds that bring periods of fog and cooler temperatures during the summer months.
Precipitation in Saint John totals about {{convert|1295|mm|abbr=on}} annually and is well distributed throughout the year, although the late autumn and early winter are typically the wettest time of year. Snowfalls can often be heavy, but rain is as common as snow in winter, and it is not unusual for the ground to be snow-free even in mid-winter.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint John was {{convert|34.5|C|0}} on June 20, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?StationID=50310 | title=Daily Data Report for August 2024 - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada }}</ref> <ref name="CCN"/> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-36.7|C|0}} on February 11, 1948.<ref name="CCN"/>
{{Weather box
| location = Saint John ([[Saint John Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|103|m|abbr=on}}, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present{{efn|Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data recorded near downtown Saint John from January 1871 to September 1970, and at [[Saint John Airport]] from November 1946 to present.}}
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan maximum humidex = 16.8
| Feb maximum humidex = 13.3
| Mar maximum humidex = 27.0
| Apr maximum humidex = 23.8
| May maximum humidex = 35.4
| Jun maximum humidex = 42.0
| Jul maximum humidex = 40.3
| Aug maximum humidex = 40.3
| Sep maximum humidex = 39.4
| Oct maximum humidex = 28.3
| Nov maximum humidex = 24.0
| Dec maximum humidex = 19.8
| year maximum humidex = 42.0
| Jan record high C = 14.5
| Feb record high C = 13.3
| Mar record high C = 25.4
| Apr record high C = 22.8
| May record high C = 33.0
| Jun record high C = 34.5
| Jul record high C = 33.7
| Aug record high C = 34.4
| Sep record high C = 33.9
| Oct record high C = 28.9
| Nov record high C = 21.7
| Dec record high C = 16.4
| year record high C = 34.5
| Jan high C = −2.5
| Feb high C = −1.5
| Mar high C = 2.4
| Apr high C = 8.5
| May high C = 15.0
| Jun high C = 19.6
| Jul high C = 22.6
| Aug high C = 22.4
| Sep high C = 18.2
| Oct high C = 12.3
| Nov high C = 6.4
| Dec high C = 0.5
| year high C = 10.3
| Jan mean C = −7.9
| Feb mean C = −7.1
| Mar mean C = -2.5
| Apr mean C = 3.7
| May mean C = 9.5
| Jun mean C = 14.0
| Jul mean C = 17.1
| Aug mean C = 16.8
| Sep mean C = 13.0
| Oct mean C = 7.6
| Nov mean C = 2.3
| Dec mean C = -4.4
| year mean C = 5.2
| Jan low C = −13.3
| Feb low C = −12.6
| Mar low C = −7.4
| Apr low C = −1.2
| May low C = 3.9
| Jun low C = 8.4
| Jul low C = 11.6
| Aug low C = 11.2
| Sep low C = 7.7
| Oct low C = 2.8
| Nov low C = −1.9
| Dec low C = −9.3
| year low C = 0.0
| Jan record low C = −33.2
| Feb record low C = −36.7
| Mar record low C = -30.0
| Apr record low C = −16.7
| May record low C = −7.8
| Jun record low C = −2.2
| Jul record low C = 1.1
| Aug record low C = −0.6
| Sep record low C = −6.7
| Oct record low C = −10.6
| Nov record low C = −16.9
| Dec record low C = −34.4
| year record low C = −36.7
| Jan chill = -44.8
| Feb chill = -44.4
| Mar chill = -39.5
| Apr chill = -26.1
| May chill = -13.9
| Jun chill = -2.6
| Jul chill = 0.0
| Aug chill = 0.0
| Sep chill = -5.7
| Oct chill = -12.9
| Nov chill = -25.9
| Dec chill = -41.9
| year chill = -44.8
| precipitation colour = green
| rain colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 123.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 91.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 108.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 105.3
| May precipitation mm = 109.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 101.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 88.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 81.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 105.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 116.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 134.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 130.4
| year precipitation mm = 1295.5
| Jan rain mm = 66.1
| Feb rain mm = 49.0
| Mar rain mm = 66.6
| Apr rain mm = 85.7
| May rain mm = 108.5
| Jun rain mm = 101.0
| Jul rain mm = 88.4
| Aug rain mm = 81.7
| Sep rain mm = 105.6
| Oct rain mm = 115.8
| Nov rain mm = 123.7
| Dec rain mm = 84.0
| year rain mm = 1076.0
| Jan snow cm = 64.3
| Feb snow cm = 48.4
| Mar snow cm = 44.4
| Apr snow cm = 20.0
| May snow cm = 1.2
| Jun snow cm = 0.0
| Jul snow cm = 0.0
| Aug snow cm = 0.0
| Sep snow cm = 0.0
| Oct snow cm = 0.5
| Nov snow cm = 10.8
| Dec snow cm = 49.9
| year snow cm = 239.6
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| unit snow days = 0.2 cm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.2
| Feb precipitation days = 12.8
| Mar precipitation days = 14.0
| Apr precipitation days = 13.9
| May precipitation days = 13.7
| Jun precipitation days = 12.9
| Jul precipitation days = 11.5
| Aug precipitation days = 10.5
| Sep precipitation days = 10.5
| Oct precipitation days = 11.9
| Nov precipitation days = 14.4
| Dec precipitation days = 15.6
| year precipitation days = 157.9
| Jan rain days = 6.7
| Feb rain days = 5.3
| Mar rain days = 7.6
| Apr rain days = 11.0
| May rain days = 13.6
| Jun rain days = 12.9
| Jul rain days = 11.5
| Aug rain days = 10.5
| Sep rain days = 10.5
| Oct rain days = 11.7
| Nov rain days = 12.5
| Dec rain days = 8.3
| year rain days = 122.1
| Jan snow days = 12.9
| Feb snow days = 10.2
| Mar snow days = 9.4
| Apr snow days = 5.1
| May snow days = 0.5
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.5
| Nov snow days = 3.9
| Dec snow days = 10.2
| year snow days = 52.6
| Jan sun = 124.9
| Feb sun = 124.5
| Mar sun = 149.9
| Apr sun = 165.9
| May sun = 199.0
| Jun sun = 211.6
| Jul sun = 225.9
| Aug sun = 216.8
| Sep sun = 181.9
| Oct sun = 147.8
| Nov sun = 97.0
| Dec sun = 102.0
| year sun = 1947.3
| Jan percentsun = 44.0
| Feb percentsun = 42.6
| Mar percentsun = 40.7
| Apr percentsun = 41.0
| May percentsun = 43.2
| Jun percentsun = 45.3
| Jul percentsun = 47.7
| Aug percentsun = 49.6
| Sep percentsun = 48.3
| Oct percentsun = 43.4
| Nov percentsun = 33.8
| Dec percentsun = 37.4
| year percentsun = 43.1
| source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="CCN">
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=6250&lang=e&dCode=1&province=NB&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12
| title = Saint John A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = May 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name= climate >
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url =ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NB/
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201031190320/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NB/
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =2020-10-31
| title = Saint John A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| access-date = September 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Saint John">
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=saint+john&searchMethod=contains&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&optLimit=specDate&Year=1871&Month=1&Day=1&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Saint John
| work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="March record high humidex" >
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2012-06-07&dlyRange=1946-11-01%7C2012-06-09&mlyRange=1947-01-01%7C2008-01-01&StationID=6250&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=21&txtStationName=saint+john&timeframe=1&Year=2012
| title = Hourly Data Report for March 21, 2012
| work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="March 2012" >
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2012-06-07&dlyRange=1946-11-01%7C2012-06-09&mlyRange=1947-01-01%7C2008-01-01&StationID=6250&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=21&txtStationName=saint+john&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| title = Daily Data Report for March 2012
| work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = June 26, 2016}}</ref>
| date = February 2016
| source =
}}
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
| title = Historical populations
| type = Canada
|align = right
| width =
| state = collapsed
| shading =
| percentages =
| footnote =
|1824|8488
|1834|12073
|1840|19281
|1851|22745
|1861|27317
|1871|28805
|1881|26127
|1891|39179{{efn|Saint John was amalgamated with the neighbouring city of Portland in 1889.}}
|1901|40711
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|42511
|1921|47166
|1931|47514
|1941|50084
|1951|50779
|1956|52491
|1961|55153
|1966|51567
|1971|89039{{efn|Saint John was amalgamated with the neighbouring city of Lancaster and part of [[Simonds Parish, Saint John County, New Brunswick|Simonds Parish]] in 1967.}}
|1976|85955
|1981|80521
|1986|76381
|1991|74969
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|72494
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|69661
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|68043
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|70063
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|67575
|[[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]|69895
|source=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=C. M. |title=Saint John, New Brunswick (1800–1900) |journal=Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine |date=June 1975 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.7202/1020578ar |jstor=43558749 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43558749}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Ranking of the 10 most populated municipalities, 1901 to 2021 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/ribbon-ruban/index-eng.cfm |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marquis |first1=Greg |title=Uneven Renaissance: Urban Development in Saint John, 1955–1976 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JNBS/article/view/18194/19614 |journal=Journal of New Brunswick Studies / Revue d'études sur le Nouveau-Brunswick|date=1 January 2010|volume=1 }}</ref>
}}
At the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Saint John had a population of {{val|69895|fmt=commas}} people that were living in {{val|31825|fmt=commas}} of {{val|33908|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings. The population density was {{convert|221.5|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|1}},<ref name="census2021"/> and is most densely populated in Uptown Saint John.<ref name="2021census-Dissemination-1">{{cite web |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – 13010052 [Dissemination area], New Brunswick |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021S051213010052&SearchText=13010052 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=9 February 2022}}</ref> The median total household income was $62,800. Of the city's population aged between 25 and 64, {{Percentage|8785|36970}} held a bachelor's degree or higher, {{Percentage|21440|36970}} held a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, and {{Percentage|11965|36970}} had a high school diploma or equivalent. The median age was 44 years.<ref name="census2021"/>
At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Saint John CMA had a population of {{val|130613|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|55865|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|59272|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:130613-126202}}|126202|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|126202|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|3505.66|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|130613|3505.66|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=March 28, 2022}}</ref>
=== Ethnicity ===
[[File:Partridge Island and Bell Buoy (cropped from postcard).jpg|thumb|Partridge Island immigration station]]
Historically, as one of Canada's main ports, Saint John has been a centre for immigration from all over the world. The city was incorporated in the late 1700s after more than 3,300 Black Loyalist refugees came to Saint John along with more than 10,000 White refugees after the American Revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-black-history-1.5048864 |title=Before Willie O'Ree: New Brunswick's surprising black history contributions|publisher=CBC |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> In the years between 1815 and 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland came to Saint John dramatically changing the city.
Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the Great Famine of Ireland raged between 1845 and 1849, huge waves of famine refugees flooded the city's shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "[[Great Famine (Ireland)|Black 47]]", one of the worst years of the famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]], the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour.<ref>Thomas P. Power, ed., ''The Irish in Atlantic Canada, 1780–1900'' (Fredericton, NB: New Ireland Press, 1991)</ref>
As of the 2021 census, approximately 86.4% of the residents were white, while 10.9% were visible minorities and 2.8% were Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were [[Black people|Black]] (2.7%), [[South Asian People|South Asian]] (2.4%), [[Arabs|Arab]] (1.5%), [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (1.4%), and [[Filipino Canadians|Filipino]] (0.9%).<ref name="census2021"/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the City of Saint John (2001–2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="census2021"/>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=CD&Code2=1301&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title= 2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title= 2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name=euro}}
| 58,875
| {{Percentage | 58875 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 59,480
| {{Percentage | 59480 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 62,940
| {{Percentage | 62940 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 62,780
| {{Percentage | 62780 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 65,375
| {{Percentage | 65375 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 1,895
| {{Percentage | 1895 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 1,430
| {{Percentage | 1430 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 1,560
| {{Percentage | 1560 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 850
| {{Percentage | 850 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 640
| {{Percentage | 640 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 1,820
| {{Percentage | 1820 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 1,400
| {{Percentage | 1400 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 1,200
| {{Percentage | 1200 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 960
| {{Percentage | 960 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 1,110
| {{Percentage | 1110 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 1,605
| {{Percentage | 1605 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 455
| {{Percentage | 455 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 350
| {{Percentage | 350 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 375
| {{Percentage | 375 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name=MiddleEastern}}
| 1,310
| {{Percentage | 1310 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 845
| {{Percentage | 845 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 520
| {{Percentage | 520 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 360
| {{Percentage | 360 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name=EastAsian}}
| 1,125
| {{Percentage | 1125 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 1,170
| {{Percentage | 1170 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 880
| {{Percentage | 880 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 940
| {{Percentage | 940 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 460
| {{Percentage | 460 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name=SoutheastAsian}}
| 900
| {{Percentage | 900 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 360
| {{Percentage | 360 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 250
| {{Percentage | 250 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 215
| {{Percentage | 215 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 150
| {{Percentage | 150 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 155
| {{Percentage | 155 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 155
| {{Percentage | 155 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 125
| {{Percentage | 125 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name=Other}}
| 285
| {{Percentage | 285 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 140
| {{Percentage | 140 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 68,180
! {{Percentage | 68180 | 69895 | 2 }}
! 65,470
! {{Percentage | 65470 | 67575 | 2 }}
! 67,910
! {{Percentage | 67910 | 70063 | 2 }}
! 66,690
! {{Percentage | 66690 | 68043 | 2 }}
! 68,465
! {{Percentage | 68465 | 69661 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total population
! 69,895
! {{Percentage | 69895 | 69895 | 2 }}
! 67,575
! {{Percentage | 67575 | 67575 | 2 }}
! 70,063
! {{Percentage | 70063 | 70063 | 2 }}
! 68,043
! {{Percentage | 68043 | 68043 | 2 }}
! 69,661
! {{Percentage | 69661 | 69661 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses}}
|}
=== Language ===
87.2% of residents spoke English as a mother tongue. Other common first languages were [[French language|French]] (3.7%), [[Arabic]] (1.5%) [[Chinese language]]s (1.0%) and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (0.5%).
=== Religion ===
58.5% of residents were Christian, down from 79.6% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-05-08 |title=2011 National Household Survey Profile – Census subdivision |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Data=Count&SearchText=saint%20john&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> 29.7% were Catholic, 20.6% were Protestant, 5.1% were Christian n.o.s, and 3.0% were other Christian denominations or related traditions. 36.0% of the population were non-religious or secular, up from 18.4% in 2011. Other religions accounted for 5.5% of the population, up from 2.0% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (3.1%) and Hinduism (1.0%).
==Economy==
[[File:Colsen cove park 009.jpg|thumb|Colsen Cove generating station]]
[[File:Old Post Office Saint John.JPG|thumb|The Old Post Office]]
Saint John's location along the [[Bay of Fundy]] has been of major importance to the city's prosperity. The bay's dramatic [[tidal range]] prevents the [[harbour]] from icing over, allowing the city to be accessible all year round.<ref name=GedMartin>{{cite web |title=Geography and Governance: The Problem of Saint John (New Brunswick) 1785 – 1927 – Ged Martin |url=https://www.gedmartin.net/martinalia-mainmenu-3/237-geography-and-governance-the-problem-of-saint-john-new-brunswick-1785-1927 |website=gedmartin.net}}</ref> Shipbuilding, shipping and lumber trade rose as prominent industries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=C. Anne |title=The Rebuilding of Saint John New Brunswick 1877–1881 |url=http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/nb/rebuilding-saint-john.pdf}}</ref><ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia>{{cite web |title=Saint John |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> By 1840, one-third of New Brunswick's timber, as well as two-thirds of its sawn lumber and manufactured wood products, were exported through Saint John.<ref name=GedMartin/> At one point, Saint John was [[British North America]]'s biggest shipbuilding city,<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategic Winter Port: A History of the Port of Saint John {{!}} Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 |url=https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/history-of-port-of-saint-john |website=pier21.ca}}</ref> constructing many well-known ships, including the [[Marco Polo (1851 ship)|''Marco Polo'']].<ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> However, these industries suffered a decline in trade due to technological advancements,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John {{!}} History & Points of Interest {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-John-New-Brunswick |website=britannica.com |date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> which was only made worse with the [[1877 Great Fire of Saint John|Great Fire of Saint John]] in 1877.<ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> Shipbuilding in Saint John permanently ceased in 2003 following the closure of the [[Saint John Shipbuilding|Saint John shipyard]], which had been idle for the past three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irving family closing idled Saint John shipyard |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/irving-family-closing-idled-saint-john-shipyard-1.396417 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=CBC News |date=June 27, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Shipyard and Dry Dock Co Ltd |url=https://www.unb.ca/nbmhp-database/st.-john-county/city-of-saint-john-points-of-interest/saint-john-shipyard-and-dry-dock-co-ltd.php |website=unb.ca |publisher=University of New Brunswick |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
Today, Saint John benefits from industries such as tourism, reporting a tourism expenditure of $282 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISCOVER SAINT JOHN 2018 ANNUAL REPORT |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/sites/default/files/2019-05/DSJ_AGM_AnnualReport2018%20FINAL.pdf |website=discoversaintjohn.com |publisher=Discover Saint John |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> [[Port of Saint John]], the city's port, allows for a capacity of three cruise ships, and has been a cruise ship destination since 1989,<ref>{{cite web |title=CRUISE LINES |url=https://www.sjport.com/cruise-lines |website=Port Saint John}}</ref> first welcoming the [[MS Cunard Princess|MS ''Cunard Princess'']].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGillivray |first1=Robert |title=Canada Cruise Port Reaches Major Passenger Milestone |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/canada-cruise-port-reaches-major-passenger-milestone/82452 |work=Cruise Hive |date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Saint John receives around 80 cruise ships annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=Meet the marine pilots guiding huge ships into Saint John's notoriously difficult port |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/port-saint-john-jobs-1.6862612 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=CBC News |date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> As of the 2023 cruise schedule, Saint John is scheduled to receive 190,680 passengers' worth of cruise ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cruise Schedule |url=https://www.sjport.com/cruise-schedule |website=Port Saint John}}</ref> The port also carries over 20 million metric tonnes of cargo annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2022 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6318b8de1ebc0b67bdc039aa/t/64c001c5b358507e427049ba/1690304977031/Smaller+Updated+Port+SJ+Annual+Report+2022-Eng.pdf |publisher=Port Saint John |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
===Arts and culture===
[[File:Fiddlehead Saint John.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Fiddlehead]] sculpture at the Saint John Arts Centre in the city's uptown]]
The arts and culture sector plays a large role in Saint John's economy. The Imperial Theatre is home to the highly acclaimed Saint John Theatre Company, and the Symphony New Brunswick and hosts a large collection of plays, concerts and other stage productions year-round. Harbour Station entertainment complex is home to the Saint John Sea Dogs of the QMJHL.
Art galleries in Saint John cover the uptown, more than any other Atlantic Canadian city.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Artists like [[Miller Brittain]] and [[Fred Ross (artist)|Fred Ross]] have made Uptown Saint John their home, and now the torch has been passed to artists like Gerard Collins, Cliff Turner and Peter Salmon and their respective galleries. Uptown art galleries also include the Paris Crew, Trinity Galleries, Citadel Gallery, Handworks Gallery and the Saint John Arts Centre (SJAC). The SJAC in the Carnegie Building hosts art exhibits, workshops, local songwriters' circles and other shows too small to be featured at the grand Imperial Theatre.
===Heavy industry===
Saint John maintains industrial infrastructure in the city's East side such as Canada's largest [[Irving Oil Refinery|oil refinery]] as well as the country's largest dry dock. Capitalist [[Kenneth Colin Irving|K.C. Irving]] and his family built his unfettered industrial conglomerate in the city by buying up mills, shipyards, media outlets, and other industrial infrastructure during the 20th century, and still continue to this day. Today Irving dominates the city and province with stakes in oil, forestry, shipbuilding, media and transportation. Irving companies remain dominant employers in the region with North America's first deepwater oil terminal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/CAN_Saint_John_Port_130.php |title=Saint John Port |website=World Port Source |access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> a pulp mill, a paper mill and a tissue paper plant.
Other important economic activity in the city is generated by the [[Port of Saint John]].{{how|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sjport.com/|title=Port Saint John|website=sjport.com/}}</ref>
Saint John has a long history of brewers, such as Simeon Jones, The Olands, and James Ready. The city is now home to Moosehead Breweries, James Ready Brewing Co., Big Tide Brewing Co., Picaroon's and other craft brewers. The [[Moosehead Brewery]] (established in 1867, is Canada's only nationally distributed independent brewery [M. Nicholson]), James Ready Brewing Co., the [[New Brunswick Power Corporation]] which operates three electrical generating stations in the region including the [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station]], [[Bell Aliant]] which operates out of the former [[New Brunswick Telephone]] headquarters, the Horizon Health Network, which operates 5 hospitals in the Saint John area,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.horizonnb.ca/home/facilities-and-services/facilities.aspx?cat=1&type=hospital |title=Facilities: Hospitals |publisher=Horizon Health Services |access-date=August 26, 2019}} Hospitals in the Saint John Region: Charlotte County Hospital, Grand Manan Hospital, Saint John Regional Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital and Sussex Health Centre.</ref> and numerous [[information technology]] companies. There are also a number of [[call centres]] which were established in the 1990s under provincial government incentives.
{{wide image|Stjohnpanoramo.jpg|1800px|View from Fort Howe of the Saint John skyline prior to Peel Plaza}}
===Maritime industries===
{{main|Port of Saint John}}
Saint John is a major Canadian port, and the only city on the Bay of Fundy. Until the first decade of the 21st century, Canada's largest shipyard (Irving Shipbuilding) had been an important employer in the city. During the 1980s-early 1990s the shipyard was responsible for building 9 of the 12 {{sclass|Halifax|frigate|0}} multi-purpose patrol [[frigate]]s for the [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Canadian Navy]]. However, the Irving family closed the shipyard in 2003 and centralized in Halifax leaving the Saint John dry dock sitting idle.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
Ecological research on surrounding marine life of the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John and Kennebecasis Rivers is centred in the city. The University of New Brunswick's Marine Biology department in Saint John as well as local NGO's and the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans heads the majority of research and monitoring work on marine life and environments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unb.ca/academics/programs/science/marine-biology.html |title=Marine Biology |publisher=UNB |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>
Traditional fisheries (lobster, scallops etc.) still make up the livelihood for many Saint Johners today. Aquaculture, primarily Atlantic Salmon farming, has grown to be a major employer in the region as the decline of other traditional wild fisheries has unfolded in recent decades. Cooke Aquaculture, one of the largest companies in the industry is headquartered in Saint John.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cookeseafood.com/ |title=Cooke Seafood |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>
Prior to the opening of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] in 1959, the Port of Saint John functioned as the winter port for [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] when shipping was unable to traverse the [[sea ice]] in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] and [[St. Lawrence River]]. The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] opened a line to Saint John from Montreal in 1889 across the state of [[Maine]] and transferred the majority of its trans-Atlantic passenger and cargo shipping to the port during the winter months. The port fell into decline following the seaway opening and the start of year-round [[icebreaker]] services in the 1960s. In 1994 CPR left Saint John when it sold the line to [[Short-line railroad|shortline]] operator [[New Brunswick Southern Railway]]. The [[Canadian National Railway]] still services Saint John with a secondary mainline from [[Moncton]]. Despite these setbacks, Port Saint John is the largest port by volume in Eastern Canada, at about 28 million metric tonnes of cargo per year, including [[Shipping container|containers]] and [[bulk cargo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Port Saint John |url=https://www.sjport.com/ |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
==Culture==
The city is the birthplace of several notable artists, actors and musicians, including [[Walter Pidgeon]], [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Louis B. Mayer]], and [[Miller Brittain]].
What is considered the golden age of the Saint John arts community was during the post-war era from 1940 to 1970 when the city produced renowned artists and writers such as poet [[Clara Kathleen Smith|Kay Smith]], painters [[Jack Humphrey]], Miller Brittain, [[Bruno Bobak]], [[Fred Ross (artist)|Fred Ross]], sculptor [[John Hooper (sculptor)|John Hooper]] and folk-singer [[Stompin' Tom Connors]]. Poet [[Bliss Carman]] once wrote about Saint John, "All the beauty and mystery Of life were there, adventure bold, Youth, and the glamour of the sea, And all its sorrows old."<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John: City of Firsts |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1950/6/15/saint-john-city-of-firsts |publisher=Maclean's}}</ref>
===Dance, music, and theatre===
Comhaltas Saint John: Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann was founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1951. Its mandate is to promote traditional Irish music and culture, and there are more than 400 branches around the world. The Saint John branch of Comhaltas is the easternmost chapter in Canada. JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]] quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.
Arts organization include [[InterAction School of Performing Arts]], [[New Brunswick Youth Orchestra]], [[Symphony New Brunswick]], [[TD Station]], The [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], and the [[Saint John Free Public Library]], among others.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
===Film and television===
{{See also|Category:Films shot in Saint John, New Brunswick}}
[[File:Blue Water 1924 frame.jpg|thumb|Snippet of lost film ''Blue Water'' (1924) from a newspaper advertisement]]
Saint John, as well as New Brunswick as a whole, entered the film industry in 1924 with the now-[[lost film|lost]] [[silent film]] ''[[Blue Water (film)|Blue Water]]'', produced by the once-successful [[Ernest Shipman]]. The film featured soon-to-be [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] star [[Norma Shearer]], though it had a short-lived screening and failed to succeed commercially.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Webb |first1=Steven |title=Lost to history, Saint John's silent movie is barely a memory a century later |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-silent-movie-1.6576389 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=11 September 2022}}</ref> Saint John made a return to film with the ''[[Bravery in the Field]]'' (1979), a short drama film by the [[National Film Board of Canada]] both set and filmed in the city which was nominated for an [[Academy Award]] for [[Best Live Action Short Film]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Today and tomorrow |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423280123 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=10 November 2007|id={{ProQuest|423280123}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NFB film up for an Oscar |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/146342580/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Canadian Press]] |publisher=[[Calgary Herald]] |date=28 February 1980 |page=49}}</ref>
Saint John is notably one of the filming locations for ''[[Children of a Lesser God (film)|Children of a Lesser God]]'' (1986),<ref>{{cite news |title=Saint John actor remembers working with William Hurt in city |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/tobias-hurt-saint-john-1.6385509 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=15 March 2022}}</ref> a [[romance film|romance]] drama film that received five nominations at the [[59th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakritz |first1=Talia |title=24 times the Oscars snubbed female directors |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/female-directors-snubbed-oscars-2020-12 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=8 March 2024}}</ref> [[Marlee Matlin]], in her film debut, won [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], making her not only the [[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees#Youngest winners 3|youngest Best Actress winner]] but also the [[List of Academy Award records|first deaf winner in Oscar history]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynn |first1=Elber |title=Switched at Birth airs a silent episode |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1313930552 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=2 March 2013|id={{ProQuest|1313930552}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author-link= John S. Schuchman| last = Schuchman|first = John S. |year = 1999 |title = Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry |publisher = University of Illinois Press |location = Urbana, IL |isbn = 978-0-252-06850-8 |page = 82}}</ref> [[William Hurt]], who made a return to the city for filming ''[[The 4th Floor (1999 film)|The 4th Floor]]'' (1999), befriended some Saint John residents during his time there for filming of ''Children of a Lesser God''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mott |first1=Sean |title=Hurt befriended residents while filming |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2887955015 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=16 March 2022|id={{ProQuest|2887955015}} }}</ref> Other films shot in Saint John include ''[[The Secret Life of Algernon]]'' (1997),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Macdonald |first1=Ronald F. |title=From sea to sea: East coast [17th Atlantic Film Festival] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/216177417 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=Canadian Independent Film & Television Publishing Association|id={{ProQuest|216177417}} }}</ref> [[crime film|crime]] drama ''[[Blue Hill Avenue (film)|Blue Hill Avenue]]'' (2001),<ref>{{cite news |title=Cameras Rolling; Expect to see movie cameras, crews and actors on Charlotte and Princess Streets today as filming begins for Blue Hill Avenue |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423114214 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=3 October 2000|id={{ProQuest|423114214}} }}</ref> ''[[Jericho Mansions]]'' (2003),<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Christie |title=Make Believe; The makers of 'Jericho Mansion' build fake houses and bend light to make it look 'real' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423186913 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=16 November 2002|id={{ProQuest|423186913}} }}</ref> ''[[Geraldine's Fortune]]'' (2004),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mullen |first1=Mike |title=The last Waltz; Music Classic rock 'n' roll stalwarts Donnie and The Monarchs hanging up their white tuxes after nearly 30 years |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/759626848 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=23 October 2010|id={{ProQuest|759626848}} }}</ref> [[black comedy]] [[thriller film|thriller]] ''[[Stuck (2007 film)|Stuck]]'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darling |first1=Cary |title=Five Questions With Stuart Gordon, director of 'Stuck' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram/146343164/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date=8 June 2008 |page=69}}</ref> romantic drama ''[[Still Mine]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallant |first1=Vanessa |title='Still Mine' opens Friday in Metro; ? True story of St. Martins man's struggle against building inspectors inspired film |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1348777653 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Times & Transcript]] |date=7 May 2013|id={{ProQuest|1348777653}} }}</ref> and [[Steven Bernstein (filmmaker)|Steven Bernstein]]'s depiction of Welsh poet [[Dylan Thomas]] ''[[Dominion (2016 film)|Last Call]]'' (2017),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Verity |title=Hollywood feature being filmed in Saint John this weekend |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1537518851 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=20 June 2014|id={{ProQuest|1537518851}} }}</ref> of which most [[Extra (acting)|extra]]s were from Saint John.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Verity |title=A perfect Hollywood movie set |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1539633971 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=25 June 2014|id={{ProQuest|1539633971}} }}</ref> Additionally, filming for [[Taylor Olson]]'s upcoming film titled ''Unseen'' took place in the city between April and May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=Andrew |title=Saint John announces street closures for film shoot |url=https://tj.news/saint-john-south/saint-john-announces-street-closures-for-film-shoot |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
In television, Saint John was featured in an episode of ''[[Hotel Impossible]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Hotel Impossible profiles Saint John's Chipman Hill Suites |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/hotel-impossible-profiles-saint-john-s-chipman-hill-suites-1.2456484 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=9 December 2013}}</ref> as well as in [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] [[television documentary]] ''Verrückt nach Meer''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verrückt nach Meer Staffel 7, Folge 44: Mutprobe in Saint John |url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/verrueckt-nach-meer/folgen/7x44-mutprobe-in-saint-john-1171736 |publisher=fernsehserien.de |access-date=30 April 2024 |language=de |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Saint John was additionally a filming location for ''[[Canada Russia '72]]'' (2006), a [[docudrama]] [[miniseries]] about the [[Summit Series]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Scott |title=Mr. D happy to have future NHLer as part of his cast; Television Hockey players MacKinnon and Critchlow say comedian a class act during show's filming |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1324251113 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=6 April 2013|id={{ProQuest|1324251113}} }}</ref>
===Museums===
Saint John features multiple museums such as the Hatheway Labour Exhibit Centre,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfhathewaylabourexhibitcentre.ca|title=Frank & Ella Hatheway Labour Exhibit Centre}}</ref> the [[New Brunswick Black History Society]]'s Black History Heritage Centre located in the Brunswick Square mall,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Nick |title=N.B. Black History Society opens new heritage centre in Saint John |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/n-b-black-history-society-opens-new-heritage-centre-in-saint-john-1.5445159 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=May 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Daigle |first1=Matt |title=New Brunswick Black History Society hosts grand opening of heritage room |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2887965452 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=June 21, 2021|id={{ProQuest|2887965452}} }}</ref> the [[Carleton Martello Tower]], [[Fort Howe]], the [[Loyalist House]], the [[Saint John Jewish Historical Museum]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobson |first1=Joel |title=N.B. museum founder gets Jewish studies award |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/874833643 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Canadian Jewish News]] |date=May 5, 2011 |page=27-28|id={{ProQuest|874833643}} }}</ref> the Saint John Firefighters Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/place/visit-saint-john-firefighters-museum|title=Visit the Saint John Firefighter's Museum}}</ref> the Saint John Police Museum,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Police Museum |url=https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/listing/saint-john-police-museum |website=Tourism New Brunswick |access-date=August 10, 2024}}</ref> as well as the [[New Brunswick Museum]], Canada's first public museum. Saint John also had the [[Barbour's General Store]], but it was later demolished in July 2023 after having received excessive fire damage in early 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacRae |first1=Avery |title=Barbour's General Store site demolished, new welcome centre set to open in 2024 |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/barbour-s-general-store-site-demolished-new-welcome-centre-set-to-open-in-2024-1.6481239 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=15 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Power |first1=Zack |title=New concept proposed for site of landmark Barbour's General Store in Saint John – New Brunswick {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9773284/saint-john-barbours-general-store-fire-property/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[Global News]] |date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Urquhart |first1=Mia |title=Dismantling of historic Barbour's General Store to go ahead as planned |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/barbours-general-store-fire-dismantle-1.6895770 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
===National Historic sites===
Saint John is home to several National Historic Sites, including war fortifications such as the [[Carleton Martello Tower]], a [[War of 1812]] masonry tower, [[Fort Menagoueche]], a former French fort from [[Father Le Loutre's War]], [[Fort Howe]], a British fort built during the [[American Revolution]], and [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour|Fort La Tour]]. Other sites include the [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], the [[Loyalist House]], the [[Saint John City Market]], [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]], the Prince William Streetscape, the Saint John Firefighters' Museum and the [[Bank of New Brunswick]].
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Saint John, NB, historical Church (Brennans) St..jpg|Saint John is known for its pub and restaurant scene throughout uptown. Statistics Canada found the city has the third most pubs per capita in Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country94.ca/news/790179589/cheers-saint-john-port-city-has-third-most-bars-capita-country|title=Cheers, Saint John: Port City Has Third Most Bars Per Capita In Country|publisher=Acadia Broadcasting Ltd.|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072524/http://www.country94.ca/news/790179589/cheers-saint-john-port-city-has-third-most-bars-capita-country|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
File:Imperial Theatre, Saint John(IMG 9955).JPG|The [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], a National Historic Site still hosting live performances
File:Bank of New Brunswick Building 2.JPG|Prince William Street, National Historic Site of Canada. The building in the foreground in the [[Bank of New Brunswick]] building, Canada's first bank established by Royal Charter
File:New Brunswick -CA- (9676354568).jpg|The Carleton Martello Tower, a [[Martello tower]] dating from the [[War of 1812]]
</gallery>
===Music===
Early settlers influenced music in Saint John from the time the area had been a series of forts for the English and French colonists. Working class fishers, labourers and shipbuilders carried Maritime traditions and folk songs with kitchen parties and outdoor gatherings. But musical high culture was captured by the wealthy. New Brunswick's solicitor-general 1784–1808, Ward Chipman Sr was known to have fancy soirées at his home with all the latest songs from London. A notable Loyalist musician, Stephen Humbert, moved in 1783 from New Jersey to Saint John and opened a Sacred Vocal Music School. In 1801 Humbert published Union Harmony, the first Canadian music book in English. The Mechanics' Institute, built in 1840, was the first large-scale platform for comic opera and concerts. In 1950 The Saint John Symphony was founded by Kelsey Jones; by 1983 the organization became [[Symphony New Brunswick]].<ref name="MusicSJ">{{cite web|title=Music in Saint John|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john-nb-emc/|access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> Some musicians from Saint John include Berkley Chadwick,<ref>{{cite web |title=Berkley E. Chadwick |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/berkley-e-chadwick-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> [[Stompin' Tom Connors]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Douglas |title=Stompin' Tom Connors, Canadian Singer, Dies at 77 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/arts/stompin-tom-connors-canadian-singer-dies-at-77.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[New York Times]] |date=7 March 2013}}</ref> [[Ken Tobias]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ken Tobias |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ken-tobias-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> [[Blank Banshee]], Stevedore Steve,<ref>{{cite news|title=Stevedore Steve, writer of Lester the Lobster, dead at 80|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/stevedore-steve-obit-1.3806926|access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> [[Jane Coop]], [[Bruce Holder]], [[Frances James (soprano)|Frances James]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Frances James |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frances-james-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> songwriter Michael F. Kelly,<ref name="MusicSJ"/> Ned Landry,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ned Landry |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ned-landry-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> composer and teacher Edward Betts Manning,<ref name="MusicSJ"/> organist Paul Murray,<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Murray |url=https://www.renforthmusic.com/composers/paulmurray.php |website=renforthmusic.com |publisher=Renforth Music |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> [[Catherine McKinnon]], Patricia Rideout, [[Frances C. Robinson]], Philip Thomson, and tenor and choir conductor [[Gordon Wry]].
Music festivals have long been a part of the city's cultural scene. New Brunswick's Music Festival was held in Saint John every Spring in the early- to mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |publisher=Maclean's |access-date=13 November 2019 |title=Salty Jam . July 5&6 . Headliners Announced – Uptown Saint John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113005252/https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the city's music changed with the times, so did its festivals. Other popular festivals include the now defunct Festival By The Sea<ref>{{cite web |url=http://new-brunswick.net/new-brunswick/festivals.html |title=Annual Festivals |access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> and Salty Jam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |publisher=Uptown Saint John |access-date=13 November 2019 |title=Salty Jam . July 5&6 . Headliners Announced – Uptown Saint John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113005252/https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> catering to various genres of pop music.
The Area 506 music festival is held every New Brunswick Day long-weekend at Long Wharf on [[Saint John Harbour]]. The festival is set up with shipping containers from the port with vendors from New Brunswick companies to promote local business. A main stage area is also set up for night time shows with local acts as well as major groups. Major bands to have played Area 506 include [[Tegan and Sara]], Stars, Bahamas, Interpol, and Arkells. Each year the festival also includes a bevy of bands coming out of the Saint John music scene.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saint John waterfront transformed into shipping container village for Area 506 festival|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/area-506-festival-saint-john-1.4208215|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> Quality Block Party music festival hosts independent New Brunswick musicians in smaller venues throughout uptown Saint John. The festival gets its name from the old quality block on Germain Street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quality Block Party vies for status as 'destination festival'|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/quality-block-party-saint-john-1.4191385|publisher=CBC|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>
==Government and politics==
{{See also|List of mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John City Council}}
[[File:Saint john city hall 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Saint John City Hall]]]]
=== Government and court ===
Saint John's municipal government consists of a mayor and ten [[Saint John City Council|city councillor]]s, with four-year term elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Institutional Discrimination in the 1785 Saint John Royal Charter |url=https://loyalist.lib.unb.ca/atlantic-loyalist-connections/institutional-discrimination-1785-saint-john-royal-charter |publisher=UNB |accessdate=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="SJCouncil">{{cite news |title=Running for Common Council |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/city-hall/council-and-committees/running-common-council |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=City of Saint John}}</ref> Saint John is one of five chartered cities in Canada, giving it unique legislative powers.<ref name="policyschool">{{cite web |title=Is 'Charter-City Status' a Solution for Financing City Services in Canada — Or is that a Myth? |url=https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/charter-city-status-kitchen_0.pdf |publisher=University of Calgary |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> It is in the federal riding of [[Saint John—Rothesay]], which currently contains one MP belonging to the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal party]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Aidan |title=Commission sticks to plan that splits Saint John between 2 ridings |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/electoral-boundaries-commission-new-brunswick-1.6670708 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=1 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Urquhart |first1=Mia |title=Proposal to split Saint John into two federal ridings baffles MP |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/electoral-riding-changes-proposed-1.6492429 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
Saint John is served by the [[Provincial Court of New Brunswick]], the province's [[Provincial and territorial courts in Canada|lower trial court]]. Saint John is also home to the provincial court's [[mental health court]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=New Brunswick Courts |first1=Canada |title=NB Provincial Court |url=https://www.courtsnb-coursnb.ca/content/cour/en/provincial.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=courtsnb-coursnb.ca |date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lyall |first1=Laura |title=Success of Saint John Mental Health Court has advocates calling for expansion in N.B. |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/success-of-saint-john-mental-health-court-has-advocates-calling-for-expansion-in-n-b-1.4689070 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=16 November 2019}}</ref> The Chief Judge for the Provincial Court is Marco Cloutier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Court Judges |url=https://www.courtsnb-coursnb.ca/content/cour/en/provincial/content/pcj.html |website=courtsnb-coursnb.ca |publisher=New Brunswick Courts |access-date=5 March 2024|date=23 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Herd |first1=Tim |title=Province Appoints Chief Provincial Court Judge |url=https://www.919thebend.ca/2021/09/29/province-appoints-chief-provincial-court-judge/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=91.9 The Bend}}</ref>
=== Politics ===
The office of the mayor has been held by [[Donna Reardon]] since 2021, elected during the [[2021 New Brunswick municipal elections|last municipal election]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Aidan |last2=Leger |first2=Isabelle |title=Women win mayoral races in N.B.'s 3 biggest cities |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/local-elections-municipal-health-school-results-1.6035600 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=24 May 2021}}</ref> She is the 79th [[List of mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick|mayor of Saint John]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burnett |first1=Ben |title=Saint John's New Council Sworn In Monday |url=https://www.country94.ca/2021/06/08/saint-johns-new-council-sworn-in-monday/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Country 94]] |date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Previous mayors include [[Robert Duncan Wilmot]], one of the [[Fathers of Confederation]] and a [[Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Duncan Wilmot |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-duncan-wilmot |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> [[Legislative Council of New Brunswick]] and [[Senate of Canada]] member [[John Robertson (Canadian politician)|John Robertson]],<ref>{{cite news |title=DEATH OF HON. JOHN ROBERTSON |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1523982089/E26E1ECA77CC4836PQ/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Globe |date=10 August 1876}}</ref> [[Bank of New Brunswick]] director and Liberal [[House of Commons of Canada]] member [[Jeremiah Smith Boies De Veber]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IN THE PUBLIC EYE |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/41976991/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Ottawa Journal |date=20 March 1912 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=J.S Boies Deveber of St. John |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/857630275/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Kennebec Journal |date=19 June 1908 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=J. S. Boies Deveber |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/420316860/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=20 June 1908 |page=4}}</ref> physician and Senate of Canada member [[John Waterhouse Daniel]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Hon. Dr. J. W. Daniel Passes in New Brunswick |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1006282443/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Hamilton Spectator |date=12 January 1933 |page=11}}</ref> and [[Minister of National Revenue]] [[David Laurence MacLaren]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister of Revenue. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/49294374/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Saint John Telegraph-Journal |agency=The Ottawa Journal |date=26 April 1945 |page=8}}</ref>
The [[Saint John City Council]] consists of the Mayor, the Deputy Mayor and ten Councillors, two of which overlook the city and the other eight overlooking one of four wards.<ref name="SJCouncil"/>
==Public safety==
[[File:Saint john police vehicles.jpg|thumb|Saint John Police utility vehicles]]
===Police and law enforcement===
Saint John's law enforcement agency is the Saint John Police Force. It was established in 1849, though police forces in the city date back to 1809.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://saintjohnpolice.ca/about-us/history/ |publisher=Saint John Police Force |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The police force had 139 sworn officers as of December 31, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Annual Report |url=https://saintjohnpolice.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2022-Annual-Report-PDF.pdf |publisher=Saint John Police Force |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> The Saint John Police Force was originally based out of the City Hall building from 1971<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Sandra |title=New station is 'linchpin that brings things together' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423325988 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=March 26, 2009|id={{ProQuest|423325988}} }}</ref> until 2012, when a new police headquarters was built at Peel Plaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Codi |title=Police to move headquarters |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1018624790 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=June 6, 2012|id={{ProQuest|1018624790}} }}</ref> In 1977, while still based out of the City Hall building, [[Saint John City Hall fire|a fire was started]] in the ground floor jail, killing 21 inmates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jail fire claims 21st victim |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix/153036153/ |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Star-Phoenix]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=June 27, 1977 |page=1}}</ref> In April 1998, the police force's north end station was bombed, injuring a number of officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bomb blast rocks police station |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-tribune/153036620/ |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Herald-Tribune]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=April 23, 1998 |page=9}}</ref> An attempted bombing also took place near the jail in June 1998, but was defused.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police defuse bomb |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/red-deer-advocate/153036906/ |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Red Deer Advocate]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=June 2, 1998 |page=2}}</ref>
===Fire department===
Saint John is served under the [[firefighter]]s of the Saint John Fire Department, which was established in 1786.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Fire Department |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/public-safety/saint-john-fire-department |publisher=City of Saint John, New Brunswick |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> There are six active fire stations throughout the city under operation by the fire department.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSJ Fire Stations |url=https://saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?webmap=6aa3381491e44cf58ad6657ea3a6c1b9 |website=saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com |publisher=City of Saint John}}</ref>
===Military===
[[File:Manège militaire Barrack Green.jpg|thumb|Many of Saint John's military divisions have utilized the [[Barrack Green Armoury]] (pictured)]]
Besides being the location of several historical forts, such as Fort Howe, Fort Dufferin, Fort Latour, and the [[Carleton Martello Tower]], Saint John is the location of a number of reserve units of the [[Canadian Forces]].
* [[Canadian Forces Naval Reserve|Naval Reserve]]
** [[HMCS Brunswicker]]
* [[37 Canadian Brigade Group]]
** [[3rd Field Artillery Regiment, RCA]]: Regimental headquarters and 115th Field Battery (The Loyal Company)
** [[Royal New Brunswick Regiment]] (Carleton & York): B Company
** 37 Signal Regiment: Det Saint John, and 2 Squadron
** 37 Service Battalion: Battalion headquarters and a composite logistics company
==Education==
=== Primary and secondary ===
Saint John is served by two school boards. One is the Anglophone board, known as the [[Anglophone South School District]], one of the four Anglophone [[K–12]] [[List of school districts in New Brunswick|school districts]] in New Brunswick, and headquartered in Saint John.<ref>{{cite web |title=LinkedIn Login, Sign in |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/asd-s/about/ |website=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New Brunswick, Canada |title=Anglophone School District Information |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/education/k12/content/anglophone_sector/anglophone.html |website=www2.gnb.ca|date=30 October 2014}}</ref> The other school board is the Francophone board, named the [[Francophone Sud School District]], which is based out of [[Dieppe, New Brunswick|Dieppe]] and serves Saint John's only Francophone school, [[École Samuel-de-Champlain]].
There are 25 [[State school|public]] K–12 schools in Saint John, with 24 being anglophone and one being francophone. The city is home to [[Saint John High School]], Canada's oldest publicly funded high school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/community/schools |website=Schools {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref> There is also [[Harbour View High School]], [[St. Malachy's Memorial High School]], and [[Simonds High School]].
=== Post-secondary ===
[[File:Commons unbsj 003.JPG|thumb|The Hans W. Klohn Commons at the University of New Brunswick]]
Saint John is home to a number of post-secondary institutions, including the smaller of the two campuses of the [[University of New Brunswick]], the Saint John campus (UNBSJ). Opened in 1969 and located next to the [[Saint John Regional Hospital]] near [[Millidgeville]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Sketch – Saint John Campus History |url=https://www.unb.ca/academics/calendar/undergraduate/current/historicalsketch/saintjohnhistoricalsketch.html |website=unb.ca |publisher=[[University of New Brunswick]] |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> the campus serves around 2,000 of UNB's total student body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 1: Total Enrolment by Province, Institution and Registration Status, 2017–2018 to 2021–2022 |url=http://www.mphec.ca/media/215535/Table1_Enrolment_2021-2022.pdf |website=mphec.ca |access-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923170519/http://www.mphec.ca/media/215535/Table1_Enrolment_2021-2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of its proximity to the hospital, the Saint John campus also houses Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick for [[Dalhousie University]] as well as the Gerald S Merrithew Allied Health Education Centre for the provincial community college.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://medicine.dal.ca/departments/core-units/DMNB/about.html |website=Dalhousie University |publisher=[[Dalhousie University]] |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=Government of New Brunswick, Canada |title=Official opening of NBCC's Allied Health Education Centre |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/news/news_release.2011.09.0949.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=www2.gnb.ca |date=1 Sep 2011}}</ref> Saint John also contains one of the campuses for the [[New Brunswick Community College]] as well as a campus for [[Eastern College (Atlantic Canada)|Eastern College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Campus |url=https://easterncollege.ca/locations/saint-john/ |website=Eastern College |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NBCC Saint John Campus |url=https://nbcc.ca/campuses/saint-john |website=nbcc.ca |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
In the fall of 2007, a report commissioned by the provincial government recommended UNBSJ and the NBCC be reformed and consolidated into a new polytechnic post-secondary institute. The proposal immediately came under heavy criticism and led to the organizing of several protests in the uptown area, citing the diminishment of UNB as a nationally accredited university, the reduction in accessibility to receive degrees – and these are only a couple of the reasons why the community was enraged by the recommendation. Support for keeping UNBSJ as it was, and expanding the university under its current structure, fell slightly below 90%. Seeing too much political capital would be lost, and several Saint John MPs were likely not to support the initiative if the policies recommended by the report were legislated, the government abandoned the commission's report and created an intra-provincial post-secondary commission.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Brunswick: Post-Secondary Education Report Ignites Firestorm of Opposition |url=https://bulletin-archives.caut.ca/bulletin/articles/2007/10/new-brunswick-post-secondary-education-report-ignites-firestorm-of-opposition |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=bulletin-archives.caut.ca |date=October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunney |first1=Joseph |title=In retrospect: Was Saint John polytechnic institute best option for New Brunswick? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/polytechnic-saint-john-university-of-new-brunswick-1.4551417 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
===Public library system===
{{main|Saint John Free Public Library}}
First opening on May 18, 1883,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Letson |first1=Cherise |title=Saint John Free Public Library celebrates 130 years this week |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1366564931 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=12 June 2013|id={{ProQuest|1366564931}} }}</ref> the Saint John Free Public Library was among Canada's first [[Public bookcase|free libraries]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silcox |first1=Ben |title=Saint John makerspace to feature programming equipment, 3D printer |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1895679763 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=3 February 2017 |id={{ProQuest|1895679763}}}}</ref> It first operated out of the [[Saint John City Market]] with a book inventory of 2,885. It temporarily relocated to the [[Saint John Masonic Temple]] before moving to a building funded by [[Andrew Carnegie]] and constructed in 1904, where it operated until moving to its present location in Market Square in 1983.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bartlett |first1=Bruce |title=Library has come a long way in the last 130 years |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1367471965 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=14 June 2013 |id={{ProQuest|1367471965}}}}</ref> The library currently maintains three branches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Free Public Library |url=https://marketsquaresj.com/relax-play/saint-john-free-public-library/ |website=marketsquaresj.com |publisher=Market Square |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=13 May 2015}}</ref>
==Labour==
===Canada's first trade union===
Saint John is often described as the birthplace of unionism in Canada and is one of the few pre-capitalist colonial settlements in North America. The city has a history of labour achievements and sparked the Canadian labour movement with Canada's first trade union, the Labourers' Benevolent Association (now International Longshoremen's Association Local 273). In 1849 the union was formed when Saint John's longshoremen banded together to lobby for regular pay and a shorter workday. One of their first resolutions was to apply to the city council for permission to erect the bell, which would announce the beginning and end of the labourers' 10-hour workday. As the bell shears were hardly finished when capitalists and merchants in the city objected to the bell and successfully lobbied city hall to keep the bell from being put up. But then, citizens and longshoremen defied the order and erected a larger bell and merchants withdrew their opposition to the "Labourers' Bell". ILA Local 273 remain one of the city's strongest trade unions to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=For Whom The Bells Toll|url=http://www.wfhathewaylabourexhibitcentre.ca/labour-history/for-whom-the-bells-toll/|publisher=Hatheway Labour Exhibit Center|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref>
===The Saint John Street Railwaymen's strike and riot of 1914===
[[File:1914 Saint John riot aftermath.jpg|thumb|1914 Saint John Railwaymen's Strike riot]]
The [[1914 Saint John street railway strike]] (sometimes called the ''Saint John street railwaymen's strike'')<ref name=Babcock>{{cite journal |last=Babcock |first=Robert H. |date=January 1982 |title=The Saint John Street Railwaymen's Strike and Riot, 1914 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/11570/0 |journal=[[Acadiensis]] |publisher=[[University of New Brunswick]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |issn=0044-5851 |access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref> was a [[strike action|strike]] by workers on the street railway system in the city which lasted from July 22 to 24, 1914, with rioting by Saint John inhabitants occurring on July 23 and 24. The strike was important for shattering the image of Saint John as a conservative town dominated primarily by ethnic and religious (rather than class) divisions, and highlighting tensions between railway industrialists and the local working population.
===October 14, 1976: The Saint John General Strike===
The Saint John General Strike of 1976 was a result of the Bill C-73 passed by Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and the House of Commons in Ottawa on October 14, 1975. This bill limited wage increases to 8% the first year, 6% the second year, and 4% the third year after its enactment. Most provinces of Canada accepted the bill by spring of 1976, but within eighteen months they began to withdraw from the program. After its introduction in 1975, it was not until 1976 that the Anti-Inflation Board (AIB) began to roll back workers' wages. The employees of Irving Pulp and Paper, members of the Canadian Paper Workers Union, were among the first to experience the roll backs implemented by the AIB. The paper workers were required to give back to the employer 9.8% of their previous wage increase the first year, and 11% the second year. The Atlantic Sugar Refinery workers of the Bakery and Confectionary Workers International Union of America soon felt the burden as well. The majority of workers within Saint John were influenced by the AIB by January 1976. On February 5, 1976, the Saint John District and the Labour Council held a conference to plan an organized opposition to the AIB. Fifty-two people came to the meeting as representatives of twenty-six unions in Saint John. The council was led by the Labour Council president, George Vair. They began by educating those present on wage control legislation, but swiftly transitioned into rallying and demonstrating in opposition throughout the city. Five thousand marched from numerous ends of the town to King Square. All major industries in Saint John were shut down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian workers strike against wage controls, 1976|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/canadian-workers-strike-against-wage-controls-1976|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref>
===The Irving Oil Refinery strike, 1994–1996===
On May 12, 1994, at 4:30 pm, members of Local 691 of the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers (CEP) union at the Irving Oil Ltd. Refinery went on strike. At this time the refinery's management took over its operations. Irving had argued the refinery might have to shut down and had to bring in a bevy of rollbacks to the workers' pay and benefits and other changes to the collective agreement. Local 691 argued Irving simply wished to lengthen the work week without paying workers overtime rates. The strike lasted 27 months and was based on Irving's demands for flexibility of the workers to ensure the refinery was competitive. The strike is seen as symbolic of a rollback of labour and democratic collective bargaining rights that have been in decline across North America.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steuter|first1=Erin|last2=Martin|first2=Geoff|title=The Myth of the Competitive Challenge: The Irving Oil Refinery Strike, 1994–96 and the Canadian Petroleum Industry|url=http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/article/view/6728|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref>
== Media ==
{{main|Media in Saint John, New Brunswick}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
===Print===
Saint John's daily newspaper is the ''[[Telegraph-Journal]]'', which was previously owned by [[J. D. Irving]] under their Saint John-based publishing company [[Brunswick News]], until its acquisition by [[Postmedia Network]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Hadeel |title=Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=18 February 2022}}</ref> The newspaper was created in 1923, following the merger of ''The Daily Journal'' and ''The Daily Telegraph and The Sun'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Telegraph Journal (1923) |url=https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/telegraph-journal-1923 |website=[[University of New Brunswick]] |publisher=New Brunswick Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref> which itself was created from the merging of ''The Sun'' and ''Daily Telegraph''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Daily Telegraph and The Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1910) |url=https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/daily-telegraph-and-sun-saint-john-new-brunswick-1910 |website=[[University of New Brunswick]] |publisher=New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref> Additionally, the University of New Brunswick Saint John campus (UNBSJ) has a [[Student publication|student newspaper]] ''The Baron''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Nipun |title=Student newspaper at UNB Saint John goes back to the future with print editions |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/university-of-new-brunswick-saint-john-the-baron-1.7172033 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=13 April 2024}}</ref> The city was also home to ''[[Huddle (website)|Huddle]]'', a [[Business journalism|business news]] website which published from 2015 to 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=Andrew |title=Saint John-based online business publication Huddle shuts down |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/business/saint-john-based-online-business-publication-huddle-shuts-down-100877347/ |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |publisher=[[SaltWire]] |date=July 26, 2023}}</ref>
One of the first [[Black Canadian]] magazines, ''[[Neith (magazine)|Neith]]'', was published in Saint John in 1903–1904 by [[Abraham Beverley Walker]].<ref name="Modernist">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Billy |title=Introduction to Neith |url=https://www.modernistmags.ca/mags/neith/intro/ |website=Canadian Modernist Magazines Project |access-date=6 June 2024 |date=October 2022}}</ref>
=== Television ===
Saint John's [[television market]] is served by two stations, those being [[CHNB-DT]] ([[Global Television Network|Global]]) and [[CKLT-DT]] ([[CTV Television Network|CTV]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stations for Saint John, New Brunswick |url=https://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=print_market&mktid=272 |website=rabbitears.info}}</ref> CHNB-DT is operated in [[Brunswick Square (building complex)|Brunswick Square]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CHNB-DT {{!}} History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://broadcasting-history.com/listing_and_histories/television/chnb-dt |website=broadcasting-history.com}}</ref>
=== Radio ===
Saint John is served by both anglophone and francophone radio stations, with all but one being [[FM broadcasting|FM]] broadcast. Music [[Radio broadcasting|stations]] include [[CHWV-FM]], ([[hot adult contemporary]]), [[CIOK-FM]] ([[adult contemporary]]), [[CJRP-FM]] ([[Christian contemporary]]), [[CJYC-FM]] ([[classic hits]]), [[CHNI-FM]] ([[classic rock|classic]]/[[active rock]]), [[CHSJ-FM]] and [[CFBC]] (both [[country music|country]]), and [[CINB-FM]] ([[oldies]]/[[classic hits]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Andy |title=New Brunswick – Canadian Radio Directory – Radio Stations |url=https://www.canadianradiodirectory.com/new-brunswick/ |website=Canadian Radio Directory |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> Francophone stations include [[CHQC-FM]] ([[community radio]]) as well as two other [[Broadcast relay station|rebroadcast]] stations [[CBAL-FM-4]] ([[classical music|classical]]/[[jazz music]]) and [[CBAF-FM-1]] ([[All-news radio|news]]/[[Talk radio|talk]]). The third rebroadcast station in the city, [[CBZ-FM]], is anglophone.
Saint John also has one anglophone news/talk station [[CBD-FM]] as well as one [[campus radio]] station [[CFMH-FM]] for the [[University of New Brunswick]] Saint John campus (UNBSJ).
==Transportation==
[[File:Uptown Saint John, from Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Looking east on the Saint John Throughway, right before the Harbour Bridge and the now closed (since 2011) toll plaza]]
[[File:Saint John Transit Bus 2023.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Saint John Transit]] bus in uptown]]
===Air===
Air service into Saint John is provided by the [[Saint John Airport]], near Loch Lomond {{convert|8|NM|lk=in}} east northeast of the central business district<ref name="CFS">{{CFS}}</ref> or approximately {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} by road northeast of the city centre. Flights are offered by [[Sunwing Airlines]] (seasonal) and [[Air Canada]] ([[Air Canada Express]] and [[Air Canada Rouge]]). In 2011, [[WestJet]] decided to withdraw from the Saint John Airport. Quebec-based [[Pascan Aviation]] announced its expansion into Saint John in late 2012, with direct flights from Saint John to Quebec City, Newfoundland, and other destinations beginning in September 2012. [[Porter Airlines]] flies once daily from Saint John, to Ottawa and Toronto Island Airport.<ref>{{cite web|title=PASCAN Aviation confirms its schedule of flights from Saint John, NB starting September 17|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1018667/pascan-aviation-confirms-its-schedule-of-flights-from-saint-john-nb-starting-september-17|publisher=Canada Newswire|access-date=August 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111535/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1018667/pascan-aviation-confirms-its-schedule-of-flights-from-saint-john-nb-starting-september-17|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Highways===
The main highway in the city is the Saint John Throughway ([[New Brunswick Route 1|Route 1]]). Route 1 extends west to the [[United States]] border, and northeast towards both [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[Nova Scotia]]. A second major highway, [[New Brunswick Route 7|Route 7]], connects Saint John with [[Fredericton]]. There are two main road crossings over the Saint John River: the [[Saint John Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] and the [[Reversing Falls Bridge]], approximately {{convert|1|nmi|km|lk=in}} upstream.
===Rail===
Prior to 1918, rail travel to and from Saint John would be carried out through the [[Intercolonial Railway]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulhall |first1=James M. |title=Tourists' guide to Saint John and the province of New Brunswick |date=1888 |publisher=Canada Railway News Company |location=Saint John |page=28 |url=https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.27278/ |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>
The [[Reversing Falls Railway Bridge]] carries rail traffic for the [[New Brunswick Southern Railway]] on the route from Saint John to [[Maine]]. Saint John was serviced by the [[Atlantic (train)|"Atlantic" Line]] of [[Via Rail]] passenger service. Passenger rail service in Saint John was discontinued in December 1994, although the [[Canadian National Railway]] and New Brunswick Southern Railway continue to provide freight service.
===Port and ferries===
Port Saint John is located where the Saint John River meets the Atlantic Ocean. Thus both the ocean and the river system is navigable from Saint John docks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sjport.com/facilities-and-operations/ |title=Facilities and Operations |date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Port Saint John |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> [[Bay Ferries]] operates a ferry service, {{MV|Fundy Rose}}, across the Bay of Fundy to [[Digby, Nova Scotia]].
The [[Summerville to Millidgeville Ferry|Summerville-Millidgeville Ferry]], a seasonal toll-free ferry service operated by the [[New Brunswick Department of Transportation]], connects the [[Millidgeville, New Brunswick|Millidgeville]] neighbourhood with Summerville, located across the [[Kennebecasis River]] on the [[Kingston Peninsula]]. Operating from April until the winter season,<ref>{{cite web |title=Summerville-Millidgeville Ferry |url=https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/listing/summerville-millidgeville-ferry |website=tourismnewbrunswick.ca |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> the service uses the ''Peninsula Princess'', a ferry which, unlike other toll-free ferries in the region, is self-[[propeller|propelled]] rather than a [[cable ferry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=Ferry tale: How cable ferries became a way of life in southern N.B. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-ferry-schedule-times-1.6990528 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
===Public transit===
{{main|Saint John Transit}}
Saint John Transit is the largest transit system in New Brunswick in both area coverage and ridership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/transit/organization |publisher=Saint John Transit |title=Organization |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Bus service is provided by [[Saint John Transit]] (Greater Saint John Area) and [[Maritime Bus]] (Inter-city). [[Acadian Lines]] used to operate regular inter-city bus services between New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Bangor, as well as [[Rivière-du-Loup]], [[Quebec]] (connecting with [[Orléans Express]]). Maritime Bus has since replaced Acadian Lines as the regional bus service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news957.com/local/2012/10/25/uarb-names-bus-company-to-replace-acadian-lines/ |title=UARB names bus company to replace Acadian Lines |date=25 October 2012 |publisher=Rogers |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
==Sports==
[[File:TD Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[TD Station]] is home to the city's Quebec Major Junior hockey team, [[Saint John Sea Dogs]], and the [[Saint John Riptide]] of the [[National Basketball League of Canada]]]]
{{Expand section|date=August 2023}}
Saint John has been home to multiple provincial, junior league and professional sports teams, including the [[Saint John Sea Dogs]] ([[Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League]]), the former [[Saint John Riptide]] ([[National Basketball League of Canada]]), the Saint John Irish ([[New Brunswick Rugby Union]]), the Saint John Trojans ([[New Brunswick Rugby Union]]), and the Saint John Alpines ([[New Brunswick Senior Baseball League]]). The [[Port City Power]], an upcoming professional basketball team and the first Canadian team that will be in [[The Basketball League]], is also based in Saint John.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Regis |title=Saint John's newest basketball team announced |url=https://www.country94.ca/2024/07/31/saint-johns-newest-basketball-team-announced/ |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=[[Country 94]] |date=July 31, 2024}}</ref>
The following sporting events have been held in Saint John:
* The [[2022 Memorial Cup]], the national tournament of the [[Canadian Hockey League]] took place here after two years of absence due to the pandemic, with the Saint John Sea Dogs winning the championship.
* The [[Saint John Flames]] of the [[American Hockey League|AHL]] played here from 1993 to 2003, winning the [[Calder Cup]] in 2000–2001
* 1999 [[World Curling Championships]] ([[1999 World Men's Curling Championship|Men]] and [[1999 World Women's Curling Championship|Women]]) & [[2014 World Women's Curling Championship]]
* 1998 [[World Junior Figure Skating Championships]]
* 1997 [[AHL All-Star Game]]
* 1995 [[Skate Canada International]]
* 1988 [[World Blitz Chess Championship#1988 World Blitz Championship|World Blitz Chess Championship]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/1ff9e812e7ddf3b78d47be70d0ec351e |title=World Champion Eliminated From Blitz Chess Tournament |first=David |last=Goodman |author-link=David S. Goodman |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=February 20, 1988 |access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
* 1985 [[Canada Games]]
Collegiately, Saint John is home to the [[Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association|ACAA]] [[UNB Saint John Seawolves]], the athletic team representing UNBSJ. The team has six varsity sports: basketball, soccer and volleyball, for both men and women.<ref>{{cite news |title=About our varsity teams |url=https://www.unb.ca/saintjohn/athletics/varsity/index.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[University of New Brunswick]]}}</ref>
==Twin/sister cities==
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]], [[Maine]], United States (1987).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tremble |first1=T.J. |title=Saint John, Bangor become 'sisters' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/665420549/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Bangor Daily News |date=23 May 1987}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shantou]], China (1997).<ref>{{cite web |title=International Connections |url=https://english.shantou.gov.cn/english/%EF%BB%BFoverview/connections/ |website=english.shantou.gov.cn |publisher=[[Shantou]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae, Gangwon|Donghae]], South Korea (2008).<ref>{{cite news |last1=team |first1=KoreanDogs org |title=Sister City Campaign Center (Non-US) |url=https://koreandogs.org/sister-city-campaign-center-non-us/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=Stop the Dog and Cat Consumption in S. Korea! |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Koper]], Slovenia (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/iiapublications/SmartBook/Documents/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31.pdf|title=Report: Visit of the Honourable Noël A. Kinsella, Speaker of the Senate, and a Parliamentary Delegation, to the Holy See, Romania and Slovenia|page=17|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=January 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234729/http://www.parl.gc.ca/iiapublications/SmartBook/Documents/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31.pdf|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cleslo.com/News/north-america/st-john-and-koper-become-sister-cities.shtml |title=Saint John – The city has a twin on the Adriatic Sea|access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newport Destination Guide |url=https://res.cloudinary.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/newportri/2017_DiscoverNewport_DestinationGuide_20a194d1-4ad9-42a4-a10b-cad7fe072e79.pdf |publisher=Newport |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Canada}}
* [[List of people from Saint John, New Brunswick]]
* [[Bank of New Brunswick]]: the first chartered bank in Canada.
* The [[Paris Crew]]: Canada's first international sporting champions (rowing), 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paris-crew/| title = Paris Crew |first=Margaret |last=Irving |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia| access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
===References===
{{reflist|1=30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Saint John, New Brunswick}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Subdivisions of New Brunswick}}
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}}
{{IBWaterDiv}}
{{Saint John River}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Saint John, New Brunswick| ]]
[[Category:1631 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:Acadian history]]
[[Category:Cities in New Brunswick]]
[[Category:Communities in Greater Saint John]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Canada]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1631]]
[[Category:New Brunswick populated places on the Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns on the Canadian Atlantic coast]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Redirect-distinguish|Saint John, Canada|St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saint John
| official_name = The City of Saint John{{efn|This is the legal name in both English and French.}}
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in New Brunswick|City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
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| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Saint John, NB, skyline at dusk12.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline of Uptown Saint John
| image2 = Imperial Theatre 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]]
| image3 = Douglas Ave 017.jpg
| caption3 = [[New Brunswick Museum]]
| image4 = June 2009 Reversing Falls Bridge.jpg
| caption4 = [[Reversing Falls Bridge]]
| image5 = Saint John City Market (21714657379).jpg
| caption5 = [[Saint John City Market]]
| image6 = Saint John New Brunswick street scape, Germain St..jpg
| caption6 = Germain Street row houses
| image7 = BANDSTAND.JPG
| caption7 = [[King's Square, Saint John|King's Square]] }}
| image_size = 250px
| image_blank_emblem = City of Saint John logo.jpg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_shield = Saint_John,_New_Brunswick_Coat_of_Arms.png
| nickname = [[List of city nicknames in Canada#New Brunswick|"Port City"]]<ref>Common Council Minutes – February 8, 2016</ref>
| motto = "O Fortunati Quorum Jam Moenia Surgunt"<br />([[Latin]] for, "O Fortunate Ones Whose Walls Are Now Rising." <br /> or "O Happy They, Whose Promised Walls Already Rise")
| pushpin_map = New Brunswick#Canada
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Saint John
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| subdivision_type2 = Historic countries
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kingdom of France]]<br />[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br />[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| subdivision_type3 = County
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saint John County, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
| subdivision_type4 = Parish
| subdivision_name4 = City of Saint John<ref>{{cite web|title=Territorial Divisions Act (section 27(a))|url=http://laws.gnb.ca/en/showdoc/cs/T-3/ga:s_17#anchorga:s_17|publisher=The Province of New Brunswick, through the Queen's Printer|access-date=February 7, 2016|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817213211/http://laws.gnb.ca/en/showdoc/cs/T-3/ga:s_17#anchorga:s_17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_title = Founded on
| established_date = June 24, 1604<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john/|title=Saint John|first=Elizabeth W.|last=McGahan}}</ref>
| established_title2 = Major Settlement Started
| established_date2 = 1783<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>
| established_title3 = Incorporation
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1785|05|18}}
| named_for = [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Donna Reardon]]
| leader_title1 = Governing body
| leader_name1 = [[Saint John City Council]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census2021"/>
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 = 315.59
| area_urban_km2 = 70.05
| area_metro_km2 = 3,505.66
| elevation_min_m = 0
| population_total = 69,895<ref name="census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Saint%20John&DGUIDlist=2021A00051301006&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census: Saint John, New Brunswick|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 221.5
| population_urban = 63,447<ref name=2021urban>{{cite web |title=Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population. |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=saint%20john&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S05100734&HEADERlist=1 |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=May 24, 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 905.8
| population_metro = 130,613<ref name=2021metro>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census: Saint John [Census metropolitan area], New Brunswick |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503310&HEADERlist=1&SearchText=Saint%20John |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 37.3
| population_blank1_title = City Pop {{small|2016–2021}}
| population_blank1 = {{increase}} 3.4%
| population_blank2_title = Dwellings
| population_blank2 = 31825
| population_demonym = Saint Johner, Saint-Jeannois(e), Johner (colloquial)
| postal_code_type = Canadian Postal code
| postal_code = [[List of E Postal Codes of Canada|E]]2H, E2J, E2K, E2L, E2M, E2N, E2P, E2R, and E2S
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_codes = [[Area codes 506 and 428|506 and 428]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]] (Saint John {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]6.4 billion (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |title=Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) |date=27 January 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Saint John {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2 = CA$51,021 (2016)
| website = {{Official URL}}
| pushpin_label = Saint John
| leader_title2 = [[House of Commons of Canada|MPs]]
| leader_name2 = [[Wayne Long]] {{small|([[Liberal Party of Canada|Lib.]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick|MLAs]]
| leader_name3 = {{Plainlist |
* [[John Dornan (politician)|John Dornan]] {{small|([[New Brunswick Liberal Association|Lib.]])}}
* [[Kate Elman Wilcott]] {{small|(Lib.)}}
* [[David Hickey (politician)|David Hickey]] {{small|(Lib.)}}
* [[Ian Lee (politician)|Ian Lee]] {{small|([[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|PC]])}}
* [[Glen Savoie]] {{small|(PC)}}}}
| elevation_max_m = 80.8
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}}
'''Saint John''' is a [[port#seaport|seaport]] city located on the [[Bay of Fundy]] in the province of [[New Brunswick]], Canada. It is Canada's oldest [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] city,{{efn|While other cities throughout [[Canada]] were founded as communities earlier, Saint John was the first to be officially incorporated as a city.}} established by royal charter on May 18, 1785, during the reign of [[George III]].<ref name="CanEncycl">{{cite web |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john/ |title=Saint John, NB |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> The port is Canada's third-largest by tonnage with a cargo base that includes dry and liquid bulk, [[Breakbulk cargo|break bulk]], containers, and cruise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Port Saint John reports 2016 tonnage|url=https://www.sjport.com/port-saint-john-reports-2016-tonnage/|access-date=July 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114258/https://www.sjport.com/port-saint-john-reports-2016-tonnage/|archive-date=July 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city has a strong industrial base, including oil refining and manufacturing, matched with finance and tourism sectors and research institutions such as the [[New Brunswick Museum]] and the [[University of New Brunswick]].
French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] landed at [[Saint John Harbour]] on June 24, 1604, the feast of St. [[John the Baptist]], and named the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] in his honour;<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ratchford |first1=Sarah |last2=McGahan |first2=Elizabeth W. |date=September 10, 2012 |title=Saint John |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/community/history |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=History {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref> the indigenous [[Mi'kmaq]] and [[Maliseet|Wolastoqiyik]] peoples called the river "Wolastoq". The Saint John area was an important area for trade and defence for [[Acadia]] during the French colonial era, and Fort La Tour, in the city's harbour, was a pivotal battleground during the [[Acadian Civil War]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |title=Fortune & La Tour: The civil war in Acadia |date=1983 |publisher=Toronto: Methuen.}}</ref>
After more than a century of ownership disputes between the French and English over the land surrounding Saint John, the British government [[Expulsion of the Acadians|deported the Acadians]] in 1755 following the destruction of [[Fort Menagoueche]], which was reconstructed as [[Fort Frederick (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Fort Frederick]]. Following the pillaging and burning of Fort Frederick by American Privateers, [[Fort Howe]] was constructed across the river above the harbour in 1779. In 1785, the City of Saint John was established by uniting the two communities of Parr-town<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutional Discrimination in the 1785 Saint John Royal Charter {{!}} The Loyalist Collection |url=https://loyalist.lib.unb.ca/atlantic-loyalist-connections/institutional-discrimination-1785-saint-john-royal-charter |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=loyalist.lib.unb.ca}}</ref> and [[Carleton, New Brunswick|Carleton]] on either side of the harbour after the arrival of thousands of refugees from the newly founded United States who wished to remain British after the [[American Revolution]]. During the next century, immigration via [[Partridge Island, Saint John County|Partridge Island]], especially during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], would fundamentally change the city's demographics and culture.
==History==
{{Main|History of Saint John, New Brunswick}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Blacksmith Shop Behind Custom House.jpg|thumb|left|A blacksmith shop near Saint John Harbour during the late 19th century.]]
The Saint John area had been inhabited by peoples of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] for thousands of years. The northwestern coastal region of the [[Bay of Fundy]] was home to the [[Passamaquoddy]] Nation, while the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] valley north of the bay became the domain of the [[Maliseet|Wolastoqiyik]] Nation. The [[Mi'kmaq]] also frequented the Saint John area due to the harbour and coast being an important hunting ground for seals. The area around the harbour, where the city is, has been traditionally called Menahkwesk by the Wolastoqiyik people, who continue to reside in and around the city. In precolonial times, the Wolastoqiyik lived in mostly self-sustaining villages living largely off bass, sturgeon, salmon, corn, wild roots and berries.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |title=Saint John |publisher=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>
In 1604, [[Samuel de Champlain]] landed at [[Saint John Harbour]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Underrated Saint John, New Brunswick |url=https://www.bbc.com/storyworks/your-discovery/underrated-saint-john-new-brunswick |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref> though he did not settle the area. Saint John played a crucial role in trade and defense for [[Acadia]] during the French colonial era, with Fort La Tour in the city's harbour becoming a pivotal battleground during the [[Acadian Civil War]].<ref name="auto"/> At the end of the [[Seven Years' War]], the British took the region from the French.
The population of Saint John grew with immigration from the former [[Thirteen Colonies]] and Europe. In 1785, Saint John became the first incorporated city in what is now Canada.<ref name="CanEncycl" /> Immigration led to the building of North America's first quarantine station, [[Partridge Island, New Brunswick|Partridge Island]].<ref name="Canada's First City: Saint John">{{cite book |title=Canada's First City: Saint John |year=1962 |publisher=Lingley Printing |location=Saint John, N.B. |pages=30}}</ref>
[[File:Marcopoloclipper.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Marco Polo (1851 ship)|Marco Polo]]'']]
The city became a shipyard of global stature, producing vessels such as the 1851 ship {{ship||Marco Polo|1851 ship|2}}, which became the fastest in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-brunswick.net/marcopolo/historic.html |title=The Ship ''Marco Polo'' |access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> and witnessing the development of the automated [[foghorn]] by [[Robert Foulis (inventor)|Robert Foulis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Glaswegians – Robert Foulis, Jr. |url=http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-fame_Robert_Foulis_Jr.html |website=Glasgow Guide |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225819/http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-fame_Robert_Foulis_Jr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:The city of St. John, New Brunswick.tif|thumb|left|[[Bird's-eye view]] of Saint John in 1882]]
As the city grew in strategic importance to English power and capital, unrest grew among many of its working class. Black Saint Johners faced restrictions on trade, fishing and voting, compelling the majority of the city's Black community to settle in Portland (the city's north end), which later became amalgamated with Saint John.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia"/> In 1849, Canada's first labour union, the Laborer's Benevolent Association (now ILA local 273) was formed by [[longshoremen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfhathewaylabourexhibitcentre.ca/labour-history/for-whom-the-bells-toll/|title=For Whom The Bells Toll|publisher=Hatheway Labour Exhibit Center}}</ref> Between 1840 and 1860, [[sectarian]] violence became rampant in Saint John as tensions escalated in response to the poor living conditions of poor [[Irish Catholics]], resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winder |first1=Gordon M.|title=Trouble in the North End: The Geography of Social Violence in Saint John 1840–1860 |journal=Acadiensis |date=2000 |volume=XXIX|issue= 2 Spring|page=27|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/acadiensis/article/view/10782/11551}}</ref> Saint John experienced a [[cholera]] outbreak in 1854 that claimed over 1,500 lives,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bilson|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Cholera Epidemic in Saint John, N.B., 1854|journal=Acadiensis|date=1974|volume=4|issue=1|pages=85–99 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/viewFile/11369/12119}}</ref> as well as the [[Great Fire of Saint John]] in 1877 that destroyed 40% of the city and left 13,000 people homeless.<ref name="NewYorkTimes">{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Richard |title=In Saint John in Canada, Exploring the Legacy of the Loyalists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/travel/st-john-new-brunswick-canada-legacy-of-british-loyalists.html |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Although the fire caused damages exceeding $10 million (equivalent to approximately $256 million today),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collins |first1=Donald|title=Weary city resurfaces from ashes: In the weeks and months following the Great Fire of 1877, Saint John people and businesses persevered|url=http://new-brunswick.net/Saint_John/greatfire/greatfire2.html|website=newbrunswick.net|publisher=Telegraph-Journal (New Brunswick)|access-date=June 25, 2014|date=June 20, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f50oAQAAMAAJ|title=Scientific American, "St. John, N.B., Burned"|date=1877-07-07|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=3}}</ref> Saint John quickly embarked on rebuilding. Nevertheless, the aftermath prompted many residents to leave the city.<ref name="NewYorkTimes"/>
==Geography and climate==
===Physical geography===
[[File:St Martins NB covered bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Covered bridges dot the Greater Saint John region.]]
Situated in the south-central portion of the province, along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy at the mouth of the Saint John River, the city is split by the south-flowing river and the east side is bordered on the north by the Kennebecasis River where it meets the Saint John River at Grand Bay. Saint John Harbour, where the two rivers meet the Bay of Fundy, is a deep water port and ice-free all year long. Partridge Island is in the harbour. The city land area is {{convert|315.96|sqkm|abbr=on}}, and the metropolitan area covers {{convert|3509.62|sqkm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=CMACA&Code2=310&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=310&TABID=1&type=0 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
Stonehammer [[UNESCO]] Geopark, the first Geopark in North America, is centred around Saint John. The Geopark has been recognized by UNESCO as having exceptional geological significance. The park contains rock formations that date back to the Precambrian era and some of the rocks may be a billion years old.
The Saint John River itself flows into the [[Bay of Fundy]] through a narrow gorge several hundred metres wide at the centre of the city. It contains a unique phenomenon called the [[Reversing Falls]] where the diurnal tides of the bay reverse the water flow of the river for several kilometres. A series of underwater ledges at the narrowest point of this gorge also create a series of rapids.
The topography surrounding Saint John is hilly; a result of the influence of two coastal mountain ranges which run along the Bay of Fundy – the ''St. Croix Highlands'' and the ''Caledonia Highlands''. The soil throughout the region is extremely rocky with frequent granite outcrops. The coastal plain hosts numerous freshwater lakes in the eastern, western and northern parts of the city.
In Saint John the height difference from low to high [[tide]] is approximately 8 metres (28 ft) due to the funnelling effect of the Bay of Fundy as it narrows. The Reversing Falls in Saint John, actually an area of strong rapids, provides one example of the power of these tides; at every high tide, ocean water is pushed through a narrow gorge in the middle of the city and forces the Saint John River to reverse its flow for several hours.
===Architecture===
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{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Saint John, New Brunswick}}
Saint John, especially in its Uptown region, features a multitude of architectural styles spanning from the 19th and early 20th centuries, with residences and buildings containing [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]], and [[Second Empire style|Second Empire]] architectural styles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arif |first1=Hassan |title=Saint John: Photos of an underappreciated city |url=http://spacing.ca/atlantic/2016/07/21/saint-john-underappreciated-city-photo-essay/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=Spacing Atlantic |date=21 July 2016}}</ref> Over time, the city would see the use of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]], [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]], [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]], Second Empire and [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]] style architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architectural Styles in Saint John 1785–1915 |url=https://saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=ba37d406829a4e16854c84990937d229 |website=saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com |publisher=[[City of Saint John]] |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>
As Saint John rebuilt from the [[Great Fire of Saint John|Great Fire]] in 1877, buildings would start to be constructed using brick and stone rather than wood.<ref>{{cite news |title=SAINT JOHN. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KRKAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Montreal Herald |date=24 June 1889}}</ref> During the late 19th to early 20th centuries, the most popular styles in the city were [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] architecture. In 1911, a proposed city hall was to share [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and Second Empire architectural styles. Over time, the city would no longer adopt some of these styles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music of the Eye II: Architectural Drawings of Saint John and Its Region |url=https://www.nbm-mnb.ca/exhibition/music-of-the-eye-ii-architectural-drawings-of-saint-john-and-its-region/ |website=NBM-MNB |publisher=New Brunswick Museum |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> Buildings in Saint John also feature stone carvings and sculptures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=The story behind Saint John's strange stone carvings |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/chubbs-corner-gargoyles-saint-john-architecture-1.4483196 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=CBC |date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Visit Saint John and Discover Saint Awesome |url=https://www.maritimesmaven.com/new-blog-1/2020/8/26/visit-saint-john-and-discover-saint-awesome |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=MARITIMES MAVEN |date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
In 1982, Saint John introduced the [[Trinity Royal Heritage Conservation Area]], which serves to preserve historic districts and buildings in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinity Royal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/512376198/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[National Post]] |date=14 May 1983 |page=53}}</ref> The Saint John Preservation Areas By-Law regulates exterior work done to these properties in a way that preserves the historic architecture in buildings built prior to 1915.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trinity Royal – The Historic Heart of Saint John |url=http://www.trinityroyal.com/BH-by-law.cfm |access-date=6 March 2024 |date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010155048/http://www.trinityroyal.com/BH-by-law.cfm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Only a few modern monoliths mar Saint John's skyline |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/424051694/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=25 April 1992 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Saint John blends old and new in renewal of its city centre |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/426009536/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=14 May 2005 |page=133}}</ref>
[[File:Germain Street Brunswick Square and Office Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Brunswick Square office tower]]
[[File:SaintJohnMarketExterior.jpg|thumb|[[Saint John City Market]]]]
List of buildings in Saint John:
* Courtney Bay Smokestacks (each {{convert|106.7|m|abbr=on}})
* [[Brunswick Square (building complex)|Brunswick Square]] ({{convert|80.8|m|abbr=on}}) 19-storey office tower with {{convert|511032|ft2|abbr=on}} which was built in 1976. It is the largest office building in New Brunswick in terms of square footage and second in Atlantic Canada behind the [[Maritime Centre (Halifax)|Maritime Centre]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]].
* [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]] (Gothic style Catholic cathedral, construction began in 1853, its spire rises to {{convert|70.1|m|abbr=on}})
* [[Saint John City Hall]] ({{convert|55.2|m|abbr=on}}) 16-storey office building ({{convert|165000|ft2|abbr=on}})
* Brunswick House ({{convert|52|m|abbr=on}}) 14-storey office building ({{convert|103000|ft2|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.commercial-properties.ca/selectedproperties/brunswickhouse.html|title= Commercial Properties|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120419075422/http://www.commercial-properties.ca/selectedproperties/brunswickhouse.html|archive-date= April 19, 2012}}</ref>
* Irving Building ({{convert|50|m|abbr=on}}) 14-storey office building<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jdirving.com|title= JD Irving}}</ref>
* Harbourside Senior Citizens Housing Complex ({{convert|43|m|abbr=on}}) 12-storey apartment building
* Harbour Building ({{convert|37|m|abbr=on}}) 10-storey office building
* Mercantile Centre ({{convert|30|m|abbr=on}}) 7-storey office building ({{convert|106600|ft2|abbr=on}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbre.ca/|title=Canada|website=cbre.ca}}</ref>
* Chateau Saint John 8-storey hotel (112 rooms)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chateausaintjohn.ca/en/|title=Home|website=chateausaintjohn.ca}}</ref>
* [[Saint John City Market|City Market]] (built in 1876, oldest city market in North America, with an original ship's hull roof design)
* [[Loyalist House]] (built in 1817)
* [[Irving Oil Home Office]] (2019) 11-storey office building
===Parks and nature===
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Saint John is home to the historic [[King's Square, Saint John|King's Square]], an [[urban park]] located in the city's Uptown region.<ref>{{cite web |title=King's Square |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/kings-square |website=King's Square {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref> Multiple historic buildings are located by the park, including the [[Saint John City Market]], the [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], as well as the former [[Admiral Beatty Hotel]]. King's Square's counterpart, Queen Square, is another urban park located a few blocks south from it.<ref name="QueenSquareSJ">{{cite web |title=Queen Square |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/queen-square |website=saintjohn.ca |publisher=City of Saint John, New Brunswick |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> Queen Square features an annual outdoor [[farmers market]] which runs through the summer months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen Square Farmers Market {{!}} Discover Saint John |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/event/queen-square-farmers-market |website=discoversaintjohn.com |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=MacRae |first1=Avery |title=Queen's Square Farmers Market drawing big crowds early in the season |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/queen-s-square-farmers-market-drawing-big-crowds-early-in-the-season-1.6436826 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=11 June 2023}}</ref>
Located in west Saint John is the [[Irving Nature Park]], located in the city's west side and measuring {{convert|600|acre|hectare}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Irving Nature Park |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/irving-nature-park |website=Irving Nature Park {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explore the Irving Nature Park {{!}} Discover Saint John |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/place/explore-irving-nature-park |website=discoversaintjohn.com}}</ref> Saint John is also home to [[Rockwood Park (Saint John, New Brunswick)|Rockwood Park]], a large municipal park located to the east of the [[Millidgeville, New Brunswick|Millidgeville]] neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rockwood Park |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/parks-and-recreation/parks-and-trails/rockwood-park |website=saintjohn.ca |publisher=City of Saint John, New Brunswick |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> Designed in the 19th century by [[landscape designer]] [[Calvert Vaux]], one of the designers for [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rockwood Park |url=https://stonehammergeopark.com/geosites/rockwood-park/ |website=Stonehammer UNESCO Global Geopark |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> It features 2,200 acres of park area, ten lakes, and 55 trails and footpaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROCKWOOD PARK |url=https://www.rockwoodpark.ca/ |website=rockwoodpark.ca |publisher=Rockwood Park |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
===Neighbourhoods===
[[File:Row houses in Saint John.JPG|thumb|right|Row houses in Saint John]]
According to Saint John mapping data, the city has 33 neighborhoods categorized into four groups: North, East, South and West.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neighbourhoods |url=https://catalogue-saintjohn.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/338f69c642454516b877085043966e96_0/explore?location=45.285098%2C-66.029587%2C12.52 |website=catalogue-saintjohn.opendata.arcgis.com |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neighbourhoods |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods |website=saintjohn.ca |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
* North: North End (mostly the former city of [[Portland Parish, New Brunswick|Portland]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=North End |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/north-end |website=North End |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=26 June 2022}}</ref> Pokiok,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3129 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Douglas Avenue, Churchill Boulevard, Cedar Point,<ref>{{cite web |title=Millidgeville/Cedar Point |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/millidgevillecedar-point |website=Millidgeville/Cedar Point |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=15 May 2022}}</ref> [[Millidgeville]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2586 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Mount Pleasant,<ref>{{cite news |title=Demolition of Mount Pleasant homes is 'quite sad' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/demolition-of-mount-pleasant-homes-is-quite-sad-1.1378525 |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=CBC |date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> Kennebecasis Bay, and Brookville.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=469 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brookville-Glen">{{cite web |title=Brookville/Glen Falls |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/brookvilleglen-falls |website=Brookville/Glen Falls |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Cedar Point is the site of the city's only completely French school and community centre, [[École Samuel-de-Champlain|Centre Scolaire Communautaire Samuel-de-Champlain]]. The area includes one of Canada's largest urban parks, [[Rockwood Park, Saint John|Rockwood Park]].
* East: East Saint John, McAllister,<ref>{{cite web |title=East Saint John/ McAllister |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/east-saint-john-mcallister |website=East Saint John/ McAllister |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=14 August 2022}}</ref> Champlain Heights,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=699 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Eastwood,<ref>{{cite web |title=Champlain Heights/Eastwood |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/champlain-heightseastwood |website=Champlain Heights/Eastwood |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Red Head,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3271 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Head |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/red-head |website=Red Head |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=15 May 2022}}</ref> Forest Hills,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1336 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Lakewood,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2040 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Hills/Lakewood |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/forest-hillslakewood |website=Forest Hills/Lakewood |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=1 August 2022}}</ref> Glen Falls,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1461 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brookville-Glen"/> Latimer Lake,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2060 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> and Loch Lomond.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loch Lomond/Latimer Lake |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/loch-lomondlatimer-lake |website=Loch Lomond/Latimer Lake |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2182 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
* South: Typically referred to as the South Central Peninsula.<ref>{{cite news |title=City Gets Glimpse Of What Saint Johners Think About South Central Peninsula |url=https://www.country94.ca/2017/06/29/city-gets-glimpse-of-what-saint-johners-think-about-south-central-peninsula/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=Country 94}}</ref><ref name="SouthCentralPeninsula">{{cite web |title=South Central Peninsula |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/south-central-peninsula |website=South Central Peninsula |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=3 April 2022}}</ref> Includes Uptown, Germain Street, Broad Street (although the mapping data refers to the area as Broad Street, it is commonly known as South End,<ref name="SouthCentralPeninsula"/> which formerly encompassed Lower Cove),<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2242 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Orange Street, and [[Waterloo Village, Saint John|Waterloo Village]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Atlantic Briefs |title=New 45-unit apartment complex with 23 affordable units proposed for Waterloo Village in Saint John, N.B. {{!}} SaltWire |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/business/new-45-unit-apartment-complex-with-23-affordable-units-proposed-for-waterloo-village-in-saint-john-nb-100882120/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=saltwire.com |date=August 11, 2023}}</ref> On the east side of [[Saint John Harbour]] and the area immediately opposite on the west side are the sites of the original city. Now includes the central business district and the [[Trinity Royal Heritage Conservation Area]], which together are referred to as Uptown.
* West: [[Saint John West]] (includes [[Carleton, New Brunswick|Carleton]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3519 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=627 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Lower West Side,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John West |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/saint-john-west |website=Saint John West |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=10 July 2022}}</ref> Sand Cove,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sand Cove |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/sand-cove |website=Sand Cove |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3624 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Fairville,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1265 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Island View,<ref>{{cite web |title=Island View/Fairville |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/island-viewfairville |website=Island View/Fairville |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=1857 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> [[Lorneville, New Brunswick|Lorneville]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2210 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Ocean Westway,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean Westway/Lorneville |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/ocean-westwaylorneville |website=Ocean Westway/Lorneville |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Milford-Randolph,<ref>{{cite web |title=Milford Randolph |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/milford-randolph |website=Milford Randolph |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=2561 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3222 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> and South Bay.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Bay |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/saint-john-new-brunswick/neighbourhoods/south-bay |website=South Bay |publisher=City of Saint John |access-date=2 October 2023|date=24 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3804 |website=archives.gnb.ca |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Collectively referred to as West Side, but [[Lancaster, New Brunswick|Lancaster]] was a notable former municipality.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Saint John
| −13.6 | −2.7 | 139
| −12.7 | −1.9 | 94
| −7.3 | 2.3 | 118
| −1.2 | 8.3 | 104
| 4.0 | 14.8 | 118
| 8.4 | 19.5 | 101
| 11.7 | 22.4 | 102
| 11.6 | 22.2 | 90
| 7.7 | 17.7 | 117
| 2.7 | 11.9 | 125
| −2.1 | 6.0 | 134
| −9.7 | 0.3 | 149
| float = right
| clear = none
| source = Environment Canada<ref>{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=6250&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=saint_john&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12
| title = Saint John A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000
|date = 19 January 2011| access-date = September 30, 2013}}</ref>
}}
The climate of Saint John is [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''[[Humid continental climate#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer subtype|Dfb]]''). The Bay of Fundy never fully freezes, thus moderating the winter temperatures compared with inland locations. Even so, with the prevailing wind blowing from the west (from land to sea), the average January temperature is about {{convert|-8.2|C}}. Summers are usually warm to hot, and daytime temperatures often exceed {{convert|25|C}}. The highest temperature recorded in a given year is usually {{convert|30|or|31|C|0}}. The confluence of cold Bay of Fundy air and inland warmer temperatures often creates onshore winds that bring periods of fog and cooler temperatures during the summer months.
Precipitation in Saint John totals about {{convert|1295|mm|abbr=on}} annually and is well distributed throughout the year, although the late autumn and early winter are typically the wettest time of year. Snowfalls can often be heavy, but rain is as common as snow in winter, and it is not unusual for the ground to be snow-free even in mid-winter.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint John was {{convert|34.5|C|0}} on June 20, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?StationID=50310 | title=Daily Data Report for August 2024 - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada }}</ref> <ref name="CCN"/> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-36.7|C|0}} on February 11, 1948.<ref name="CCN"/>
{{Weather box
| location = Saint John ([[Saint John Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|103|m|abbr=on}}, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present{{efn|Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data recorded near downtown Saint John from January 1871 to September 1970, and at [[Saint John Airport]] from November 1946 to present.}}
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan maximum humidex = 16.8
| Feb maximum humidex = 13.3
| Mar maximum humidex = 27.0
| Apr maximum humidex = 23.8
| May maximum humidex = 35.4
| Jun maximum humidex = 42.0
| Jul maximum humidex = 40.3
| Aug maximum humidex = 40.3
| Sep maximum humidex = 39.4
| Oct maximum humidex = 28.3
| Nov maximum humidex = 24.0
| Dec maximum humidex = 19.8
| year maximum humidex = 42.0
| Jan record high C = 14.5
| Feb record high C = 13.3
| Mar record high C = 25.4
| Apr record high C = 22.8
| May record high C = 33.0
| Jun record high C = 34.5
| Jul record high C = 33.7
| Aug record high C = 34.4
| Sep record high C = 33.9
| Oct record high C = 28.9
| Nov record high C = 21.7
| Dec record high C = 16.4
| year record high C = 34.5
| Jan high C = −2.5
| Feb high C = −1.5
| Mar high C = 2.4
| Apr high C = 8.5
| May high C = 15.0
| Jun high C = 19.6
| Jul high C = 22.6
| Aug high C = 22.4
| Sep high C = 18.2
| Oct high C = 12.3
| Nov high C = 6.4
| Dec high C = 0.5
| year high C = 10.3
| Jan mean C = −7.9
| Feb mean C = −7.1
| Mar mean C = -2.5
| Apr mean C = 3.7
| May mean C = 9.5
| Jun mean C = 14.0
| Jul mean C = 17.1
| Aug mean C = 16.8
| Sep mean C = 13.0
| Oct mean C = 7.6
| Nov mean C = 2.3
| Dec mean C = -4.4
| year mean C = 5.2
| Jan low C = −13.3
| Feb low C = −12.6
| Mar low C = −7.4
| Apr low C = −1.2
| May low C = 3.9
| Jun low C = 8.4
| Jul low C = 11.6
| Aug low C = 11.2
| Sep low C = 7.7
| Oct low C = 2.8
| Nov low C = −1.9
| Dec low C = −9.3
| year low C = 0.0
| Jan record low C = −33.2
| Feb record low C = −36.7
| Mar record low C = -30.0
| Apr record low C = −16.7
| May record low C = −7.8
| Jun record low C = −2.2
| Jul record low C = 1.1
| Aug record low C = −0.6
| Sep record low C = −6.7
| Oct record low C = −10.6
| Nov record low C = −16.9
| Dec record low C = −34.4
| year record low C = −36.7
| Jan chill = -44.8
| Feb chill = -44.4
| Mar chill = -39.5
| Apr chill = -26.1
| May chill = -13.9
| Jun chill = -2.6
| Jul chill = 0.0
| Aug chill = 0.0
| Sep chill = -5.7
| Oct chill = -12.9
| Nov chill = -25.9
| Dec chill = -41.9
| year chill = -44.8
| precipitation colour = green
| rain colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 123.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 91.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 108.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 105.3
| May precipitation mm = 109.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 101.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 88.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 81.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 105.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 116.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 134.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 130.4
| year precipitation mm = 1295.5
| Jan rain mm = 66.1
| Feb rain mm = 49.0
| Mar rain mm = 66.6
| Apr rain mm = 85.7
| May rain mm = 108.5
| Jun rain mm = 101.0
| Jul rain mm = 88.4
| Aug rain mm = 81.7
| Sep rain mm = 105.6
| Oct rain mm = 115.8
| Nov rain mm = 123.7
| Dec rain mm = 84.0
| year rain mm = 1076.0
| Jan snow cm = 64.3
| Feb snow cm = 48.4
| Mar snow cm = 44.4
| Apr snow cm = 20.0
| May snow cm = 1.2
| Jun snow cm = 0.0
| Jul snow cm = 0.0
| Aug snow cm = 0.0
| Sep snow cm = 0.0
| Oct snow cm = 0.5
| Nov snow cm = 10.8
| Dec snow cm = 49.9
| year snow cm = 239.6
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| unit snow days = 0.2 cm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.2
| Feb precipitation days = 12.8
| Mar precipitation days = 14.0
| Apr precipitation days = 13.9
| May precipitation days = 13.7
| Jun precipitation days = 12.9
| Jul precipitation days = 11.5
| Aug precipitation days = 10.5
| Sep precipitation days = 10.5
| Oct precipitation days = 11.9
| Nov precipitation days = 14.4
| Dec precipitation days = 15.6
| year precipitation days = 157.9
| Jan rain days = 6.7
| Feb rain days = 5.3
| Mar rain days = 7.6
| Apr rain days = 11.0
| May rain days = 13.6
| Jun rain days = 12.9
| Jul rain days = 11.5
| Aug rain days = 10.5
| Sep rain days = 10.5
| Oct rain days = 11.7
| Nov rain days = 12.5
| Dec rain days = 8.3
| year rain days = 122.1
| Jan snow days = 12.9
| Feb snow days = 10.2
| Mar snow days = 9.4
| Apr snow days = 5.1
| May snow days = 0.5
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.5
| Nov snow days = 3.9
| Dec snow days = 10.2
| year snow days = 52.6
| Jan sun = 124.9
| Feb sun = 124.5
| Mar sun = 149.9
| Apr sun = 165.9
| May sun = 199.0
| Jun sun = 211.6
| Jul sun = 225.9
| Aug sun = 216.8
| Sep sun = 181.9
| Oct sun = 147.8
| Nov sun = 97.0
| Dec sun = 102.0
| year sun = 1947.3
| Jan percentsun = 44.0
| Feb percentsun = 42.6
| Mar percentsun = 40.7
| Apr percentsun = 41.0
| May percentsun = 43.2
| Jun percentsun = 45.3
| Jul percentsun = 47.7
| Aug percentsun = 49.6
| Sep percentsun = 48.3
| Oct percentsun = 43.4
| Nov percentsun = 33.8
| Dec percentsun = 37.4
| year percentsun = 43.1
| source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="CCN">
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=6250&lang=e&dCode=1&province=NB&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12
| title = Saint John A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = May 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name= climate >
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url =ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NB/
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201031190320/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NB/
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =2020-10-31
| title = Saint John A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| access-date = September 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Saint John">
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=saint+john&searchMethod=contains&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&optLimit=specDate&Year=1871&Month=1&Day=1&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Saint John
| work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="March record high humidex" >
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2012-06-07&dlyRange=1946-11-01%7C2012-06-09&mlyRange=1947-01-01%7C2008-01-01&StationID=6250&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=21&txtStationName=saint+john&timeframe=1&Year=2012
| title = Hourly Data Report for March 21, 2012
| work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="March 2012" >
{{cite web
| publisher =[[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2012-06-07&dlyRange=1946-11-01%7C2012-06-09&mlyRange=1947-01-01%7C2008-01-01&StationID=6250&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=21&txtStationName=saint+john&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| title = Daily Data Report for March 2012
| work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 31 October 2011| access-date = June 26, 2016}}</ref>
| date = February 2016
| source =
}}
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
| title = Historical populations
| type = Canada
|align = right
| width =
| state = collapsed
| shading =
| percentages =
| footnote =
|1824|8488
|1834|12073
|1840|19281
|1851|22745
|1861|27317
|1871|28805
|1881|26127
|1891|39179{{efn|Saint John was amalgamated with the neighbouring city of Portland in 1889.}}
|1901|40711
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|42511
|1921|47166
|1931|47514
|1941|50084
|1951|50779
|1956|52491
|1961|55153
|1966|51567
|1971|89039{{efn|Saint John was amalgamated with the neighbouring city of Lancaster and part of [[Simonds Parish, Saint John County, New Brunswick|Simonds Parish]] in 1967.}}
|1976|85955
|1981|80521
|1986|76381
|1991|74969
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|72494
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|69661
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|68043
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|70063
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|67575
|[[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]|69895
|source=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=C. M. |title=Saint John, New Brunswick (1800–1900) |journal=Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine |date=June 1975 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.7202/1020578ar |jstor=43558749 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43558749}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Ranking of the 10 most populated municipalities, 1901 to 2021 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/ribbon-ruban/index-eng.cfm |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marquis |first1=Greg |title=Uneven Renaissance: Urban Development in Saint John, 1955–1976 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JNBS/article/view/18194/19614 |journal=Journal of New Brunswick Studies / Revue d'études sur le Nouveau-Brunswick|date=1 January 2010|volume=1 }}</ref>
}}
At the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Saint John had a population of {{val|69895|fmt=commas}} people that were living in {{val|31825|fmt=commas}} of {{val|33908|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings. The population density was {{convert|221.5|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|1}},<ref name="census2021"/> and is most densely populated in Uptown Saint John.<ref name="2021census-Dissemination-1">{{cite web |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – 13010052 [Dissemination area], New Brunswick |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021S051213010052&SearchText=13010052 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=9 February 2022}}</ref> The median total household income was $62,800. Of the city's population aged between 25 and 64, {{Percentage|8785|36970}} held a bachelor's degree or higher, {{Percentage|21440|36970}} held a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, and {{Percentage|11965|36970}} had a high school diploma or equivalent. The median age was 44 years.<ref name="census2021"/>
At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Saint John CMA had a population of {{val|130613|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|55865|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|59272|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:130613-126202}}|126202|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|126202|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|3505.66|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|130613|3505.66|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=March 28, 2022}}</ref>
=== Ethnicity ===
[[File:Partridge Island and Bell Buoy (cropped from postcard).jpg|thumb|Partridge Island immigration station]]
Historically, as one of Canada's main ports, Saint John has been a centre for immigration from all over the world. The city was incorporated in the late 1700s after more than 3,300 Black Loyalist refugees came to Saint John along with more than 10,000 White refugees after the American Revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-black-history-1.5048864 |title=Before Willie O'Ree: New Brunswick's surprising black history contributions|publisher=CBC |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> In the years between 1815 and 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland came to Saint John dramatically changing the city.
Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the Great Famine of Ireland raged between 1845 and 1849, huge waves of famine refugees flooded the city's shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "[[Great Famine (Ireland)|Black 47]]", one of the worst years of the famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]], the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour.<ref>Thomas P. Power, ed., ''The Irish in Atlantic Canada, 1780–1900'' (Fredericton, NB: New Ireland Press, 1991)</ref>
As of the 2021 census, approximately 86.4% of the residents were white, while 10.9% were visible minorities and 2.8% were Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were [[Black people|Black]] (2.7%), [[South Asian People|South Asian]] (2.4%), [[Arabs|Arab]] (1.5%), [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (1.4%), and [[Filipino Canadians|Filipino]] (0.9%).<ref name="census2021"/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the City of Saint John (2001–2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="census2021"/>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=CD&Code2=1301&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title= 2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title= 2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name=euro}}
| 58,875
| {{Percentage | 58875 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 59,480
| {{Percentage | 59480 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 62,940
| {{Percentage | 62940 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 62,780
| {{Percentage | 62780 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 65,375
| {{Percentage | 65375 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 1,895
| {{Percentage | 1895 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 1,430
| {{Percentage | 1430 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 1,560
| {{Percentage | 1560 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 850
| {{Percentage | 850 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 640
| {{Percentage | 640 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 1,820
| {{Percentage | 1820 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 1,400
| {{Percentage | 1400 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 1,200
| {{Percentage | 1200 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 960
| {{Percentage | 960 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 1,110
| {{Percentage | 1110 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 1,605
| {{Percentage | 1605 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 455
| {{Percentage | 455 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 350
| {{Percentage | 350 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 375
| {{Percentage | 375 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name=MiddleEastern}}
| 1,310
| {{Percentage | 1310 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 845
| {{Percentage | 845 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 520
| {{Percentage | 520 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 360
| {{Percentage | 360 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name=EastAsian}}
| 1,125
| {{Percentage | 1125 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 1,170
| {{Percentage | 1170 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 880
| {{Percentage | 880 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 940
| {{Percentage | 940 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 460
| {{Percentage | 460 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name=SoutheastAsian}}
| 900
| {{Percentage | 900 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 360
| {{Percentage | 360 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 250
| {{Percentage | 250 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 215
| {{Percentage | 215 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 150
| {{Percentage | 150 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 155
| {{Percentage | 155 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 155
| {{Percentage | 155 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 125
| {{Percentage | 125 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name=Other}}
| 285
| {{Percentage | 285 | 68180 | 2 }}
| 140
| {{Percentage | 140 | 65470 | 2 }}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 67910 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 66690 | 2 }}
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205 | 68465 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 68,180
! {{Percentage | 68180 | 69895 | 2 }}
! 65,470
! {{Percentage | 65470 | 67575 | 2 }}
! 67,910
! {{Percentage | 67910 | 70063 | 2 }}
! 66,690
! {{Percentage | 66690 | 68043 | 2 }}
! 68,465
! {{Percentage | 68465 | 69661 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total population
! 69,895
! {{Percentage | 69895 | 69895 | 2 }}
! 67,575
! {{Percentage | 67575 | 67575 | 2 }}
! 70,063
! {{Percentage | 70063 | 70063 | 2 }}
! 68,043
! {{Percentage | 68043 | 68043 | 2 }}
! 69,661
! {{Percentage | 69661 | 69661 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses}}
|}
=== Language ===
87.2% of residents spoke English as a mother tongue. Other common first languages were [[French language|French]] (3.7%), [[Arabic]] (1.5%) [[Chinese language]]s (1.0%) and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (0.5%).
=== Religion ===
58.5% of residents were Christian, down from 79.6% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-05-08 |title=2011 National Household Survey Profile – Census subdivision |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Data=Count&SearchText=saint%20john&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> 29.7% were Catholic, 20.6% were Protestant, 5.1% were Christian n.o.s, and 3.0% were other Christian denominations or related traditions. 36.0% of the population were non-religious or secular, up from 18.4% in 2011. Other religions accounted for 5.5% of the population, up from 2.0% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (3.1%) and Hinduism (1.0%).
==Economy==
[[File:Colsen cove park 009.jpg|thumb|Colsen Cove generating station]]
[[File:Old Post Office Saint John.JPG|thumb|The Old Post Office]]
Saint John's location along the [[Bay of Fundy]] has been of major importance to the city's prosperity. The bay's dramatic [[tidal range]] prevents the [[harbour]] from icing over, allowing the city to be accessible all year round.<ref name=GedMartin>{{cite web |title=Geography and Governance: The Problem of Saint John (New Brunswick) 1785 – 1927 – Ged Martin |url=https://www.gedmartin.net/martinalia-mainmenu-3/237-geography-and-governance-the-problem-of-saint-john-new-brunswick-1785-1927 |website=gedmartin.net}}</ref> Shipbuilding, shipping and lumber trade rose as prominent industries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=C. Anne |title=The Rebuilding of Saint John New Brunswick 1877–1881 |url=http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/nb/rebuilding-saint-john.pdf}}</ref><ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia>{{cite web |title=Saint John |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> By 1840, one-third of New Brunswick's timber, as well as two-thirds of its sawn lumber and manufactured wood products, were exported through Saint John.<ref name=GedMartin/> At one point, Saint John was [[British North America]]'s biggest shipbuilding city,<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategic Winter Port: A History of the Port of Saint John {{!}} Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 |url=https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/history-of-port-of-saint-john |website=pier21.ca}}</ref> constructing many well-known ships, including the [[Marco Polo (1851 ship)|''Marco Polo'']].<ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> However, these industries suffered a decline in trade due to technological advancements,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John {{!}} History & Points of Interest {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-John-New-Brunswick |website=britannica.com |date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> which was only made worse with the [[1877 Great Fire of Saint John|Great Fire of Saint John]] in 1877.<ref name=CanadianEncyclopedia/> Shipbuilding in Saint John permanently ceased in 2003 following the closure of the [[Saint John Shipbuilding|Saint John shipyard]], which had been idle for the past three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irving family closing idled Saint John shipyard |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/irving-family-closing-idled-saint-john-shipyard-1.396417 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=CBC News |date=June 27, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Shipyard and Dry Dock Co Ltd |url=https://www.unb.ca/nbmhp-database/st.-john-county/city-of-saint-john-points-of-interest/saint-john-shipyard-and-dry-dock-co-ltd.php |website=unb.ca |publisher=University of New Brunswick |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
Today, Saint John benefits from industries such as tourism, reporting a tourism expenditure of $282 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISCOVER SAINT JOHN 2018 ANNUAL REPORT |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/sites/default/files/2019-05/DSJ_AGM_AnnualReport2018%20FINAL.pdf |website=discoversaintjohn.com |publisher=Discover Saint John |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> [[Port of Saint John]], the city's port, allows for a capacity of three cruise ships, and has been a cruise ship destination since 1989,<ref>{{cite web |title=CRUISE LINES |url=https://www.sjport.com/cruise-lines |website=Port Saint John}}</ref> first welcoming the [[MS Cunard Princess|MS ''Cunard Princess'']].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGillivray |first1=Robert |title=Canada Cruise Port Reaches Major Passenger Milestone |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/canada-cruise-port-reaches-major-passenger-milestone/82452 |work=Cruise Hive |date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Saint John receives around 80 cruise ships annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=Meet the marine pilots guiding huge ships into Saint John's notoriously difficult port |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/port-saint-john-jobs-1.6862612 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=CBC News |date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> As of the 2023 cruise schedule, Saint John is scheduled to receive 190,680 passengers' worth of cruise ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cruise Schedule |url=https://www.sjport.com/cruise-schedule |website=Port Saint John}}</ref> The port also carries over 20 million metric tonnes of cargo annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2022 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6318b8de1ebc0b67bdc039aa/t/64c001c5b358507e427049ba/1690304977031/Smaller+Updated+Port+SJ+Annual+Report+2022-Eng.pdf |publisher=Port Saint John |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
===Arts and culture===
[[File:Fiddlehead Saint John.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Fiddlehead]] sculpture at the Saint John Arts Centre in the city's uptown]]
The arts and culture sector plays a large role in Saint John's economy. The Imperial Theatre is home to the highly acclaimed Saint John Theatre Company, and the Symphony New Brunswick and hosts a large collection of plays, concerts and other stage productions year-round. Harbour Station entertainment complex is home to the Saint John Sea Dogs of the QMJHL.
Art galleries in Saint John cover the uptown, more than any other Atlantic Canadian city.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Artists like [[Miller Brittain]] and [[Fred Ross (artist)|Fred Ross]] have made Uptown Saint John their home, and now the torch has been passed to artists like Gerard Collins, Cliff Turner and Peter Salmon and their respective galleries. Uptown art galleries also include the Paris Crew, Trinity Galleries, Citadel Gallery, Handworks Gallery and the Saint John Arts Centre (SJAC). The SJAC in the Carnegie Building hosts art exhibits, workshops, local songwriters' circles and other shows too small to be featured at the grand Imperial Theatre.
===Heavy industry===
Saint John maintains industrial infrastructure in the city's East side such as Canada's largest [[Irving Oil Refinery|oil refinery]] as well as the country's largest dry dock. Capitalist [[Kenneth Colin Irving|K.C. Irving]] and his family built his unfettered industrial conglomerate in the city by buying up mills, shipyards, media outlets, and other industrial infrastructure during the 20th century, and still continue to this day. Today Irving dominates the city and province with stakes in oil, forestry, shipbuilding, media and transportation. Irving companies remain dominant employers in the region with North America's first deepwater oil terminal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/CAN_Saint_John_Port_130.php |title=Saint John Port |website=World Port Source |access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> a pulp mill, a paper mill and a tissue paper plant.
Other important economic activity in the city is generated by the [[Port of Saint John]].{{how|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sjport.com/|title=Port Saint John|website=sjport.com/}}</ref>
Saint John has a long history of brewers, such as Simeon Jones, The Olands, and James Ready. The city is now home to Moosehead Breweries, James Ready Brewing Co., Big Tide Brewing Co., Picaroon's and other craft brewers. The [[Moosehead Brewery]] (established in 1867, is Canada's only nationally distributed independent brewery [M. Nicholson]), James Ready Brewing Co., the [[New Brunswick Power Corporation]] which operates three electrical generating stations in the region including the [[Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station]], [[Bell Aliant]] which operates out of the former [[New Brunswick Telephone]] headquarters, the Horizon Health Network, which operates 5 hospitals in the Saint John area,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.horizonnb.ca/home/facilities-and-services/facilities.aspx?cat=1&type=hospital |title=Facilities: Hospitals |publisher=Horizon Health Services |access-date=August 26, 2019}} Hospitals in the Saint John Region: Charlotte County Hospital, Grand Manan Hospital, Saint John Regional Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital and Sussex Health Centre.</ref> and numerous [[information technology]] companies. There are also a number of [[call centres]] which were established in the 1990s under provincial government incentives.
{{wide image|Stjohnpanoramo.jpg|1800px|View from Fort Howe of the Saint John skyline prior to Peel Plaza}}
===Maritime industries===
{{main|Port of Saint John}}
Saint John is a major Canadian port, and the only city on the Bay of Fundy. Until the first decade of the 21st century, Canada's largest shipyard (Irving Shipbuilding) had been an important employer in the city. During the 1980s-early 1990s the shipyard was responsible for building 9 of the 12 {{sclass|Halifax|frigate|0}} multi-purpose patrol [[frigate]]s for the [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Canadian Navy]]. However, the Irving family closed the shipyard in 2003 and centralized in Halifax leaving the Saint John dry dock sitting idle.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
Ecological research on surrounding marine life of the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John and Kennebecasis Rivers is centred in the city. The University of New Brunswick's Marine Biology department in Saint John as well as local NGO's and the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans heads the majority of research and monitoring work on marine life and environments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unb.ca/academics/programs/science/marine-biology.html |title=Marine Biology |publisher=UNB |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>
Traditional fisheries (lobster, scallops etc.) still make up the livelihood for many Saint Johners today. Aquaculture, primarily Atlantic Salmon farming, has grown to be a major employer in the region as the decline of other traditional wild fisheries has unfolded in recent decades. Cooke Aquaculture, one of the largest companies in the industry is headquartered in Saint John.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cookeseafood.com/ |title=Cooke Seafood |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>
Prior to the opening of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] in 1959, the Port of Saint John functioned as the winter port for [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] when shipping was unable to traverse the [[sea ice]] in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] and [[St. Lawrence River]]. The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] opened a line to Saint John from Montreal in 1889 across the state of [[Maine]] and transferred the majority of its trans-Atlantic passenger and cargo shipping to the port during the winter months. The port fell into decline following the seaway opening and the start of year-round [[icebreaker]] services in the 1960s. In 1994 CPR left Saint John when it sold the line to [[Short-line railroad|shortline]] operator [[New Brunswick Southern Railway]]. The [[Canadian National Railway]] still services Saint John with a secondary mainline from [[Moncton]]. Despite these setbacks, Port Saint John is the largest port by volume in Eastern Canada, at about 28 million metric tonnes of cargo per year, including [[Shipping container|containers]] and [[bulk cargo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Port Saint John |url=https://www.sjport.com/ |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
==Culture==
The city is the birthplace of several notable artists, actors and musicians, including [[Walter Pidgeon]], [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Louis B. Mayer]], and [[Miller Brittain]].
What is considered the golden age of the Saint John arts community was during the post-war era from 1940 to 1970 when the city produced renowned artists and writers such as poet [[Clara Kathleen Smith|Kay Smith]], painters [[Jack Humphrey]], Miller Brittain, [[Bruno Bobak]], [[Fred Ross (artist)|Fred Ross]], sculptor [[John Hooper (sculptor)|John Hooper]] and folk-singer [[Stompin' Tom Connors]]. Poet [[Bliss Carman]] once wrote about Saint John, "All the beauty and mystery Of life were there, adventure bold, Youth, and the glamour of the sea, And all its sorrows old."<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John: City of Firsts |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1950/6/15/saint-john-city-of-firsts |publisher=Maclean's}}</ref>
===Dance, music, and theatre===
Comhaltas Saint John: Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann was founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1951. Its mandate is to promote traditional Irish music and culture, and there are more than 400 branches around the world. The Saint John branch of Comhaltas is the easternmost chapter in Canada. JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]] quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.
Arts organization include [[InterAction School of Performing Arts]], [[New Brunswick Youth Orchestra]], [[Symphony New Brunswick]], [[TD Station]], The [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], and the [[Saint John Free Public Library]], among others.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
===Film and television===
{{See also|Category:Films shot in Saint John, New Brunswick}}
[[File:Blue Water 1924 frame.jpg|thumb|Snippet of lost film ''Blue Water'' (1924) from a newspaper advertisement]]
Saint John, as well as New Brunswick as a whole, entered the film industry in 1924 with the now-[[lost film|lost]] [[silent film]] ''[[Blue Water (film)|Blue Water]]'', produced by the once-successful [[Ernest Shipman]]. The film featured soon-to-be [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] star [[Norma Shearer]], though it had a short-lived screening and failed to succeed commercially.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Webb |first1=Steven |title=Lost to history, Saint John's silent movie is barely a memory a century later |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-silent-movie-1.6576389 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=11 September 2022}}</ref> Saint John made a return to film with the ''[[Bravery in the Field]]'' (1979), a short drama film by the [[National Film Board of Canada]] both set and filmed in the city which was nominated for an [[Academy Award]] for [[Best Live Action Short Film]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Today and tomorrow |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423280123 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=10 November 2007|id={{ProQuest|423280123}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NFB film up for an Oscar |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/146342580/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Canadian Press]] |publisher=[[Calgary Herald]] |date=28 February 1980 |page=49}}</ref>
Saint John is notably one of the filming locations for ''[[Children of a Lesser God (film)|Children of a Lesser God]]'' (1986),<ref>{{cite news |title=Saint John actor remembers working with William Hurt in city |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/tobias-hurt-saint-john-1.6385509 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=15 March 2022}}</ref> a [[romance film|romance]] drama film that received five nominations at the [[59th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakritz |first1=Talia |title=24 times the Oscars snubbed female directors |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/female-directors-snubbed-oscars-2020-12 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=8 March 2024}}</ref> [[Marlee Matlin]], in her film debut, won [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], making her not only the [[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees#Youngest winners 3|youngest Best Actress winner]] but also the [[List of Academy Award records|first deaf winner in Oscar history]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynn |first1=Elber |title=Switched at Birth airs a silent episode |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1313930552 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=2 March 2013|id={{ProQuest|1313930552}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author-link= John S. Schuchman| last = Schuchman|first = John S. |year = 1999 |title = Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry |publisher = University of Illinois Press |location = Urbana, IL |isbn = 978-0-252-06850-8 |page = 82}}</ref> [[William Hurt]], who made a return to the city for filming ''[[The 4th Floor (1999 film)|The 4th Floor]]'' (1999), befriended some Saint John residents during his time there for filming of ''Children of a Lesser God''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mott |first1=Sean |title=Hurt befriended residents while filming |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2887955015 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=16 March 2022|id={{ProQuest|2887955015}} }}</ref> Other films shot in Saint John include ''[[The Secret Life of Algernon]]'' (1997),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Macdonald |first1=Ronald F. |title=From sea to sea: East coast [17th Atlantic Film Festival] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/216177417 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=Canadian Independent Film & Television Publishing Association|id={{ProQuest|216177417}} }}</ref> [[crime film|crime]] drama ''[[Blue Hill Avenue (film)|Blue Hill Avenue]]'' (2001),<ref>{{cite news |title=Cameras Rolling; Expect to see movie cameras, crews and actors on Charlotte and Princess Streets today as filming begins for Blue Hill Avenue |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423114214 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=3 October 2000|id={{ProQuest|423114214}} }}</ref> ''[[Jericho Mansions]]'' (2003),<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Christie |title=Make Believe; The makers of 'Jericho Mansion' build fake houses and bend light to make it look 'real' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423186913 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=16 November 2002|id={{ProQuest|423186913}} }}</ref> ''[[Geraldine's Fortune]]'' (2004),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mullen |first1=Mike |title=The last Waltz; Music Classic rock 'n' roll stalwarts Donnie and The Monarchs hanging up their white tuxes after nearly 30 years |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/759626848 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=23 October 2010|id={{ProQuest|759626848}} }}</ref> [[black comedy]] [[thriller film|thriller]] ''[[Stuck (2007 film)|Stuck]]'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darling |first1=Cary |title=Five Questions With Stuart Gordon, director of 'Stuck' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram/146343164/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date=8 June 2008 |page=69}}</ref> romantic drama ''[[Still Mine]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallant |first1=Vanessa |title='Still Mine' opens Friday in Metro; ? True story of St. Martins man's struggle against building inspectors inspired film |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1348777653 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Times & Transcript]] |date=7 May 2013|id={{ProQuest|1348777653}} }}</ref> and [[Steven Bernstein (filmmaker)|Steven Bernstein]]'s depiction of Welsh poet [[Dylan Thomas]] ''[[Dominion (2016 film)|Last Call]]'' (2017),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Verity |title=Hollywood feature being filmed in Saint John this weekend |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1537518851 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=20 June 2014|id={{ProQuest|1537518851}} }}</ref> of which most [[Extra (acting)|extra]]s were from Saint John.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Verity |title=A perfect Hollywood movie set |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1539633971 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=25 June 2014|id={{ProQuest|1539633971}} }}</ref> Additionally, filming for [[Taylor Olson]]'s upcoming film titled ''Unseen'' took place in the city between April and May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=Andrew |title=Saint John announces street closures for film shoot |url=https://tj.news/saint-john-south/saint-john-announces-street-closures-for-film-shoot |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
In television, Saint John was featured in an episode of ''[[Hotel Impossible]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Hotel Impossible profiles Saint John's Chipman Hill Suites |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/hotel-impossible-profiles-saint-john-s-chipman-hill-suites-1.2456484 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=9 December 2013}}</ref> as well as in [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] [[television documentary]] ''Verrückt nach Meer''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verrückt nach Meer Staffel 7, Folge 44: Mutprobe in Saint John |url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/verrueckt-nach-meer/folgen/7x44-mutprobe-in-saint-john-1171736 |publisher=fernsehserien.de |access-date=30 April 2024 |language=de |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Saint John was additionally a filming location for ''[[Canada Russia '72]]'' (2006), a [[docudrama]] [[miniseries]] about the [[Summit Series]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Scott |title=Mr. D happy to have future NHLer as part of his cast; Television Hockey players MacKinnon and Critchlow say comedian a class act during show's filming |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1324251113 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=6 April 2013|id={{ProQuest|1324251113}} }}</ref>
===Museums===
Saint John features multiple museums such as the Hatheway Labour Exhibit Centre,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfhathewaylabourexhibitcentre.ca|title=Frank & Ella Hatheway Labour Exhibit Centre}}</ref> the [[New Brunswick Black History Society]]'s Black History Heritage Centre located in the Brunswick Square mall,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Nick |title=N.B. Black History Society opens new heritage centre in Saint John |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/n-b-black-history-society-opens-new-heritage-centre-in-saint-john-1.5445159 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=May 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Daigle |first1=Matt |title=New Brunswick Black History Society hosts grand opening of heritage room |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2887965452 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=June 21, 2021|id={{ProQuest|2887965452}} }}</ref> the [[Carleton Martello Tower]], [[Fort Howe]], the [[Loyalist House]], the [[Saint John Jewish Historical Museum]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobson |first1=Joel |title=N.B. museum founder gets Jewish studies award |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/874833643 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Canadian Jewish News]] |date=May 5, 2011 |page=27-28|id={{ProQuest|874833643}} }}</ref> the Saint John Firefighters Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discoversaintjohn.com/place/visit-saint-john-firefighters-museum|title=Visit the Saint John Firefighter's Museum}}</ref> the Saint John Police Museum,<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Police Museum |url=https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/listing/saint-john-police-museum |website=Tourism New Brunswick |access-date=August 10, 2024}}</ref> as well as the [[New Brunswick Museum]], Canada's first public museum. Saint John also had the [[Barbour's General Store]], but it was later demolished in July 2023 after having received excessive fire damage in early 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacRae |first1=Avery |title=Barbour's General Store site demolished, new welcome centre set to open in 2024 |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/barbour-s-general-store-site-demolished-new-welcome-centre-set-to-open-in-2024-1.6481239 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=15 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Power |first1=Zack |title=New concept proposed for site of landmark Barbour's General Store in Saint John – New Brunswick {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9773284/saint-john-barbours-general-store-fire-property/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[Global News]] |date=16 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Urquhart |first1=Mia |title=Dismantling of historic Barbour's General Store to go ahead as planned |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/barbours-general-store-fire-dismantle-1.6895770 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
===National Historic sites===
Saint John is home to several National Historic Sites, including war fortifications such as the [[Carleton Martello Tower]], a [[War of 1812]] masonry tower, [[Fort Menagoueche]], a former French fort from [[Father Le Loutre's War]], [[Fort Howe]], a British fort built during the [[American Revolution]], and [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour|Fort La Tour]]. Other sites include the [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], the [[Loyalist House]], the [[Saint John City Market]], [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]], the Prince William Streetscape, the Saint John Firefighters' Museum and the [[Bank of New Brunswick]].
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Saint John, NB, historical Church (Brennans) St..jpg|Saint John is known for its pub and restaurant scene throughout uptown. Statistics Canada found the city has the third most pubs per capita in Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country94.ca/news/790179589/cheers-saint-john-port-city-has-third-most-bars-capita-country|title=Cheers, Saint John: Port City Has Third Most Bars Per Capita In Country|publisher=Acadia Broadcasting Ltd.|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072524/http://www.country94.ca/news/790179589/cheers-saint-john-port-city-has-third-most-bars-capita-country|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
File:Imperial Theatre, Saint John(IMG 9955).JPG|The [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]], a National Historic Site still hosting live performances
File:Bank of New Brunswick Building 2.JPG|Prince William Street, National Historic Site of Canada. The building in the foreground in the [[Bank of New Brunswick]] building, Canada's first bank established by Royal Charter
File:New Brunswick -CA- (9676354568).jpg|The Carleton Martello Tower, a [[Martello tower]] dating from the [[War of 1812]]
</gallery>
===Music===
Early settlers influenced music in Saint John from the time the area had been a series of forts for the English and French colonists. Working class fishers, labourers and shipbuilders carried Maritime traditions and folk songs with kitchen parties and outdoor gatherings. But musical high culture was captured by the wealthy. New Brunswick's solicitor-general 1784–1808, Ward Chipman Sr was known to have fancy soirées at his home with all the latest songs from London. A notable Loyalist musician, Stephen Humbert, moved in 1783 from New Jersey to Saint John and opened a Sacred Vocal Music School. In 1801 Humbert published Union Harmony, the first Canadian music book in English. The Mechanics' Institute, built in 1840, was the first large-scale platform for comic opera and concerts. In 1950 The Saint John Symphony was founded by Kelsey Jones; by 1983 the organization became [[Symphony New Brunswick]].<ref name="MusicSJ">{{cite web|title=Music in Saint John|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-john-nb-emc/|access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> Some musicians from Saint John include Berkley Chadwick,<ref>{{cite web |title=Berkley E. Chadwick |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/berkley-e-chadwick-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> [[Stompin' Tom Connors]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Douglas |title=Stompin' Tom Connors, Canadian Singer, Dies at 77 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/arts/stompin-tom-connors-canadian-singer-dies-at-77.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[New York Times]] |date=7 March 2013}}</ref> [[Ken Tobias]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ken Tobias |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ken-tobias-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> [[Blank Banshee]], Stevedore Steve,<ref>{{cite news|title=Stevedore Steve, writer of Lester the Lobster, dead at 80|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/stevedore-steve-obit-1.3806926|access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> [[Jane Coop]], [[Bruce Holder]], [[Frances James (soprano)|Frances James]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Frances James |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frances-james-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> songwriter Michael F. Kelly,<ref name="MusicSJ"/> Ned Landry,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ned Landry |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ned-landry-emc |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> composer and teacher Edward Betts Manning,<ref name="MusicSJ"/> organist Paul Murray,<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Murray |url=https://www.renforthmusic.com/composers/paulmurray.php |website=renforthmusic.com |publisher=Renforth Music |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> [[Catherine McKinnon]], Patricia Rideout, [[Frances C. Robinson]], Philip Thomson, and tenor and choir conductor [[Gordon Wry]].
Music festivals have long been a part of the city's cultural scene. New Brunswick's Music Festival was held in Saint John every Spring in the early- to mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |publisher=Maclean's |access-date=13 November 2019 |title=Salty Jam . July 5&6 . Headliners Announced – Uptown Saint John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113005252/https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the city's music changed with the times, so did its festivals. Other popular festivals include the now defunct Festival By The Sea<ref>{{cite web |url=http://new-brunswick.net/new-brunswick/festivals.html |title=Annual Festivals |access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> and Salty Jam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |publisher=Uptown Saint John |access-date=13 November 2019 |title=Salty Jam . July 5&6 . Headliners Announced – Uptown Saint John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113005252/https://uptownsj.com/blog/2013/06/07/salty-jam-july-56-headliners-announced/ |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> catering to various genres of pop music.
The Area 506 music festival is held every New Brunswick Day long-weekend at Long Wharf on [[Saint John Harbour]]. The festival is set up with shipping containers from the port with vendors from New Brunswick companies to promote local business. A main stage area is also set up for night time shows with local acts as well as major groups. Major bands to have played Area 506 include [[Tegan and Sara]], Stars, Bahamas, Interpol, and Arkells. Each year the festival also includes a bevy of bands coming out of the Saint John music scene.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saint John waterfront transformed into shipping container village for Area 506 festival|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/area-506-festival-saint-john-1.4208215|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> Quality Block Party music festival hosts independent New Brunswick musicians in smaller venues throughout uptown Saint John. The festival gets its name from the old quality block on Germain Street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quality Block Party vies for status as 'destination festival'|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/quality-block-party-saint-john-1.4191385|publisher=CBC|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>
==Government and politics==
{{See also|List of mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John City Council}}
[[File:Saint john city hall 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Saint John City Hall]]]]
=== Government and court ===
Saint John's municipal government consists of a mayor and ten [[Saint John City Council|city councillor]]s, with four-year term elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Institutional Discrimination in the 1785 Saint John Royal Charter |url=https://loyalist.lib.unb.ca/atlantic-loyalist-connections/institutional-discrimination-1785-saint-john-royal-charter |publisher=UNB |accessdate=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="SJCouncil">{{cite news |title=Running for Common Council |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/city-hall/council-and-committees/running-common-council |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=City of Saint John}}</ref> Saint John is one of five chartered cities in Canada, giving it unique legislative powers.<ref name="policyschool">{{cite web |title=Is 'Charter-City Status' a Solution for Financing City Services in Canada — Or is that a Myth? |url=https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/charter-city-status-kitchen_0.pdf |publisher=University of Calgary |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> It is in the federal riding of [[Saint John—Rothesay]], which currently contains one MP belonging to the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal party]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Aidan |title=Commission sticks to plan that splits Saint John between 2 ridings |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/electoral-boundaries-commission-new-brunswick-1.6670708 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=1 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Urquhart |first1=Mia |title=Proposal to split Saint John into two federal ridings baffles MP |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/electoral-riding-changes-proposed-1.6492429 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
Saint John is served by the [[Provincial Court of New Brunswick]], the province's [[Provincial and territorial courts in Canada|lower trial court]]. Saint John is also home to the provincial court's [[mental health court]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=New Brunswick Courts |first1=Canada |title=NB Provincial Court |url=https://www.courtsnb-coursnb.ca/content/cour/en/provincial.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=courtsnb-coursnb.ca |date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lyall |first1=Laura |title=Success of Saint John Mental Health Court has advocates calling for expansion in N.B. |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/success-of-saint-john-mental-health-court-has-advocates-calling-for-expansion-in-n-b-1.4689070 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |date=16 November 2019}}</ref> The Chief Judge for the Provincial Court is Marco Cloutier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Court Judges |url=https://www.courtsnb-coursnb.ca/content/cour/en/provincial/content/pcj.html |website=courtsnb-coursnb.ca |publisher=New Brunswick Courts |access-date=5 March 2024|date=23 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Herd |first1=Tim |title=Province Appoints Chief Provincial Court Judge |url=https://www.919thebend.ca/2021/09/29/province-appoints-chief-provincial-court-judge/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=91.9 The Bend}}</ref>
=== Politics ===
The office of the mayor has been held by [[Donna Reardon]] since 2021, elected during the [[2021 New Brunswick municipal elections|last municipal election]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Aidan |last2=Leger |first2=Isabelle |title=Women win mayoral races in N.B.'s 3 biggest cities |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/local-elections-municipal-health-school-results-1.6035600 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=24 May 2021}}</ref> She is the 79th [[List of mayors of Saint John, New Brunswick|mayor of Saint John]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burnett |first1=Ben |title=Saint John's New Council Sworn In Monday |url=https://www.country94.ca/2021/06/08/saint-johns-new-council-sworn-in-monday/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Country 94]] |date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Previous mayors include [[Robert Duncan Wilmot]], one of the [[Fathers of Confederation]] and a [[Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Duncan Wilmot |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-duncan-wilmot |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> [[Legislative Council of New Brunswick]] and [[Senate of Canada]] member [[John Robertson (Canadian politician)|John Robertson]],<ref>{{cite news |title=DEATH OF HON. JOHN ROBERTSON |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1523982089/E26E1ECA77CC4836PQ/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Globe |date=10 August 1876}}</ref> [[Bank of New Brunswick]] director and Liberal [[House of Commons of Canada]] member [[Jeremiah Smith Boies De Veber]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IN THE PUBLIC EYE |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/41976991/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Ottawa Journal |date=20 March 1912 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=J.S Boies Deveber of St. John |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/857630275/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Kennebec Journal |date=19 June 1908 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=J. S. Boies Deveber |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/420316860/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=20 June 1908 |page=4}}</ref> physician and Senate of Canada member [[John Waterhouse Daniel]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Hon. Dr. J. W. Daniel Passes in New Brunswick |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1006282443/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Hamilton Spectator |date=12 January 1933 |page=11}}</ref> and [[Minister of National Revenue]] [[David Laurence MacLaren]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister of Revenue. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/49294374/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Saint John Telegraph-Journal |agency=The Ottawa Journal |date=26 April 1945 |page=8}}</ref>
The [[Saint John City Council]] consists of the Mayor, the Deputy Mayor and ten Councillors, two of which overlook the city and the other eight overlooking one of four wards.<ref name="SJCouncil"/>
==Public safety==
[[File:Saint john police vehicles.jpg|thumb|Saint John Police utility vehicles]]
===Police and law enforcement===
Saint John's law enforcement agency is the Saint John Police Force. It was established in 1849, though police forces in the city date back to 1809.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://saintjohnpolice.ca/about-us/history/ |publisher=Saint John Police Force |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The police force had 139 sworn officers as of December 31, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Annual Report |url=https://saintjohnpolice.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2022-Annual-Report-PDF.pdf |publisher=Saint John Police Force |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> The Saint John Police Force was originally based out of the City Hall building from 1971<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Sandra |title=New station is 'linchpin that brings things together' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/423325988 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=March 26, 2009|id={{ProQuest|423325988}} }}</ref> until 2012, when a new police headquarters was built at Peel Plaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Codi |title=Police to move headquarters |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1018624790 |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=June 6, 2012|id={{ProQuest|1018624790}} }}</ref> In 1977, while still based out of the City Hall building, [[Saint John City Hall fire|a fire was started]] in the ground floor jail, killing 21 inmates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jail fire claims 21st victim |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix/153036153/ |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Star-Phoenix]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=June 27, 1977 |page=1}}</ref> In April 1998, the police force's north end station was bombed, injuring a number of officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bomb blast rocks police station |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-tribune/153036620/ |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Herald-Tribune]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=April 23, 1998 |page=9}}</ref> An attempted bombing also took place near the jail in June 1998, but was defused.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police defuse bomb |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/red-deer-advocate/153036906/ |access-date=August 10, 2024 |work=[[Red Deer Advocate]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=June 2, 1998 |page=2}}</ref>
===Fire department===
Saint John is served under the [[firefighter]]s of the Saint John Fire Department, which was established in 1786.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Fire Department |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/public-safety/saint-john-fire-department |publisher=City of Saint John, New Brunswick |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> There are six active fire stations throughout the city under operation by the fire department.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSJ Fire Stations |url=https://saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?webmap=6aa3381491e44cf58ad6657ea3a6c1b9 |website=saintjohn.maps.arcgis.com |publisher=City of Saint John}}</ref>
===Military===
[[File:Manège militaire Barrack Green.jpg|thumb|Many of Saint John's military divisions have utilized the [[Barrack Green Armoury]] (pictured)]]
Besides being the location of several historical forts, such as Fort Howe, Fort Dufferin, Fort Latour, and the [[Carleton Martello Tower]], Saint John is the location of a number of reserve units of the [[Canadian Forces]].
* [[Canadian Forces Naval Reserve|Naval Reserve]]
** [[HMCS Brunswicker]]
* [[37 Canadian Brigade Group]]
** [[3rd Field Artillery Regiment, RCA]]: Regimental headquarters and 115th Field Battery (The Loyal Company)
** [[Royal New Brunswick Regiment]] (Carleton & York): B Company
** 37 Signal Regiment: Det Saint John, and 2 Squadron
** 37 Service Battalion: Battalion headquarters and a composite logistics company
==Education==
=== Primary and secondary ===
Saint John is served by two school boards. One is the Anglophone board, known as the [[Anglophone South School District]], one of the four Anglophone [[K–12]] [[List of school districts in New Brunswick|school districts]] in New Brunswick, and headquartered in Saint John.<ref>{{cite web |title=LinkedIn Login, Sign in |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/asd-s/about/ |website=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New Brunswick, Canada |title=Anglophone School District Information |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/education/k12/content/anglophone_sector/anglophone.html |website=www2.gnb.ca|date=30 October 2014}}</ref> The other school board is the Francophone board, named the [[Francophone Sud School District]], which is based out of [[Dieppe, New Brunswick|Dieppe]] and serves Saint John's only Francophone school, [[École Samuel-de-Champlain]].
There are 25 [[State school|public]] K–12 schools in Saint John, with 24 being anglophone and one being francophone. The city is home to [[Saint John High School]], Canada's oldest publicly funded high school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/community/schools |website=Schools {{!}} City of Saint John, New Brunswick}}</ref> There is also [[Harbour View High School]], [[St. Malachy's Memorial High School]], and [[Simonds High School]].
=== Post-secondary ===
[[File:Commons unbsj 003.JPG|thumb|The Hans W. Klohn Commons at the University of New Brunswick]]
Saint John is home to a number of post-secondary institutions, including the smaller of the two campuses of the [[University of New Brunswick]], the Saint John campus (UNBSJ). Opened in 1969 and located next to the [[Saint John Regional Hospital]] near [[Millidgeville]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Sketch – Saint John Campus History |url=https://www.unb.ca/academics/calendar/undergraduate/current/historicalsketch/saintjohnhistoricalsketch.html |website=unb.ca |publisher=[[University of New Brunswick]] |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> the campus serves around 2,000 of UNB's total student body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 1: Total Enrolment by Province, Institution and Registration Status, 2017–2018 to 2021–2022 |url=http://www.mphec.ca/media/215535/Table1_Enrolment_2021-2022.pdf |website=mphec.ca |access-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923170519/http://www.mphec.ca/media/215535/Table1_Enrolment_2021-2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of its proximity to the hospital, the Saint John campus also houses Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick for [[Dalhousie University]] as well as the Gerald S Merrithew Allied Health Education Centre for the provincial community college.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://medicine.dal.ca/departments/core-units/DMNB/about.html |website=Dalhousie University |publisher=[[Dalhousie University]] |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=Government of New Brunswick, Canada |title=Official opening of NBCC's Allied Health Education Centre |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/news/news_release.2011.09.0949.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=www2.gnb.ca |date=1 Sep 2011}}</ref> Saint John also contains one of the campuses for the [[New Brunswick Community College]] as well as a campus for [[Eastern College (Atlantic Canada)|Eastern College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Campus |url=https://easterncollege.ca/locations/saint-john/ |website=Eastern College |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NBCC Saint John Campus |url=https://nbcc.ca/campuses/saint-john |website=nbcc.ca |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
In the fall of 2007, a report commissioned by the provincial government recommended UNBSJ and the NBCC be reformed and consolidated into a new polytechnic post-secondary institute. The proposal immediately came under heavy criticism and led to the organizing of several protests in the uptown area, citing the diminishment of UNB as a nationally accredited university, the reduction in accessibility to receive degrees – and these are only a couple of the reasons why the community was enraged by the recommendation. Support for keeping UNBSJ as it was, and expanding the university under its current structure, fell slightly below 90%. Seeing too much political capital would be lost, and several Saint John MPs were likely not to support the initiative if the policies recommended by the report were legislated, the government abandoned the commission's report and created an intra-provincial post-secondary commission.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Brunswick: Post-Secondary Education Report Ignites Firestorm of Opposition |url=https://bulletin-archives.caut.ca/bulletin/articles/2007/10/new-brunswick-post-secondary-education-report-ignites-firestorm-of-opposition |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=bulletin-archives.caut.ca |date=October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunney |first1=Joseph |title=In retrospect: Was Saint John polytechnic institute best option for New Brunswick? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/polytechnic-saint-john-university-of-new-brunswick-1.4551417 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
===Public library system===
{{main|Saint John Free Public Library}}
First opening on May 18, 1883,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Letson |first1=Cherise |title=Saint John Free Public Library celebrates 130 years this week |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1366564931 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=12 June 2013|id={{ProQuest|1366564931}} }}</ref> the Saint John Free Public Library was among Canada's first [[Public bookcase|free libraries]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silcox |first1=Ben |title=Saint John makerspace to feature programming equipment, 3D printer |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1895679763 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=3 February 2017 |id={{ProQuest|1895679763}}}}</ref> It first operated out of the [[Saint John City Market]] with a book inventory of 2,885. It temporarily relocated to the [[Saint John Masonic Temple]] before moving to a building funded by [[Andrew Carnegie]] and constructed in 1904, where it operated until moving to its present location in Market Square in 1983.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bartlett |first1=Bruce |title=Library has come a long way in the last 130 years |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1367471965 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=14 June 2013 |id={{ProQuest|1367471965}}}}</ref> The library currently maintains three branches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint John Free Public Library |url=https://marketsquaresj.com/relax-play/saint-john-free-public-library/ |website=marketsquaresj.com |publisher=Market Square |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=13 May 2015}}</ref>
==Labour==
===Canada's first trade union===
Saint John is often described as the birthplace of unionism in Canada and is one of the few pre-capitalist colonial settlements in North America. The city has a history of labour achievements and sparked the Canadian labour movement with Canada's first trade union, the Labourers' Benevolent Association (now International Longshoremen's Association Local 273). In 1849 the union was formed when Saint John's longshoremen banded together to lobby for regular pay and a shorter workday. One of their first resolutions was to apply to the city council for permission to erect the bell, which would announce the beginning and end of the labourers' 10-hour workday. As the bell shears were hardly finished when capitalists and merchants in the city objected to the bell and successfully lobbied city hall to keep the bell from being put up. But then, citizens and longshoremen defied the order and erected a larger bell and merchants withdrew their opposition to the "Labourers' Bell". ILA Local 273 remain one of the city's strongest trade unions to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=For Whom The Bells Toll|url=http://www.wfhathewaylabourexhibitcentre.ca/labour-history/for-whom-the-bells-toll/|publisher=Hatheway Labour Exhibit Center|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref>
===The Saint John Street Railwaymen's strike and riot of 1914===
[[File:1914 Saint John riot aftermath.jpg|thumb|1914 Saint John Railwaymen's Strike riot]]
The [[1914 Saint John street railway strike]] (sometimes called the ''Saint John street railwaymen's strike'')<ref name=Babcock>{{cite journal |last=Babcock |first=Robert H. |date=January 1982 |title=The Saint John Street Railwaymen's Strike and Riot, 1914 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/11570/0 |journal=[[Acadiensis]] |publisher=[[University of New Brunswick]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |issn=0044-5851 |access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref> was a [[strike action|strike]] by workers on the street railway system in the city which lasted from July 22 to 24, 1914, with rioting by Saint John inhabitants occurring on July 23 and 24. The strike was important for shattering the image of Saint John as a conservative town dominated primarily by ethnic and religious (rather than class) divisions, and highlighting tensions between railway industrialists and the local working population.
===October 14, 1976: The Saint John General Strike===
The Saint John General Strike of 1976 was a result of the Bill C-73 passed by Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and the House of Commons in Ottawa on October 14, 1975. This bill limited wage increases to 8% the first year, 6% the second year, and 4% the third year after its enactment. Most provinces of Canada accepted the bill by spring of 1976, but within eighteen months they began to withdraw from the program. After its introduction in 1975, it was not until 1976 that the Anti-Inflation Board (AIB) began to roll back workers' wages. The employees of Irving Pulp and Paper, members of the Canadian Paper Workers Union, were among the first to experience the roll backs implemented by the AIB. The paper workers were required to give back to the employer 9.8% of their previous wage increase the first year, and 11% the second year. The Atlantic Sugar Refinery workers of the Bakery and Confectionary Workers International Union of America soon felt the burden as well. The majority of workers within Saint John were influenced by the AIB by January 1976. On February 5, 1976, the Saint John District and the Labour Council held a conference to plan an organized opposition to the AIB. Fifty-two people came to the meeting as representatives of twenty-six unions in Saint John. The council was led by the Labour Council president, George Vair. They began by educating those present on wage control legislation, but swiftly transitioned into rallying and demonstrating in opposition throughout the city. Five thousand marched from numerous ends of the town to King Square. All major industries in Saint John were shut down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian workers strike against wage controls, 1976|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/canadian-workers-strike-against-wage-controls-1976|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref>
===The Irving Oil Refinery strike, 1994–1996===
On May 12, 1994, at 4:30 pm, members of Local 691 of the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers (CEP) union at the Irving Oil Ltd. Refinery went on strike. At this time the refinery's management took over its operations. Irving had argued the refinery might have to shut down and had to bring in a bevy of rollbacks to the workers' pay and benefits and other changes to the collective agreement. Local 691 argued Irving simply wished to lengthen the work week without paying workers overtime rates. The strike lasted 27 months and was based on Irving's demands for flexibility of the workers to ensure the refinery was competitive. The strike is seen as symbolic of a rollback of labour and democratic collective bargaining rights that have been in decline across North America.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steuter|first1=Erin|last2=Martin|first2=Geoff|title=The Myth of the Competitive Challenge: The Irving Oil Refinery Strike, 1994–96 and the Canadian Petroleum Industry|url=http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/article/view/6728|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref>
== Media ==
{{main|Media in Saint John, New Brunswick}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
===Print===
Saint John's daily newspaper is the ''[[Telegraph-Journal]]'', which was previously owned by [[J. D. Irving]] under their Saint John-based publishing company [[Brunswick News]], until its acquisition by [[Postmedia Network]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Hadeel |title=Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=18 February 2022}}</ref> The newspaper was created in 1923, following the merger of ''The Daily Journal'' and ''The Daily Telegraph and The Sun'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Telegraph Journal (1923) |url=https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/telegraph-journal-1923 |website=[[University of New Brunswick]] |publisher=New Brunswick Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref> which itself was created from the merging of ''The Sun'' and ''Daily Telegraph''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Daily Telegraph and The Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1910) |url=https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/daily-telegraph-and-sun-saint-john-new-brunswick-1910 |website=[[University of New Brunswick]] |publisher=New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref> Additionally, the University of New Brunswick Saint John campus (UNBSJ) has a [[Student publication|student newspaper]] ''The Baron''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Nipun |title=Student newspaper at UNB Saint John goes back to the future with print editions |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/university-of-new-brunswick-saint-john-the-baron-1.7172033 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=13 April 2024}}</ref> The city was also home to ''[[Huddle (website)|Huddle]]'', a [[Business journalism|business news]] website which published from 2015 to 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=Andrew |title=Saint John-based online business publication Huddle shuts down |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/business/saint-john-based-online-business-publication-huddle-shuts-down-100877347/ |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |publisher=[[SaltWire]] |date=July 26, 2023}}</ref>
One of the first [[Black Canadian]] magazines, ''[[Neith (magazine)|Neith]]'', was published in Saint John in 1903–1904 by [[Abraham Beverley Walker]].<ref name="Modernist">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Billy |title=Introduction to Neith |url=https://www.modernistmags.ca/mags/neith/intro/ |website=Canadian Modernist Magazines Project |access-date=6 June 2024 |date=October 2022}}</ref>
=== Television ===
Saint John's [[television market]] is served by two stations, those being [[CHNB-DT]] ([[Global Television Network|Global]]) and [[CKLT-DT]] ([[CTV Television Network|CTV]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stations for Saint John, New Brunswick |url=https://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=print_market&mktid=272 |website=rabbitears.info}}</ref> CHNB-DT is operated in [[Brunswick Square (building complex)|Brunswick Square]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CHNB-DT {{!}} History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://broadcasting-history.com/listing_and_histories/television/chnb-dt |website=broadcasting-history.com}}</ref>
=== Radio ===
Saint John is served by both anglophone and francophone radio stations, with all but one being [[FM broadcasting|FM]] broadcast. Music [[Radio broadcasting|stations]] include [[CHWV-FM]], ([[hot adult contemporary]]), [[CIOK-FM]] ([[adult contemporary]]), [[CJRP-FM]] ([[Christian contemporary]]), [[CJYC-FM]] ([[classic hits]]), [[CHNI-FM]] ([[classic rock|classic]]/[[active rock]]), [[CHSJ-FM]] and [[CFBC]] (both [[country music|country]]), and [[CINB-FM]] ([[oldies]]/[[classic hits]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Andy |title=New Brunswick – Canadian Radio Directory – Radio Stations |url=https://www.canadianradiodirectory.com/new-brunswick/ |website=Canadian Radio Directory |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> Francophone stations include [[CHQC-FM]] ([[community radio]]) as well as two other [[Broadcast relay station|rebroadcast]] stations [[CBAL-FM-4]] ([[classical music|classical]]/[[jazz music]]) and [[CBAF-FM-1]] ([[All-news radio|news]]/[[Talk radio|talk]]). The third rebroadcast station in the city, [[CBZ-FM]], is anglophone.
Saint John also has one anglophone news/talk station [[CBD-FM]] as well as one [[campus radio]] station [[CFMH-FM]] for the [[University of New Brunswick]] Saint John campus (UNBSJ).
==Transportation==
[[File:Uptown Saint John, from Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Looking east on the Saint John Throughway, right before the Harbour Bridge and the now closed (since 2011) toll plaza]]
[[File:Saint John Transit Bus 2023.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Saint John Transit]] bus in uptown]]
===Air===
Air service into Saint John is provided by the [[Saint John Airport]], near Loch Lomond {{convert|8|NM|lk=in}} east northeast of the central business district<ref name="CFS">{{CFS}}</ref> or approximately {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} by road northeast of the city centre. Flights are offered by [[Sunwing Airlines]] (seasonal) and [[Air Canada]] ([[Air Canada Express]] and [[Air Canada Rouge]]). In 2011, [[WestJet]] decided to withdraw from the Saint John Airport. Quebec-based [[Pascan Aviation]] announced its expansion into Saint John in late 2012, with direct flights from Saint John to Quebec City, Newfoundland, and other destinations beginning in September 2012. [[Porter Airlines]] flies once daily from Saint John, to Ottawa and Toronto Island Airport.<ref>{{cite web|title=PASCAN Aviation confirms its schedule of flights from Saint John, NB starting September 17|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1018667/pascan-aviation-confirms-its-schedule-of-flights-from-saint-john-nb-starting-september-17|publisher=Canada Newswire|access-date=August 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111535/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1018667/pascan-aviation-confirms-its-schedule-of-flights-from-saint-john-nb-starting-september-17|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Highways===
The main highway in the city is the Saint John Throughway ([[New Brunswick Route 1|Route 1]]). Route 1 extends west to the [[United States]] border, and northeast towards both [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[Nova Scotia]]. A second major highway, [[New Brunswick Route 7|Route 7]], connects Saint John with [[Fredericton]]. There are two main road crossings over the Saint John River: the [[Saint John Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] and the [[Reversing Falls Bridge]], approximately {{convert|1|nmi|km|lk=in}} upstream.
===Rail===
Prior to 1918, rail travel to and from Saint John would be carried out through the [[Intercolonial Railway]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulhall |first1=James M. |title=Tourists' guide to Saint John and the province of New Brunswick |date=1888 |publisher=Canada Railway News Company |location=Saint John |page=28 |url=https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.27278/ |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>
The [[Reversing Falls Railway Bridge]] carries rail traffic for the [[New Brunswick Southern Railway]] on the route from Saint John to [[Maine]]. Saint John was serviced by the [[Atlantic (train)|"Atlantic" Line]] of [[Via Rail]] passenger service. Passenger rail service in Saint John was discontinued in December 1994, although the [[Canadian National Railway]] and New Brunswick Southern Railway continue to provide freight service.
===Port and ferries===
Port Saint John is located where the Saint John River meets the Atlantic Ocean. Thus both the ocean and the river system is navigable from Saint John docks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sjport.com/facilities-and-operations/ |title=Facilities and Operations |date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Port Saint John |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> [[Bay Ferries]] operates a ferry service, {{MV|Fundy Rose}}, across the Bay of Fundy to [[Digby, Nova Scotia]].
The [[Summerville to Millidgeville Ferry|Summerville-Millidgeville Ferry]], a seasonal toll-free ferry service operated by the [[New Brunswick Department of Transportation]], connects the [[Millidgeville, New Brunswick|Millidgeville]] neighbourhood with Summerville, located across the [[Kennebecasis River]] on the [[Kingston Peninsula]]. Operating from April until the winter season,<ref>{{cite web |title=Summerville-Millidgeville Ferry |url=https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/listing/summerville-millidgeville-ferry |website=tourismnewbrunswick.ca |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> the service uses the ''Peninsula Princess'', a ferry which, unlike other toll-free ferries in the region, is self-[[propeller|propelled]] rather than a [[cable ferry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Julia |title=Ferry tale: How cable ferries became a way of life in southern N.B. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-ferry-schedule-times-1.6990528 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
===Public transit===
{{main|Saint John Transit}}
Saint John Transit is the largest transit system in New Brunswick in both area coverage and ridership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saintjohn.ca/en/transit/organization |publisher=Saint John Transit |title=Organization |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Bus service is provided by [[Saint John Transit]] (Greater Saint John Area) and [[Maritime Bus]] (Inter-city). [[Acadian Lines]] used to operate regular inter-city bus services between New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Bangor, as well as [[Rivière-du-Loup]], [[Quebec]] (connecting with [[Orléans Express]]). Maritime Bus has since replaced Acadian Lines as the regional bus service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news957.com/local/2012/10/25/uarb-names-bus-company-to-replace-acadian-lines/ |title=UARB names bus company to replace Acadian Lines |date=25 October 2012 |publisher=Rogers |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
==Sports==
[[File:TD Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[TD Station]] is home to the city's Quebec Major Junior hockey team, [[Saint John Sea Dogs]], and the [[Saint John Riptide]] of the [[National Basketball League of Canada]]]]
{{Expand section|date=August 2023}}
Saint John has been home to multiple provincial, junior league and professional sports teams, including the [[Saint John Sea Dogs]] ([[Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League]]), the former [[Saint John Riptide]] ([[National Basketball League of Canada]]), the Saint John Irish ([[New Brunswick Rugby Union]]), the Saint John Trojans ([[New Brunswick Rugby Union]]), and the Saint John Alpines ([[New Brunswick Senior Baseball League]]). The [[Port City Power]], an upcoming professional basketball team and the first Canadian team that will be in [[The Basketball League]], is also based in Saint John.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Regis |title=Saint John's newest basketball team announced |url=https://www.country94.ca/2024/07/31/saint-johns-newest-basketball-team-announced/ |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=[[Country 94]] |date=July 31, 2024}}</ref>
The following sporting events have been held in Saint John:
* The [[2022 Memorial Cup]], the national tournament of the [[Canadian Hockey League]] took place here after two years of absence due to the pandemic, with the Saint John Sea Dogs winning the championship.
* The [[Saint John Flames]] of the [[American Hockey League|AHL]] played here from 1993 to 2003, winning the [[Calder Cup]] in 2000–2001
* 1999 [[World Curling Championships]] ([[1999 World Men's Curling Championship|Men]] and [[1999 World Women's Curling Championship|Women]]) & [[2014 World Women's Curling Championship]]
* 1998 [[World Junior Figure Skating Championships]]
* 1997 [[AHL All-Star Game]]
* 1995 [[Skate Canada International]]
* 1988 [[World Blitz Chess Championship#1988 World Blitz Championship|World Blitz Chess Championship]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/1ff9e812e7ddf3b78d47be70d0ec351e |title=World Champion Eliminated From Blitz Chess Tournament |first=David |last=Goodman |author-link=David S. Goodman |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=February 20, 1988 |access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
* 1985 [[Canada Games]]
Collegiately, Saint John is home to the [[Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association|ACAA]] [[UNB Saint John Seawolves]], the athletic team representing UNBSJ. The team has six varsity sports: basketball, soccer and volleyball, for both men and women.<ref>{{cite news |title=About our varsity teams |url=https://www.unb.ca/saintjohn/athletics/varsity/index.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=[[University of New Brunswick]]}}</ref>
==Twin/sister cities==
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]], [[Maine]], United States (1987).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tremble |first1=T.J. |title=Saint John, Bangor become 'sisters' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/665420549/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Bangor Daily News |date=23 May 1987}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shantou]], China (1997).<ref>{{cite web |title=International Connections |url=https://english.shantou.gov.cn/english/%EF%BB%BFoverview/connections/ |website=english.shantou.gov.cn |publisher=[[Shantou]] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae, Gangwon|Donghae]], South Korea (2008).<ref>{{cite news |last1=team |first1=KoreanDogs org |title=Sister City Campaign Center (Non-US) |url=https://koreandogs.org/sister-city-campaign-center-non-us/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=Stop the Dog and Cat Consumption in S. Korea! |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Koper]], Slovenia (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/iiapublications/SmartBook/Documents/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31.pdf|title=Report: Visit of the Honourable Noël A. Kinsella, Speaker of the Senate, and a Parliamentary Delegation, to the Holy See, Romania and Slovenia|page=17|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=January 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234729/http://www.parl.gc.ca/iiapublications/SmartBook/Documents/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31/abbd6fd3-4149-4206-8731-eb53a3ffdc31.pdf|archive-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cleslo.com/News/north-america/st-john-and-koper-become-sister-cities.shtml |title=Saint John – The city has a twin on the Adriatic Sea|access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newport Destination Guide |url=https://res.cloudinary.com/simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/newportri/2017_DiscoverNewport_DestinationGuide_20a194d1-4ad9-42a4-a10b-cad7fe072e79.pdf |publisher=Newport |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Canada}}
* [[List of people from Saint John, New Brunswick]]
* [[Bank of New Brunswick]]: the first chartered bank in Canada.
* The [[Paris Crew]]: Canada's first international sporting champions (rowing), 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paris-crew/| title = Paris Crew |first=Margaret |last=Irving |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia| access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
===References===
{{reflist|1=30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Saint John, New Brunswick}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Subdivisions of New Brunswick}}
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}}
{{IBWaterDiv}}
{{Saint John River}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Saint John, New Brunswick| ]]
[[Category:1631 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:Acadian history]]
[[Category:Cities in New Brunswick]]
[[Category:Communities in Greater Saint John]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Canada]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1631]]
[[Category:New Brunswick populated places on the Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns on the Canadian Atlantic coast]]' |
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