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'{{Short description|Turkish/Azerbaijani condensed fruit juice}} [[File:Pekmez.jpg|thumb|Pekmez (''Üzüm Pekmezi''), a Turkish syrup made of grapes ([[grape syrup]]) or (''Keçiboynuzu Pekmezi'') of [[carob]]]] '''Pekmez''' is a [[molasses]]-like syrup obtained after condensing juices of fruit [[must]], especially [[grape]] by boiling it with a [[Flocculation|coagulant]] agent like wood ashes or ground carob seeds. It is used as a syrup or mixed with [[tahini]] for breakfast. == Etymology == Pekmez is etymologically [[Oghuz Turkic]] in origin and it was called ''bekmes'' in the past. The oldest written account of the word is recorded in 1073 dictionary ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]]'' by [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=pekmez|url=https://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=pekmez|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=pekmez TDK Online - Pekmez entry] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==History== Fruit molasses, [[defrutum]], goes back to the classical period.<ref name="Davidson"/> During the Byzantine era, the region of [[Trapezus]] (modern Trebizond) grew [[mulberry]] trees for [[silkworm]]s. Local Armenians used mulberries to make a sweet syrup called ''petmez'' or ''pekmez''; the Greeks made [[grape syrup]], ''siraios'' (σιραίος). After the Byzantine Empire fell, the term ''petmez'' replaced the Greek names for grape syrup in Greek, in the form ''petimezi''.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} ==Regional variants== In Turkey, [[sugar beet]] (''şeker pancarı''), [[common fig|figs]] (''incir'') or [[mulberry]] (''dut'') are often used, as well as [[juniper berries]] (''andiz''). ''Pekmez'' made from [[carob]] (''keçiboynuz'' or ''harnup'') is popularly recommended as a treatment for [[iron deficiency anemia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabah |first=Daily |date=2017-10-19 |title=Pekmez: Natural cure-all wonder |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2017/10/19/pekmez-natural-cure-all-wonder |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Ernesto |title=Pekmez |url=https://ecovillage.org/solution/pekmez/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Global Ecovillage Network}}</ref> In Azerbaijan, pekmez is made mostly from mulberry, grape, rosehip (doshab) or pomegranates(narsharab). In the Balkans, it is more [[jam]]-like in texture and usually made of plums. It usually contains more fruit products and less sugar than jam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zagreb |first=N1 |date=2018-01-12 |title=Razlika između džema, pekmeza i marmelade |trans-title=The difference between jam, pekmez and marmalade |url=https://n1info.rs/lifestyle/a356166-Koja-je-razlika-izmedju-dzema-pekmeza-i-marmelade/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=N1 |language=sr-RS}}</ref> In Greece, it is called [[petimezi]] (πετιμέζι). In [[Arab cuisine]], ''dibs'' or ''dibis'' (in some regions called "robb" or "rubb") is made from [[pomegranates]], grapes, [[carob#Syrup_and_drinks|carob]],<ref name='madina'>Maan Z. Madina, ''Arabic-English Dictionary'', ''s.v.''</ref> or [[date (fruit)|dates]].<ref name="Davidson">[[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]], ''ed.'', ''[[The Oxford Companion to Food]]''</ref> ==See also== *[[Grape syrup]] *[[List of grape dishes]] *[[List of syrups]] *[[Pomegranate juice#Pomegranate molasses|Pomegranate molasses]] *[[Date honey]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060807091209/http://www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/1/icerik.asp?efl=hizmetler%2Fyayinlar%2Fe-kitap%2Fbagcilik%2Findex.htm&curdir=%5Chizmetler%5Cyayinlar%5Ce-kitap%5Cbagcilik&fl=degerlendirme.htm Ministry of Agriculture in Turkey, archived page] ==External links== * {{Commonscatinline}} {{Cuisine of Turkey|beverage}} {{Serbian cuisine}} [[Category:Ottoman cuisine]] [[Category:Sugar substitutes]] [[Category:Syrup]] [[Category:Grape dishes]] [[Category:Azerbaijani cuisine]] {{Turkey-cuisine-stub}} {{Breakfast-stub}}'