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'{{short description|Private women's college in Manhattan, New York, U.S.}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox university | name = Barnard College | image = Formal Seal of Barnard College, New York City, USA.svg | image_upright = .6 | caption = | latin_name = Barnardi Collegium | other_name = | motto = ''Ἑπόμενη τῷ λογισμῷ'' ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]])<br />Hepomene toi logismoi | mottoeng = Following the Way of Reason | established = {{start date and age|1889}} | type = [[Private college|Private]] [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] | endowment = $447 million (2022)<ref>As of March 7, 2022. {{cite report |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/research/2022-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL.ashx?la=en&hash=362DC3F9BDEB1DF0C22B05D544AD24D1C44E318D|title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2021 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]] |date=2022 |access-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref> | president = [[Laura A. Rosenbury]] | faculty = 388 (Fall 2022)<ref name="CDS22"></ref> | undergrad = 3,442 (Fall 2022)<ref name="CDS22">{{cite web |title=Common Data Set 2022-2023|url=https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/20230622_CommonDataSet_Barnard.pdf |publisher=Barnard College |access-date=Sep 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630144045/https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/20230622_CommonDataSet_Barnard.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | city = New York City <!-- Do not link per [[MOS:OL]] --> | state = New York <!-- Do not link per [[MOS:OL]] --> | country = United States <!-- Do not link per [[MOS:OL]] --> | campus = Urban | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Ivy League]]<br />(consortium with [[Columbia University]]) | mascot = Millie the Bear | website = {{URL|http://barnard.edu}} | coordinates = {{Coord|40.8096|-73.9635|type:edu_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}} | parent = [[Columbia University]] | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[Oberlin Group]]|[[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space Grant]]}} | colors = Blue and white<br />{{Color box|#005596|border=silver}}{{Color box|white|border=silver}} | logo = Barnard College logo.jpeg }} '''Barnard College''', officially titled as '''Barnard College, Columbia University''', is a [[Private college|private]] [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's]] [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] in the borough of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]. It was founded in 1889 by a group of women led by young student activist [[Annie Nathan Meyer]], who petitioned [[Columbia University]]'s trustees to create an affiliated college named after Columbia's recently deceased 10th president, [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|Frederick A.P. Barnard]]. The college is one of the original [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]]—seven [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts colleges]] in the [[Northeastern United States]] that were historically [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's colleges]]. Barnard is currently one of four Columbia undergraduate colleges with independent admission, curriculum, and financials. Students share classes, libraries, clubs, [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek life]], athletic fields, and dining halls with Columbia, as well as [[Columbia Lions|sports]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Athletics |url=https://barnard.edu/athletics |access-date=29 April 2020 |website=Women's NCAA Athletics |publisher=Barnard College |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427144320/https://barnard.edu/athletics |url-status=live }}</ref> teams, through the Columbia-Barnard Athletic Consortium,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Small-School Support, Big-School Athletics |url=https://barnard.edu/athletics |access-date=June 8, 2022 |website= |publisher=Barnard College |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173059/https://barnard.edu/athletics |url-status=live }}</ref> an agreement that makes Barnard the only women's college to offer its students the ability to compete in [[NCAA Division I]] athletics. Students receive their diploma from Columbia University. Barnard offers [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree programs in about 50 areas of study. Students may also pursue elements of their education at Columbia, the [[Juilliard School]], the [[Manhattan School of Music]], and [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|The Jewish Theological Seminary]], which are also based in New York City. Its {{Convert|4|acre|adj=on}} campus is located in the [[Upper Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]], stretching along [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] between [[116th Street – Columbia University (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)|116th]] and [[List of numbered streets in Manhattan|120th]] Streets. It is directly across from Columbia's main campus. Barnard College alumnae include leaders in science, religion, politics, the [[Peace Corps]], medicine, law, education, communications, theater, and business. Barnard graduates have been recipients of [[Emmy Award|Emmy]], [[Tony Award|Tony]], [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]], [[Academy Awards|Academy]], and [[Peabody Award|Peabody]] Awards, [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]s, [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowships]], the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the [[National Medal of Science]], and the [[Pulitzer Prize]]. == History == === Founding === {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | header_align = left/right/center | footer_align = left/right/center | image1 = Barnard College, June 4, 1913 (LOC).jpg | caption1 = Members of the Barnard class of 1913 | image2 = 2014 Barnard College Barnard Hall entrance facade.jpg | width2 = 250 | caption2 = The facade of [[Students' Hall|Barnard Hall]] }} For its first 229 years, [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]] of [[Columbia University]] admitted only men for undergraduate study.<ref name="farmer20080825">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/record/coeducation.html|title=College Marks 25 years of Coeducation|website=The Record|last1=Farmer|first1=Melanie|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=April 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429224549/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/record/coeducation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Barnard College was founded in 1889 as a response to Columbia's refusal to admit women into its institution. The college was named after [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard]], a [[deaf]] American educator and mathematician who served as the 10th president of Columbia from 1864 to 1889. He advocated for equal educational privileges for men and women, preferably in a coeducational setting, and began proposing in 1879 that Columbia admit women.<ref name="jstor368780" /> Columbia's Board of Trustees repeatedly rejected Barnard's suggestion,<ref name="jstor368780" /> but in 1883 agreed to create a detailed syllabus of study for women. While they could not attend Columbia classes, those who passed examinations based on the syllabus would receive a degree. The first such woman graduate received her bachelor's degree in 1887. A former student of the program, [[Annie Nathan Meyer|Annie Meyer]],<ref name="rosenberg" /> and other prominent New York women persuaded the board in 1889 to create a women's college connected to Columbia.<ref name="jstor368780">{{cite journal|date=Spring 1991|title=Social and Cultural Stratification in Women's Higher Education: Barnard College and Teachers College, 1898–1912|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=31|issue=1|pages=1–25|jstor=368780|author=Weneck, Bette|doi=10.2307/368780|s2cid=144543745 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Barnard Board of Trustees, 1889 |url=https://edblogs.columbia.edu/histx3570-001-2014-1/numbers/first-barnard-board-of-trustees-1889/ |website=Alma Mater: The History of American Colleges & Universities |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806000132/https://edblogs.columbia.edu/histx3570-001-2014-1/numbers/first-barnard-board-of-trustees-1889/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Men and women were evenly represented among the founding Trustees of Barnard College.<ref name="Putnam">{{cite journal |last1=Putnam |first1=Emily Jane |title=The rise of Barnard College |journal=Columbia University Quarterly |date=1900 |volume=II |issue=3 |pages=209–217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IZMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714130931/https://books.google.com/books?id=9IZMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|212}} Barnard College's original 1889 home was a rented [[brownstone]] at 343 Madison Avenue, where a faculty of six offered instruction to 36 students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barnard College: An Early Timeline, To 1939 {{!}} Barnard 125|url=https://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/ram31/timelines/barnard-college-timeline-to-1945-under-construction/|access-date=2020-10-12|language=en-US|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918134154/http://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/ram31/timelines/barnard-college-timeline-to-1945-under-construction/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Morningside campus === When Columbia University announced in 1892 its impending move to Morningside Heights, Barnard built a new campus nearby with gifts from Mary E. Brinckerhoff, [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] and Martha Fiske.<ref name="Dolkart p. 215">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=215}}</ref> Two of these gifts were made with several stipulations attached. Brinckerhoff insisted that Barnard acquire land within 1,000 feet of the Columbia campus within the next four years.<ref name="Dolkart p. 209">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=209}}</ref> The Barnard trustees purchased land between 119th-120th Streets after receiving funds for that purpose in 1895.<ref name="Dolkart p. 210">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1895/02/19/archives/gifts-to-barnard-college-two-hundred-thousand-dollars-for-a.html|title=GIFTS TO BARNARD COLLEGE; TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR A BUILDING FUND. Money Needed for Land on Morningside Heights -- Money Guaranteed for Post-Graduate Professors.|date=1895-02-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223184853/https://www.nytimes.com/1895/02/19/archives/gifts-to-barnard-college-two-hundred-thousand-dollars-for-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anderson requested that [[Charles A. Rich]] be hired.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 211-215">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=211&ndash;214}}</ref> Rich designed the [[Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls]], built in 1897–1898;<ref name="Dolkart pp. 211-215" /> these were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2003.<ref name="nris2">{{NRISref|version=2009a|dateform=mdy}}</ref> The first classes at the new campus were held in 1897. Despite Brinckerhoff's, Anderson's, and Fiske's gifts, Barnard remained in debt.<ref name="Dolkart p. 215" /> [[Ella Weed]] supervised the college in its first four years; [[Emily James Smith Putnam|Emily James Smith]] succeeded her as Barnard's first dean.<ref name="jstor368780" /> [[Jessica Garretson Finch|Jessica Finch]] is credited with coining the phrase "current events" while teaching at Barnard College in the 1890s.<ref name="obituary2">{{cite news|title=Mrs. John Cosgrave Is Dead Founded Finch Junior College: Was Institution's President Nearly 50 Years; Coined 'Current Events' Phrase|date=November 1, 1949|publisher=New York Herald Tribune}}</ref> The college received the three blocks south of 119th Street from Anderson in 1903.<ref>Plimpton Papers, Barnard College Archives</ref><ref name="Dolkart p. 217">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=217}}</ref> Rich provided a master plan for the campus, but only [[Brooks and Hewitt Halls|Brooks Hall]] was built, being constructed between 1906 and 1908.<ref name="Dolkart pp. 218-219">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=218&ndash;219}}</ref><ref name="nrhpinv_ny2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10059|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Brooks and Hewitt Halls|author=Kathleen A. Howe|date=June 2003|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019113056/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10059|url-status=live}}</ref> None of Rich's other plans were carried out. [[Students' Hall]], now known as Barnard Hall, was built in 1916 to a design by [[Arnold W. Brunner|Arnold Brunner]].<ref name="Dolkart pp. 220-221">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|pp=220&ndash;221}}</ref> [[Brooks and Hewitt Halls|Hewitt Hall]] was the last structure to be erected, in 1926–1927.<ref name="nrhpinv_ny2" /> All three buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.<ref name="nris2" /><ref name="Dolkart p. 223">{{harvnb|Dolkart|1998|ps=.|p=223}}</ref> By the mid-20th century Barnard had succeeded in its original goal of providing a top-tier education to women. Between 1920 and 1974, only the much larger [[Hunter College]] and [[University of California, Berkeley]] produced more women graduates who later received doctorates.<ref name="zimmerman20120314" /> In the 1970s, Barnard faced considerable pressure to merge with male only Columbia College, which was fiercely resisted by its president, [[Jacquelyn Mattfeld]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maeroff |first1=Gene I. |title=Tie to Columbia Called Big Issue In Mattfeld Shift; Barnard President Seen as Too Intensely Opposed Areas of Disagreement Autonomy and Affiliation Turnover in Personnel |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/05/30/111163075.html?pageNumber=27 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 30, 1980 |language=en |access-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731165450/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/05/30/111163075.html?pageNumber=27 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Academics == Barnard students are able to pursue a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in about 50 areas of study.<ref name="ataglance">{{cite web | url=http://admissions.barnard.edu/about/at-a-glance | title=Barnard at a Glance | publisher=Barnard College | access-date=August 7, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803173349/http://admissions.barnard.edu/about/at-a-glance | archive-date=August 3, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Joint programs for the [[Bachelor of Science]] and other degrees exist with Columbia University, [[Juilliard School]], and [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|The Jewish Theological Seminary]]. The most popular majors at the college by 2021 graduates, were <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Barnard&s=all&id=189097#programs |website=nces.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Dept of Education |title=Barnard College |access-date=January 24, 2023}}</ref>.: ::Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (62) ::Research and Experimental Psychology (56) ::History (43) ::English Language and Literature (39) ::Political Science and Government (36) ::Neuroscience (33) ::Art History, Criticism and Conservation (33) The liberal arts general education requirements are collectively called Foundations. Students must take two courses in the sciences (one of which must be accompanied by a laboratory course), study a single foreign language for two semesters, and take two courses in the arts/humanities as well as two in the social sciences. In addition, students must complete at least one three-credit course in the so-called "Modes of Thinking" series, and fulfill other requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.barnard.edu/barnard-college/curriculum/requirements-liberal-arts-degree/foundations/|title=Foundations {{!}} Barnard College|website=barnard.edu|access-date=November 12, 2019|archive-date=November 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113015130/http://catalog.barnard.edu/barnard-college/curriculum/requirements-liberal-arts-degree/foundations/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Admissions === <!-- Please fill out and then uncomment, replacing the table. {{Infobox U.S. college admissions |year = <!-- Comparison year is automatically set to five years prior -x-> |ref = |change ref = |admit rate = |admit rate change = |yield rate = |yield rate change = |test optional = |SAT Total = <!-- use an em-dash (–) -x-> |SAT Total change = |SAT EBRW = <!-- use an em-dash (–) -x-> |SAT EBRW change = |SAT Math = <!-- use an em-dash (–) -x-> |SAT Math change = |ACT Composite = <!-- use an em-dash (–) -x-> |ACT Composite change = |top decile = |top decile change = |top quarter = |top quarter change = |top half = |top half change = |GPA = |GPA change = }}--> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" |+Enrolled First-Year Student Statistics |- !&nbsp; !2022<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Barnard College Admits 1,084 to the Class of 2025 |url=https://barnard.edu/news/barnard-college-admits-1084-class-2025 |access-date=March 30, 2020 |publisher=Barnard College |language=en |archive-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401195555/https://barnard.edu/news/barnard-college-admits-1084-class-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> !2021<ref name=":1" /> !2020<ref name=":1" /> !2019<ref name="CDS-C">{{cite web |title=Barnard College Common Data Set 2019-2020, Part C |url=https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/CDS_2019-2020_completed.pdf |access-date=April 29, 2020 |publisher=Barnard College |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001134326/https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/CDS_2019-2020_completed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> !2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Barnard College Common Data Set 2018-2019, Part C |url=https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2018-2019%20Common%20Data%20Set_v2.pdf |access-date=April 29, 2020 |publisher=Barnard College |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108111351/https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2018-2019%20Common%20Data%20Set_v2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |'''Applicants''' |12,009 |10,395 |9,411 |9,320 |7,897 |- |'''Admits''' |NA |1,084 |1,022 |1,097 |1,099 |- |'''Admit rate''' |6% |10% |10.8% |11.8% |13.9% |- |'''Enrolled''' |N/A |N/A |N/A |632 |605 |- |'''SAT mid-50% range*''' |N/A |N/A |N/A |1360-1500 |1330-1500 |- |''' ACT mid-50% range''' |N/A |N/A |N/A |31-34 |30-33 |- |<small>* SAT out of 1600</small> |} Admissions to Barnard are considered "most selective" by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/barnard-college-2708 |access-date=November 12, 2019|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919043538/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/items/2708 |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> It is the most selective women's college in the nation;<ref name="Alix Pianin2">{{cite web|url=https://barnard.edu/news/nations-top-womens-college-admits-most-selective-class-127-year-history|title=Nation's Top Women's College Admits Most Selective Class in 127 Year History|date=March 23, 2017|author=Barnard College|work=[[Barnard Website]]|access-date=December 6, 2017|archive-date=December 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013336/https://barnard.edu/news/nations-top-womens-college-admits-most-selective-class-127-year-history|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2017, Barnard had the lowest acceptance rate of the five [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] that remain single-sex in admissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/items/2708|title=Rankingsandreviews.com|publisher=Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|access-date=February 20, 2011|archive-date=September 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919043538/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/items/2708|url-status=live}}</ref> The class of 2026's admission rate was 8% of the 12,009 applicants, the lowest acceptance rate in the institution's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sentner |first=Irie |title=Barnard accepts record-low 8 percent of applicants to its most diverse class ever - Columbia Spectator |url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2022/03/30/barnard-accepts-record-low-8-percent-of-applicants-to-its-most-diverse-class-ever/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Columbia Daily Spectator |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402110956/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2022/03/30/barnard-accepts-record-low-8-percent-of-applicants-to-its-most-diverse-class-ever/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The median SAT composite score of enrolled students was 1440, with median subscores of 720 in Math and 715 in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing.<ref name=CDS-C/> The median ACT Composite score was 33.<ref name=CDS-C/> In 2015, Barnard announced that it would admit transgender women who "consistently live and identify as women, regardless of the gender assigned to them at birth" and would continue to support and enroll those students who transitioned to male after they had already been admitted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/04/pf/college/barnard-college-transgender-admissions/index.html|title=Barnard College will now accept transgender women|date=June 4, 2015|work=CNN|access-date=August 2, 2020|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922124125/https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/04/pf/college/barnard-college-transgender-admissions/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The college practices [[need-blind admission]] for domestic first-year applicants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barnard Fin Aid|url=http://barnard.edu/admissions/paying|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=May 3, 2023|archive-date=October 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004100145/http://barnard.edu/admissions/paying|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Rankings === {{Infobox US university ranking | Forbes = 73 of 500 | USNWR_LA = 11 (tie) of 185 | THE_WSJ = 50 of 600 | Wamo_LA = 61 of 199 }} Barnard is ranked tied at 11th of 185 overall and tied for 25th of 36 for "Best Undergraduate Teaching," among U.S. liberal arts colleges by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/barnard-college-2708/overall-rankings |title=Barnard College Rankings |year=2024 |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130045625/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/barnard-college-2708/overall-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Barnard 73rd of 500 colleges in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/barnard-college/?list=top-colleges |magazine=Forbes |title=America's Top Colleges |date=August 15, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731165448/https://www.forbes.com/colleges/barnard-college/?list=top-colleges |url-status=live }}</ref> == Campus == === Library === {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | header_align = left/right/center | footer_align = left/right/center | image1 = BarnardMilbank01.jpg | caption1 = Milbank Hall | link1 = | image2 = | width2 = 250 | caption2 = Hewitt Hall, a dormitory }} [[File:Milstein front.jpg|alt=photo of the Milstein Center for Teaching and Learning|thumb|The Milstein Center for Teaching and Learning]] {{anchor|Library}} While Barnard students have access to the libraries at Columbia University, the college has always maintained a library of its own. The Barnard Library also encompasses the Archives and Special Collections, with material that documents Barnard's history from its founding to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://archives.barnard.edu/about-us|website=BLAIS|publisher=barnard.edu|access-date=June 30, 2016|archive-date=July 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715041256/http://archives.barnard.edu/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the collections are the [[Ntozake Shange]] papers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schuessler|first1=Jennifer|title=Ntozake Shange Archive Goes to Barnard|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/ntozake-shange-archive-goes-to-barnard/|access-date=June 30, 2016|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=April 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032636/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/ntozake-shange-archive-goes-to-barnard/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Zine Collection === {{anchor|Zine collection}} The Barnard Zine Library is a unit of the Barnard Library and Academic Information Systems (BLAIS). Zine collections target primarily female, default queer, intentionally of color, and gender expansive topics. The Zine Library was first proposed in 2003, and in 2004, became the first zine library in the United States to be fully cataloged in the [[OCLC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Press Release {{!}} Barnard Zine Library |url=https://zines.barnard.edu/press-release |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Barnard College Library}}</ref> It opened for circulation in 2008, and holds roughly 5,000 processed zines as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Collection {{!}} Barnard Zine Library |url=https://zines.barnard.edu/about-collection#:~:text=When%20did%20Barnard%20start%20the,the%20zines%20onto%20the%20shelves. |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=zines.barnard.edu}}</ref> The zine library frequently holds classes and workshops for various academic disciplines, and supports the student-run Barnard Zine Club.<ref>Freedman, Jenna. “The Barnard Zine Library: The Controlled and the Wild.” In ''Zines in Libraries: Selecting, Purchasing, and Processing'', by Lauren DeVoe and Sara Duff, 85–100. Chicago: American Library Association, 2022. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7916/wb68-r187</nowiki>.</ref> == Student life == === Student organizations === {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | header_align = left/right/center | footer_align = left/right/center | image1 = Mortarboard (1923) (14781323692).jpg | caption1 = College life as depicted by the college's newspaper in 1923. | image2 = Mortarboard (1902) (14783095112).jpg | width2 = 250 | caption2 = A 1902 depiction of a "modern" Barnard woman. | image3 = Mortarboard (1910) (14783824802).jpg | caption3 = A depiction of the Barnard Bear, commonly referred to by students as Millie the Dancing Bear. }} Every Barnard student is part of the Student Government Association (SGA), which elects a representative [[Student governments in the United States|student government]]. SGA aims to facilitate the expression of opinions on matters that directly affect the Barnard community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/sga|title=Student Government Association {{!}} Barnard College|website=barnard.edu|access-date=June 11, 2016|archive-date=June 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615084251/http://barnard.edu/sga|url-status=live}}</ref> Student groups include theatre and vocal music groups, language clubs, literary magazines, a freeform radio station called [[WBAR (college radio)|WBAR]], a biweekly magazine called the ''Barnard Bulletin'', Club Q, community service groups, and others. Barnard students can also join extracurricular activities or organizations at Columbia University, while Columbia University students are allowed in most, but not all, Barnard organizations. Barnard's McIntosh Activities Council organizes various community focused events on campus, such as Big Sub and Midnight Breakfast. There are sub-committees focussed on cultural events (Mosaic), health and wellness (Wellness), networking (Network), even-planning (Community), and service (Action). === Sororities === Barnard students participate in various sororities. {{as of|2010}}, Barnard does not fully recognize the National Panhellenic Conference sororities at Columbia, but it does provide some funding to account for Barnard students living in Columbia housing through these organizations.<ref>[http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2010/04/27/barnard-funding-sororities-not-recognition Barnard funding for sororities, but not recognition | Columbia Daily Spectator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207101838/http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2010/04/27/barnard-funding-sororities-not-recognition |date=February 7, 2013 }}. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> === Traditions === '''[[Barnard Greek Games]]''': One of Barnard's oldest traditions, the Barnard Greek Games were first held in 1903, and occurred annually until the [[Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia University protests in 1968]]. Since then they have been sporadically revived. The games consist of competitions between each graduating class at Barnard, and events have traditionally included Greek poetry recitation, dance, chariot racing, and a torch race.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bandrowski|first=Ainsley|date=April 20, 2017|title=Barnard Greek Games to return after four years|work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/04/21/barnard-greek-games-to-return-after-four-years/|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035156/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/04/21/barnard-greek-games-to-return-after-four-years/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Take Back the Night''': Each April, Barnard and Columbia students participate in the [[Take Back the Night (protest)|Take Back the Night]] march and speak-out. This annual event grew out of a 1988 [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] conference. The march has grown from under 200 participants in 1988 to more than 2,500 in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/tbtn/|title=Take Back the Night|date=March 16, 2007|publisher=Columbia.edu|author=Nicholas Bergson-Shilcock|access-date=February 20, 2011|archive-date=February 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208214824/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/tbtn/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Midnight breakfast|'''Midnight Breakfast''']] marks the beginning of finals week. As a highly popular event and long-standing college tradition, Midnight Breakfast is hosted by the student-run activities council, McAC (McIntosh Activities Council). In addition to providing standard breakfast foods, each year's theme is also incorporated into the menu. Past themes have included "I YUMM the 90s," "[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]," and "[[Take Me Out to the Ball Game|Take Me Out to the Ballgame]]." The event is a school-wide affair as college deans, trustees and the president serve food to about a thousand students. It takes place the night before finals begin every semester.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/headlines/barnard-tradition-midnight-breakfast|title=A Barnard Tradition: Midnight Breakfast {{!}} Barnard College|website=barnard.edu|access-date=June 11, 2016|archive-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616080926/http://barnard.edu/headlines/barnard-tradition-midnight-breakfast|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Big Sub''': Towards the beginning of each fall semester, Barnard College supplies a 700+ feet long [[Subway (restaurant)|subway]] sandwich. Students from the college can take as much of the sub as they can carry. The sub has kosher, dairy free, vegetarian, and vegan sections. This event is organized by the student-run activities council, McAC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Community-Student Life |url=https://barnard.edu/mcac/community |website=Barnard |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426203812/https://barnard.edu/mcac/community |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Academic affiliations == === Relationship with Columbia University === {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | header_align = left/right/center | footer_align = left/right/center | image1 = Barnard College Greek Games statue IMG 0972.JPG | caption1 = Greek Games statue | image2 = WikiDay 2015 - Barnard College Gates 1.jpg | width2 = 250 | caption2 = Front gates read "Barnard College of Columbia University" }} The ''Barnard Bulletin'' in 1976 described the relationship between the college and Columbia University as "intricate and ambiguous".<ref name="bb19760201">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4208702//|title=Is the Customer Always Right?|date=February 1, 1976|work=Barnard Bulletin|page=8|type=Editorial|access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref> Barnard president [[Debora Spar]] said in 2012 that "the relationship is admittedly a complicated one, a unique one and one that may take a few sentences to explain to the outside community".<ref name="stallone20120216" /> Outside sources often describe Barnard as part of Columbia; ''The New York Times'' in 2013, for example, called Barnard "an undergraduate women's college of Columbia University".<ref name="jstor368780" /><ref name="nyt201305092">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/nyregion/at-barnard-college-reports-of-cheating-prompt-changes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/nyregion/at-barnard-college-reports-of-cheating-prompt-changes.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=Reports of Cheating at Barnard Cause a Stir|date=May 9, 2013|work=The New York Times|pages=A25|access-date=January 4, 2016|author1=Kaminer, Ariel|author2=Leonard, Randy}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its front gates read "Barnard College of Columbia University."<ref name="bw200810292">{{cite news|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1029_college_costs/12.htm|title=50 Most Expensive Colleges / Barnard College|date=October 29, 2008|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=December 8, 2012|author=Teichman, Alysa|archive-date=August 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828001919/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1029_college_costs/12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barnard describes itself as "both an independently incorporated educational institution and an official college of Columbia University"<ref name="catalog2">{{cite web|url=https://barnard.edu/departments-and-programs |title=Barnard College Course Catalogue|publisher=Barnard.edu|access-date=February 20, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221145851/https://barnard.edu/departments-and-programs |archive-date=February 21, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> that is "one of the University's four colleges, but we're largely autonomous, with our own leadership and purse strings",<ref name="bccupartnership3">{{Cite web |url=https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |title=Our Partnership with Columbia University |website=Barnard College |access-date=2019-09-18 |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829011912/https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |url-status=live }}</ref> and advises students to state "Barnard College, Columbia University" or "Barnard College of Columbia University" on résumés.<ref name="careerdev2">{{cite web|url=http://our.barnard.edu/s/1133/16/index.aspx?sid=1133&gid=1&pgid=2954|title=Resume and Cover Letter Samples|publisher=Beyond Barnard Online Career Resources|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072815/https://our.barnard.edu/s/1133/16/index.aspx?sid=1133&gid=1&pgid=2954|url-status=live}}</ref> Columbia describes Barnard as an affiliated institution<ref name="columbia_academic_programs2">[http://www.columbia.edu/home/academic_programs/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130202917/http://www.columbia.edu/home/academic_programs/index.html|date=January 30, 2011}} "Undergraduate education at Columbia is offered through Columbia College, the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. Undergraduate programs are offered by two affiliated institutions, Barnard College and Jewish Theological Seminary."</ref> that is a faculty of the university<ref name="vpaa2">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/handbook/organization.html|title=Organization and Governance of the University|date=November 2008|publisher=Columbia University|work=Faculty Handbook 2008|access-date=July 5, 2012|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216021604/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/handbook/organization.html|url-status=live}}</ref> or is "in partnership with" it.<ref name="cuseasadminfaq2">{{cite web|url=http://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/topic/382|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Engineering|publisher=Undergraduate Admissions, Columbia University|access-date=March 26, 2014|archive-date=May 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512073024/http://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/topic/382|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both the college and Columbia evaluate Barnard faculty for tenure,<ref name="bctenure2">[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/docs/tenframe.html Principles and Customs Governing the Procedures of Ad Hoc Committees and University-Wide Tenure Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217045005/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/docs/tenframe.html |date=February 17, 2015 }}. Retrieved November 27, 2009.</ref> and Barnard graduates receive Columbia diplomas signed by the Barnard and the Columbia presidents.<ref name="secretary.columbia.edu">{{cite web |url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf |title=Charters and Statutes |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929001737/https://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bccupartnership2">{{Cite web |url=https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |title=About the College: Partnership with Columbia |year=2011 |website=Barnard College |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218232409/https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |archive-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> ==== Before coeducation at Columbia ==== Smith and Columbia president [[Seth Low]] worked to open Columbia classes to Barnard students. By 1900 they could attend Columbia classes in philosophy, political science, and several scientific fields.<ref name="jstor368780" /> That year Barnard formalized an affiliation with the university which made available to its students the instruction and facilities of Columbia.<ref name="catalog2" /> [[Franz Boas]], who taught at both Columbia and Barnard in the early 1900s, was among those faculty members who reportedly found Barnard students superior to their male Columbia counterparts.<ref name="zimmerman20120314">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0314/Barnard-College-flap-Competition-among-women-shouldn-t-be-over-men|title=Barnard College flap: Competition among women shouldn't be over men|date=March 14, 2012|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=March 1, 2013|author=Zimmerman, Jonathan|archive-date=February 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215035017/http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0314/Barnard-College-flap-Competition-among-women-shouldn-t-be-over-men|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1955, Columbia and Barnard students could register for the other school's classes with the permission of the instructor; from 1973 no permission was needed.<ref name="rosenberg" /> Except for Columbia College, by the 1940s, other undergraduate and graduate divisions of Columbia University admitted women.<ref name="farmer20080825" /> Columbia president [[William J. McGill]] predicted in 1970, that Barnard College and Columbia College would merge within five years. In 1973, Columbia and Barnard signed a three-year agreement to increase sharing classrooms, facilities, and housing, and cooperation in faculty appointments,<ref name="spec198308292">{{cite news|url=http://spec-archive.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19830829-01.2.35&srpos=8&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN-barnard+columbia+merge----|title=The Road to Coeducation|date=August 29, 1983|work=Columbia Spectator|access-date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> which they described as "integration without assimilation";{{r|time19820201}} by the mid-1970s, most Columbia dormitories were coed.<ref name="crimson19741004" /> The university's financial difficulties during the decade increased its desire to merge<ref name="crimson197409242">{{cite news|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/9/24/financial-difficulties-prompt-columbia-report-on/|title=Financial Difficulties Prompt Columbia Report on Merger|date=September 24, 1975|work=Harvard Crimson|access-date=March 1, 2013|author=Hartocollis, Anemona|archive-date=September 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911042530/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/9/24/financial-difficulties-prompt-columbia-report-on/|url-status=live}}</ref> to end what Columbia described as the "anachronism" of single-sex education,{{r|time19820201}} but Barnard resisted doing so because of Columbia's large debt,<ref name="crimson19741004">{{cite news|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/10/4/a-survey-of-co-education-in-the/?page=single|title=A Survey of Co-education in The Ivies|date=October 4, 1974|work=Harvard Crimson|access-date=March 1, 2013|archive-date=January 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118152748/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/10/4/a-survey-of-co-education-in-the/?page=single|url-status=live}}</ref> rejecting in 1975 Columbia dean [[Peter Pouncey]]'s proposal to merge Barnard and the three Columbia undergraduate schools.{{r|spec198308292}} The 1973–1976 chairwoman of the board at Barnard, Eleanor Thomas Elliott, led the resistance to this takeover.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Eleanor Thomas Elliott, 80, Barnard Figure|date=December 6, 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The college's marketing emphasized the Columbia relationship, however, the ''Bulletin'' in 1976 stating that Barnard described it as identical to the one between [[Harvard College]] and [[Radcliffe College]] ("who are merged in practically everything but name at this point").{{r|bb19760201}} After Barnard rejected subsequent merger proposals from Columbia and a one-year extension to the 1973 agreement expired, in 1977, the two schools began discussing their future relationship. By 1979, the relationship had so deteriorated that Barnard officials stopped attending meetings. Because of an expected decline in enrollment, in 1980 a Columbia committee recommended that Columbia College begin admitting women without Barnard's cooperation. A 1981 committee found that Columbia was no longer competitive with other Ivy League universities without women, and that admitting women would not affect Barnard's applicant pool. That year Columbia president [[Michael Sovern]] agreed for the two schools to cooperate in admitting women to Columbia, but Barnard faculty's opposition caused president [[Ellen Futter]] to reject the agreement.{{r|spec198308292}} A decade of negotiations for a Columbia-Barnard merger akin to Harvard and Radcliffe had failed.<ref name="time19820201" /> In January 1982, the two schools instead announced that Columbia College would begin admitting women in 1983, and Barnard's control over tenure for its faculty would increase;{{r|spec198308292}}<ref name="farmer20080825" /> previously, a committee on which Columbia faculty outnumbered Barnard's three to two controlled the latter's tenure.{{r|time19820201}} Applications to Columbia rose 56% that year, making admission more selective, and nine Barnard students transferred to Columbia. Eight students admitted to both Columbia and Barnard chose Barnard, while 78 chose Columbia.<ref name="belkin198309022">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NP8sAAAAIBAJ&pg=3351%2C1183974|title=First Women Enrolled at Columbia College|date=September 2, 1983|work=The Palm Beach Post|agency=New York Times|pages=B8|access-date=March 6, 2013|author=Belkin, Lisa}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Within a few years, however, selectivity rose at both schools as they received more women applicants than expected.<ref name="farmer20080825" /> ==== After coeducation ==== The Columbia-Barnard affiliation continued.<ref name="time19820201">{{Cite magazine|date=February 1, 1982 |title=Columbia Decides to Go Coed |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955006,00.html |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715152642/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C955006%2C00.html |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{as of|2012}}, Barnard pays Columbia about $5&nbsp;million a year under the terms of the "interoperate relationship", which the two schools renegotiate every 15 years.<ref name="stallone20120216">{{cite news|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/02/16/barnard-cu-legally-bound-relationship-not-always-certain-students|title=Barnard, CU legally bound, but relationship not always certain for students|work=Columbia Spectator|access-date=February 18, 2012|author=Stallone, Jessica|archive-date=March 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302043251/http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/02/16/barnard-cu-legally-bound-relationship-not-always-certain-students|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the affiliation Barnard is legally and financially separate from Columbia, with an independent faculty and board of trustees. It is responsible for its own separate admissions, health, security, guidance and placement services, and has its own alumnae association. Nonetheless, Barnard students participate in the academic, social, athletic and extracurricular life of the broader University community on a reciprocal basis. The affiliation permits the two schools to share some academic resources; for example, only Barnard has an [[urban studies]] department, and only Columbia has a [[computer science]] department. Most Columbia classes are open to Barnard students and vice versa. Barnard students and faculty are represented in the University Senate, and student organizations such as the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' are open to all students. Barnard students play on Columbia athletics teams, and Barnard uses Columbia email, telephone and network services.<ref name="stallone20120216" /><ref name="bccupartnership2" /> Barnard athletes compete in the [[Ivy League]] ([[NCAA Division I]]) through the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, which was established in 1983. Through this arrangement, Barnard is the only [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's college]] offering Division{{nbsp}}I athletics.<ref name="athletics2">{{cite web| url = http://www.barnard.edu/athletics| title = Athletics| access-date = March 12, 2020| archive-date = March 19, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319080326/https://barnard.edu/athletics| url-status = live}}</ref> There are 15 [[College athletics|intercollegiate teams]], and students also compete at the [[Intramural sports|intramural]] and club levels. From 1975 to 1983, before the establishment of the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, Barnard students competed as the "Barnard Bears".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/barnard/docs/magazine-spring09/6|title=magazine-spring09/6|date=May 18, 2009|publisher=Issuu.com|access-date=February 20, 2011|archive-date=March 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015148/http://issuu.com/barnard/docs/magazine-spring09/6|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to 1975, students referred to themselves as the "Barnard honeybears".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19640221-01.2.2|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 21 February 1964 — Columbia Spectator|website=spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu|access-date=June 11, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611144815/http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19640221-01.2.2|url-status=live}}</ref> == Controversies == In the spring of 1960, Columbia University president [[Grayson L. Kirk|Grayson Kirk]] complained to the president of Barnard that Barnard students were wearing inappropriate clothing. The garments in question were pants and Bermuda shorts. The administration forced the student council to institute a dress code. Students would be allowed to wear shorts and pants only at Barnard and only if the shorts were no more than two inches above the knee and the pants were not tight. Barnard women crossing the street to enter the Columbia campus wearing shorts or pants were required to cover themselves with a long coat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A15F73F5916738DDDA10A94DC405B808AF1D3|title=Ban on Shorts Threatens Classic Barnard Couture|date=April 28, 1960|work=The New York Times|page=1|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-date=July 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731165451/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/28/archives/ban-on-shorts-threatens-classic-barnard-couture-barnard-to-ban.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Barnard College Blue Book|pages=87–88|chapter=Administrative Regulations: Campus Etiquette}}</ref> In March 1968, ''[[The New York Times]]'' ran an article on students who cohabited, identifying one of the persons they interviewed as a student at Barnard College from New Hampshire named "Susan".<ref>{{Cite news|title=An arrangement: living together for convenience, security, sex|last=Klemesrud|first=Judy|date=March 4, 1968|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Barnard officials searched their records for women from New Hampshire and were able to determine that "Susan" was the pseudonym of a student (Linda LeClair) who was living with her boyfriend, a student at Columbia University. She was called before Barnard's student-faculty administration judicial committee, where she faced the possibility of expulsion. A student protest included a petition signed by 300 other Barnard women, admitting that they too had broken the regulations against cohabitating. The judicial committee reached a compromise and the student was allowed to remain in school, but was denied use of the college cafeteria and barred from all social activities. The student briefly became a focus of intense national attention. She eventually dropped out of Barnard.<ref name="rosenberg">{{cite web |url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/cuhistory/archives/Rosenberg/woman_question.htm |title=The Woman Question |last=Rosenberg |first=Rosalind |date=September 21, 1999 |publisher=Barnard College |access-date=July 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705143127/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/cuhistory/archives/Rosenberg/woman_question.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>''Newsweek'', April 8, 1968, p. 85 and ''Newsweek'', April 29, 1968, p. 79-80.</ref><ref name="Bailey19992">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq8FS3juFzAC|title=Sex in the heartland|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0-674-00974-6|page=201|author=Bailey, Beth L.|access-date=February 19, 2016|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813091056/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq8FS3juFzAC|url-status=live}}</ref> == Administration == The following lists all the presidents and deans of Barnard College from 1889 to present.<ref name="PastPresident">{{Cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/about/leadership/past-presidents |title=Past Presidents |access-date=September 18, 2011 |archive-date=November 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125074846/http://barnard.edu/about/leadership/past-presidents |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/22/nyregion/barnard-chooses-a-leader-whose-research-focuses-on-women.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/22/nyregion/barnard-chooses-a-leader-whose-research-focuses-on-women.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=Barnard Chooses a Leader Whose Research Focuses on Women|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Elizabeth A.|last=Harris|date=May 22, 2017|access-date=February 17, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[File:Laura Rosenbury.jpg|alt=Blond white woman wearing black jacket|thumb|Laura A. Rosenbury, president of Barnard College]] * [[Ella Weed]] (1889–1894) * [[Emily James Smith Putnam|Emily James Smith]] (1894–1900) * [[Laura Drake Gill]] (1901–1907) * [[Virginia Gildersleeve]] (1911–1947) * [[Millicent McIntosh]] (1952–1962) * [[Rosemary Park]] (1962–1967) * [[Martha Peterson (academic administrator)|Martha Peterson]] (1967–1975) * [[Jacquelyn Mattfeld]] (1976–1981) * [[Ellen V. Futter|Ellen Futter]] (1981–1993) * [[Judith R. Shapiro|Judith Shapiro]] (1994–2008) * [[Debora L. Spar|Debora Spar]] (2008–2017) * [[Sian Beilock]] (2017–2023) * Laura A. Rosenbury (2023–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=UF Law's Laura Rosenbury named president of Barnard College |url=https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-news/uf-law-laura-rosenbury-named-president-of-barnard-college/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=The Florida Bar |language=en-US}}</ref> == Notable people == {{Main list|List of Barnard College people }} Barnard College has graduated many prominent leaders in science, religion, politics, the [[Peace Corps]], medicine, law, education, communications, theater, and business; and acclaimed actors, architects, artists, astronauts, engineers, human rights activists, inventors, musicians, philanthropists, and writers. They include academic [[Louise Holland]] (1914),<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Latin Department {{!}} Bryn Mawr College |url=https://www.brynmawr.edu/inside/academic-information/departments-programs/greek-latin-classical-studies/history/history-latin-department |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.brynmawr.edu}}</ref> author [[Zora Neale Hurston]] (1928),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hurston, Zora Neale |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=National Women’s Hall of Fame |language=en-US |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072749/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/ |url-status=live }}</ref> author and political activist [[Grace Lee Boggs]] (1935),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Grace Lee Boggs (June 27, 1915 – October 5, 2015) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/grace-lee-boggs |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=National Archives |language=en |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731210924/https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/grace-lee-boggs |url-status=live }}</ref> television host [[Ronnie Eldridge]] (1952),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burks |first=Edward C. |date=1970-04-04 |title=Woman of Influence in City Hall |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/04/archives/woman-of-influence-in-city-hall-woman-of-influence-at-city-hall.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731210936/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/04/archives/woman-of-influence-in-city-hall-woman-of-influence-at-city-hall.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Phyllis E. Grann]], CEO of [[Penguin Group|Penguin Putnam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/5618/|title=Now for the Grann Finale|last=Maneker|first=Marion|date=January 1, 2002|website=New York Magazine|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806061904/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/5618/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Helen Gahagan]] (1924),<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOUGLAS, Helen Gahagan {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DOUGLAS,-Helen-Gahagan-(D000454)/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=history.house.gov |language=en |archive-date=August 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826031358/https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DOUGLAS,-Helen-Gahagan-(D000454)/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Spelman College]]'s 11th President and former chair of the [[Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS]] [[Helene D. Gayle]] (1970),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Dr. Helene D. Gayle Selected As Spelman College's 11th President |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/spelman-college-has-selected-dr-helene-gayle-as-its-11th-president/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Black Enterprise |language=en-US |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521071445/https://www.blackenterprise.com/spelman-college-has-selected-dr-helene-gayle-as-its-11th-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref> president of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] [[Susan Herman]] (1968),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Herman |url=https://bigthink.com/people/susanherman/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Big Think |language=en-US |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731210923/https://bigthink.com/people/susanherman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chief Judge of the [[New York Court of Appeals]] [[Judith Kaye]] (1958),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judith Kaye |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judith-kaye |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705210740/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judith-kaye |url-status=live }}</ref> [[List of Chairs of the National Labor Relations Board|chair]] [[National Labor Relations Board|of the National Labor Relations Board]] [[Wilma B. Liebman]] (1971),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilma B. Liebman {{!}} National Labor Relations Board |url=https://www.nlrb.gov/bio/wilma-b-liebman |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.nlrb.gov |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303002531/https://www.nlrb.gov/bio/wilma-b-liebman |url-status=live }}</ref> musician and performance artist [[Laurie Anderson]] (1969),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laurie Anderson |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Laurie-Anderson/2117426382 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Simon & Schuster |language=en}}</ref> actress, activist, and gubernatorial candidate [[Cynthia Nixon]] (1988),<ref>{{Cite web |title=TO A DEGREE, NIXON'S A SUCCESS |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-06-19-8602140015-story.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Chicago Tribune |date=June 19, 1986 |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731211022/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> author of ''[[The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants]]'' [[Ann Brashares]] (1989),<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Willows - From the Author - About Ann Brashares |url=https://www.randomhouse.com/teens/sisterhoodcentral/3willows/bio.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.randomhouse.com |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731211021/https://www.randomhouse.com/teens/sisterhoodcentral/3willows/bio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'' [[cartoonist]] [[Amy Hwang]] (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Hwang, New Yorker Cartoon Originals |url=https://www.cartoonstock.com/blog/originals/amy-hwang-new-yorker-cartoon-originals/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=The CartoonStock.com Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731211107/https://www.cartoonstock.com/blog/originals/amy-hwang-new-yorker-cartoon-originals/ |url-status=live }}</ref> actress from ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' [[Kelly McCreary]] (2003),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelly McCreary |url=https://www.geffenplayhouse.org/people/kelly-mccreary/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Geffen Playhouse |language=en |archive-date=August 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805122345/https://www.geffenplayhouse.org/people/kelly-mccreary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> writer and director [[Greta Gerwig]] (2004),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-02 |title=Barnard Alumna Greta Gerwig Exemplifies Why We Need More Women Writing Movies {{!}} Her Campus |url=https://www.hercampus.com/school/columbia-barnard/barnard-alumna-greta-gerwig-exemplifies-why-we-need-more-women-writing/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.hercampus.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731211021/https://www.hercampus.com/school/columbia-barnard/barnard-alumna-greta-gerwig-exemplifies-why-we-need-more-women-writing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Disney Channel]] actress [[Christy Carlson Romano]] (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Even Stevens' Star Christy Carlson Romano Details Her Battle With Depression and Self-Harm |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/05/disney-star-christy-carlson-romano-opens-up-about-mental-health-struggless |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Complex |language=en |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731211021/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/05/disney-star-christy-carlson-romano-opens-up-about-mental-health-struggless |url-status=live }}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="140"> File:Martha Stewart 2011 Shankbone.JPG|alt=Martha Stewart '63, businesswoman, author, television personality|[[Martha Stewart]] '63, businesswoman, author, television personality File:Lauren Graham August 2014.jpg|alt=Lauren Graham '88, actress, author|[[Lauren Graham]] '88, actress, author File:Joan Rivers 2010 - David Shankbone.jpg|alt=Joan Rivers '55, comedian, actress|[[Joan Rivers]] '55, comedian, actress File:Greta Gerwig Berlinale 2018.jpg|[[Greta Gerwig]] '06, filmmaker File:Norma Sklarek public domain.jpg|[[Norma Merrick Sklarek]] '50, architect File:Grace Lee Boggs 2012.jpg|[[Grace Lee Boggs]] '35, author, social activist, philosopher File:Maria Hinojosa.jpg|[[Maria Hinojosa]] '85, journalist, activist File:Helene D. Gayle - World Economic Forum on East Asia 2012 crop.jpg|[[Helene D. Gayle]] '76, physician, public health official File:Ntozake Shange, Reid Lecture, Women Issues Luncheon, Women's Center, November 1978 Crisco edit.jpg|[[Ntozake Shange]] '70, playwright, poet, author File:Laurie Anderson Homeland 3.jpg|[[Laurie Anderson]] '69, performance artist, NASA's first Artist-in-Residence File:Jacqueline K. Barton.jpg|[[Jacqueline Barton|Jacqueline K. Barton]] '74, chemist, pioneer in the study of DNA structure File:Jhumpa Lahiri (2015).png|[[Jhumpa Lahiri]] '89, author, Pulitzer Prize winner File:Margaret Mead, AMNH.jpg|[[Margaret Mead]] '23, anthropologist File:Cynthia Nixon - Grand Central Terminal 100 Years (cropped).jpg|[[Cynthia Nixon]] '88, actor, political candidate File:Twyla Tharp.jpg|[[Twyla Tharp]] '63, choreographer File:Zora Neale Hurston.jpg|[[Zora Neale Hurston]] '28, author File:Katherine boo 4180009.jpg|[[Katherine Boo]] '88, journalist, recipient of the Pulitzer and MacArthur Foundation prizes </gallery> == See also == {{Portal|New York City|Schools}} * [[Athena Film Festival]] * [[Barnard Center for Research on Women]] * ''[[Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence]]'' * [[Women's colleges in the United States]] * [[List of coordinate colleges]] == References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{cite morningside}} *[[Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz|Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz]] (1993). ''[https://archive.org/details/almamaterdesigne0000horo_h4r3 Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s]'' (2nd edition). Amherst: [[University of Massachusetts Press]]. == External links == {{NIE Poster|year=1905}}{{Commons category|Barnard College}} * {{Official website|https://barnard.edu}} * {{YouTube|jxPTOwreeqE|Video on Barnard College: The Early Years (1889–1929)}} {{Columbia}} {{Navboxes|title=Articles and topics related to Barnard College|state=collapsed|list1={{Seven Sisters}} {{Current women's universities and colleges in the United States}} {{QuestBridge}} {{Oberlin Group}} {{NYC Colleges}} {{Broadway (Manhattan)}} {{Morningside Heights, Manhattan}}}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Barnard College| ]] [[Category:1889 establishments in New York (state)]] [[Category:Columbia University]] [[Category:Liberal arts colleges in New York City]] [[Category:Morningside Heights, Manhattan]] [[Category:Private universities and colleges in New York (state)]] [[Category:Private universities and colleges in New York City]] [[Category:Seven Sister Colleges]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in Manhattan]] [[Category:Women's universities and colleges in the United States]] [[Category:Need-blind educational institutions]] [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1889]]'