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'{{Short description|Dedicated aerial fire fighting airplane}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Use Canadian English|date=November 2021}} <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name= CL-415 / DHC-515 |image= File:I-DPCN at work 03 (cropped).jpg |caption= }}{{Infobox aircraft type |type=[[Aerial firefighting]] |manufacturer= [[Canadair]]<br />[[Bombardier Aviation|Bombardier Aerospace]] <br/>[[De Havilland Canada]] |first flight= 6 December 1993 |introduced= 1994 |retired= |status= Active service |primary user= [[Vigili del Fuoco]] (Italy) <!-- List only one user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add flag templates, as they limit horizontal space. --> |more users= [[Sécurité Civile]] (France)<br /> [[Hellenic Air Force]] (Greece)<br/> [[Ministry of Government Services (Quebec)#Service aérien gouvernemental|Quebec Service aérien gouvernemental]]<!-- Limited to THREE (3) "more users" here (4 total users). Separate users with <br />. --> |produced= CL-415: 1993–2015 / DHC-515: 2022-present |number built= 95<ref name="bombardier.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/aerospace/amphibious-aircraft/status-report.html |title=Amphibious aircraft – Status report – Bombardier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072536/http://www.bombardier.com/en/aerospace/amphibious-aircraft/status-report.html |archive-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> |developed from= [[Canadair CL-215]] |variants with their own articles= }} |} The '''Canadair CL-415''' ('''Super Scooper''',<ref name="Super Scooper">{{cite web|url=http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2015/07/29/super-scooper-helps-u-s-forest-service-get-handle-on-california-wildfires|title=Super Scooper Helps U.S. Forest Service Get Handle On California Wildfires|website=sacramento.cbslocal.com|publisher=CBS|date=29 July 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref> later '''Bombardier 415''') and the '''De Havilland Canada DHC-515''' are a series of [[amphibious aircraft]] built originally by [[Canadair]] and subsequently by [[Bombardier Aviation|Bombardier]] and [[Viking Air]], and [[De Havilland Canada]]. The CL-415 is based on the [[Canadair CL-215]] and is designed specifically for [[aerial firefighting]]; it can perform various other roles, such as [[search and rescue]] and utility transport. Development of the CL-415 began in the early 1990s, shortly after the success of the CL-215T retrofit programme had proven a viable demand for a [[turboprop]]-powered model of the original CL-215. Entering production in 2003, in addition to its new engines, the aircraft featured numerous modernisation efforts and advances over the CL-215, particularly in terms of its cockpit and [[aerodynamics]], to yield improved performance. By the time the programme's production phase had begun, it was owned by Bombardier, who continued production up until 2015. In October 2016, the CL-415 programme was acquired by Viking Air, aiming to produce an updated CL-515,<ref name=Viking515 /> since renamed the '''DHC-515 Firefighter''', and to be produced in [[Calgary]], Alberta, by De Havilland Canada.<ref name=skiesmag31mar2022>{{Cite news |title=De Havilland launches DHC-515 Firefighter program |url=https://skiesmag.com/news/de-havilland-launches-dhc-515-firefighter-program/ |date= 31 March 2022 |work=Skies |language=en-US |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> ==Development== ===Origins=== Introduced during 1966, the CL-215 was the first aircraft specifically designed to be a [[water bomber]].<ref name = "fi 871">[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%202735.html "Canadair CL-215."] ''Flight International'', 21 November 1968. p. 871.</ref> A total of 125 aircraft were constructed prior to the final CL-215 being delivered during May 1990.<ref name = "flightest 2009">{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flight-test-bombardier-415-the-superscooper/88562.article |title = FLIGHT TEST: Bombardier 415 – The superscooper |publisher = Flight International |first = Mike |last = Gerzanics |date = 21 August 2009}}</ref> During 1987, in response to prevailing market trends towards more efficient, powerful and reliable [[turboprop]] powerplants, Canadair undertook the task of retrofitting 17 ''CL-215'' airframes with the [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]] [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|PW123AF]] engines. This engine provided a 15 percent power increase over the original [[Reciprocating engine|piston engines]], as well as enhanced reliability and safety. The retrofitted aircraft were designated ''CL-215T''.<ref name = "goold 23">Goold, Ian [https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203697.html CL-215 "Water Jet"]. ''Flight International'', 31 December 1988. p. 23.</ref> Speaking during the new model's development, company officials recognised that market demand for the CL-215T was marginal, and thus not enough to justify developing an all-new aircraft.<ref name = "goold 23"/> Despite this, it featured numerous enhancements, including the addition of powered flight controls, [[air conditioning]] in the [[cockpit]], as well as various upgraded electrical and avionics systems. The most notable external features of the CL-215T retrofit were the [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] additions to the [[wing]]s and [[empennage]].<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> Having conducted the relatively successful CL-215T programme, the company decided to develop a further improved model of the aircraft ''CL-415'', which would take form as a new-build production series. On 6 December 1993, the CL-415 conducted its maiden flight, while the first deliveries commenced during November 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aerospace.bombardier.com/en/aerospace/products/amphibious-aircraft/bombardier--415?docID=0901260d80008fff# |title = Bombardier 415 |publisher = aerospace.bombardier.com |access-date = 13 April 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> One year later, a 180-day sales tour traversing 21 countries commenced using a CL-415 owned by the [[Quebec Government]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/cl-415-launched-on-180-day-world-tour/12031.article |title = CL-415 launched on 180-day world tour |publisher = Flight International |date = 8 November 1995}}</ref> That same year, Bombardier stated that it was in the planning phase of a six-point improvement plan for the CL-415, which was principally intended to diversify its capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/canadair-prepares-cl-415-upgrades/14512.article |title = Canadair prepares CL-415 upgrades |publisher = Flight International |first = Graham |last = Warwick |date = 20 September 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/bombardier-plans-improved-cl-415/10253.article |title = Bombardier plans improved CL-415 |publisher = Flight International |date = 28 February 1996}}</ref> Orders for the type were promptly received from several countries, which included several [[lease]] and purchase arrangements; by July 1996, 37 examples were reportedly in service with operators in Canada, France, Italy, and Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/cl-215-leases/7228.article |title = CL-215 leases |publisher = Flight International |date = 3 July 1996}}</ref> Starting in 1998, the CL-415 was being assembled at Bombardier Aerospace's facility near [[North Bay/Jack Garland Airport]] in [[North Bay, Ontario]], and tested on [[Lake Nipissing]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/cn-415-assembly/21264.article |title = CN-415 assembly |publisher = Flight International |date = 27 May 1998}}</ref> During the 2010s, according to aerospace periodical [[Flight International]], there was a downturn in sales of the type. A total of ninety-five CL-415s had been completed when Bombardier closed down the production line in October 2015, although the company continued to actively market the type as well as to provide support for the existing fleet beyond this date.<ref name = "flight closure2015">{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/bombardier-to-close-cl-415-completion-center/118538.article |title = Bombardier to close CL-415 completion center |publisher = Flight International |first = Stephen |last = Trimble |date = 15 October 2015}}</ref> ===Viking era=== For several decades, Bombardier had experienced a period of significant expansion until encountering financial hardship during the 2010s, largely brought on by the very high costs involved in developing the [[CSeries]] narrow-body [[airliner]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1526990/bombardier-pdg-alain-bellemare-c-series-vente-airbus-alstom|title= Bombardier "Couldn't Afford" CSeries Alone, Admits CEO Alain Bellemare|date= 20 February 2020 |agency= Radio Canada}}</ref><ref name=AvWeek27Oct2017>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/airbusbombardier-c-series-deal-has-broad-implications |title= Airbus/Bombardier C Series Deal Has Broad Implications |date= 27 October 2017 |author= Jens Flottau, Graham Warwick and Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref> The much smaller [[Viking Air]]craft started off as a component manufacturing specialist, which came to include the [[licensed production]] of parts of several of Bombardier's discontinued aircraft range, helping operators to keep them in service.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.helicoptersmagazine.com/operations/nils-christensen-1154 |title= Nils Christensen |date= 25 September 2008 |work= Helicopters Magazine}}</ref><ref name=skiesmag2018-08-22>{{cite news |url= https://www.skiesmag.com/news/viking-air-contemplates-new-cl-515-waterbomber-variant/ |title= Viking Air contemplates new CL-515 waterbomber variant |work= [[Skies magazine]] |first= Chris |last = Thatcher |date= 22 August 2018}}</ref> During 2008, Bombardier and Viking Air reached an arrangement under which the former sold the design documents and all intellectual property rights of all out-of-production de Havilland aircraft from the DHC-1 Chipmunk through the DASH-7 50 passenger STOL regional airliner to Viking.<ref name=wingsmag>{{cite news |url= http://www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/414/96/ |work= Wings Magazine |title= Viking Air acquires assets of Bombardier |date= 5 May 2005 |access-date= 5 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010123/http://www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/414/96/ |archive-date= 28 May 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/viking-acquires-type-certificates-de-havilland-canada-heritage-aircraft-from-bombardier-581493.htm |title= Viking Acquires Type Certificates for de Havilland Canada Heritage Aircraft from Bombardier |date= 23 February 2006|author= Viking Air Limited }}</ref> Its unit cost in 2014 was {{#expr:73.7/2round1}} million US dollars.<ref>{{cite press release |url = https://bombardier.com/en/media/news/bombardier-announces-order-amphibious-aircraft |title = Bombardier Announces Order for Amphibious Aircraft |publisher = Bombardier |date = 26 March 2014 }}</ref> On 20 June 2016, it was announced that Viking Air was in the process of purchasing the CL-415 [[type certificate]] from [[Bombardier Aviation|Bombardier]], along with the older CL-215 and CL-215T models.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/viking-air-to-buy-type-certificates-for-bombardier-426528/ |title= Viking Air to buy type certificates for Bombardier amphibians |publisher= Flight International |date= 21 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.bombardier.com/en/media/newsList/details.bca-201600620-bombardier-announces-a-definitive-agreement-for-th.bombardiercom.html |title= Bombardier Announces a Definitive Agreement for the Sale of its Amphibious Aircraft Program to Viking Air Limited |date= 20 June 2016 |publisher= Bombardier}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.vikingair.com/viking-news/media-centre/viking-air-limited-acquires-worldwide-cl-415-waterbomber-program-bombardier |title= Viking Air Limited Acquires Worldwide CL-415 Waterbomber Program from Bombardier |publisher= Viking Air |date= 20 June 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160623125024/http://www.vikingair.com/viking-news/media-centre/viking-air-limited-acquires-worldwide-cl-415-waterbomber-program-bombardier |archive-date= 23 June 2016 }}</ref> The acquisition was finalised on 3 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/viking-completes-acquisition-of-bombardiers-amphibi-430038/ |title= Viking completes acquisition of Bombardier's amphibious aircraft programme |date= 3 October 2016 |work= Flight Global}}</ref> Shortly following the acquisition, Viking began work on the design of a modernized ''CL-515'' version.<ref name=skiesmag2018-08-22/><ref name=flightglobal2018-10-31>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/viking-expects-cl-515-launch-decision-in-early-2019-453102/ |title= Viking expects CL-515 launch decision in early 2019 |work= [[Flight Global]] |date= 31 October 2018}}</ref> During December 2018, a full-flight CL-415 simulator, capable of simulating water scoop and bombing operations, received [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA) certification. Prior to this, pilot training had typically involved live flying of the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |title=TRU Simulation provides CL-415 FFS training |url=https://www.civilaviation.training/pilot/tru-simulation-cl-145-ffs/ |work=Civil Aviation Training |date=12 March 2019}}</ref> On 21 June 2019, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense announced it was purchasing six CL-515s for delivery in 2024.<ref name="Airmed & Rescue">{{cite news |url= https://www.airmedandrescue.com/story/113664/viking-deliver-six-aircraft-republic-indonesia%E2%80%99s-ministry-defence |title= Viking to deliver six aircraft to the Republic of Indonesia's Ministry of Defence |work= [[Airmed & Rescue]] |date= 21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="wingsmagazine.com">{{cite news |url= https://www.wingsmagazine.com/indonesia-to-receive-worlds-first-cl-515-in-seven-aircraft-deal-with-longview/ |title= Indonesia to receive world's first CL-515 in seven aircraft deal with Longview |work= [[Wings (Canadian magazine)|Wings magazine]] |date= 24 June 2019}}</ref> On 31 March 2022, [[Viking Air]] through De Havilland Canada renamed the CL-515 as the DHC-515, planning for production and final assembly in [[Calgary]], Alberta, where the [[Canadair CL-215|CL-215]] and CL-415 are supported, with 22 letters of intent from European customers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=De Havilland launches DHC-515 Firefighter program |url=https://skiesmag.com/news/de-havilland-launches-dhc-515-firefighter-program/ |date= March 31, 2022 |website=Skies Mag }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Canadian Press |date=2022-03-31 |title=De Havilland to manufacture line of firefighting planes in Calgary |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/de-havilland-aircraft-calgary-canada-alberta-1.6404371}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:Splash-In_Pollensa_DSC08915_(17386148934).jpg|thumb|A [[Spanish Air Force]] CL-415, showing its 4 underbelly doors opened.]] [[File:Bombardier-415 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Italian [[Vigili del Fuoco]] refilling near [[Alghero]], spilling excess water through underwing overflow ports]] {{further|Canadair CL-215#Design}} The CL-415 has an updated cockpit, aerodynamics enhancements and changes to the water-release system as well, creating a modern [[firefighting]] amphibious [[flying boat]] for use in detecting and suppressing [[Wildfire|forest fires]]. Compared to the CL-215, the CL-415 has increased operating weight and speed, yielding improved productivity and performance. Due to the increased power of its pair of [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123AF]] [[turboprop]] engines, each capable of generating up to 1,775&nbsp;kW of thrust, these are located closer to the fuselage in comparison to the CL-215's arrangement.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> While this repositioning would typically reduce lateral stability on its own, this is rectified via the addition of an inverted fixed [[leading edge]] [[slat (aircraft)|slat]] forward of the righthand horizontal stabiliser. Furthermore, [[winglet]]s have been adopted on this model for the purpose of improving directional stability.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> The CL-415 can scoop up to {{convert|6140|L|abbr=on}} of water from a nearby water source, mix it with a chemical [[Firefighting foam|foam]] if desired, and drop it on a fire without having to return to base to refill its tanks.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> The CL-415 was specifically developed to provide the capability to deliver large quantities of [[Fire retardant|suppressant]] in quick response to fires. This is stored within large tanks which are located mostly beneath the cabin floor within the hull, although a header tank above this level is present on either side of the fuselage.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> The airframe is built for reliability and longevity, making extensive use of [[corrosion]]-resistant materials, predominantly treated aluminium, that facilitates its use in salt water. According to Flight International, the CL-415 has good handling on the water, being relatively easy to operate in comparison with several other amphibious aircraft.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> The CL-515 can hold up to 7,000 litres (1,850 US gallons), and has a refill time of 14 seconds.<ref name=Viking515>{{cite web|url= https://aerialfirefighter.vikingair.com/aircraft/viking-canadair-515 |title= Viking Canadair 515|publisher= Viking Air Ltd|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> The aircraft requires {{convert|1340|m|abbr=on}} of flyable length to descend from {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} altitude, scoop {{convert|6137|L|abbr=on}} of water during a twelve-second {{convert|410|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} run on the water at {{convert|70|kn|lk=in}}, then climb back to {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} altitude. The aircraft can also pick up partial loads in smaller areas, and can turn while scooping if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Firefighting Techniques and Technologies |url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/aerospace/products/amphibious-aircraft/firefighting-techniques-and-technologies?docID=0901260d80009039 |publisher=Bombardier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517203236/http://www.bombardier.com/en/aerospace/amphibious-aircraft/firefighting-techniques-and-technologies.html?docID=0901260d80009039 |archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> Management of the water bombing system is centralised via a water status panel on the flight instrumentation, giving direct control to the pilots; various dispersal patterns and sequences can be selected. A manually-operated emergency dump lever is also present, bypassing this system.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> Bombardier have claimed that the type performs 6.9 water drops for every flight hours of the type.<ref name = "flightest 2009"/> The ''CL-415GR'' variant features higher operating weights, while the CL-415 multi-role model is available for purposes in a paramilitary [[search and rescue]] role and utility transport. ==Operational history== [[File:World operators of the Bombardier 415.png|thumb|World operators of the CL-415]] Derived from its predecessor's nickname, the aircraft has acquired the name "Super Scooper" in light of its greatly enhanced performance as a water bomber and fire suppresser. In recognition of its abilities, the aircraft was awarded in 2006 the ''Batefuegos de oro'' (gold fire extinguisher) by the ''Asociacion para la Promocion de Actividades Socioculturales'' (APAS) in Spain; the award citation in part read "This is the most efficient tool for the aerial combat of forest fires, key to the organization of firefighting in a large number of countries. The continuous improvements to meet the needs of forest firefighting have made these aircraft the aerial means most in demand over more than 30 years."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://newatlas.com/go/6930/ |title = Bombardier 415 SuperScooper Amphibious Aircraft |date = 5 March 2007 |publisher = Newatlas.com |access-date = 11 June 2017}}</ref> By 1999, a total of 51 orders had been secured for the type; operators have reportedly predominantly used the CL-415 for firefighting and maritime search and rescue purposes.<ref name = "flight415gr 1999"/> Of the 95 built, seven had reportedly been removed from service as a result of several accidents by December 2007.<ref>[http://www.baaa-acro.com/Types%20d'avions/Canadair%20CL-415.htm "Canadair CL-415."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205033708/http://www.baaa-acro.com/Types%20d%27avions/Canadair%20CL-415.htm |date=5 December 2007 }} ''baaa-acro.com''. Retrieved: 29 July 2011.</ref> ==Variants== ;CL-415: The original model, 86 built. ;CL-415MP: Maritime patrol version, three built.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aerialfirefighter.vikingair.com/aircraft/cl-415mp |title=CL-415 MP Aircraft {{!}} Viking's Aerial Firefighter |website=aerialfirefighter.vikingair.com |language=en |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005508/https://aerialfirefighter.vikingair.com/aircraft/cl-415mp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ;CL-415GR: Improved version for the [[Hellenic Air Force]], capable of higher operating weights.<ref name = "flight415gr 1999">{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/greek-order-marks-launch-of-canadair-415gr/24717.article |title = Greek order marks launch of Canadair 415GR |publisher = Flight International |date = 13 January 1999}}</ref> Six built. ;CL-415EAF: Enhanced Aerial Firefighter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lvas.ca/about-us|title=CL-415EAF Enhanced Aerial Firefighter &#124; Longview Aviation Services|website=www.lvas.ca}}</ref> In 2019, six CL-415EAF Superscooper aircraft were ordered by launch customer, [[Bridger Aerospace]], due for delivery in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skiesmag.com/press-releases/longviews-cl-415eaf-enhanced-aerial-firefighter-makes-inaugural-flight/ |title=Longview's CL-415EAF Enhanced Aerial Firefighter makes inaugural flight |website=Skies Mag |language=en-US |access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> ; DHC-515 (formerly CL-515): Updated version by [[Viking Air]], later renamed as the DHC-515.<ref name=skiesmag31mar2022/> Parts of the fuselage and wings will be manufactured in [[North Saanich]], [[British Columbia]] near the [[Victoria International Airport]], while final assembly will be done in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/water-bombers-de-havilland-canada-1.6958748|title=Aircraft manufacturer builds new firefighting planes on Vancouver Island|website=www.cbc.ca|date=7 September 2023}}</ref> == Operators == [[File:Canadair CL-415 Filling.jpg|thumb|[[Croatian Air Force]] CL-415 right before refilling in [[Živogošće]]]] [[File:Greek-Carmel Fire04-12-2010-1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Two [[Hellenic Air Force]] CL-415 refilling off the coast of [[Atlit (modern town)|Atlit]] to fight the [[2010 Mount Carmel forest fire]]]] [[File:Pélican 32 Gérard JOYON PROT CANADAIR 2006.jpg|thumb|French [[Sécurité Civile]] CL-415 dropping water]] In 2016/2019, there were 164 in-service [[CL-215]] and CL-415s in 11 countries.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-10-12/viking-air-preps-fire-season-updates-water-scooper-line |title= Viking Air Preps for Fire Season, Updates Water Scooper Line |author= Amy Laboda |date= 12 October 2018 |work= AIN online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ CL-215(T)/415 in service as of mid-2016 ! Country ! Current Fleet<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aerialfirefighter.vikingair.com/firefighting/service-aircraft |title= In Service Aircraft |publisher= Viking}}</ref> !On Order ! Operators |- | Canada || 64 | || 2019 figures, all others 2016: * [[Air Spray]] * [[Buffalo Airways]] * [[Conair Group]] * [[Government of Newfoundland and Labrador]] * [[Ministry of Government Services (Quebec)#Service aérien gouvernemental|Service aérien gouvernemental]] (Quebec) * Longview Aviation Asset Management Corp., Longview Aviation Services Inc. * [[Manitoba|Province of Manitoba]] * [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry|Ministry of Natural Resources]] (Ontario) * [[Ministry of Environment (Saskatchewan)|Ministry of Environment]] (Saskatchewan) |- | Croatia || 6 |2|| [[Croatian Air Force]] / Croatian Fire Brigade 885th Firefighting Squadron, 6 CL-415, 2 CL-515 in order |- | France || 12 | || [[Sécurité Civile]] |- | Greece || 17 |8|| [[Hellenic Air Force]], 7 CL-415, 10 CL-215, 8 CL-515 on order<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministers announce mammoth fire prevention plan, aircraft upgrade |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1162959/ministers-announce-mammoth-fire-prevention-plan-aircraft-upgrade/ |date=15 June 2021 |website=[[Kathimerini]]}}</ref> |- | Indonesia || 0 |6|| On 21 June 2019, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense announced it was purchasing six CL-515s for delivery in 2024.<ref name="Airmed & Rescue"/><ref name="wingsmagazine.com"/> |- | Italy || 18 | || [[Vigili del Fuoco]]<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.vigilfuoco.tv/specialita-qualifiche/canadair | title= Canadair – vigilfuoco.tv}}</ref> |- | Malaysia || 2 | || [[Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency]] (firefighting)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/08/16/mmea-uses-198000-litres-of-water-to-fight-forest-fire-in-miri/1781472|title=MMEA uses 198,000 litres of water to fight forest fire in Miri|work =Malay Mail|date=16 August 2019|access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> |- | Morocco || 6<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/05/355397/morocco-reinforces-its-firefighting-fleet-with-6th-canadair-water-bomber</ref> |6|| [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] |- |Portugal |0 |2 |[[Portuguese Air Force]] purchased two CL-515s in 2022 to fight forest fires. Both units will be received in 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incêndios: Portugal vai comprar dois Canadair, os bombeiros e a Força Aérea discutem opção. São mais caros e menos ágeis no combate ao fogo |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2022-07-14-Incendios-Portugal-vai-comprar-dois-Canadair-os-bombeiros-e-a-Forca-Aerea-discutem-opcao.-Sao-mais-caros-e-menos-ageis-no-combate-ao-fogo-a335c2c8 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Jornal Expresso |date=14 July 2022 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> |- | Spain || 25 | || [[Spanish Air and Space Force]], operates 14 CL-215 and 4 CL-415s, 43rd Group of the Air Force |- | United States || 10 | || *[[Los Angeles County Fire Department|Los Angeles County FD]] *[[San Diego County, California|San Diego County]] *[[United States Forest Service]] *[[Bridger Aerospace]] |- ! Total !! 160 !21!! |- |} === Accidents === Out of the 95 CL-415s built, 14 have been destroyed in the following accidents: * 11 November 1997 – s/n 2025 – F-ZBFQ/Pelican 43 – Sécurité Civile France, near [[La Ciotat]] (France).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crash of a Canadair CL-415-6B11 off La Ciotat: 1 killed {{!}} Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-canadair-cl-415-6b11-la-ciotat-1-killed|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-29|website=baaa-acro.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129220613/https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-canadair-cl-415-6b11-la-ciotat-1-killed |archive-date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> * 16 August 2003 – s/n 2008 – I-DPCN – SOREM Italy, near [[Esine]] (Italy).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) I-DPCN Esine|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20030816-1|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> * 8 March 2004 – s/n 2018 – F-ZBEZ/Pelican 41 – Sécurité Civile France, at [[Lake of Sainte-Croix|Sainte Croix Lake]] (France).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crash of a Canadair CL-415 off Les Salles-sur-Verdon: 2 killed {{!}} Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|url=https://baaa-acro.com/index.php/crash/crash-canadair-cl-415-les-salles-sur-verdon-2-killed|access-date=2022-01-29|website=baaa-acro.com}}</ref> * 18 March 2005 – s/n 2051 – I-DPCK – SOREM Italy, near [[Seravezza]] (Italy).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) I-DPCK Forte dei Marmi|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050318-0|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> * 1 August 2005 – s/n 2011 – F-ZBEO/Pelican 36 – Sécurité Civile France, near Pietra Maggiore - [[Corsica]] (France).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) F-ZBEO Calvi|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050801-0|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> * 25 April 2006 – s/n 2039 – [[Hellenic Air Force]]. * 23 July 2007 – s/n 2055 (CL-415MP) – [[Hellenic Air Force]], near [[Styra, Greece|Styra]] ([[Greece]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) 2055 Dilesos|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20070723-0|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> * 23 July 2007 – s/n 2045 – I-DPCX – SOREM Italy, near [[Roccapreturo]] (Italy).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) I-DPCX Acciano|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20070723-1|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> * 3 July 2013 – s/n 2076 – C-FIZU – Canada, at Moosehead Lake (Canada).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crash of a Canadair CL-415 in Moosehead Lake {{!}} Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-canadair-cl-415-moosehead-lake|access-date=2022-01-29|website=baaa-acro.com}}</ref> * 5 May 2014 – s/n 2050 – [[Hellenic Air Force]]. * 27 Oct 2022 - s/n 2060 - I-DPCN- [[Linguaglossa]], Sicily, Italy <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) I-DPCN Linguaglossa, Sicily |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20221027-0 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> <ref>aviation24.be</ref> / * Bulleted list item 25th July 2023 Greek Island of Evia 355th Tactical Transport squadron of the Greek Air Force ==Specifications (CL-415)== [[File:Canadair 415.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Three-view diagram]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=Viking<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aerialfirefighter.vikingair.com/firefighting/specifications |title= Firefighting > Specifications |publisher= Viking}}</ref> |prime units?=met |crew=2 |capacity= {{convert|6137|L|abbr=on}} (waterbombing), up to 18 paratroops, up to {{convert|2903|kg|abbr=on}} of cargo |length m=20.4 |span ft=93.11 |height ft=29.55 |wing area sqft=1080 |aspect ratio={{#expr:93.11/(1080/93.11)round2}} |empty weight lb=30,000 |gross weight lb=47,000 |gross weight note=Maximum After-scooping Weight |max takeoff weight lb=43,850 |max takeoff weight note= Firefighting, Land |fuel capacity={{convert|4650|kg|abbr=on}} 5812 L ( 1535 US Gal; 1278 imp Gal) |more general= * '''Cabin volume:''' {{convert|35.6|m3|abbr=on}} |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123AF]] |eng1 type=[[turboprop]] |eng1 kw=1,775 |eng1 note=ISA+20&nbsp;°C Flat rated |prop blade number=4 |prop name=[[Hamilton Sundstrand]] 14SF-19 |prop dia m=3.97 |prop dia note= Fully reversible, feathering blades |max speed kmh=359 |max speed note=Max Cruise |cruise speed kmh=333 |cruise speed note=Normal Cruise |stall speed kmh=126 |stall speed note= MLW, Landing Configuration |ferry range km=2427 |ferry range note= {{convert|278|km/h|kn|abbr=on}} Long Range Cruise |endurance= 3 hours at {{cvt|200|nmi|km|lk=in}} from base |g limits=+3.25−1.0 g |climb rate ftmin=1,170 |climb rate note=(ISA, MTOW) |wing loading lb/sqft={{#expr:47000/1080round2}} |wing loading note=Maximum After-scooping |more performance= * '''Takeoff (ISA):''' {{convert|783|m|abbr=on}} (land), {{convert|814|m|abbr=on}} (water) * '''Landing (ISA):''' {{convert|674|m|abbr=on}} (land), {{convert|665|m|abbr=on}} (water) |avionics= }} ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation|Canada}} {{Aircontent |related= * [[Canadair CL-215]] |similar aircraft= * [[Beriev Be-12]] * [[Beriev Be-200]] * [[Harbin SH-5|Harbin PS-5]] * [[ShinMaywa US-2]] |lists= |see also= }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Pickler, Ron and [[Larry Milberry]]. ''Canadair: The First 50 Years.'' Toronto: CANAV Books, 1995. {{ISBN|0-921022-07-7}}. * Keijsper, Gerard. "Water-Bombers Required!" ''[[Air Forces Monthly]]'', London: Key Publishing, July 2008 Issue. * {{cite book |title=En pasada. De aviones, almas y llamas|last=Belmonte de Gálvez|first=Manuel|publisher=Amazinante Ediciones|page=http://www.amazinante.com/|date=18 December 2018}} * Marsaly, Frederic and Samuel Pretat. [http://www.editions-minimonde76.com/en/ "Bombardiers d'eau/ Canadair Scoopers."] ''Editions Minimonde76,'' May 2012, {{ISBN|978-2-95418-180-6}}. ==External links== {{Commons category|Canadair CL-415}} * [http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=119 Airliners.net The Canadair CL-215 & 415] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628053419/http://www.superscooper.com/ Bombardier's homepage of the SuperScooper] * Canadair Waterbombers scooping water during the [[2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires#France|wildfires of 2022 in Gironde, France]] at ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_iQvc_hkGo Beautiran on the Garonne river] (YouTube) - [[Beautiran]] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHRrQnmasBg Cambes on the Garonne river] (YouTube) - [[Cambes, Gironde]] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52aCbw5q9dg the Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet] (YouTube) - [[Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet]] {{De Havilland Canada aircraft}} {{Bombardier aircraft}} {{Canadair aircraft}} {{Aircraft manufactured in Canada}} {{Spanish liaison aircraft}} [[Category:Bombardier Aerospace aircraft|415]] [[Category:1990s Canadian special-purpose aircraft]] [[Category:Flying boats]] [[Category:Amphibious aircraft]] [[Category:High-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Aerial firefighting aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1993]] [[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]] [[Category:De Havilland Canada aircraft]]'