Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Turkic ethnic group}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Azerbaijanis
| native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}
| image = Azerigirls.JPG
| image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in [[Azerbaijani traditional clothing|traditional dresses]]
| population = 30–35 million
| total_year = 2002
| total_ref = <ref name="avraham">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35 |title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=They number 30-35 million and live primarily in Iran (approximately 20 million) , the Republic of Azerbaijan (8 million), Turkey (1-2 million), Russia (1 million), and Georgia (300,000).|author-link=Avraham Sela}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}}
| pop1 = 12–23 million<ref name="dictionary" /><ref name="16.7mil">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status |title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live |quote=Ethnic population: 16,700,000 (2019)}}</ref><ref name="18mil">{{cite book |last1=Elling |first1=Rasmus Christian |author1-link=Rasmus Christian Elling |title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini |date=18 February 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-04780-9 |page=28 |quote=CIA and Library of Congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran’s population (77.8 million).}}</ref><ref name = "Gheissari">{{cite book |last1=Gheissari |first1=Ali |title=Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics |date=2 April 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988860-3 |page=300 |quote=As of 2003, the ethnic classifications are estimated as: [...] Azeri (24 percent)}}</ref><ref name = "Bani-Shoraka">{{cite journal |last1=Bani-Shoraka |first1=Helena |title=Cross-generational bilingual strategies among Azerbaijanis in Tehran |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1 July 2009 |volume=2009 |issue=198 |page=106 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2009.029 |s2cid=144993160 |issn=1613-3668 |quote=The latest figures estimate the Azerbaijani population at 24% of Iran’s 70 million inhabitants (NVI 2003/2004: 301). This means that there are between 15 and 20 million Azerbaijanis in Iran.}}</ref><ref name = "Potter">{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=290 |isbn=978-0-19-937726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50pRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Crane">{{cite book |last1=Crane |first1=Keith |last2=Lal |first2=Rollie |last3=Martini |first3=Jeffrey |title=Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=RAND Corporation |page=38 |isbn=978-0-8330-4527-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlMdb5ACHEC&pg=PA38 |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Moaddel">{{cite book |last1=Moaddel |first1=Mansoor |last2=Karabenick |first2=Stuart A. |title=Religious Fundamentalism in the Middle East: A Cross-National, Inter-Faith, and Inter-Ethnic Analysis |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Brill |page=101 |quote=The Azeris have a mixed heritage of Iranic, Caucasian, and Turkic elements(...) Between 16 to 23 million Azeris live in Iran.}}</ref><ref name = "Eschment">{{cite book |editor1-last=Eschment |editor1-first=Beate |editor2-last=von Löwis |editor2-first=Sabine |title=Post-Soviet Borders: A Kaleidoscope of Shifting Lives and Lands |date=18 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=31 |quote=Irrespective of the large Azerbaijani population in Iran (about 20 million, compared to 7 million in Azerbaijan)(...)}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
| pop2 = 8,172,800
| ref2 = <ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop3 = 603,070
| ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| pop4 = 530,000–2 million
| ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="avraham" />
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}}
| pop5 = 233,178
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| pop7 = 114,586
| ref7 = <ref name="etno2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258|title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года|publisher=Комитет по статистике Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан|accessdate=2020-04-27|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527204929/https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| pop8 = 45,176
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
| pop9 = 44,400
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan|year=1989|publisher=Umid World|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
| pop10 = 33,365
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|journal=Демоскоп Weekly|language=ru|issue=493–494|date=1–22 January 2012|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop11 = 24,377
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620|title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau|publisher=News.Az|date=28 December 2009|access-date=2012-07-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html|title=Obama, recognize us – St. Louis American: Letters To The Editor|publisher=Stlamerican.com|date=9 March 2011|access-date=2012-07-11|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913202500/http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop12 = 20,000–30,000
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |title=A portrait of a migrant: Azerbaijanis in Germany |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2022/01/12/portrait-migrant-azerbaijanis-germany |website=boell.de |publisher=HEINRICH-BÖLL-STIFTUNG – The Green Political Foundation |date=12 January 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop13 = 18,000
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop14 = 17,823
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения|publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic|year=2011|language=ru|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop15 = 70,000
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite news|last=İlhamqızı|first=Sevda|date=2 October 2007|title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq|url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html|language=az|work=Trend News Agency|location=Baku|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop16 = 9,915
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Census Profile 2021|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date = 7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| pop17 = 8,000
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf |title=Estrangeiros em Portugal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://azerbaijan.az/en/related-information/207 |title=Azerbaijani diaspora}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://azertag.az/en/bolme/diaspora?page=19&device=Desktop |title=Azeris abroad}}</ref>
| region18 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop18 = 7,000
| ref18 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>
| region19 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop19 = 6,220
| ref19 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}}
| pop20 = 5,567
| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf|title=Population Census 2009|publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|access-date=17 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| pop21 = 2,935
| ref21 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref>
| region22 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}}
| pop22 = 1,567–2,032
| ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia |website=data.stat.gov.lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/media/9756/download?attachment|title=Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP}}</ref>
| region23 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop23 = 1,036
| ref23 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|date=18 June 2019}}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref>
| region24 = {{flagcountry|Austria}}
| pop24 = 1,000
| ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations|access-date=18 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| region25 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
| pop25 = 940
| ref25 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=live}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref>
| region26 = {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| pop26 = 806
| ref26 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|date=9 March 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region27 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
| pop27 = 648
| ref27 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region28 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop28 = 552
| ref28 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html [[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] – Foreign resident population in 2019</ref>
| languages = '''[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]'''<br />
[[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| religions = Mainly [[Islam]] <br> (predominantly [[Shia Islam]],<ref name="Robertson, Lawrence R. 2002 210">{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> minority [[Sunni Islam]])
| related_groups = [[Turkish people]]<ref name="golden" /> and [[Turkmens|Turkmen people]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref>
}}
{{Azerbaijanis}}
'''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}), '''Azeris''' ({{lang-az|Azərilər}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), or '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}})<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-08-024637-6|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-495-38950-7|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group living mainly in the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] region of northwestern Iran and the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]]. They are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref name="Robertson, Lawrence R. 2002 210"/> They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring [[Iran]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=[[National Statistics Office of Georgia]]|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani language]], belonging to the [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] branch of the [[Turkic languages]].
Following the [[Russo-Persian Wars]] of [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|1813]] and [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1828]], the territories of [[Qajar Iran]] in the Caucasus were ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Treaty of Gulistan|treaties of Gulistan]] in 1813 and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia and Iran.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=978-1-58112-933-5|page=372}}</ref> After more than 80 years of being under the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] was established in 1918 which established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
==Etymology==
Azerbaijan is believed to be named after ''[[Atropates]]'', a [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|author=Lendering, Jona|title=Atropates (Biography)|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=27 January 2012|archive-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014335/http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Chamoux, Francois|year=2003|title=Hellenistic Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-22241-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham/page/n37 26]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bosworth, A. B. |author2=Baynham, E. J. |year=2002|title=Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatfa00bosw |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815287-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatfa00bosw/page/n99 92]}}</ref> [[satrap]] (governor) who ruled in ''[[Atropatene]]'' (modern [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]]) circa 321 [[Before Common Era|BC]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC&q=azeri|author=Atabaki, Touraj|year=2000|title=Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-554-9|page=7|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC&q=azeri|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=altstadt>{{cite book|author=Altstadt, Audrey L.|year=1992|title=The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8179-9182-1}}</ref>{{rp|2}} The name ''Atropates'' is the Hellenistic form of [[Old Persian]] ''Aturpat'' which means 'guardian of [[atar|fire]]'{{sfn|Chaumont|1987|pp=17–18}} itself a compound of ''ātūr'' ([[File:aturpahlavi.svg|25px]]) 'fire' (later ''ādur'' (آذر) in [[New Persian|(early) New Persian]], and is pronounced ''āzar'' today)<ref name="Pahlavi Dictionary">MacKenzie, D. (1971). A concise Pahlavi dictionary (p. 5, 8, 18). London: Oxford university press.</ref> + ''-pat'' ([[File:patpahlavi.svg|20px]]) suffix for -guardian, -lord, -master<ref name="Pahlavi Dictionary"/> (''-pat'' in early [[Middle Persian]], ''-bod'' (بُد) in New Persian).
Present-day name ''Azerbaijan'' is the Arabicized form of ''Āzarpāyegān'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آذرپایگان) meaning 'the guardians of [[atar|fire]]' later becoming ''Azerbaijan'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آذربایجان) due to the phonemic shift from /p/ to /b/ and /g/ to /dʒ/ which is a result of the medieval Arabic influences that followed the [[Arab invasion of Iran]], and is due to the lack of the phoneme /p/ and /g/ in the [[Arabic language]].{{sfn|de Planhol|2004|pp=205–215}} The word ''Azarpāyegān'' itself is ultimately from Old Persian ''Āturpātakān'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آتورپاتکان)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii |title=Azerbaijan, Pre-Islamic History |last=Schippmann |first=K. |date=15 December 1987 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322101247/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Azerbaijan&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Azerbaijan |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102543/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Azerbaijan&allowed_in_frame=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> meaning 'the land associated with (satrap) Aturpat' or 'the land of fire guardians' (''-an'', here garbled into ''-kān'' , is a suffix for association or forming adverbs and plurals;<ref name="Pahlavi Dictionary"/> e.g.: [[Gilan]] 'land associated with [[Gilites|Gil people]]').<ref>Aliyev, Igrar. (1958). History of Atropatene (تاريخ آتورپاتكان) (p. 93).</ref>
===Ethnonym===
{{see also|Azerbaijan (toponym)}}
The modern ethnonym "Azerbaijani" or "Azeri" refers to the Turkic peoples of [[Iran]]'s northwestern historic region of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] (also known as Iranian Azerbaijan) and the Republic of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{Encyclopaedia Iranica | title = AZERBAIJAN | last = EI. | authorlink = | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index | volume = 3 | fascicle = 2–3 | pages = 205–257 }}</ref> They historically called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims, Turks. They were also referred to as [[Ajam]] (meaning from Iran), using the term incorrectly to denote their Shia belief rather than ethnic identity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/powderkeginmiddl00geof|url-access=registration|author1=Kemp, Geoffrey |author2=Stein, Janice Gross |year=1995|title=Powder Keg in the Middle East|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8075-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/powderkeginmiddl00geof/page/214 214]}}</ref> When the [[Transcaucasia|Southern Caucasus]] became part of the [[Russian Empire]] in the nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who traditionally referred to all [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] as [[Tatar]]s, defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian Tatars or more rarely<ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "18. 1886–1890: An Ethnolinguistic Map of the Caucasus". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 48–50. "''“Tatars” (or in rarer cases, “Azerbaijani Tatars”) to denote Turkic-speaking Transcaucasian populations that would later be called “Azerbaijanis”"''</ref> Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars or even<ref name="Yilmaz2013">{{cite journal |last1=Yilmaz |first1=Harun |title=The Soviet Union and the Construction of Azerbaijani National Identity in the 1930s |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2013 |volume=46 |issue=4 |page=513 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2013.784521 |s2cid=144322861 |quote=The official records of the Russian Empire and various published sources from the pre-1917 period also called them “Tatar” or “Caucasian Tatars,” “Azerbaijani Tatars” and even “Persian Tatars” in order to differentiate them from the other “Tatars” of the empire and the Persian speakers of Iran.}}</ref> Persian Tatars in order to distinguish them from other Turkic groups and the [[Persian language|Persian]] speakers of Iran.<ref name="Yilmaz2013"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php |year=2005 |publisher=Demoscope Weekly |script-title=ru:Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи |language=ru |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042823/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> The Russian ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'', written in the 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans (адербейджаны),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103729.htm|work=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|script-title=ru:Тюрки|language=ru|date=1890–1907|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221158/http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103729.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but noted that the term had not been widely adopted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103731.htm|work=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|script-title=ru:Тюрко-татары|language=ru|date=1890–1907|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113223602/http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103731.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This ethnonym was also used by [[Joseph Deniker]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deniker |first=Joseph |date=1900 |title=Races et peuples de la terre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbqRt-A13P8C&pg=PA349 |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=Schleicher frères |page=349 |quote=Ce groupement ne coïncide pas non-plus avec le groupement somatologique : ainsi, les Aderbaïdjani du Caucase et de la Perse, parlant une langue turque, ont le mème type physique que les Persans-Hadjemi, parlant une langue iranienne. |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321183728/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbqRt-A13P8C&pg=PA349 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper ''Kashkul'' in 1880.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mostashari, Firouzeh|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBNDaEFGJrsC|title=On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-771-0|page=129|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522082022/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBNDaEFGJrsC|url-status=live}}</ref>
During the early [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the term "Transcaucasian [[Tatars]]" was supplanted by "Azerbaijani Turks" and ultimately "Azerbaijanis."<ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "Appendix 3: Ethnic Composition of the Caucasus: Historical Population Statistics". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, p. 192 (note 150).</ref><ref name="Tsutsiev">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "31. 1926: An Ethnic Map Reflecting the First Soviet Census". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, p. 87.</ref><ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "26. 1920: The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Soviet Russia". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 71–73.</ref> For some time afterwards, the term "Azerbaijanis" was then applied to all Turkic-speaking Muslims in Transcaucasia, from the [[Meskhetian Turks]] in southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], to the [[Terekeme]]s of southern [[Dagestan]], as well as assimilated [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]] and [[Talysh people|Talysh]].<ref name="Tsutsiev"/> The temporary designation of Meskhetian Turks as "Azerbaijanis" was most likely related to the existing administrative framework of the [[Transcaucasian SFSR]], as the [[Azerbaijan SSR]] was one of its founding members.<ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "32. 1926: Using the Census to Identify Russians and Ukrainians". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 87–90</ref> After the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR,<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite encyclopedia | article = AZERBAIJAN | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2–3 | pages = 205–257 | year = 1987 }}</ref> on the order of Soviet leader [[Stalin]], the "name of the formal language" of the Azerbaijan SSR was also "changed from Turkic to Azerbaijani".<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/>
==History==
{{Main|History of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan (Iran)#History}}
Ancient residents of the area spoke [[Old Azeri]] from the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages]].<ref name="yarshater">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|author=Yarshater, E|date=18 August 2011|title=The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081642/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 11th century AD with Seljuq conquests, [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turkic]] tribes started moving across the Iranian Plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkmen]] tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region|author=Bosworth, C. E.|date=12 August 2011|title=Arran|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727092744/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region|url-status=live}}</ref> These Turkmen tribes spread as smaller groups, a number of which settled down in the Caucasus and Iran, resulting in the [[Turkification]] of the local population. Over time they converted to [[Shia Islam]] and gradually absorbed [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and [[Shirvan]].<ref name="roy">{{cite book|author=Roy, Olivier|author-link=Olivier Roy (professor)|year=2007|title=The new Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter was to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkified' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141204/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ancient period===
[[Caucasian Albanian language|Caucasian-speaking]] [[Caucasian Albania|Albanian]] tribes are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region in the north of Aras river, where the Republic of Azerbaijan is located.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coene, Frederik|year=2010|title=The Caucasus: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc00coen|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-48660-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc00coen/page/n113 97]}}
</ref> The region also saw [[Scythia]]n settlement in the ninth century BC, following which the [[Medes]] came to dominate the area to the south of the [[Aras River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=Early+Iranian+settlements+included+the+Scythians+in+the+ninth+century+BC&pg=PA586|title=Countries and Territories of the World|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=Early+Iranian+settlements+included+the+Scythians+in+the+ninth+century+BC&pg=PA586|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Alexander the Great]] defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC, but allowed the Median satrap Atropates to remain in power. Following the decline of the [[Seleucid]]s in Persia in 247 BC, an [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian Kingdom]] exercised control over parts of [[Caucasian Albania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+am0014)|title=Armenia-Ancient Period|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140626/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+am0014%29|url-status=live}}</ref>
Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Sassanids]] made their kingdom a [[vassal state]] in 252 AD.<ref name="dictionary">{{harvtxt|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=165}}: Today, Iranian Azerbaijan has a solid majority of Azeris with an estimated population of at least 15 million (over twice the population of the Azerbaijani Republic). (1999)</ref>{{rp|38}}
Caucasian Albania's ruler, King [[Urnayr]], went to Armenia and then officially adopted [[Christianity]] as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm|author=Chaumont, M. L.|date=29 July 2011|title=Albania|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526212016/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_photos/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html|author=Alexidze, Zaza|date=Summer 2002|title=Voices of the Ancients: Heyerdahl Intrigued by Rare Caucasus Albanian Text|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=10|issue=2|pages=26–27|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004044141/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_photos/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Medieval period===
Sassanid control ended with their defeat by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in 642 AD through the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html |title=Sassanid Empire |work=The Islamic World to 1600 |publisher=University of Calgary |year=1998 |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213113547/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html |archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince [[Javanshir]], surrendered in 667.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|71}} Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the region between the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura]] and [[Aras River|Aras]] rivers as ''[[Arran (Azerbaijan)|Arran]]''.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|20}} During this time, Arabs from [[Basra]] and [[Kufa]] came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a land-owning elite.<ref name="lapidus">{{cite book|author=Lapidus, Ira|year=1988|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}}</ref>{{rp|48}} Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as [[Tabriz]] and [[Maraghah]]. This influx sparked a major rebellion in [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]] from 816 to 837, led an Iranian [[Zoroastrian]] commoner named [[Babak Khorramdin]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kennedy, Hugh|author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy|year=1992|title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates|url=https://archive.org/details/prophetagecaliph00kenn|url-access=limited|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-40525-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/prophetagecaliph00kenn/page/n182 166]}}</ref> However, despite pockets of continued resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty of [[Shaddadid]] and [[Arab people|Arab]] [[Rawadid dynasty|Radawids]].
In the middle of the eleventh century, the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuq]] dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of [[Southwest Asia]]. The Seljuk period marked the influx of [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] nomads into the region. The emerging dominance of the Turkic language was chronicled in epic poems or ''dastans'', the oldest being the ''[[Book of Dede Korkut]]'', which relate [[allegory|allegorical]] tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and [[Asia Minor]].<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|45}} Turkic dominion was interrupted by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] in 1227, but it returned with the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]] and then [[Sunni]] [[Kara Koyunlu|Qara Qoyunlū]] (Black Sheep Turkmen) and [[Aq Qoyunlu|Aq Qoyunlū]] (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan, large parts of Iran, eastern Anatolia, and other minor parts of West Asia, until the [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] took power in 1501.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|113}}<ref name="lapidus"/>{{rp|285}}
===Early modern period===
{{See also|Treaty of Gulistan|Treaty of Turkmenchay}}
[[File:Shirvan Tatar, engraving from 1839.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani). Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoît Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique: résumé général des voyages anciens et modernes... T. I, 1839]]
The [[Safavids]], who rose from around [[Ardabil]] in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the foundations of the modern Iranian state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/ |title=The Safavid Empire |publisher=University of Calgary |access-date=8 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427202257/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/ |archive-date=27 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Safavids, alongside their [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] archrivals, dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries. At its peak under [[Shah Abbas I|Shah Abbas the Great]], it rivaled its political and ideological archrival the [[Ottoman empire]] in military strength. Noted for achievements in state-building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay (mostly royal intrigues), ethnic minority uprisings and external pressures from the [[Russian Empire|Russians]], and the eventually opportunistic [[Hotaki|Afghans]], who would mark the end of the dynasty. The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas the Great]] created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".<ref name="Sammis">{{cite book|author=Sammis, Kathy|year=2002|title=Focus on World History: The First Global Age and the Age of Revolution|publisher=J. Weston Walch|isbn=978-0-8251-4370-0|page=39}}</ref> He reformed the government and the military and responded to the needs of the common people.<ref name="Sammis"/>
After the Safavid state disintegrated, it was followed by the conquest by [[Nader Shah Afshar]], a Shia chieftain from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] who reduced the power of the ghulat Shi'a and empowered a moderate form of Shi'ism,<ref name="lapidus"/>{{rp|300}} and, exceptionally noted for his military genius, making Iran reach its greatest extent since the [[Sassanid Empire]]. The brief reign of [[Karim Khan]] came next, followed by the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]], who ruled what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iran from 1779.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|106}} Russia loomed as a threat to Persian and Turkish holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The [[Russo-Persian Wars]], despite already having had minor military conflicts in the 17th century, officially began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] of 1813 and the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="altstadt"/>{{rp|17}} While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society, Azerbaijanis who used to live in Aran, were incorporated into the Russian Empire.
Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with [[Culture of Iran|Iranian culture]], [[Literature of Iran|literature]], and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of [[Baku]], [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] and Tiflis ([[Tbilisi]], now Georgia).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gasimov |first1=Zaur |title=Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2022|volume=55|issue=1|page=38|doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136|s2cid=233889871 |quote=The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century. }}</ref> Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an [[Azerbaijani national identity]] emerged at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Gasimov1">{{cite journal |last1=Gasimov |first1=Zaur |title=Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2022|volume=55|issue=1|page=37|doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136|s2cid=233889871 |quote=Azerbaijani national identity emerged in post-Persian Russian-ruled East Caucasia at the end of the nineteenth century, and was finally forged during the early Soviet period.}}</ref> In 1891, the idea of recognizing oneself as a "Azerbaijani Turk" was first popularized amongst the Caucasus Tatars in the periodical ''Kashkül''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bishku |first1=Michael B. |title=The Status and Limits to Aspirations of Minorities in the South Caucasus States |journal=Contemporary Review of the Middle East |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=414 |doi=10.1177/23477989221115917|s2cid=251777404 }}</ref> The articles printed in ''Kaspiy'' and ''Kashkül'' in 1891 are typically credited as being the earliest expressions of a cultural Azerbaijani identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Broers |first1=Laurence |title=Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry |date=2019 |page= 326 (note 9)|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-5052-2}}</ref>
Modernisation—compared to the neighboring [[Armenians]] and [[Georgians]]—was slow to develop amongst the Tatars of the Russian Caucasus. According to the 1897 [[Russian Empire census]], less than five percent of the Tatars were able to read or write. The intellectual and newspaper editor [[Ali bey Huseynzade]] (1864-1940) led a campaign to ‘Turkify, Islamise, modernise’ the Caucasian Tatars, whereas [[Mammed Said Ordubadi]] (1872-1950), another journalist and activist, criticized superstition amongst Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pourjavady |first1=R. |editor1-last=Thomas |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Chesworth |editor2-first=John A. |title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914) |date=2023 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |page=20 |chapter=Introduction: Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the 19th century}}</ref>
===Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan===
[[File:1ST AZ REP.GIF|thumb|upright=0.95|Map of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] presented by the Azerbaijani delegation [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919]]
[[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918).svg|thumb|upright=0.95|First flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (till 9 November 1918)<ref>Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика (1918―1920). Законодательные акты. (Сборник документов). — Баку, 1998, С.188</ref>]]
[[File:Army of Azerbaijan in 1918.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.05|Soldiers and officers of the army of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] in 1918]]
After the collapse of the Russian Empire during [[World War I]], the short-lived [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]] was declared, constituting what are the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. This was followed by [[March Days]] massacres<ref name="Swietochowski Borderland">Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, by Tadeusz Świętochowski, Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 66</ref><ref name="smithmusavat">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Michael |date=April 2001 |title=Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917–1920 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=228 |doi= 10.1177/002200940103600202|s2cid=159744435 |quote=The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus}}</ref> that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the [[Baku Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite web |url=http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm |title=Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory |author=Michael Smith |work=Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States) |publisher=Sakharov Center |access-date=21 August 2011 |language=ru |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401031542/http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> When the republic dissolved in May 1918, the leading [[Musavat|Musavat party]] adopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly established [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]], which was proclaimed on 27 May 1918,<ref>{{cite book |first=Touraj |last=Atabaki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132 |title=Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers' |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-86064-964-6 |page=132 |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321184000/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132 |url-status=live }}</ref> for political reasons,<ref name="Routledgeb">{{cite book|last1=Yilmaz|first1=Harun|title=National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-59664-6|page=21|quote=On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA's adoption of the name of "Azerbaijan" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.}}</ref><ref name="Sochineniya, vol II/1b">{{cite book|last1=Barthold|first1=Vasily|title=Sochineniya, vol II/1|date=1963|location=Moscow|page=706|quote=(...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, name [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]] can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Persian Azerbaijan]] will be one entity because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question arises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.}}</ref> even though the name of "Azerbaijan" had been used to refer to the [[Iranian Azerbaijan|adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran]].<ref name="I.B.Tauris">{{cite book |last1=Atabaki |first1=Touraj |title=Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran |date=2000 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-554-9 |page=25}}</ref><ref name="Amsterdam University Pressb">{{cite book|last1=Rezvani|first1=Babak|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|date=2014|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-485-1928-6|page=356|quote=The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.}}</ref> The ADR was the first modern [[parliamentary republic]] in the Turkic world and [[Muslim world]].<ref name="Swietochowski Borderland"/><ref name="kazemzadeh"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Schulze |first=Reinhard |title=A Modern History of the Islamic World |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-86064-822-9}}</ref> Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men.<ref name="kazemzadeh"/> Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of [[Baku State University]], which was the first modern-type university founded in Muslim East.<ref name="kazemzadeh">{{Cite book| last = Kazemzadeh | first = Firuz |author-link=Firuz Kazemzadeh | title = The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921 | publisher = The New York Philosophical Library | year= 1951 |isbn=978-0-8305-0076-5 | pages = 124, 222, 229, 269–270 }}</ref>
By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. [[Vladimir Lenin]] said that the invasion was justified as [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] could not survive without Baku's [[petroleum|oil]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Горянин |first=Александр |script-title=ru:Очень черное золото |publisher=GlobalRus |date=28 August 2003 |url=http://www.globalrus.ru/print_this/134413/ |access-date=28 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030906163920/http://www.globalrus.ru/print_this/134413/ |archive-date=6 September 2003 |url-status=live |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Горянин| first = Александр| script-title = ru:История города Баку. Часть 3.| publisher = Window2Baku| url = http://www.window2baku.com/001history_3.htm| language = ru| access-date = 22 July 2014| archive-date = 21 March 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170321183819/http://www.window2baku.com/001history_3.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the [[Bolshevik]] [[11th Soviet Red Army]] invaded it, establishing the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]] on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in [[Karabakh]], Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pope|first=Hugh |year=2006|title=Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world|page= 116 |publisher=New York: The Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-58567-804-4}}</ref>
The brief independence gained by the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918–1920 was followed by over 70 years of [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]].<ref name=nichol/>{{rp|91}} Neverthelesss, it was in the early Soviet period that the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged.<ref name="Gasimov1"/> After the restoration of independence in October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.<ref name=nichol/>{{rp|97}}
The [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] resulted in the displacement of approximately 725,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000–500,000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haider|first=Hans|title=Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt-europa/weltpolitik/513109_Gefaehrliche-Toene-im-Frozen-War.html|access-date=18 November 2020|work=Wiener Zeitung|date=2 January 2013|language=de}}</ref> As a result of [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]], Azerbaijan took back 5 cities, 4 towns, 286 villages in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azertag.az/xeber/Isgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227|title=İşğaldan azad edilmiş şəhər və kəndlərimiz|work=[[Azerbaijan State News Agency]]|date=1 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201201185921/https://azertag.az/xeber/Isgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227|archive-date=1 December 2020|language=az}}</ref> According to [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement]], internally displaced persons and refugees shall return to the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent areas under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384|title=Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation|website=[[Kremlin.ru]]|date=10 November 2020 }}</ref>
===Modern period in Iran===
In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as [[Sattar Khan]] sought constitutional reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09|author=Pistor-Hatam, Anja|title=Sattār Khan|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=20 July 2009|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117091146/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (''Majlis'') was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by [[Reza Khan]]. In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and books.<ref>{{cite book|author=Swietochowski, Tadeusz|year=1995|title=Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07068-3}}</ref>
[[File:Sattar Khan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Sattar Khan]] (1868–1914) was a major [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|revolutionary]] figure in the late [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] period in Iran.]]
Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet forces [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|took control]] of [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and helped to set up the [[Azerbaijan People's Government]], a [[client state]] under the leadership of [[Sayyid Jafar Pishevari]] backed by [[Soviet Azerbaijan]]. The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] supply route during [[World War II]]. Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after [[World War II]], the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by [[Iran crisis of 1946|late 1946]]. Immediately thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]. According to Professor Gary R. Hess, local Azerbaijanis favored the Iranian rule, while the Soviets forewent the Iranian Azerbaijan due to the exaggerated sentiment for autonomy and oil being their top priority.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf|title=The Iranian Crisis of 1945–46 and the Cold War|author=Hess, Gary. R.|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=89|issue=1|date=March 1974|pages=117–146|doi=10.2307/2148118|jstor=2148118|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090325231811/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Origins==
{{Main|Origin of the Azerbaijanis}}
{{POV section|date=January 2021}}
{{Original research|section|date=January 2021}}
In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Turkic Peoples|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana| volume=27|page=276|publisher=Grolier|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7172-0130-3}}</ref> while some sources describe the origin of Azerbaijanis as "unclear",<ref name="Matveeva_2002">{{cite report |author=Anna Matveeva |date=2002 |title=The South Caucasus:Nationalism, Conflict and Minorities |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/469cbfd90.pdf |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |access-date=11 March 2021 |quote=The ethnic origins of the Azeris are unclear. The prevailing view is that Azeris are a Turkic people, but there is also a claim that Azeris are Turkicized Caucasians or, as the Iranian official history claims, Turkicized Aryans.}}</ref> mainly Caucasian,<ref>{{cite book|author=Kobishchanov, Yuri M.|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4RyAAAAMAAJ&q=azerbaidjanians|title=Axum|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-00531-7|page=89|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225202/https://books.google.com/books?id=K4RyAAAAMAAJ&q=azerbaidjanians|url-status=live}}</ref> mainly Iranian,<ref>Roy, Olivier (2007). The new Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-552-4}}. "The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter was to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkified' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris."</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |date=15 December 2004 |last=Frye |first=R. N. |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> mixed [[Caucasian Albania]]n and Turkish,<ref name="Suny">{{cite journal |author=Suny, Ronald G. |author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny |date=July–August 1988 |title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia? |journal=Middle East Report |issue=153, Islam and the State |pages=37–40 |doi=10.2307/3012134 |jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed with the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speaking Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people with their own language and culture."</ref> and mixed with Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic elements.<ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations – among others – dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms,5 while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref> Russian historian and orientalist [[Vladimir Minorsky]] writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic-speaking following the Oghuz occupation of the region, though the characteristic features of the local Turkic language, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, were a remnant of the non-Turkic population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Minorsky, V.|title=Azarbaijan|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|editor1=Bearman, P. |editor2=Bianquis, Th. |editor3=Bosworth, C. E. |editor4=van Donzel, E. |editor5=Heinrichs, W. P. |publisher=Brill|edition=2nd}}</ref>
Historical research suggests that the [[Old Azeri language]], belonging to the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language of the Medes,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Iranian languages|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|others=Windfuhr, Gernot.|isbn=978-0-7007-1131-4|location=London|oclc=312730458 |page=15}}</ref> gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in said region for many centuries.<ref name="LANDS OF IRAN">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran|title=IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN|first=Xavier de|last=Planhol|volume=XIII|pages=204–212|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=30 December 2012|date=|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517050350/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="peoples survey">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|title=IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|first=R. N.|last=Frye|pages=321–326|volume=XIII|access-date=30 December 2012|date=|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Minorsky|first=V|title=Azerbaijan|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|editor=Bearman, P.|editor2=Bianquis, Th.|editor3=Bosworth, C.E.|editor4=Donzel, E. van|editor5=Heinrichs, W.P.|publisher=Brill}}</ref><ref name="roy2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|title=The new Central Asia|author=Roy, Olivier|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the [[Iranian plateau]], which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.|author-link=Olivier Roy (professor)|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141204/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|title=AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|date=15 December 1988|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081642/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of [[Caucasian Albania]], an ancient country located in the eastern [[Caucasus]] region, and various Iranian peoples which settled the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sourdel|first=D.|date=1959|title=V. MINORSKY, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th centuries, 1 vol. in-8°, 187 p. et 32 p. (texte arabe), Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958|journal=Arabica|volume=6|issue=3|pages=326–327|doi=10.1163/157005859x00208|issn=0570-5398}}</ref> They claim there is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and linguistically assimilated, first by Iranian peoples, such as the [[Persian people|Persians]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Istorii︠a︡ Vostoka : v shesti tomakh|date=1995–2008|publisher=Izdatelʹskai︠a︡ firma "Vostochnai︠a︡ lit-ra" RAN|others=Rybakov, R. B., Kapit︠s︡a, Mikhail Stepanovich., Рыбаков, Р. Б., Капица, Михаил Степанович., Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk), Институт востоковедения (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk)|isbn=5-02-018102-1|location=Moskva|oclc=38520460}}</ref> and later by the [[Oghuz Turks]]. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians, including [[Caucasian Albanian language|their language]], history, early conversion to [[Christianity]], and relations with the [[Armenians]] and [[Georgians]], under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weitenberg|first=J.J.S.|date=1984|title=Thomas J. SAMUELIAN (ed.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity. Proceedings of the first Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies 4), Scholars Press, Chico, CA 1982, xii and 233 pp., paper $ 15,75 (members $ 10,50), cloth $ 23,50 (members $ 15,75)|journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism|volume=15|issue=1–2|pages=198–199|doi=10.1163/157006384x00411|issn=0047-2212}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald G.|last2=Stork|first2=Joe|date=July 1988|title=Ronald G. Suny: What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|issn=0899-2851|jstor=3012134}}</ref>
===Turkic origin and Turkification===
{{see also|Turkification}}
Turkification of the non-Turkic population derives from the Turkic settlements in the area now known as Azerbaijan, which began and accelerated during the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] period.<ref name="golden"/> The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day [[Turkmenistan]], which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops under the [[Ilkhan]]ates were Turkic. By the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] period, the Turkic nature of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the [[Qizilbash]], an association of the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]]<ref>David Blow. ''Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend.'' p. 165. "The primary court language remained Turkish. But it was not the Turkish of Istambul. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the '''Qizilbash Turkomans'''..."</ref> nomadic tribes that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire.
According to Soviet scholars, the Turkicization of Azerbaijan was largely completed during the Ilkhanid period. Faruk Sümer posits three periods in which Turkicization took place: Seljuk, Mongol and Post-Mongol (Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid). In the first two, Oghuz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to Anatolia and Arran. In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (Oghuz, with lesser admixtures of Uyghur, Qipchaq, Qarluq as well as Turkicized Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkicization.<ref name="golden" />
===Iranian origin===
{{Main|Iranian peoples|Persian peoples|Tat people (Iran)|Tat people (Caucasus)}}
10th-century Arab historian [[Al-Masudi]] attested the [[Old Azeri]] language and described that the region of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] was inhabited by [[Persians]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Al Mas'udi|year=1894|title=Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf|editor=De Goeje, M.J.|publisher=Brill|pages=77–78|language=ar}} Arabic text: "قد قدمنا فيما سلف من كتبنا ما قاله الناس في بدء النسل، وتفرقهم على وجه الأرض، وما ذهب إليه كل فريق منهم في ذلك من الشرعيين وغيرهم ممن قال بحدوث العالم وأبى الانقياد إلى الشرائع من البراهمة وغيرهم، وما قاله أصحاب القدم في ذلك من الهند والفلاسفة وأصحاب الاثنين من المانوية وغيرهم على تباينهم في ذلك، فلنذكر الآن الأمم السبع ذهب من عني بأخبار سوالف الأمم ومساكنهم إلى أن أجل الأمم وعظماءهم كانوا في سوالف الدهر سبعاً يتميزون بثلاثة أشياء: بشيمهم الطبيعية، وخلقهم الطبيعية، وألسنتهم فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغيرها وآذربيجان إلى ما يلي بلاد أرمينية وأران والبيلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والري وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر، وهي نيسابور، وهراة ومرو وغير ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم في هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا يتباينون في شيء يسير من اللغات."</ref> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of [[Zoroastrianism]] was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm |title=Various Zoroastrian Fire-Temples |publisher=University of Calgary |date=1 February 2000 |access-date=8 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430091558/http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm |archive-date=30 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLxt6LsgKUC&q=Zoroastrianism+in+Azerbaijan&pg=PA26|title=Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-1-4094-3630-0|last1=Geukjian|first1=Ohannes|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225106/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLxt6LsgKUC&q=Zoroastrianism+in+Azerbaijan&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n158 106]|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|publisher=DIANE Publishing|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald G.|date=April 1996}}</ref> According to [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Azerbaijanis mainly originate from the earlier Iranian speakers, who still exist to this day in smaller numbers, and a massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries gradually Turkified Azerbaijan as well as Anatolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|title=Peoples of Iran|author=Frye, R. N.|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=15 December 2004|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Caucasian origin===
[[File:Azeri woman from Shusha in silk national garments.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Azerbaijani girl from [[Shusha]] in silk national garments]]
{{Main|Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian Albania}}
According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Azerbaijanis are of mixed descent, originating in the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly the Medians from northern Iran.<ref name="eb">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 January 2012|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> There is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal [[Caucasian Albania|Caucasians]] may have been culturally assimilated, first by [[Ancient Iranian peoples]] and later by the Oghuz. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to [[Christianity]]. The [[Udi language]], still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the Albanians' language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/Udigen1.htm |title=The Udi Language |publisher=University of Munich |author=Schulze, Wolfgang |date=2001–2002 |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205043611/http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/Udigen1.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref>
===Genetics===
{{See also|Genetic history of the Middle East|Genetic history of Europe}}
{{primary sources|section|date=January 2021}}
Contemporary Western Asian genomes, a region that includes Azerbaijan, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed.<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017">{{cite journal| author=Taskent RO, Gokcumen O| title=The Multiple Histories of Western Asia: Perspectives from Ancient and Modern Genomes. | journal=Hum Biol | year= 2017 | volume= 89 | issue= 2 | pages= 107–117 | pmid=29299965 | doi=10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.01 | pmc= | s2cid=6871226 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299965 }}</ref> However, as of 2017, there is no [[whole genome sequencing]] study for Azerbaijan; sampling limitations such as these prevent forming a "finer-scale picture of the genetic history of the region".<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017"/>
A 2014 study comparing the genetics of the populations from Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, (which were grouped as "Western [[Silk Road]]") Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (grouped as "Eastern Silk Road") found that the samples from Azerbaijan were the only group from the Western Silk Road to show significant contribution from the Eastern Silk Road, despite the overall clustering with the other samples from the Western Silk Road. The eastern input into the Azerbaijani genetics was estimated to be roughly 25 generations ago, corresponding to the time of the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongolian expansion]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mezzavilla |first1=Massimo |last2=Vozzi |first2=Diego |last3=Pirastu |first3=Nicola |last4=Girotto |first4=Giorgia |last5=d’Adamo |first5=Pio |last6=Gasparini |first6=Paolo |last7=Colonna |first7=Vincenza |title=Genetic landscape of populations along the Silk Road: admixture and migration patterns |journal=BMC Genetics |date=5 December 2014 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=131 |doi=10.1186/s12863-014-0131-6 |pmid=25476266 |pmc=4267745 |issn=1471-2156|doi-access=free }}</ref>
A 2002 study focusing on eleven Y-chromosome markers suggested that Azerbaijanis are genetically more related to their Caucasian geographic neighbors than to their linguistic neighbors.<ref name="nasidze">{{cite journal|url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Y-paper.pdf |author1=Nasidze, Ivan |author2=Sarkisian, Tamara |author3=Kerimov, Azer |author4=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus |journal=Human Genetics |volume=112 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4 |pmid=12596050 |issue=3 |s2cid=13232436 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315195125/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Y-paper.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2007}}</ref> Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically more similar to northern Azerbaijanis and the neighboring Turkic population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.<ref name="andonian">{{cite journal|author=Andonian l. |year=2011 |title=Iranian Azeri's Y-Chromosomal Diversity in the Context of Turkish-Speaking Populations of the Middle East |journal=Iranian J Publ Health |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=119–123 |pmid=23113065 |pmc=3481719 |url=http://www.ijph.ir/pdfs/17.%20Dr_Laris_1st_edit_Re_3_.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127222342/http://www.ijph.ir/pdfs/17.%20Dr_Laris_1st_edit_Re_3_.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> Iranian-speaking populations from Azerbaijan (the [[Talysh people|Talysh]] and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]]) are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian-speaking populations ([[Persian people]] and [[Kurds]] from Iran, [[Ossetians]], and [[Tajiks]]).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Asadova, P. S.|year=2003|title=Genetic Structure of Iranian-Speaking Populations from Azerbaijan Inferred from the Frequencies of Immunological and Biochemical Gene Markers|journal=Russian Journal of Genetics|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1334–1342|doi=10.1023/B:RUGE.0000004149.62114.92|s2cid=40679768|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Several genetic studies suggested that the Azerbaijanis originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language through [[Language shift|language replacement]], including possibility of elite dominance scenario.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yunusbayev|first1=Bayazit|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Valeev|first4=Albert|last5=Litvinov|first5=Sergei|last6=Valiev|first6=Ruslan|last7=Akhmetova|first7=Vita|last8=Balanovska|first8=Elena|last9=Balanovsky|first9=Oleg|last10=Turdikulova|first10=Shahlo|last11=Dalimova|first11=Dilbar|date=2015-04-21|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006|quote=Our ADMIXTURE analysis (Fig 2) revealed that Turkic-speaking populations scattered across Eurasia tend to share most of their genetic ancestry with their current geographic non-Turkic neighbors. This is particularly obvious for Turkic peoples in Anatolia, Iran, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, but more difficult to determine for northeastern Siberian Turkic speakers, Yakuts and Dolgans, for which non-Turkic reference populations are absent. We also found that a higher proportion of Asian genetic components distinguishes the Turkic speakers all over West Eurasia from their immediate non-Turkic neighbors. These results support the model that expansion of the Turkic language family outside its presumed East Eurasian core area occurred primarily through language replacement, perhaps by the elite dominance scenario, that is, intrusive Turkic nomads imposed their language on indigenous peoples due to advantages in military and/or social organization. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="yepiskoposian">{{cite journal|author=Yepiskoposian, L.|year=2011|title=The Location of Azaris on the Patrilineal Genetic Landscape of the Middle East (A Preliminary Report)|journal=Iran and the Caucasus|volume=15|issue=1|pages=73–78|doi=10.1163/157338411X12870596615395|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="nasidze"/> However, the language replacement in Azerbaijan (and in Turkey) might not have been in accordance with the elite dominance model, with estimated Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan being 18% for females and 32% for males.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Berkman |first=Ceren Caner |date=September 2006 |title=Comparative Analyses For The Central Asian Contribution To Anatolian Gene Pool With Reference To Balkans |type=PhD |url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607764/index.pdf |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020146/http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607764/index.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A subsequent study also suggested 33% Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan.<ref name="Berkman_et_al_2008">{{cite journal| author=Berkman CC, Dinc H, Sekeryapan C, Togan I| title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and an assessment of the genetic contribution of Central Asia to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans. | journal=Am J Phys Anthropol | year= 2008 | volume= 136 | issue= 1 | pages= 11–8 | pmid=18161848 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.20772 | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161848 }}</ref>
A 2001 study which looked into the first [[Hypervariable region|hypervariable segment]] of the [[MtDNA]] suggested that "genetic relationships among Caucasus populations reflect geographical rather than linguistic relationships", with Armenians and Azerbaijanians being "most closely related to their nearest geographical neighbours".<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nasidze, S |author2=Stoneking, M. |year=2001|title=Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=268|issue=1472|pages=1197–1206|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1610|pmid=11375109|pmc=1088727}}</ref> Another 2004 study that looked into 910 [[MtDNA]]s from 23 populations in the Iranian plateau, the Indus Valley, and Central Asia suggested that populations "west of the Indus basin, including those from Iran, Anatolia [Turkey] and the Caucasus, exhibit a common mtDNA lineage composition, consisting mainly of western Eurasian lineages, with a very limited contribution from South Asia and eastern Eurasia".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Quintana-Murci, L.|year=2004|title=Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|pages=827–845|doi=10.1086/383236|issue=5|pmid=15077202|pmc=1181978|display-authors=etal}}</ref> While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.<ref name="nasidze"/>
The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zerjal, T.|year=2002|title=A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=71|pages=466–482|doi=10.1086/342096|issue=3|pmid=12145751|pmc=419996|display-authors=etal}}</ref> perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.<ref name="nasidze"/>
In a comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azeris are more related to the people of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], than they are to other [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], as well as to [[Armenians]]. However the same [[multidimensional scaling]] plot shows that Azeris from the Caucasus, despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris, "occupy an intermediate position between the Azeris/Georgians and Turks/Iranians grouping".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M. | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B. | last3 = Bahmanimehr | first3 = A. | last4 = Denisova | first4 = G. | last5 = Perkova | first5 = M. | last6 = Farjadian | first6 = S. | last7 = Yepiskoposyan | first7 = L. | year = 2013 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11| page = e80673 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 | pmid=24244704 | pmc=3828245| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...880673D | doi-access = free }}</ref>
A 2007 study which looked into class two [[Human leukocyte antigen]] suggested that there were "no close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians".<ref name="Farjadian_et_al_2007">{{Cite journal |pmid = 18001303|year = 2007|last1 = Farjadian|first1 = S.|title = HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris|journal = International Journal of Immunogenetics|volume = 34|issue = 6|pages = 457–63|last2 = Ghaderi|first2 = A.|doi = 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2007.00723.x|s2cid = 22709345}}</ref> A 2017 study which looked into [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]] [[allele]]s put the samples from Azeris in Northwest Iran "in the Mediterranean cluster close to Kurds, Gorgan, Chuvash (South Russia, towards North Caucasus), Iranians and Caucasus populations (Svan and Georgians)". This Mediterranean stock includes "Turkish and Caucasian populations". Azeri samples were also in a "position between Mediterranean and Central Asian" samples, suggesting Turkification "process caused by Oghuz Turkic tribes could also contribute to the genetic background of Azeri people".<ref name="Arnaiz-Villena_et_al_2017">{{cite journal | last1=Arnaiz-Villena | first1=Antonio | last2=Palacio-Gruber | first2=Jose | last3=Muñiz | first3=Ester | last4=Rey | first4=Diego | last5=Nikbin | first5=Behrouz | last6=Nickman | first6=Hosein | last7=Campos | first7=Cristina | last8=Martín-Villa | first8=José Manuel | last9=Amirzargar | first9=Ali | title=Origin of Azeris (Iran) according to HLA genes | journal=International Journal of Modern Anthropology | publisher=African Journals Online (AJOL) | volume=1 | issue=10 | date=2017-10-31 | issn=1737-8176 | doi=10.4314/ijma.v1i10.5 | page=115| doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Demographics and society==
{{See also|Demographics of Azerbaijan|Demographics of Iran|List of Azerbaijanis}}
[[File:Map of the Azerbaijani language.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|Azerbaijani-speaking regions]]
[[File:Azerbaijanis from Aleksandropol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Russian Empire postcard depicting Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis) from Alexandropol (Gyumri)]]
The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]]. Between 12 and 23 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran,<ref name="dictionary" /><ref name="16.7mil"/><ref name="18mil"/><ref name = "Gheissari"/><ref name = "Bani-Shoraka"/><ref name = "Potter"/><ref name = "Crane"/><ref name = "Moaddel"/><ref name = "Eschment"/> mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 9.1 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world. According to [[Ethnologue]], there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern [[Republic of Dagestan|Dagestan]], Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian proper, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azj|title=Azerbaijani, North|author=Lewis, M. Paul|year=2009|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|publisher=SIL International|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=9 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209033458/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azj|url-status=live}}</ref> No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf|title=Table 5.1 De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity|work=Census 2001|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602023627/http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> where the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azerbaijanis throughout the other states of the former [[Soviet Union]].
===In the Republic of Azerbaijan===
{{see also|Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan}}
Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The Republic of Azerbaijan (over 90%), holding the second-largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis after neighboring Iran. The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at 99.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |title=Azerbaijan |work=International Human Development Indicators |publisher=United Nations |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121093046/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref> Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society. Since independence, there is a secular system.
Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/BTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf |title=Report on corruption in Azerbaijan oil industry prepared for EBRD & IFC investigation arms |publisher=The Committee of Oil Industry Workers' Rights Protection |date=October 2003 |access-date=10 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724165553/http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/BTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite these problems, there is a financial rebirth in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis.<ref name="Library of Congress Azerbaijan">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html|title=Country Study: Azerbaijan|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108212410/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav032805.shtml|title=Azerbaijan: Opposition Parties Prepare to Vigorously Contest Parliamentary Election|publisher=Eurasia.net|author1=Abbasov, Shahin|author2=Arifoglu, Farid|date=27 March 2005|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402074330/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav032805.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
===In Iran===
{{Main|Iranian Azerbaijanis}}
[[File:Ashiqs in Tabriz.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|[[Ashik]]s performance in [[Tabriz]]]]
[[File:Ali Khamenei crop.jpg|thumb|Iran's highest-ranking official, the [[supreme leader]] [[Ali Khamenei]], is Iranian Azeri on his father's side.]]
The exact number of Azerbaijanis in Iran is heavily disputed. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups.<ref name="state">{{cite book|editor1=Banuazizi, Ali |editor2=Weiner, Myron |year=1988|title=The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan Part II: Iran|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2448-6}}</ref> Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran are around the 16% area put forth by the CIA and Library of Congress.<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |title=Iran |work=CIA: The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=4 October 2012 |quote=16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million] |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162554/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Library of Congress Iran">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|title=Country Profile: Iran|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|date=May 2008|access-date=1 September 2012|quote=16% of 70 million [14.5 million]|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505023445/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–22%.<ref name="tft"/> According to the [[Iranian studies|Iranologist]] Victoria Arakelova in peer-reviewed journal ''[[Iran and the Caucasus]]'', estimating the number of Azeris in Iran has been hampered for years since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], when the "once invented theory of the so called separated nation (i.e. the citizens of the Azerbaijan Republic, the so-called Azerbaijanis, and the Azaris in Iran), was actualised again (see in detail Reza 1993)". Arakelova adds that the number of Azeris in Iran, featuring in the politically biased publications as "Azerbaijani minority of Iran", is considered to be the "highly speculative part of this theory". Even though all Iranian censuses of population distinguish exclusively religious minorities, numerous sources have presented different figures regarding Iran's Turkic-speaking communities, without "any justification or concrete references".<ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref>
In the early 1990s, right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most popular figure depicting the number of "Azerbaijanis" in Iran was thirty-three million, at a time when the entire population of Iran was barely sixty million. Therefore, at the time, half of Iran's citizens were considered "Azerbaijanis". Shortly after, this figure was replaced by thirty million, which became "almost a normative account on the demographic situation in Iran, widely circulating not only among academics and political analysts, but also in the official circles of Russia and the West". Then, in the 2000s, the figure decreased to 20 million; this time, at least within the Russian political establishment, the figure became "firmly fixed". This figure, Arakelova adds, has been widely used and kept up to date, only with a few minor adjustments. A cursory look at Iran's demographic situation however, shows that all these figures have been manipulated and were "definitely invented on political purpose". Arakelova estimates the number of Azeris i.e. "Azerbaijanis" in Iran based on Iran's population demographics at 6 to 6.5 million.<ref name="Arakelova"/>
Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: [[West Azerbaijan]], [[East Azerbaijan]], [[Ardabil Province|Ardabil]], [[Zanjan Province|Zanjan]], parts of [[Hamedan Province|Hamadan]], [[Qazvin Province|Qazvin]], and [[Markazi Province|Markazi]].<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/> Azerbaijani minorities live in the [[Qorveh County|Qorveh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghorveh.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID%3D62 |title=فرمانداری قروه |access-date=2013-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808090412/http://ghorveh.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=62 |archive-date=8 August 2013 }}</ref> and [[Bijar County|Bijar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396 |title=بیجار |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040836/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396 |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> counties of [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]], in [[Gilan Province|Gilan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=97560&MetaDataID=27846&Volume=1&PageIndex=196&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=Tebyan|title=کتابخانه|date=18 March 2015|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172301/http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=97560&MetaDataID=27846&Volume=1&PageIndex=196&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=Tebyan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Iranica:[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manjil Manjil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517044508/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manjil |date=17 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatha.fagig.com/tati%20talesh2.htm|title=ی ی /|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320035425/http://www.tatha.fagig.com/tati%20talesh2.htm|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guilan.irib.ir/home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203110906/http://guilan.irib.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=913%3A-&catid=291%3Ashahr|url-status=dead|title=صفحه اصلی – صدا و سیمای گیلان|archive-date=3 December 2013|website=guilan.irib.ir}}</ref> as [[ethnic enclave]]s in [[Galugah]] in [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]], around [[Lotfabad]] and [[Dargaz]] in [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Keith Brown|author2=Sarah Ogilvie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|publisher=Elsevier|year=2008|access-date=30 January 2012|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|archive-date=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226082343/http://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC|url-status=live}}; p. 112-113</ref> and in the town of [[Gonbad-e Qabus]] in [[Golestan Province|Golestan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gonbad-e-qabus|title=GONBAD-E QĀBUS|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113848/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gonbad-e-qabus|url-status=live}}</ref> Large Azerbaijani populations can also be found in central Iran ([[Tehran Province|Tehran]] # [[Alborz Province|Alborz]]) due to internal migration. Azerbaijanis make up 25%<ref name="The Council of Public Culture">{{cite news|title=The Council of Public Culture |publisher=The Council of Public Culture |date=19 January 2013 }}</ref> of [[Tehran]]'s population and 30.3%<ref>National Bibliography Number: 2887141 / plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: [[Tehran Province]] / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – {{ISBN|978-600-6627-42-7}} * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 296 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part)</ref> – 33%<ref name="Library of Congress Country Studies">"Chapter ۲ – The Society and Its Environment: People and Languages: Turkic-speaking Groups: Azarbaijanis" in ''A Country Study: Iran'' [[Library of Congress]] Country Studies, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html#ir0052 Table of Contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185348/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html#ir0052 |date=13 March 2007 }}, last accessed 19 November 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |title=Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis |year=2005 |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |isbn=978-0-7397-1476-8 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the population of the [[Tehran Province]], where Azerbaijanis are found in every city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/469f3a9821.html |title=Assessment for Azerbaijanis in Iran |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |date=31 December 2003 |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094256/http://www.refworld.org/docid/469f3a9821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They are the largest ethnic groups after [[Persian people|Persians]] in Tehran and the Tehran Province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|title=Azeris|publisher=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People|access-date=2013-07-05|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053530/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=98|title=Tehran, Political situation|publisher=[[List of mayors of Tehran|Municipality of Tehran]]|access-date=2013-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094245/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=98|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arakelova notes that the widespread "cliché" among residents of Tehran on the number of Azerbaijanis in the city ("half of Tehran consists of Azerbaijanis"), cannot be taken "seriously into consideration". Arakelova adds that the number of Tehran's inhabitants who have migrated from northwestern areas of Iran, who are currently Persian-speakers "for the most part", is not more than "several hundred thousands", with the maximum being one million.<ref name="Arakelova"/> Azerbaijanis have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vi |title=AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322101157/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vi |url-status=live }}</ref> especially in [[Mashhad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://khabarfarsi.com/ext/3881782 |title=Mourning Azerbaijanis residing in Mashhad |publisher=[[Mehr News Agency]] |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231306/http://khabarfarsi.com/ext/3881782 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to [[Iranian Revolution|Iran's Islamic Revolution]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Higgins, Patricia J.|year=1984|title=Minority-State Relations in Contemporary Iran|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=17|issue=1|pages=37–71|doi=10.1080/00210868408701621}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Binder, Leonard|year=1962|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|publisher=University of California Press|pages=160–161|oclc=408909}}</ref> Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy".<ref name="state"/>
Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the [[Azerbaijani language]] in local government, schools, and the press.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abrahamian, Ervand|year=1982|title=Iran between Two Revolutions|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10134-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0}}</ref> However, with the advent of the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Islamic [[theocracy|theocratic]] institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.<ref name="bbc"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Iran's Persian Language Academy against teaching of ethnic groups' mother language in country|url = http://en.trend.az/iran/2235038.html|website = Trend|access-date = 2016-02-11|date = 2014-01-28|archive-date = 3 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204726/http://en.trend.az/iran/2235038.html|url-status = live}}</ref> There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey and other Turkic countries have revived Azerbaijani nationalism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Koknar, Ali M.|date=6 June 2006|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2476|title=Iranian Azeris: A Giant Minority|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112144722/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2476|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a [[Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy|cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azerbaijani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Satire/Cartoon/2006/June/soosks.html|title=Cartoon|publisher=Iranian Archives 1995–2007|date=2 June 2006|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119041036/http://www.iranian.com/Satire/Cartoon/2006/June/soosks.html|url-status=live}}</ref> that many Azerbaijanis found offensive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70910FE345A0C7A8EDDAC0894DE404482|author=Fathi, Nazila|date=29 May 2006|title=Ethnic Tensions Over Cartoon Set Off Riots in Northwest Iran|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=12 June 2006|archive-date=12 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312180800/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70910FE345A0C7A8EDDAC0894DE404482|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5024550.stm|author=Collin, Matthew|date=28 May 2006|title=Iran Azeris protest over cartoon|work=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231233324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5024550.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The cartoon was drawn by [[Mana Neyestani]], an Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/cockroach_cartoonist_jailed_in_iran/ |title=Cockroach Cartoonist Jailed in Iran |newspaper=The Comics Reporter |date=24 May 2006 |access-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602155849/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/cockroach_cartoonist_jailed_in_iran/ |archive-date=2 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5008420.stm |title=Iranian paper banned over cartoon |publisher=BBC |date=23 May 2006 |access-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625225210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5008420.stm |archive-date=25 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the major incidents that happened recently was [[Azeris protests in Iran (2015)]] started in November 2015, after children's television programme ''Fitileha a''ired on 6 November on state TV that ridiculed and mocked the accent and language of Azeris and included offensive jokes.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Iran's Azeris protest over offensive TV show – BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34770537|website = BBC News|access-date = 2016-02-11|date = 2015-11-09|archive-date = 4 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201104195001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34770537|url-status = live}}</ref> As a result, hundreds of ethnic Azeris have protested a program on state TV that contained what they consider an ethnic slur. Demonstrations were held in [[Tabriz]], [[Urmia]], [[Ardabil]], and [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]], as well as Tehran and [[Karaj]]. Police in Iran have clashed with protesting people, fired tear gas to disperse crowds, and many demonstrators were arrested. One of the protesters, Ali Akbar Murtaza, reportedly "died of injuries" in Urmia.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Civil protests erupt in Iranian Azerbaijan: EADaily|url = https://en.eadaily.com/news/2015/11/10/civil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan|website = EADaily|access-date = 2016-02-11|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081316/https://en.eadaily.com/news/2015/11/10/civil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan|url-status = live}}</ref> There were also protests held in front of Iranian embassies in [[Istanbul]] and [[Baku]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rage against Iran over 'inherent racism toward Azeris|url = http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/11/14/rage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris|website = DailySabah|access-date = 2016-02-11|archive-date = 3 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210120/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/11/14/rage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris|url-status = live}}</ref> The head of the country's state broadcaster [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)]] Mohammad Sarafraz has apologized for airing the program, whose broadcast was later discontinued.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Iran's ethnic Azeris protest slur on TV program|url = http://www.sltrib.com/home/3156636-155/irans-ethnic-azeris-protest-slur-on|website = The Salt Lake Tribune|access-date = 2016-02-11|agency = Associated Press|archive-date = 3 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303155233/http://www.sltrib.com/home/3156636-155/irans-ethnic-azeris-protest-slur-on|url-status = live}}</ref>
Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community of Iran, and their style of living closely resemble those of [[Persian people|Persians]]:
{{blockquote|The lifestyles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/>}}
{{blockquote|Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in [[Persian literature]], politics, and clerical world.<ref>{{cite book|author=Burke, Andrew|year=2004|title=Iran|publisher=Lonely Planet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/42 42–43]|isbn=978-1-74059-425-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/42}}</ref>}}
There is significant cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship was tense until recently.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8515588.stm |title=Azerbaijan-Iran tensions increasing |work=BBC News |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=2010-05-29 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8515588.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[Azerbaijan-Iran relations|relations]] have significantly improved since the [[Hassan Rouhani|Rouhani]] administration took office.
===Subgroups===
There are several Azerbaijani ethnic groups, each of which has particularities in the economy, culture, and everyday life. Some Azerbaijani ethnic groups continued in the last quarter of the 19th century.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Ayrum from village of Gedamish of Ganja Uyezd.jpg
| width1 = 170
| image3 = Shahsevan girls from a rich family.jpg
| width3 = 170
| footer = Ayrum from Azerbaijan (left); Shahsevan girls from a rich family. End of the 19th century, Iran (right).
}}
Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups:
{{div col|colwidth=20em|content=
* [[Ayrums]]{{sfn|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=28}}
* [[Afshars]]
* [[Bayat (tribe)|Bayat]]
* [[Qaradaghis]]
* [[Qizilbash]]
* [[Karapapak]]
* [[Padar tribe]]{{sfn|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=28}}
* [[Terekeme]]
* [[Shahsevan]]{{sfn|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=28}}
* [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajars]]
}}
===Diaspora===
{{main|Azerbaijani diaspora}}
===Women===
{{See also|Women in Azerbaijan|Women in Iran}}
[[File:Azeri 1900.PNG|thumb|upright|Azeri woman from Baku (1900 postcard)]]
In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/suffragetimeline.html |title=US Suffrage Movement Timeline, 1792 to present |publisher=Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership |year=2006 |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723040530/http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/suffragetimeline.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> Women have attained Western-style equality in major cities such as [[Baku]], although in rural areas more reactionary views remain.<ref name="Library of Congress Azerbaijan"/> Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/womensit/az-w-sit.pdf |title=Women's rights in Azerbaijan |publisher=OneWomen |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153642/http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/womensit/az-w-sit.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heyat, Farideh|year=2002|title=Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1662-3|pages=80–113}}</ref> Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament. An Azerbaijani woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election, women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.day.az/politics/237289.html |title=2010 Parliamentary Election Results |publisher=Day.az |date=7 November 2010 |access-date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110054208/http://news.day.az/politics/237289.html |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abortion]] is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LALpdV0DPoC&pg=PA41|title=Abortion Policies: a Global Review|publisher=United Nations|year=2001|isbn=978-92-1-151351-6|volume=1|page=41|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=23 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723002946/https://books.google.com/books?id=3LALpdV0DPoC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> The human rights [[Ombudsman#Azerbaijan|ombudsman]] since 2002, [[Elmira Süleymanova]], is a woman.
In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s.<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/> Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5073328.stm|title=Iran police beat women activists|author=Harrison, Frances|publisher=BBC|date=12 June 2006|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-date=10 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5073328.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Past Iranian leaders, such as the reformer ex-president [[Mohammad Khatami]] promised women greater rights, but the [[Guardian Council]] of Iran opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament ([[Majlis]]), eight of whom were conservatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/archives/04_0608_iran_wip.htm |title=Women's Gains at Risk in Iran's New Parliament |publisher=[[Women's Enews]] |author=Sadr, Shadi |date=9 June 2004 |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119031658/http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/archives/04_0608_iran_wip.htm |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> The social fate of Azerbaijani women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Azerbaijan|Culture of Iran}}
===Language and literature===
{{Main|Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani literature}}
[[File:Portrait of Azerbaijani poet Fuzuli by Azimzade.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Fuzûlî|Muhammad Fuzûlî]] by [[Azim Azimzade]] (1914). Fuzûlî is considered one of the greatest [[Azerbaijani literature|Azerbaijani poets]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730 "Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118163318/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730 |date=18 January 2008 }} in Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>]]
The Azerbaijanis speak the [[Azerbaijani language]], a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] descended from the branches of Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th centuries CE. The [[Azerbaijani language]] is closely related to [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] and [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], sharing varying degrees of [[mutual intelligibility]] with each of those languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71|title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987|date=1996-12-13|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-0380-7|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121045243/https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain lexical and grammatical differences formed within the Azerbaijani language as spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran, after nearly two centuries of separation between the communities speaking the language; [[mutual intelligibility]], however, has been preserved.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n157 105]|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|last=Suny|first=Ronald G.|date=April 1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4}}</ref> Additionally, the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages are mutually intelligible to a high enough degree that their speakers can have simple conversations without prior knowledge of the other.<ref name="nichol">{{cite book |title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor=Curtis, Glenn E. |author=Nichol, James |contribution=Azerbaijan |year=1995 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0848-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320164609/http://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early literature was mainly based on oral tradition, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of [[Book of Dede Korkut|Dede Korkut]] probably derive from it. The first written, classical Azerbaijani literature arose after the Mongol invasion, while the first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to the 15th century.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Javadi, H.|author2=Burill, K.|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x|title=Azeri Literature in Iran|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=18 August 2011|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201033259/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet [[Imadaddin Nasimi|Nasimi]] (died 1417) and then decades later [[Fuzûlî]] (1483–1556). [[Ismail I]], Shah of [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Iran]] wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name ''Khatâ'i''.
Modern Azerbaijani literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon [[humanism]], as conveyed in the writings of [[Samad Vurgun]], [[Mohammad Hossein Shahriar|Shahriar]], and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_editorial.html |title=Contemporary Literature |work=Azerbaijan International |author=Blair, Betty |date=Spring 1996 |access-date=10 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616054608/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_editorial.html |archive-date=16 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or [[Persian language|Persian]] (in Iran) in addition to their native Azerbaijani. As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000 population spoke Russian fluently.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suny, Ronald G.|year=1996|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n157 105]}}</ref> An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20% of respondents could understand Azerbaijani, the most spoken minority language in Iran, and all respondents could understand Persian.<ref name="tft">{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |author=Terror Free Tomorrow |title=Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections |date=May 2009 |publisher=[[New America Foundation]] |quote=21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Azerbaijan|Islam in Azerbaijan|Islam in Iran}}
The majority of Azerbaijanis are [[Twelver]] [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a Muslims]]. Religious minorities include [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] (mainly [[Shafi'i]] just like other Muslims in the surrounding North Caucasus),<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [[:ru:Добаев, Игорь Прокопьевич|Igor Dobayev]]. ''Radicalisation of Islamic Movements in Central Asia and the North Caucasus: A Comparative Political Analysis''. [http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-36795.html Chapter IV: Islam and Islamism in the Republic of Dagestan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316050837/http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-36795.html |date=16 March 2013 }}. СКНЦ ВШ ЮФУ: Moscow, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Kevin Boyle (lawyer)|Boyle, Kevin]] |author2=Sheen, Juliet |year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15978-4|page=273|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173620/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]]. An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as Shia Muslims.<ref name="Library of Congress Azerbaijan"/> There is a small number of [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufism|Sufis]] among Muslim Azerbaijanis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/2007/06/06/28600/|title=External factors of radicalization of Islam in the Caucasus|publisher=RIA Dagestan|language=ru|date=6 June 2007|access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044618/http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/2007/06/06/28600/|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> Christian Azerbaijanis number around 5,000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.<ref name="Day.az">{{cite web|url=http://news.day.az/society/85160.html|title=5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity|publisher=Day.az|date=7 July 2007|language=ru|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112173129/https://news.day.az/society/85160.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tehran Radio">{{cite web|url=http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1|title=Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan|publisher=Tehran Radio|date=19 June 2011|language=az|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025134350/http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre-Islamic [[animist]] or [[Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan|Zoroastrian]]-influenced<ref>Barbara West. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA72 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522022409/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA72 |date=22 May 2016 }}. Infobase Publishing, 2009, {{ISBN|1-4381-1913-5}}; p. 72.</ref> beliefs, such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/culture.html |title=Azerbaijan: Culture and Art |publisher=Embassy of the Azerbaijan Republic in the People's Republic of China |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216124122/http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/culture.html |archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> In Azerbaijan, traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to [[Islamic holidays]], including [[Nowruz]] and [[Christmas]].
===Performing arts===
{{See also|Music of Azerbaijan|Music of Iran}}
[[File:Alim Qasimov, Bahram Mansurov, Talat Bakikhanov.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Mugham triads]]]]
In the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements, or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or her hand, in which a kerchief is held."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/psa/events/1998-99/avaz/about.utf8.html|title=Avaz|publisher=Stanford University Persian Student Association|access-date=11 June 2006|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225131/https://web.stanford.edu/group/psa/events/1998-99/avaz/about.utf8.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing [[bard]]s called ''[[Ashiq]]s'', a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the [[baglama|saz]] ([[lute]]) and sing ''dastans'' (historical [[ballad]]s).<ref>{{cite book|author=Perry, John R.|year=2011|contribution=Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world of Safavid and post-Safavid times|editor=Mitchell, Colin P.|title=New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-85463-1|page=90}}</ref> Other musical instruments include the ''[[Tar (lute)|tar]]'' (another type of lute), ''[[Balaban (instrument)|balaban]]'' (a wind instrument), ''[[kamancha]]'' (fiddle), and the ''[[dhol]]'' (drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called ''[[mugham]]'', is often an emotional singing performance. Composers [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]], [[Gara Garayev]] and [[Fikret Amirov]] created a hybrid style that combines Western [[European classical music|classical music]] with ''mugham''. Other Azerbaijanis, notably [[Vagif Mustafa Zadeh|Vagif]] and [[Aziza Mustafa Zadeh]], mixed [[jazz]] with ''mugham''. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including [[Rashid Behbudov]] (who could sing in over eight languages), [[Muslim Magomayev (musician)|Muslim Magomayev]] (a pop star from the Soviet era), [[Googoosh]], and more recently [[Sami Yusuf]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}
After the [[1979 revolution]] in Iran due to the clerical opposition to music in general, Azerbaijani music took a different course. According to Iranian singer [[Hossein Alizadeh]], "Historically in Iran, music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_alizadeh.html|title=Hossein Alizadeh Personal Reflections on Playing Tar|work=Azerbaijan International|date=Winter 1997|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303162351/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_alizadeh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some Azerbaijanis have been film-makers, such as [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]], who wrote ''[[Burnt by the Sun]]'', winner of the Grand Prize at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and an [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] in 1994.
===Sports===
{{See also|Azerbaijan at the Olympics|List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists}}
[[File:Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 1, Candidates Tournament 2018.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Chess player [[Shakhriyar Mamedyarov]]]]
[[File:Ilham Zakiyev at 2008 Paralympics 5.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Two-time [[Judo at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic judo]] champion (2004, 2008) [[Ilham Zakiyev]]]]
Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life. Horseback competitions were praised in the [[Book of Dede Korkut]] and by poets and writers such as [[Khaqani]].<ref name="sport">{{cite web|url=http://azerbaijan.az/portal/Society/Sport/sport_e.html|title=Sport History in Azerbaijan|publisher=Heydar Aliyev Foundation|access-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625053745/http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/Society/Sport/sport_e.html|archive-date=25 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other ancient sports include [[wrestling]], [[javelin throwing]] and [[fencing]].
The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azerbaijanis to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level.<ref name="sport"/> The Azerbaijani government supports the country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. <!-- There are many prominent Iranian football players such as [[Ali Daei]], the world's [[Top international association football goal scorers by country|all-time leading goal scorer]] in international matches, and the former captain of the [[Team Melli|Iran national football team]]remark: there are no reliable sources that this person is an ethnic Azerbaijani.--> Iranian athletes have particularly excelled in [[powerlifting|weight lifting]], [[gymnastics]], [[shooting]], javelin throwing, [[karate]], [[boxing]], and wrestling.<ref name="MinistrySports">{{cite web|author=Deck, Laurel |url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_sports.html |title=The Ministry of Youth and Sports |work=Azerbaijan International |date=Winter 1996 |access-date=11 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508022556/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_sports.html |archive-date=8 May 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Weight lifters, such as Iran's [[Hossein Reza Zadeh]], world super heavyweight-lifting record holder and two-time Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004, or [[Hadi Saei]] is a former Iranian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8706021402|title=هادي ساعي مدال خود را تقديم به مردم آذربايجان كرد|access-date=18 March 2015|date=2008-08-23|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230134745/http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8706021402|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taekwondo]] athlete who became the most successful Iranian athlete in Olympic history and [[Nizami Pashayev]], who won the European heavyweight title in 2006, have excelled at the international level. [[Ramil Guliyev]], an ethnic Azerbaijani who plays for Turkey, became the first [[Turkey at the World Athletics Championships|world champion in athletics in the history of Turkey]].
[[Chess]] is another popular pastime in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azembassy.it/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0005 |title=Tourism and sport |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Italy |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217104040/http://www.azembassy.it/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0005 |archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> The country has produced many notable players, such as [[Teimour Radjabov]], [[Vugar Gashimov]] and [[Shahriyar Mammadyarov]], all three highly ranked internationally. Karate is also popular, where [[Rafael Aghayev]] achieved particular success, becoming a five-time world champion and eleven-time European champion.
{{clear}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Iran}}
* [[List of Azerbaijanis]]
* [[Peoples of the Caucasus]]
* [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]]
* [[Azerbaijan (Iran)]]
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Cited sources===
* {{cite book|last=Chaumont|first=M. L.|date=December 15, 1987|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates-aturpat-lit|title=Atropates|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=III|issue=1|pages=17–18}}
* {{cite book|last=de Planhol|first=Xavier |date=December 15, 2004|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran|title=Iran i. Lands of Iran|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=XIII|issue=2|pages=204–212}}
* {{cite book |last1=Swietochowski |first1=Tadeusz |last2=Collins |first2=Brian C. |title=Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan |date=1999 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4 |language=en}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Azerbaijani people}}
{{Azerbaijani diaspora}}
{{navboxes|
|list=
{{Azerbaijan topics}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{European Muslims}}
{{Peoples of the Caucasus}}
{{Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azerbaijani People}}
[[Category:Azerbaijani people|*]]
[[Category:Iranian Azerbaijanis|*]]
[[Category:Peoples of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of the Caucasus]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Turkic ethnic group}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Azerbaijanis
| native_name = {{lang|az|Azərbaycanlılar}}<br />{{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}
| image = Azerigirls.JPG
| image_caption = Azerbaijani girls in [[Azerbaijani traditional clothing|traditional dresses]]
| population = 30–35 million
| total_year = 2002
| total_ref = <ref name="avraham">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35 |title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=Sela, Avraham|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7|page=197|quote=They number 30-35 million and live primarily in Iran (approximately 20 million) , the Republic of Azerbaijan (8 million), Turkey (1-2 million), Russia (1 million), and Georgia (300,000).|author-link=Avraham Sela}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}}
| pop1 = 12–23 million<ref name="dictionary" /><ref name="16.7mil">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status |title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live |quote=Ethnic population: 16,700,000 (2019)}}</ref><ref name="18mil">{{cite book |last1=Elling |first1=Rasmus Christian |author1-link=Rasmus Christian Elling |title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini |date=18 February 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-04780-9 |page=28 |quote=CIA and Library of Congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran’s population (77.8 million).}}</ref><ref name = "Gheissari">{{cite book |last1=Gheissari |first1=Ali |title=Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics |date=2 April 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988860-3 |page=300 |quote=As of 2003, the ethnic classifications are estimated as: [...] Azeri (24 percent)}}</ref><ref name = "Bani-Shoraka">{{cite journal |last1=Bani-Shoraka |first1=Helena |title=Cross-generational bilingual strategies among Azerbaijanis in Tehran |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1 July 2009 |volume=2009 |issue=198 |page=106 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2009.029 |s2cid=144993160 |issn=1613-3668 |quote=The latest figures estimate the Azerbaijani population at 24% of Iran’s 70 million inhabitants (NVI 2003/2004: 301). This means that there are between 15 and 20 million Azerbaijanis in Iran.}}</ref><ref name = "Potter">{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=290 |isbn=978-0-19-937726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50pRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Crane">{{cite book |last1=Crane |first1=Keith |last2=Lal |first2=Rollie |last3=Martini |first3=Jeffrey |title=Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=RAND Corporation |page=38 |isbn=978-0-8330-4527-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlMdb5ACHEC&pg=PA38 |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Moaddel">{{cite book |last1=Moaddel |first1=Mansoor |last2=Karabenick |first2=Stuart A. |title=Religious Fundamentalism in the Middle East: A Cross-National, Inter-Faith, and Inter-Ethnic Analysis |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Brill |page=101 |quote=The Azeris have a mixed heritage of Iranic, Caucasian, and Turkic elements(...) Between 16 to 23 million Azeris live in Iran.}}</ref><ref name = "Eschment">{{cite book |editor1-last=Eschment |editor1-first=Beate |editor2-last=von Löwis |editor2-first=Sabine |title=Post-Soviet Borders: A Kaleidoscope of Shifting Lives and Lands |date=18 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=31 |quote=Irrespective of the large Azerbaijani population in Iran (about 20 million, compared to 7 million in Azerbaijan)(...)}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
| pop2 = 8,172,800
| ref2 = <ref>[https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups] stat.gov.az</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop3 = 603,070
| ref3 = <ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Итоги переписи |work=2010 census |year=2012 |publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| pop4 = 530,000–2 million
| ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="avraham" />
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}}
| pop5 = 233,178
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2014 census|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| pop7 = 114,586
| ref7 = <ref name="etno2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258|title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года|publisher=Комитет по статистике Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан|accessdate=2020-04-27|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527204929/https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| pop8 = 45,176
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
| pop9 = 44,400
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan|year=1989|publisher=Umid World|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
| pop10 = 33,365
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|journal=Демоскоп Weekly|language=ru|issue=493–494|date=1–22 January 2012|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop11 = 24,377
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/5620|title=Azerbaijani-American Council rpartners with U.S. Census Bureau|publisher=News.Az|date=28 December 2009|access-date=2012-07-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043029/http://www.news.az/articles/5620|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html|title=Obama, recognize us – St. Louis American: Letters To The Editor|publisher=Stlamerican.com|date=9 March 2011|access-date=2012-07-11|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913202500/http://www.stlamerican.com/reader_interaction/letters_to_the_editor/article_a906f9d6-4a8f-11e0-9d87-001cc4c03286.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop12 = 20,000–30,000
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |title=A portrait of a migrant: Azerbaijanis in Germany |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2022/01/12/portrait-migrant-azerbaijanis-germany |website=boell.de |publisher=HEINRICH-BÖLL-STIFTUNG – The Green Political Foundation |date=12 January 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop13 = 18,000
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175140/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop14 = 17,823
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения|publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic|year=2011|language=ru|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop15 = 70,000
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite news|last=İlhamqızı|first=Sevda|date=2 October 2007|title=Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq|url=http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html|language=az|work=Trend News Agency|location=Baku|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop16 = 9,915
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Census Profile 2021|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date = 7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| pop17 = 8,000
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf |title=Estrangeiros em Portugal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://azerbaijan.az/en/related-information/207 |title=Azerbaijani diaspora}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://azertag.az/en/bolme/diaspora?page=19&device=Desktop |title=Azeris abroad}}</ref>
| region18 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop18 = 7,000
| ref18 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|title=UAE´s population – by nationality|work=BQ Magazine|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>
| region19 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop19 = 6,220
| ref19 = <ref name=ons2011>{{cite web|title=Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|website=www.ons.gov.uk|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Belarus}}
| pop20 = 5,567
| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf|title=Population Census 2009|publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|access-date=17 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| pop21 = 2,935
| ref21 = <ref name="Statistics Sweden">{{cite web|title=Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year|url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/}} Statistics Sweden.</ref>
| region22 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}}
| pop22 = 1,567–2,032
| ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia |website=data.stat.gov.lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/media/9756/download?attachment|title=Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP}}</ref>
| region23 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop23 = 1,036
| ref23 = <ref>[https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx Azerbaijan country brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx|date=18 June 2019}}. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</ref>
| region24 = {{flagcountry|Austria}}
| pop24 = 1,000
| ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations|access-date=18 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| region25 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
| pop25 = 940
| ref25 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|title=Population Census of 2011|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7|url-status=live}} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref>
| region26 = {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| pop26 = 806
| ref26 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|title=2020-03-09|website=ssb.no|date=9 March 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region27 = {{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
| pop27 = 648
| ref27 = <ref name=litstats>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|title=Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011|publisher=Lithuanian Department of Statistics|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region28 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop28 = 552
| ref28 = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html [[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] – Foreign resident population in 2019</ref>
| languages = '''[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]'''<br />
[[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| religions = Mainly [[Islam]] <br> (predominantly [[Shia Islam]],<ref name="Robertson, Lawrence R. 2002 210">{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-199-2|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> minority [[Sunni Islam]])
| related_groups = [[Turkish people]]<ref name="golden" /> and [[Turkmens|Turkmen people]]<ref>Ismail Zardabli. ''Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan''. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</ref>
}}
{{Azerbaijanis}}
'''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجانلیلار}}), '''Azeris''' ({{lang-az|Azərilər}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذریلر}}), or '''Azerbaijani Turks''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycan Türkləri}}, {{lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان تۆرکلری}})<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|title=Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers|first1=William O.|last1=MacCagg|first2=Brian D.|last2=Silver|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Pergamon Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-08-024637-6|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|first=Leonard|last=Binder|date=10 May 1962|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|title=World Regional Geography|first=Joseph J.|last=Hobbs|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-495-38950-7|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group living mainly in the [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] region of northwestern Iran and the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]]. They are predominantly [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref name="Robertson, Lawrence R. 2002 210"/> They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring [[Iran]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census|publisher=[[National Statistics Office of Georgia]]|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They speak the [[Azerbaijani language]], belonging to the [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] branch of the [[Turkic languages]].
Following the [[Russo-Persian Wars]] of [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|1813]] and [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1828]], the territories of [[Qajar Iran]] in the Caucasus were ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Treaty of Gulistan|treaties of Gulistan]] in 1813 and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia and Iran.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=978-1-58112-933-5|page=372}}</ref> After more than 80 years of being under the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] was established in 1918 which established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
==Etymology==
Azerbaijan is believed to be named after ''[[Atropates]]'', a [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|author=Lendering, Jona|title=Atropates (Biography)|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=27 January 2012|archive-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014335/http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Chamoux, Francois|year=2003|title=Hellenistic Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-22241-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham/page/n37 26]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bosworth, A. B. |author2=Baynham, E. J. |year=2002|title=Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatfa00bosw |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815287-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatfa00bosw/page/n99 92]}}</ref> [[satrap]] (governor) who ruled in ''[[Atropatene]]'' (modern [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]]) circa 321 [[Before Common Era|BC]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC&q=azeri|author=Atabaki, Touraj|year=2000|title=Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-554-9|page=7|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC&q=azeri|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=altstadt>{{cite book|author=Altstadt, Audrey L.|year=1992|title=The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8179-9182-1}}</ref>{{rp|2}} The name ''Atropates'' is the Hellenistic form of [[Old Persian]] ''Aturpat'' which means 'guardian of [[atar|fire]]'{{sfn|Chaumont|1987|pp=17–18}} itself a compound of ''ātūr'' ([[File:aturpahlavi.svg|25px]]) 'fire' (later ''ādur'' (آذر) in [[New Persian|(early) New Persian]], and is pronounced ''āzar'' today)<ref name="Pahlavi Dictionary">MacKenzie, D. (1971). A concise Pahlavi dictionary (p. 5, 8, 18). London: Oxford university press.</ref> + ''-pat'' ([[File:patpahlavi.svg|20px]]) suffix for -guardian, -lord, -master<ref name="Pahlavi Dictionary"/> (''-pat'' in early [[Middle Persian]], ''-bod'' (بُد) in New Persian).
Present-day name ''Azerbaijan'' is the Arabicized form of ''Āzarpāyegān'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آذرپایگان) meaning 'the guardians of [[atar|fire]]' later becoming ''Azerbaijan'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آذربایجان) due to the phonemic shift from /p/ to /b/ and /g/ to /dʒ/ which is a result of the medieval Arabic influences that followed the [[Arab invasion of Iran]], and is due to the lack of the phoneme /p/ and /g/ in the [[Arabic language]].{{sfn|de Planhol|2004|pp=205–215}} The word ''Azarpāyegān'' itself is ultimately from Old Persian ''Āturpātakān'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آتورپاتکان)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii |title=Azerbaijan, Pre-Islamic History |last=Schippmann |first=K. |date=15 December 1987 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322101247/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Azerbaijan&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Azerbaijan |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102543/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Azerbaijan&allowed_in_frame=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> meaning 'the land associated with (satrap) Aturpat' or 'the land of fire guardians' (''-an'', here garbled into ''-kān'' , is a suffix for association or forming adverbs and plurals;<ref name="Pahlavi Dictionary"/> e.g.: [[Gilan]] 'land associated with [[Gilites|Gil people]]').<ref>Aliyev, Igrar. (1958). History of Atropatene (تاريخ آتورپاتكان) (p. 93).</ref>
===Ethnonym===
{{see also|Azerbaijan (toponym)}}
The modern ethnonym "Azerbaijani" or "Azeri" refers to the Turkic peoples of [[Iran]]'s northwestern historic region of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] (also known as Iranian Azerbaijan) and the Republic of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{Encyclopaedia Iranica | title = AZERBAIJAN | last = EI. | authorlink = | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index | volume = 3 | fascicle = 2–3 | pages = 205–257 }}</ref> They historically called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims, Turks. They were also referred to as [[Ajam]] (meaning from Iran), using the term incorrectly to denote their Shia belief rather than ethnic identity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/powderkeginmiddl00geof|url-access=registration|author1=Kemp, Geoffrey |author2=Stein, Janice Gross |year=1995|title=Powder Keg in the Middle East|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8075-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/powderkeginmiddl00geof/page/214 214]}}</ref> When the [[Transcaucasia|Southern Caucasus]] became part of the [[Russian Empire]] in the nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who traditionally referred to all [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] as [[Tatar]]s, defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian Tatars or more rarely<ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "18. 1886–1890: An Ethnolinguistic Map of the Caucasus". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 48–50. "''“Tatars” (or in rarer cases, “Azerbaijani Tatars”) to denote Turkic-speaking Transcaucasian populations that would later be called “Azerbaijanis”"''</ref> Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars or even<ref name="Yilmaz2013">{{cite journal |last1=Yilmaz |first1=Harun |title=The Soviet Union and the Construction of Azerbaijani National Identity in the 1930s |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2013 |volume=46 |issue=4 |page=513 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2013.784521 |s2cid=144322861 |quote=The official records of the Russian Empire and various published sources from the pre-1917 period also called them “Tatar” or “Caucasian Tatars,” “Azerbaijani Tatars” and even “Persian Tatars” in order to differentiate them from the other “Tatars” of the empire and the Persian speakers of Iran.}}</ref> Persian Tatars in order to distinguish them from other Turkic groups and the [[Persian language|Persian]] speakers of Iran.<ref name="Yilmaz2013"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php |year=2005 |publisher=Demoscope Weekly |script-title=ru:Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи |language=ru |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042823/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> The Russian ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'', written in the 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans (адербейджаны),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103729.htm|work=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|script-title=ru:Тюрки|language=ru|date=1890–1907|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221158/http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103729.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but noted that the term had not been widely adopted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103731.htm|work=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|script-title=ru:Тюрко-татары|language=ru|date=1890–1907|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113223602/http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103731.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This ethnonym was also used by [[Joseph Deniker]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deniker |first=Joseph |date=1900 |title=Races et peuples de la terre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbqRt-A13P8C&pg=PA349 |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=Schleicher frères |page=349 |quote=Ce groupement ne coïncide pas non-plus avec le groupement somatologique : ainsi, les Aderbaïdjani du Caucase et de la Perse, parlant une langue turque, ont le mème type physique que les Persans-Hadjemi, parlant une langue iranienne. |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321183728/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbqRt-A13P8C&pg=PA349 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper ''Kashkul'' in 1880.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mostashari, Firouzeh|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBNDaEFGJrsC|title=On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-771-0|page=129|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522082022/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBNDaEFGJrsC|url-status=live}}</ref>
During the early [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the term "Transcaucasian [[Tatars]]" was supplanted by "Azerbaijani Turks" and ultimately "Azerbaijanis."<ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "Appendix 3: Ethnic Composition of the Caucasus: Historical Population Statistics". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, p. 192 (note 150).</ref><ref name="Tsutsiev">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "31. 1926: An Ethnic Map Reflecting the First Soviet Census". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, p. 87.</ref><ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "26. 1920: The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Soviet Russia". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 71–73.</ref> For some time afterwards, the term "Azerbaijanis" was then applied to all Turkic-speaking Muslims in Transcaucasia, from the [[Meskhetian Turks]] in southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], to the [[Terekeme]]s of southern [[Dagestan]], as well as assimilated [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]] and [[Talysh people|Talysh]].<ref name="Tsutsiev"/> The temporary designation of Meskhetian Turks as "Azerbaijanis" was most likely related to the existing administrative framework of the [[Transcaucasian SFSR]], as the [[Azerbaijan SSR]] was one of its founding members.<ref>Tsutsiev, Arthur. "32. 1926: Using the Census to Identify Russians and Ukrainians". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 87–90</ref> After the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR,<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite encyclopedia | article = AZERBAIJAN | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2–3 | pages = 205–257 | year = 1987 }}</ref> on the order of Soviet leader [[Stalin]], the "name of the formal language" of the Azerbaijan SSR was also "changed from Turkic to Azerbaijani".<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/>
=== Exonym ===
The [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]] names for Azerbaijanis{{efn|The ethnonyms were also used to designate [[Persians]].{{sfn|Kurkiev|1979|p=190}}}} are ''Ghezloy''/''Ghoazloy'' ({{lang|ce|ГӀезлой}}/{{lang|inh|ГӀоазлой}}) and ''Ghazaroy''/''Ghazharey'' ({{lang|ce|ГӀажарой}}/{{lang|inh|ГӀажарей}}). The former goes back to the name of [[Qizilbash]] while the latter goes back to the name of [[Qajars]], having presumably emerged in Chechen and Ingush languages during the [[Qajar Iran|reign of Qajars in Iran]] in the 18th-19th centuries.{{sfn|Akhriev|1975|p=203}}
==History==
{{Main|History of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan (Iran)#History}}
Ancient residents of the area spoke [[Old Azeri]] from the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages]].<ref name="yarshater">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|author=Yarshater, E|date=18 August 2011|title=The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081642/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 11th century AD with Seljuq conquests, [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turkic]] tribes started moving across the Iranian Plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkmen]] tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region|author=Bosworth, C. E.|date=12 August 2011|title=Arran|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727092744/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region|url-status=live}}</ref> These Turkmen tribes spread as smaller groups, a number of which settled down in the Caucasus and Iran, resulting in the [[Turkification]] of the local population. Over time they converted to [[Shia Islam]] and gradually absorbed [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and [[Shirvan]].<ref name="roy">{{cite book|author=Roy, Olivier|author-link=Olivier Roy (professor)|year=2007|title=The new Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter was to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkified' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141204/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ancient period===
[[Caucasian Albanian language|Caucasian-speaking]] [[Caucasian Albania|Albanian]] tribes are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region in the north of Aras river, where the Republic of Azerbaijan is located.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coene, Frederik|year=2010|title=The Caucasus: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc00coen|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-48660-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc00coen/page/n113 97]}}
</ref> The region also saw [[Scythia]]n settlement in the ninth century BC, following which the [[Medes]] came to dominate the area to the south of the [[Aras River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=Early+Iranian+settlements+included+the+Scythians+in+the+ninth+century+BC&pg=PA586|title=Countries and Territories of the World|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=Early+Iranian+settlements+included+the+Scythians+in+the+ninth+century+BC&pg=PA586|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Alexander the Great]] defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC, but allowed the Median satrap Atropates to remain in power. Following the decline of the [[Seleucid]]s in Persia in 247 BC, an [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian Kingdom]] exercised control over parts of [[Caucasian Albania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+am0014)|title=Armenia-Ancient Period|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140626/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+am0014%29|url-status=live}}</ref>
Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Sassanids]] made their kingdom a [[vassal state]] in 252 AD.<ref name="dictionary">{{harvtxt|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=165}}: Today, Iranian Azerbaijan has a solid majority of Azeris with an estimated population of at least 15 million (over twice the population of the Azerbaijani Republic). (1999)</ref>{{rp|38}}
Caucasian Albania's ruler, King [[Urnayr]], went to Armenia and then officially adopted [[Christianity]] as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm|author=Chaumont, M. L.|date=29 July 2011|title=Albania|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526212016/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_photos/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html|author=Alexidze, Zaza|date=Summer 2002|title=Voices of the Ancients: Heyerdahl Intrigued by Rare Caucasus Albanian Text|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=10|issue=2|pages=26–27|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004044141/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_photos/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Medieval period===
Sassanid control ended with their defeat by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in 642 AD through the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html |title=Sassanid Empire |work=The Islamic World to 1600 |publisher=University of Calgary |year=1998 |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213113547/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html |archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince [[Javanshir]], surrendered in 667.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|71}} Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the region between the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura]] and [[Aras River|Aras]] rivers as ''[[Arran (Azerbaijan)|Arran]]''.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|20}} During this time, Arabs from [[Basra]] and [[Kufa]] came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a land-owning elite.<ref name="lapidus">{{cite book|author=Lapidus, Ira|year=1988|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}}</ref>{{rp|48}} Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as [[Tabriz]] and [[Maraghah]]. This influx sparked a major rebellion in [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]] from 816 to 837, led an Iranian [[Zoroastrian]] commoner named [[Babak Khorramdin]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kennedy, Hugh|author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy|year=1992|title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates|url=https://archive.org/details/prophetagecaliph00kenn|url-access=limited|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-40525-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/prophetagecaliph00kenn/page/n182 166]}}</ref> However, despite pockets of continued resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty of [[Shaddadid]] and [[Arab people|Arab]] [[Rawadid dynasty|Radawids]].
In the middle of the eleventh century, the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuq]] dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of [[Southwest Asia]]. The Seljuk period marked the influx of [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] nomads into the region. The emerging dominance of the Turkic language was chronicled in epic poems or ''dastans'', the oldest being the ''[[Book of Dede Korkut]]'', which relate [[allegory|allegorical]] tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and [[Asia Minor]].<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|45}} Turkic dominion was interrupted by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] in 1227, but it returned with the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]] and then [[Sunni]] [[Kara Koyunlu|Qara Qoyunlū]] (Black Sheep Turkmen) and [[Aq Qoyunlu|Aq Qoyunlū]] (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan, large parts of Iran, eastern Anatolia, and other minor parts of West Asia, until the [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] took power in 1501.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|113}}<ref name="lapidus"/>{{rp|285}}
===Early modern period===
{{See also|Treaty of Gulistan|Treaty of Turkmenchay}}
[[File:Shirvan Tatar, engraving from 1839.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani). Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoît Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique: résumé général des voyages anciens et modernes... T. I, 1839]]
The [[Safavids]], who rose from around [[Ardabil]] in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the foundations of the modern Iranian state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/ |title=The Safavid Empire |publisher=University of Calgary |access-date=8 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427202257/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/ |archive-date=27 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Safavids, alongside their [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] archrivals, dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries. At its peak under [[Shah Abbas I|Shah Abbas the Great]], it rivaled its political and ideological archrival the [[Ottoman empire]] in military strength. Noted for achievements in state-building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay (mostly royal intrigues), ethnic minority uprisings and external pressures from the [[Russian Empire|Russians]], and the eventually opportunistic [[Hotaki|Afghans]], who would mark the end of the dynasty. The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas the Great]] created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".<ref name="Sammis">{{cite book|author=Sammis, Kathy|year=2002|title=Focus on World History: The First Global Age and the Age of Revolution|publisher=J. Weston Walch|isbn=978-0-8251-4370-0|page=39}}</ref> He reformed the government and the military and responded to the needs of the common people.<ref name="Sammis"/>
After the Safavid state disintegrated, it was followed by the conquest by [[Nader Shah Afshar]], a Shia chieftain from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] who reduced the power of the ghulat Shi'a and empowered a moderate form of Shi'ism,<ref name="lapidus"/>{{rp|300}} and, exceptionally noted for his military genius, making Iran reach its greatest extent since the [[Sassanid Empire]]. The brief reign of [[Karim Khan]] came next, followed by the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]], who ruled what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iran from 1779.<ref name="dictionary"/>{{rp|106}} Russia loomed as a threat to Persian and Turkish holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The [[Russo-Persian Wars]], despite already having had minor military conflicts in the 17th century, officially began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] of 1813 and the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="altstadt"/>{{rp|17}} While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society, Azerbaijanis who used to live in Aran, were incorporated into the Russian Empire.
Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with [[Culture of Iran|Iranian culture]], [[Literature of Iran|literature]], and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of [[Baku]], [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] and Tiflis ([[Tbilisi]], now Georgia).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gasimov |first1=Zaur |title=Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2022|volume=55|issue=1|page=38|doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136|s2cid=233889871 |quote=The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century. }}</ref> Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an [[Azerbaijani national identity]] emerged at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Gasimov1">{{cite journal |last1=Gasimov |first1=Zaur |title=Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2022|volume=55|issue=1|page=37|doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136|s2cid=233889871 |quote=Azerbaijani national identity emerged in post-Persian Russian-ruled East Caucasia at the end of the nineteenth century, and was finally forged during the early Soviet period.}}</ref> In 1891, the idea of recognizing oneself as a "Azerbaijani Turk" was first popularized amongst the Caucasus Tatars in the periodical ''Kashkül''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bishku |first1=Michael B. |title=The Status and Limits to Aspirations of Minorities in the South Caucasus States |journal=Contemporary Review of the Middle East |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=414 |doi=10.1177/23477989221115917|s2cid=251777404 }}</ref> The articles printed in ''Kaspiy'' and ''Kashkül'' in 1891 are typically credited as being the earliest expressions of a cultural Azerbaijani identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Broers |first1=Laurence |title=Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry |date=2019 |page= 326 (note 9)|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-5052-2}}</ref>
Modernisation—compared to the neighboring [[Armenians]] and [[Georgians]]—was slow to develop amongst the Tatars of the Russian Caucasus. According to the 1897 [[Russian Empire census]], less than five percent of the Tatars were able to read or write. The intellectual and newspaper editor [[Ali bey Huseynzade]] (1864-1940) led a campaign to ‘Turkify, Islamise, modernise’ the Caucasian Tatars, whereas [[Mammed Said Ordubadi]] (1872-1950), another journalist and activist, criticized superstition amongst Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pourjavady |first1=R. |editor1-last=Thomas |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Chesworth |editor2-first=John A. |title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914) |date=2023 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |page=20 |chapter=Introduction: Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the 19th century}}</ref>
===Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan===
[[File:1ST AZ REP.GIF|thumb|upright=0.95|Map of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] presented by the Azerbaijani delegation [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919]]
[[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918).svg|thumb|upright=0.95|First flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (till 9 November 1918)<ref>Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика (1918―1920). Законодательные акты. (Сборник документов). — Баку, 1998, С.188</ref>]]
[[File:Army of Azerbaijan in 1918.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.05|Soldiers and officers of the army of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] in 1918]]
After the collapse of the Russian Empire during [[World War I]], the short-lived [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]] was declared, constituting what are the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. This was followed by [[March Days]] massacres<ref name="Swietochowski Borderland">Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, by Tadeusz Świętochowski, Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 66</ref><ref name="smithmusavat">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Michael |date=April 2001 |title=Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917–1920 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=228 |doi= 10.1177/002200940103600202|s2cid=159744435 |quote=The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus}}</ref> that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the [[Baku Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite web |url=http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm |title=Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory |author=Michael Smith |work=Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States) |publisher=Sakharov Center |access-date=21 August 2011 |language=ru |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401031542/http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> When the republic dissolved in May 1918, the leading [[Musavat|Musavat party]] adopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly established [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]], which was proclaimed on 27 May 1918,<ref>{{cite book |first=Touraj |last=Atabaki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132 |title=Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers' |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-86064-964-6 |page=132 |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321184000/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132 |url-status=live }}</ref> for political reasons,<ref name="Routledgeb">{{cite book|last1=Yilmaz|first1=Harun|title=National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-59664-6|page=21|quote=On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA's adoption of the name of "Azerbaijan" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.}}</ref><ref name="Sochineniya, vol II/1b">{{cite book|last1=Barthold|first1=Vasily|title=Sochineniya, vol II/1|date=1963|location=Moscow|page=706|quote=(...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, name [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]] can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Persian Azerbaijan]] will be one entity because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question arises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.}}</ref> even though the name of "Azerbaijan" had been used to refer to the [[Iranian Azerbaijan|adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran]].<ref name="I.B.Tauris">{{cite book |last1=Atabaki |first1=Touraj |title=Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran |date=2000 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-554-9 |page=25}}</ref><ref name="Amsterdam University Pressb">{{cite book|last1=Rezvani|first1=Babak|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|date=2014|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-485-1928-6|page=356|quote=The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.}}</ref> The ADR was the first modern [[parliamentary republic]] in the Turkic world and [[Muslim world]].<ref name="Swietochowski Borderland"/><ref name="kazemzadeh"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Schulze |first=Reinhard |title=A Modern History of the Islamic World |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-86064-822-9}}</ref> Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men.<ref name="kazemzadeh"/> Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of [[Baku State University]], which was the first modern-type university founded in Muslim East.<ref name="kazemzadeh">{{Cite book| last = Kazemzadeh | first = Firuz |author-link=Firuz Kazemzadeh | title = The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921 | publisher = The New York Philosophical Library | year= 1951 |isbn=978-0-8305-0076-5 | pages = 124, 222, 229, 269–270 }}</ref>
By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. [[Vladimir Lenin]] said that the invasion was justified as [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] could not survive without Baku's [[petroleum|oil]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Горянин |first=Александр |script-title=ru:Очень черное золото |publisher=GlobalRus |date=28 August 2003 |url=http://www.globalrus.ru/print_this/134413/ |access-date=28 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030906163920/http://www.globalrus.ru/print_this/134413/ |archive-date=6 September 2003 |url-status=live |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Горянин| first = Александр| script-title = ru:История города Баку. Часть 3.| publisher = Window2Baku| url = http://www.window2baku.com/001history_3.htm| language = ru| access-date = 22 July 2014| archive-date = 21 March 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170321183819/http://www.window2baku.com/001history_3.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the [[Bolshevik]] [[11th Soviet Red Army]] invaded it, establishing the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]] on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in [[Karabakh]], Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pope|first=Hugh |year=2006|title=Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world|page= 116 |publisher=New York: The Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-58567-804-4}}</ref>
The brief independence gained by the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918–1920 was followed by over 70 years of [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]].<ref name=nichol/>{{rp|91}} Neverthelesss, it was in the early Soviet period that the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged.<ref name="Gasimov1"/> After the restoration of independence in October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.<ref name=nichol/>{{rp|97}}
The [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] resulted in the displacement of approximately 725,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000–500,000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haider|first=Hans|title=Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt-europa/weltpolitik/513109_Gefaehrliche-Toene-im-Frozen-War.html|access-date=18 November 2020|work=Wiener Zeitung|date=2 January 2013|language=de}}</ref> As a result of [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]], Azerbaijan took back 5 cities, 4 towns, 286 villages in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azertag.az/xeber/Isgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227|title=İşğaldan azad edilmiş şəhər və kəndlərimiz|work=[[Azerbaijan State News Agency]]|date=1 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201201185921/https://azertag.az/xeber/Isgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227|archive-date=1 December 2020|language=az}}</ref> According to [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement]], internally displaced persons and refugees shall return to the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent areas under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384|title=Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation|website=[[Kremlin.ru]]|date=10 November 2020 }}</ref>
===Modern period in Iran===
In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as [[Sattar Khan]] sought constitutional reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09|author=Pistor-Hatam, Anja|title=Sattār Khan|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=20 July 2009|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117091146/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (''Majlis'') was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by [[Reza Khan]]. In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and books.<ref>{{cite book|author=Swietochowski, Tadeusz|year=1995|title=Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07068-3}}</ref>
[[File:Sattar Khan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Sattar Khan]] (1868–1914) was a major [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|revolutionary]] figure in the late [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] period in Iran.]]
Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet forces [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|took control]] of [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and helped to set up the [[Azerbaijan People's Government]], a [[client state]] under the leadership of [[Sayyid Jafar Pishevari]] backed by [[Soviet Azerbaijan]]. The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] supply route during [[World War II]]. Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after [[World War II]], the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by [[Iran crisis of 1946|late 1946]]. Immediately thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]. According to Professor Gary R. Hess, local Azerbaijanis favored the Iranian rule, while the Soviets forewent the Iranian Azerbaijan due to the exaggerated sentiment for autonomy and oil being their top priority.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf|title=The Iranian Crisis of 1945–46 and the Cold War|author=Hess, Gary. R.|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=89|issue=1|date=March 1974|pages=117–146|doi=10.2307/2148118|jstor=2148118|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090325231811/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Origins==
{{Main|Origin of the Azerbaijanis}}
{{POV section|date=January 2021}}
{{Original research|section|date=January 2021}}
In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]],<ref name="golden">{{cite book|author=Golden, Peter B.|year=1992|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold|url-access=limited|publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-03274-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395 385]–386}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Turkic Peoples|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana| volume=27|page=276|publisher=Grolier|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7172-0130-3}}</ref> while some sources describe the origin of Azerbaijanis as "unclear",<ref name="Matveeva_2002">{{cite report |author=Anna Matveeva |date=2002 |title=The South Caucasus:Nationalism, Conflict and Minorities |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/469cbfd90.pdf |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |access-date=11 March 2021 |quote=The ethnic origins of the Azeris are unclear. The prevailing view is that Azeris are a Turkic people, but there is also a claim that Azeris are Turkicized Caucasians or, as the Iranian official history claims, Turkicized Aryans.}}</ref> mainly Caucasian,<ref>{{cite book|author=Kobishchanov, Yuri M.|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4RyAAAAMAAJ&q=azerbaidjanians|title=Axum|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-00531-7|page=89|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225202/https://books.google.com/books?id=K4RyAAAAMAAJ&q=azerbaidjanians|url-status=live}}</ref> mainly Iranian,<ref>Roy, Olivier (2007). The new Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-552-4}}. "The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter was to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkified' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris."</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |date=15 December 2004 |last=Frye |first=R. N. |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> mixed [[Caucasian Albania]]n and Turkish,<ref name="Suny">{{cite journal |author=Suny, Ronald G. |author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny |date=July–August 1988 |title=What Happened in Soviet Armenia? |journal=Middle East Report |issue=153, Islam and the State |pages=37–40 |doi=10.2307/3012134 |jstor=3012134}} "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed with the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speaking Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people with their own language and culture."</ref> and mixed with Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic elements.<ref name="Cornell_2015">{{cite book|author=Svante E. Cornell|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=20 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47621-4|pages=5–7|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}} "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations – among others – dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms,5 while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</ref> Russian historian and orientalist [[Vladimir Minorsky]] writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic-speaking following the Oghuz occupation of the region, though the characteristic features of the local Turkic language, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, were a remnant of the non-Turkic population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Minorsky, V.|title=Azarbaijan|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|editor1=Bearman, P. |editor2=Bianquis, Th. |editor3=Bosworth, C. E. |editor4=van Donzel, E. |editor5=Heinrichs, W. P. |publisher=Brill|edition=2nd}}</ref>
Historical research suggests that the [[Old Azeri language]], belonging to the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language of the Medes,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Iranian languages|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|others=Windfuhr, Gernot.|isbn=978-0-7007-1131-4|location=London|oclc=312730458 |page=15}}</ref> gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in said region for many centuries.<ref name="LANDS OF IRAN">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran|title=IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN|first=Xavier de|last=Planhol|volume=XIII|pages=204–212|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=30 December 2012|date=|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517050350/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="peoples survey">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|title=IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|first=R. N.|last=Frye|pages=321–326|volume=XIII|access-date=30 December 2012|date=|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Minorsky|first=V|title=Azerbaijan|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|editor=Bearman, P.|editor2=Bianquis, Th.|editor3=Bosworth, C.E.|editor4=Donzel, E. van|editor5=Heinrichs, W.P.|publisher=Brill}}</ref><ref name="roy2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|title=The new Central Asia|author=Roy, Olivier|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the [[Iranian plateau]], which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.|author-link=Olivier Roy (professor)|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141204/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|title=AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|date=15 December 1988|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081642/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of [[Caucasian Albania]], an ancient country located in the eastern [[Caucasus]] region, and various Iranian peoples which settled the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sourdel|first=D.|date=1959|title=V. MINORSKY, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th centuries, 1 vol. in-8°, 187 p. et 32 p. (texte arabe), Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958|journal=Arabica|volume=6|issue=3|pages=326–327|doi=10.1163/157005859x00208|issn=0570-5398}}</ref> They claim there is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and linguistically assimilated, first by Iranian peoples, such as the [[Persian people|Persians]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Istorii︠a︡ Vostoka : v shesti tomakh|date=1995–2008|publisher=Izdatelʹskai︠a︡ firma "Vostochnai︠a︡ lit-ra" RAN|others=Rybakov, R. B., Kapit︠s︡a, Mikhail Stepanovich., Рыбаков, Р. Б., Капица, Михаил Степанович., Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk), Институт востоковедения (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk)|isbn=5-02-018102-1|location=Moskva|oclc=38520460}}</ref> and later by the [[Oghuz Turks]]. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians, including [[Caucasian Albanian language|their language]], history, early conversion to [[Christianity]], and relations with the [[Armenians]] and [[Georgians]], under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weitenberg|first=J.J.S.|date=1984|title=Thomas J. SAMUELIAN (ed.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity. Proceedings of the first Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies 4), Scholars Press, Chico, CA 1982, xii and 233 pp., paper $ 15,75 (members $ 10,50), cloth $ 23,50 (members $ 15,75)|journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism|volume=15|issue=1–2|pages=198–199|doi=10.1163/157006384x00411|issn=0047-2212}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald G.|last2=Stork|first2=Joe|date=July 1988|title=Ronald G. Suny: What Happened in Soviet Armenia?|journal=Middle East Report|issue=153|pages=37–40|doi=10.2307/3012134|issn=0899-2851|jstor=3012134}}</ref>
===Turkic origin and Turkification===
{{see also|Turkification}}
Turkification of the non-Turkic population derives from the Turkic settlements in the area now known as Azerbaijan, which began and accelerated during the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] period.<ref name="golden"/> The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day [[Turkmenistan]], which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops under the [[Ilkhan]]ates were Turkic. By the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] period, the Turkic nature of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the [[Qizilbash]], an association of the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]]<ref>David Blow. ''Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend.'' p. 165. "The primary court language remained Turkish. But it was not the Turkish of Istambul. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the '''Qizilbash Turkomans'''..."</ref> nomadic tribes that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire.
According to Soviet scholars, the Turkicization of Azerbaijan was largely completed during the Ilkhanid period. Faruk Sümer posits three periods in which Turkicization took place: Seljuk, Mongol and Post-Mongol (Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid). In the first two, Oghuz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to Anatolia and Arran. In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (Oghuz, with lesser admixtures of Uyghur, Qipchaq, Qarluq as well as Turkicized Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkicization.<ref name="golden" />
===Iranian origin===
{{Main|Iranian peoples|Persian peoples|Tat people (Iran)|Tat people (Caucasus)}}
10th-century Arab historian [[Al-Masudi]] attested the [[Old Azeri]] language and described that the region of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] was inhabited by [[Persians]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Al Mas'udi|year=1894|title=Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf|editor=De Goeje, M.J.|publisher=Brill|pages=77–78|language=ar}} Arabic text: "قد قدمنا فيما سلف من كتبنا ما قاله الناس في بدء النسل، وتفرقهم على وجه الأرض، وما ذهب إليه كل فريق منهم في ذلك من الشرعيين وغيرهم ممن قال بحدوث العالم وأبى الانقياد إلى الشرائع من البراهمة وغيرهم، وما قاله أصحاب القدم في ذلك من الهند والفلاسفة وأصحاب الاثنين من المانوية وغيرهم على تباينهم في ذلك، فلنذكر الآن الأمم السبع ذهب من عني بأخبار سوالف الأمم ومساكنهم إلى أن أجل الأمم وعظماءهم كانوا في سوالف الدهر سبعاً يتميزون بثلاثة أشياء: بشيمهم الطبيعية، وخلقهم الطبيعية، وألسنتهم فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغيرها وآذربيجان إلى ما يلي بلاد أرمينية وأران والبيلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والري وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر، وهي نيسابور، وهراة ومرو وغير ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم في هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا يتباينون في شيء يسير من اللغات."</ref> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of [[Zoroastrianism]] was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm |title=Various Zoroastrian Fire-Temples |publisher=University of Calgary |date=1 February 2000 |access-date=8 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430091558/http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm |archive-date=30 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLxt6LsgKUC&q=Zoroastrianism+in+Azerbaijan&pg=PA26|title=Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-1-4094-3630-0|last1=Geukjian|first1=Ohannes|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225106/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLxt6LsgKUC&q=Zoroastrianism+in+Azerbaijan&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n158 106]|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|publisher=DIANE Publishing|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald G.|date=April 1996}}</ref> According to [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Azerbaijanis mainly originate from the earlier Iranian speakers, who still exist to this day in smaller numbers, and a massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries gradually Turkified Azerbaijan as well as Anatolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|title=Peoples of Iran|author=Frye, R. N.|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=15 December 2004|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Caucasian origin===
[[File:Azeri woman from Shusha in silk national garments.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Azerbaijani girl from [[Shusha]] in silk national garments]]
{{Main|Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian Albania}}
According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Azerbaijanis are of mixed descent, originating in the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly the Medians from northern Iran.<ref name="eb">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 January 2012|date=|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|url-status=live}}</ref> There is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal [[Caucasian Albania|Caucasians]] may have been culturally assimilated, first by [[Ancient Iranian peoples]] and later by the Oghuz. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to [[Christianity]]. The [[Udi language]], still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the Albanians' language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/Udigen1.htm |title=The Udi Language |publisher=University of Munich |author=Schulze, Wolfgang |date=2001–2002 |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205043611/http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/Udigen1.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref>
===Genetics===
{{See also|Genetic history of the Middle East|Genetic history of Europe}}
{{primary sources|section|date=January 2021}}
Contemporary Western Asian genomes, a region that includes Azerbaijan, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed.<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017">{{cite journal| author=Taskent RO, Gokcumen O| title=The Multiple Histories of Western Asia: Perspectives from Ancient and Modern Genomes. | journal=Hum Biol | year= 2017 | volume= 89 | issue= 2 | pages= 107–117 | pmid=29299965 | doi=10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.01 | pmc= | s2cid=6871226 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299965 }}</ref> However, as of 2017, there is no [[whole genome sequencing]] study for Azerbaijan; sampling limitations such as these prevent forming a "finer-scale picture of the genetic history of the region".<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017"/>
A 2014 study comparing the genetics of the populations from Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, (which were grouped as "Western [[Silk Road]]") Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (grouped as "Eastern Silk Road") found that the samples from Azerbaijan were the only group from the Western Silk Road to show significant contribution from the Eastern Silk Road, despite the overall clustering with the other samples from the Western Silk Road. The eastern input into the Azerbaijani genetics was estimated to be roughly 25 generations ago, corresponding to the time of the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongolian expansion]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mezzavilla |first1=Massimo |last2=Vozzi |first2=Diego |last3=Pirastu |first3=Nicola |last4=Girotto |first4=Giorgia |last5=d’Adamo |first5=Pio |last6=Gasparini |first6=Paolo |last7=Colonna |first7=Vincenza |title=Genetic landscape of populations along the Silk Road: admixture and migration patterns |journal=BMC Genetics |date=5 December 2014 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=131 |doi=10.1186/s12863-014-0131-6 |pmid=25476266 |pmc=4267745 |issn=1471-2156|doi-access=free }}</ref>
A 2002 study focusing on eleven Y-chromosome markers suggested that Azerbaijanis are genetically more related to their Caucasian geographic neighbors than to their linguistic neighbors.<ref name="nasidze">{{cite journal|url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Y-paper.pdf |author1=Nasidze, Ivan |author2=Sarkisian, Tamara |author3=Kerimov, Azer |author4=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus |journal=Human Genetics |volume=112 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4 |pmid=12596050 |issue=3 |s2cid=13232436 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315195125/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Y-paper.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2007}}</ref> Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically more similar to northern Azerbaijanis and the neighboring Turkic population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.<ref name="andonian">{{cite journal|author=Andonian l. |year=2011 |title=Iranian Azeri's Y-Chromosomal Diversity in the Context of Turkish-Speaking Populations of the Middle East |journal=Iranian J Publ Health |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=119–123 |pmid=23113065 |pmc=3481719 |url=http://www.ijph.ir/pdfs/17.%20Dr_Laris_1st_edit_Re_3_.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127222342/http://www.ijph.ir/pdfs/17.%20Dr_Laris_1st_edit_Re_3_.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> Iranian-speaking populations from Azerbaijan (the [[Talysh people|Talysh]] and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]]) are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian-speaking populations ([[Persian people]] and [[Kurds]] from Iran, [[Ossetians]], and [[Tajiks]]).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Asadova, P. S.|year=2003|title=Genetic Structure of Iranian-Speaking Populations from Azerbaijan Inferred from the Frequencies of Immunological and Biochemical Gene Markers|journal=Russian Journal of Genetics|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1334–1342|doi=10.1023/B:RUGE.0000004149.62114.92|s2cid=40679768|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Several genetic studies suggested that the Azerbaijanis originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language through [[Language shift|language replacement]], including possibility of elite dominance scenario.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yunusbayev|first1=Bayazit|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Valeev|first4=Albert|last5=Litvinov|first5=Sergei|last6=Valiev|first6=Ruslan|last7=Akhmetova|first7=Vita|last8=Balanovska|first8=Elena|last9=Balanovsky|first9=Oleg|last10=Turdikulova|first10=Shahlo|last11=Dalimova|first11=Dilbar|date=2015-04-21|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006|quote=Our ADMIXTURE analysis (Fig 2) revealed that Turkic-speaking populations scattered across Eurasia tend to share most of their genetic ancestry with their current geographic non-Turkic neighbors. This is particularly obvious for Turkic peoples in Anatolia, Iran, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, but more difficult to determine for northeastern Siberian Turkic speakers, Yakuts and Dolgans, for which non-Turkic reference populations are absent. We also found that a higher proportion of Asian genetic components distinguishes the Turkic speakers all over West Eurasia from their immediate non-Turkic neighbors. These results support the model that expansion of the Turkic language family outside its presumed East Eurasian core area occurred primarily through language replacement, perhaps by the elite dominance scenario, that is, intrusive Turkic nomads imposed their language on indigenous peoples due to advantages in military and/or social organization. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="yepiskoposian">{{cite journal|author=Yepiskoposian, L.|year=2011|title=The Location of Azaris on the Patrilineal Genetic Landscape of the Middle East (A Preliminary Report)|journal=Iran and the Caucasus|volume=15|issue=1|pages=73–78|doi=10.1163/157338411X12870596615395|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="nasidze"/> However, the language replacement in Azerbaijan (and in Turkey) might not have been in accordance with the elite dominance model, with estimated Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan being 18% for females and 32% for males.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Berkman |first=Ceren Caner |date=September 2006 |title=Comparative Analyses For The Central Asian Contribution To Anatolian Gene Pool With Reference To Balkans |type=PhD |url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607764/index.pdf |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020146/http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607764/index.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A subsequent study also suggested 33% Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan.<ref name="Berkman_et_al_2008">{{cite journal| author=Berkman CC, Dinc H, Sekeryapan C, Togan I| title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and an assessment of the genetic contribution of Central Asia to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans. | journal=Am J Phys Anthropol | year= 2008 | volume= 136 | issue= 1 | pages= 11–8 | pmid=18161848 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.20772 | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161848 }}</ref>
A 2001 study which looked into the first [[Hypervariable region|hypervariable segment]] of the [[MtDNA]] suggested that "genetic relationships among Caucasus populations reflect geographical rather than linguistic relationships", with Armenians and Azerbaijanians being "most closely related to their nearest geographical neighbours".<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nasidze, S |author2=Stoneking, M. |year=2001|title=Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=268|issue=1472|pages=1197–1206|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1610|pmid=11375109|pmc=1088727}}</ref> Another 2004 study that looked into 910 [[MtDNA]]s from 23 populations in the Iranian plateau, the Indus Valley, and Central Asia suggested that populations "west of the Indus basin, including those from Iran, Anatolia [Turkey] and the Caucasus, exhibit a common mtDNA lineage composition, consisting mainly of western Eurasian lineages, with a very limited contribution from South Asia and eastern Eurasia".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Quintana-Murci, L.|year=2004|title=Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|pages=827–845|doi=10.1086/383236|issue=5|pmid=15077202|pmc=1181978|display-authors=etal}}</ref> While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.<ref name="nasidze"/>
The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zerjal, T.|year=2002|title=A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=71|pages=466–482|doi=10.1086/342096|issue=3|pmid=12145751|pmc=419996|display-authors=etal}}</ref> perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.<ref name="nasidze"/>
In a comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azeris are more related to the people of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], than they are to other [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], as well as to [[Armenians]]. However the same [[multidimensional scaling]] plot shows that Azeris from the Caucasus, despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris, "occupy an intermediate position between the Azeris/Georgians and Turks/Iranians grouping".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M. | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B. | last3 = Bahmanimehr | first3 = A. | last4 = Denisova | first4 = G. | last5 = Perkova | first5 = M. | last6 = Farjadian | first6 = S. | last7 = Yepiskoposyan | first7 = L. | year = 2013 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11| page = e80673 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 | pmid=24244704 | pmc=3828245| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...880673D | doi-access = free }}</ref>
A 2007 study which looked into class two [[Human leukocyte antigen]] suggested that there were "no close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians".<ref name="Farjadian_et_al_2007">{{Cite journal |pmid = 18001303|year = 2007|last1 = Farjadian|first1 = S.|title = HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris|journal = International Journal of Immunogenetics|volume = 34|issue = 6|pages = 457–63|last2 = Ghaderi|first2 = A.|doi = 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2007.00723.x|s2cid = 22709345}}</ref> A 2017 study which looked into [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]] [[allele]]s put the samples from Azeris in Northwest Iran "in the Mediterranean cluster close to Kurds, Gorgan, Chuvash (South Russia, towards North Caucasus), Iranians and Caucasus populations (Svan and Georgians)". This Mediterranean stock includes "Turkish and Caucasian populations". Azeri samples were also in a "position between Mediterranean and Central Asian" samples, suggesting Turkification "process caused by Oghuz Turkic tribes could also contribute to the genetic background of Azeri people".<ref name="Arnaiz-Villena_et_al_2017">{{cite journal | last1=Arnaiz-Villena | first1=Antonio | last2=Palacio-Gruber | first2=Jose | last3=Muñiz | first3=Ester | last4=Rey | first4=Diego | last5=Nikbin | first5=Behrouz | last6=Nickman | first6=Hosein | last7=Campos | first7=Cristina | last8=Martín-Villa | first8=José Manuel | last9=Amirzargar | first9=Ali | title=Origin of Azeris (Iran) according to HLA genes | journal=International Journal of Modern Anthropology | publisher=African Journals Online (AJOL) | volume=1 | issue=10 | date=2017-10-31 | issn=1737-8176 | doi=10.4314/ijma.v1i10.5 | page=115| doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Demographics and society==
{{See also|Demographics of Azerbaijan|Demographics of Iran|List of Azerbaijanis}}
[[File:Map of the Azerbaijani language.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|Azerbaijani-speaking regions]]
[[File:Azerbaijanis from Aleksandropol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Russian Empire postcard depicting Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis) from Alexandropol (Gyumri)]]
The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]]. Between 12 and 23 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran,<ref name="dictionary" /><ref name="16.7mil"/><ref name="18mil"/><ref name = "Gheissari"/><ref name = "Bani-Shoraka"/><ref name = "Potter"/><ref name = "Crane"/><ref name = "Moaddel"/><ref name = "Eschment"/> mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 9.1 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world. According to [[Ethnologue]], there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern [[Republic of Dagestan|Dagestan]], Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian proper, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azj|title=Azerbaijani, North|author=Lewis, M. Paul|year=2009|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|publisher=SIL International|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=9 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209033458/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azj|url-status=live}}</ref> No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf|title=Table 5.1 De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity|work=Census 2001|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602023627/http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> where the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azerbaijanis throughout the other states of the former [[Soviet Union]].
===In the Republic of Azerbaijan===
{{see also|Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan}}
Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The Republic of Azerbaijan (over 90%), holding the second-largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis after neighboring Iran. The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at 99.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |title=Azerbaijan |work=International Human Development Indicators |publisher=United Nations |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121093046/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref> Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society. Since independence, there is a secular system.
Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/BTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf |title=Report on corruption in Azerbaijan oil industry prepared for EBRD & IFC investigation arms |publisher=The Committee of Oil Industry Workers' Rights Protection |date=October 2003 |access-date=10 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724165553/http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/BTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite these problems, there is a financial rebirth in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis.<ref name="Library of Congress Azerbaijan">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html|title=Country Study: Azerbaijan|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108212410/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav032805.shtml|title=Azerbaijan: Opposition Parties Prepare to Vigorously Contest Parliamentary Election|publisher=Eurasia.net|author1=Abbasov, Shahin|author2=Arifoglu, Farid|date=27 March 2005|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402074330/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav032805.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
===In Iran===
{{Main|Iranian Azerbaijanis}}
[[File:Ashiqs in Tabriz.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|[[Ashik]]s performance in [[Tabriz]]]]
[[File:Ali Khamenei crop.jpg|thumb|Iran's highest-ranking official, the [[supreme leader]] [[Ali Khamenei]], is Iranian Azeri on his father's side.]]
The exact number of Azerbaijanis in Iran is heavily disputed. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups.<ref name="state">{{cite book|editor1=Banuazizi, Ali |editor2=Weiner, Myron |year=1988|title=The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan Part II: Iran|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2448-6}}</ref> Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran are around the 16% area put forth by the CIA and Library of Congress.<ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/ |title=Iran |work=CIA: The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=4 October 2012 |quote=16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million] |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162554/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Library of Congress Iran">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|title=Country Profile: Iran|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|date=May 2008|access-date=1 September 2012|quote=16% of 70 million [14.5 million]|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505023445/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–22%.<ref name="tft"/> According to the [[Iranian studies|Iranologist]] Victoria Arakelova in peer-reviewed journal ''[[Iran and the Caucasus]]'', estimating the number of Azeris in Iran has been hampered for years since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], when the "once invented theory of the so called separated nation (i.e. the citizens of the Azerbaijan Republic, the so-called Azerbaijanis, and the Azaris in Iran), was actualised again (see in detail Reza 1993)". Arakelova adds that the number of Azeris in Iran, featuring in the politically biased publications as "Azerbaijani minority of Iran", is considered to be the "highly speculative part of this theory". Even though all Iranian censuses of population distinguish exclusively religious minorities, numerous sources have presented different figures regarding Iran's Turkic-speaking communities, without "any justification or concrete references".<ref name="Arakelova">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|jstor = 43899203|last1 = Arakelova|first1 = Victoria|title = On the Number of Iranian Turkophones|journal = Iran & the Caucasus|year = 2015|volume = 19|issue = 3|pages = 279–282|doi = 10.1163/1573384X-20150306|access-date = 18 September 2020|archive-date = 4 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203|url-status = live}}</ref>
In the early 1990s, right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most popular figure depicting the number of "Azerbaijanis" in Iran was thirty-three million, at a time when the entire population of Iran was barely sixty million. Therefore, at the time, half of Iran's citizens were considered "Azerbaijanis". Shortly after, this figure was replaced by thirty million, which became "almost a normative account on the demographic situation in Iran, widely circulating not only among academics and political analysts, but also in the official circles of Russia and the West". Then, in the 2000s, the figure decreased to 20 million; this time, at least within the Russian political establishment, the figure became "firmly fixed". This figure, Arakelova adds, has been widely used and kept up to date, only with a few minor adjustments. A cursory look at Iran's demographic situation however, shows that all these figures have been manipulated and were "definitely invented on political purpose". Arakelova estimates the number of Azeris i.e. "Azerbaijanis" in Iran based on Iran's population demographics at 6 to 6.5 million.<ref name="Arakelova"/>
Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: [[West Azerbaijan]], [[East Azerbaijan]], [[Ardabil Province|Ardabil]], [[Zanjan Province|Zanjan]], parts of [[Hamedan Province|Hamadan]], [[Qazvin Province|Qazvin]], and [[Markazi Province|Markazi]].<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/> Azerbaijani minorities live in the [[Qorveh County|Qorveh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghorveh.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID%3D62 |title=فرمانداری قروه |access-date=2013-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808090412/http://ghorveh.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=62 |archive-date=8 August 2013 }}</ref> and [[Bijar County|Bijar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396 |title=بیجار |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040836/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396 |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> counties of [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]], in [[Gilan Province|Gilan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=97560&MetaDataID=27846&Volume=1&PageIndex=196&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=Tebyan|title=کتابخانه|date=18 March 2015|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172301/http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=97560&MetaDataID=27846&Volume=1&PageIndex=196&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=Tebyan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Iranica:[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manjil Manjil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517044508/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manjil |date=17 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatha.fagig.com/tati%20talesh2.htm|title=ی ی /|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320035425/http://www.tatha.fagig.com/tati%20talesh2.htm|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guilan.irib.ir/home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203110906/http://guilan.irib.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=913%3A-&catid=291%3Ashahr|url-status=dead|title=صفحه اصلی – صدا و سیمای گیلان|archive-date=3 December 2013|website=guilan.irib.ir}}</ref> as [[ethnic enclave]]s in [[Galugah]] in [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]], around [[Lotfabad]] and [[Dargaz]] in [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Keith Brown|author2=Sarah Ogilvie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|publisher=Elsevier|year=2008|access-date=30 January 2012|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|archive-date=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226082343/http://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC|url-status=live}}; p. 112-113</ref> and in the town of [[Gonbad-e Qabus]] in [[Golestan Province|Golestan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gonbad-e-qabus|title=GONBAD-E QĀBUS|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113848/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gonbad-e-qabus|url-status=live}}</ref> Large Azerbaijani populations can also be found in central Iran ([[Tehran Province|Tehran]] # [[Alborz Province|Alborz]]) due to internal migration. Azerbaijanis make up 25%<ref name="The Council of Public Culture">{{cite news|title=The Council of Public Culture |publisher=The Council of Public Culture |date=19 January 2013 }}</ref> of [[Tehran]]'s population and 30.3%<ref>National Bibliography Number: 2887141 / plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: [[Tehran Province]] / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – {{ISBN|978-600-6627-42-7}} * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 296 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part)</ref> – 33%<ref name="Library of Congress Country Studies">"Chapter ۲ – The Society and Its Environment: People and Languages: Turkic-speaking Groups: Azarbaijanis" in ''A Country Study: Iran'' [[Library of Congress]] Country Studies, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html#ir0052 Table of Contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185348/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html#ir0052 |date=13 March 2007 }}, last accessed 19 November 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |title=Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis |year=2005 |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |isbn=978-0-7397-1476-8 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the population of the [[Tehran Province]], where Azerbaijanis are found in every city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/469f3a9821.html |title=Assessment for Azerbaijanis in Iran |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |date=31 December 2003 |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094256/http://www.refworld.org/docid/469f3a9821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They are the largest ethnic groups after [[Persian people|Persians]] in Tehran and the Tehran Province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|title=Azeris|publisher=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People|access-date=2013-07-05|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053530/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=98|title=Tehran, Political situation|publisher=[[List of mayors of Tehran|Municipality of Tehran]]|access-date=2013-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094245/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=98|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arakelova notes that the widespread "cliché" among residents of Tehran on the number of Azerbaijanis in the city ("half of Tehran consists of Azerbaijanis"), cannot be taken "seriously into consideration". Arakelova adds that the number of Tehran's inhabitants who have migrated from northwestern areas of Iran, who are currently Persian-speakers "for the most part", is not more than "several hundred thousands", with the maximum being one million.<ref name="Arakelova"/> Azerbaijanis have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vi |title=AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322101157/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vi |url-status=live }}</ref> especially in [[Mashhad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://khabarfarsi.com/ext/3881782 |title=Mourning Azerbaijanis residing in Mashhad |publisher=[[Mehr News Agency]] |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231306/http://khabarfarsi.com/ext/3881782 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to [[Iranian Revolution|Iran's Islamic Revolution]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Higgins, Patricia J.|year=1984|title=Minority-State Relations in Contemporary Iran|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=17|issue=1|pages=37–71|doi=10.1080/00210868408701621}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Binder, Leonard|year=1962|title=Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society|publisher=University of California Press|pages=160–161|oclc=408909}}</ref> Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy".<ref name="state"/>
Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the [[Azerbaijani language]] in local government, schools, and the press.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abrahamian, Ervand|year=1982|title=Iran between Two Revolutions|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10134-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0}}</ref> However, with the advent of the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Islamic [[theocracy|theocratic]] institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.<ref name="bbc"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Iran's Persian Language Academy against teaching of ethnic groups' mother language in country|url = http://en.trend.az/iran/2235038.html|website = Trend|access-date = 2016-02-11|date = 2014-01-28|archive-date = 3 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204726/http://en.trend.az/iran/2235038.html|url-status = live}}</ref> There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey and other Turkic countries have revived Azerbaijani nationalism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Koknar, Ali M.|date=6 June 2006|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2476|title=Iranian Azeris: A Giant Minority|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112144722/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2476|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a [[Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy|cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azerbaijani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Satire/Cartoon/2006/June/soosks.html|title=Cartoon|publisher=Iranian Archives 1995–2007|date=2 June 2006|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119041036/http://www.iranian.com/Satire/Cartoon/2006/June/soosks.html|url-status=live}}</ref> that many Azerbaijanis found offensive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70910FE345A0C7A8EDDAC0894DE404482|author=Fathi, Nazila|date=29 May 2006|title=Ethnic Tensions Over Cartoon Set Off Riots in Northwest Iran|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=12 June 2006|archive-date=12 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312180800/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70910FE345A0C7A8EDDAC0894DE404482|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5024550.stm|author=Collin, Matthew|date=28 May 2006|title=Iran Azeris protest over cartoon|work=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231233324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5024550.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The cartoon was drawn by [[Mana Neyestani]], an Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/cockroach_cartoonist_jailed_in_iran/ |title=Cockroach Cartoonist Jailed in Iran |newspaper=The Comics Reporter |date=24 May 2006 |access-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602155849/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/cockroach_cartoonist_jailed_in_iran/ |archive-date=2 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5008420.stm |title=Iranian paper banned over cartoon |publisher=BBC |date=23 May 2006 |access-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625225210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5008420.stm |archive-date=25 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the major incidents that happened recently was [[Azeris protests in Iran (2015)]] started in November 2015, after children's television programme ''Fitileha a''ired on 6 November on state TV that ridiculed and mocked the accent and language of Azeris and included offensive jokes.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Iran's Azeris protest over offensive TV show – BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34770537|website = BBC News|access-date = 2016-02-11|date = 2015-11-09|archive-date = 4 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201104195001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34770537|url-status = live}}</ref> As a result, hundreds of ethnic Azeris have protested a program on state TV that contained what they consider an ethnic slur. Demonstrations were held in [[Tabriz]], [[Urmia]], [[Ardabil]], and [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]], as well as Tehran and [[Karaj]]. Police in Iran have clashed with protesting people, fired tear gas to disperse crowds, and many demonstrators were arrested. One of the protesters, Ali Akbar Murtaza, reportedly "died of injuries" in Urmia.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Civil protests erupt in Iranian Azerbaijan: EADaily|url = https://en.eadaily.com/news/2015/11/10/civil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan|website = EADaily|access-date = 2016-02-11|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081316/https://en.eadaily.com/news/2015/11/10/civil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan|url-status = live}}</ref> There were also protests held in front of Iranian embassies in [[Istanbul]] and [[Baku]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rage against Iran over 'inherent racism toward Azeris|url = http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/11/14/rage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris|website = DailySabah|access-date = 2016-02-11|archive-date = 3 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210120/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/11/14/rage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris|url-status = live}}</ref> The head of the country's state broadcaster [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)]] Mohammad Sarafraz has apologized for airing the program, whose broadcast was later discontinued.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Iran's ethnic Azeris protest slur on TV program|url = http://www.sltrib.com/home/3156636-155/irans-ethnic-azeris-protest-slur-on|website = The Salt Lake Tribune|access-date = 2016-02-11|agency = Associated Press|archive-date = 3 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303155233/http://www.sltrib.com/home/3156636-155/irans-ethnic-azeris-protest-slur-on|url-status = live}}</ref>
Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community of Iran, and their style of living closely resemble those of [[Persian people|Persians]]:
{{blockquote|The lifestyles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/>}}
{{blockquote|Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in [[Persian literature]], politics, and clerical world.<ref>{{cite book|author=Burke, Andrew|year=2004|title=Iran|publisher=Lonely Planet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/42 42–43]|isbn=978-1-74059-425-7|url=https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/42}}</ref>}}
There is significant cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship was tense until recently.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8515588.stm |title=Azerbaijan-Iran tensions increasing |work=BBC News |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=2010-05-29 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8515588.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[Azerbaijan-Iran relations|relations]] have significantly improved since the [[Hassan Rouhani|Rouhani]] administration took office.
===Subgroups===
There are several Azerbaijani ethnic groups, each of which has particularities in the economy, culture, and everyday life. Some Azerbaijani ethnic groups continued in the last quarter of the 19th century.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Ayrum from village of Gedamish of Ganja Uyezd.jpg
| width1 = 170
| image3 = Shahsevan girls from a rich family.jpg
| width3 = 170
| footer = Ayrum from Azerbaijan (left); Shahsevan girls from a rich family. End of the 19th century, Iran (right).
}}
Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups:
{{div col|colwidth=20em|content=
* [[Ayrums]]{{sfn|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=28}}
* [[Afshars]]
* [[Bayat (tribe)|Bayat]]
* [[Qaradaghis]]
* [[Qizilbash]]
* [[Karapapak]]
* [[Padar tribe]]{{sfn|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=28}}
* [[Terekeme]]
* [[Shahsevan]]{{sfn|Swietochowski|Collins|1999|p=28}}
* [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajars]]
}}
===Diaspora===
{{main|Azerbaijani diaspora}}
===Women===
{{See also|Women in Azerbaijan|Women in Iran}}
[[File:Azeri 1900.PNG|thumb|upright|Azeri woman from Baku (1900 postcard)]]
In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/suffragetimeline.html |title=US Suffrage Movement Timeline, 1792 to present |publisher=Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership |year=2006 |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723040530/http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/suffragetimeline.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> Women have attained Western-style equality in major cities such as [[Baku]], although in rural areas more reactionary views remain.<ref name="Library of Congress Azerbaijan"/> Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/womensit/az-w-sit.pdf |title=Women's rights in Azerbaijan |publisher=OneWomen |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153642/http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/womensit/az-w-sit.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heyat, Farideh|year=2002|title=Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1662-3|pages=80–113}}</ref> Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament. An Azerbaijani woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election, women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.day.az/politics/237289.html |title=2010 Parliamentary Election Results |publisher=Day.az |date=7 November 2010 |access-date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110054208/http://news.day.az/politics/237289.html |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abortion]] is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LALpdV0DPoC&pg=PA41|title=Abortion Policies: a Global Review|publisher=United Nations|year=2001|isbn=978-92-1-151351-6|volume=1|page=41|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=23 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723002946/https://books.google.com/books?id=3LALpdV0DPoC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> The human rights [[Ombudsman#Azerbaijan|ombudsman]] since 2002, [[Elmira Süleymanova]], is a woman.
In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s.<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/> Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5073328.stm|title=Iran police beat women activists|author=Harrison, Frances|publisher=BBC|date=12 June 2006|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-date=10 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5073328.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Past Iranian leaders, such as the reformer ex-president [[Mohammad Khatami]] promised women greater rights, but the [[Guardian Council]] of Iran opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament ([[Majlis]]), eight of whom were conservatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/archives/04_0608_iran_wip.htm |title=Women's Gains at Risk in Iran's New Parliament |publisher=[[Women's Enews]] |author=Sadr, Shadi |date=9 June 2004 |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119031658/http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/archives/04_0608_iran_wip.htm |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> The social fate of Azerbaijani women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Azerbaijan|Culture of Iran}}
===Language and literature===
{{Main|Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani literature}}
[[File:Portrait of Azerbaijani poet Fuzuli by Azimzade.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Fuzûlî|Muhammad Fuzûlî]] by [[Azim Azimzade]] (1914). Fuzûlî is considered one of the greatest [[Azerbaijani literature|Azerbaijani poets]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730 "Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118163318/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730 |date=18 January 2008 }} in Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>]]
The Azerbaijanis speak the [[Azerbaijani language]], a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] descended from the branches of Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th centuries CE. The [[Azerbaijani language]] is closely related to [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] and [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], sharing varying degrees of [[mutual intelligibility]] with each of those languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71|title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987|date=1996-12-13|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-0380-7|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121045243/https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain lexical and grammatical differences formed within the Azerbaijani language as spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran, after nearly two centuries of separation between the communities speaking the language; [[mutual intelligibility]], however, has been preserved.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n157 105]|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|last=Suny|first=Ronald G.|date=April 1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4}}</ref> Additionally, the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages are mutually intelligible to a high enough degree that their speakers can have simple conversations without prior knowledge of the other.<ref name="nichol">{{cite book |title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor=Curtis, Glenn E. |author=Nichol, James |contribution=Azerbaijan |year=1995 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0848-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320164609/http://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early literature was mainly based on oral tradition, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of [[Book of Dede Korkut|Dede Korkut]] probably derive from it. The first written, classical Azerbaijani literature arose after the Mongol invasion, while the first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to the 15th century.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Javadi, H.|author2=Burill, K.|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x|title=Azeri Literature in Iran|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=18 August 2011|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201033259/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet [[Imadaddin Nasimi|Nasimi]] (died 1417) and then decades later [[Fuzûlî]] (1483–1556). [[Ismail I]], Shah of [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Iran]] wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name ''Khatâ'i''.
Modern Azerbaijani literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon [[humanism]], as conveyed in the writings of [[Samad Vurgun]], [[Mohammad Hossein Shahriar|Shahriar]], and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_editorial.html |title=Contemporary Literature |work=Azerbaijan International |author=Blair, Betty |date=Spring 1996 |access-date=10 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616054608/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_editorial.html |archive-date=16 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or [[Persian language|Persian]] (in Iran) in addition to their native Azerbaijani. As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000 population spoke Russian fluently.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suny, Ronald G.|year=1996|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n157 105]}}</ref> An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20% of respondents could understand Azerbaijani, the most spoken minority language in Iran, and all respondents could understand Persian.<ref name="tft">{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |author=Terror Free Tomorrow |title=Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections |date=May 2009 |publisher=[[New America Foundation]] |quote=21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Azerbaijan|Islam in Azerbaijan|Islam in Iran}}
The majority of Azerbaijanis are [[Twelver]] [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a Muslims]]. Religious minorities include [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] (mainly [[Shafi'i]] just like other Muslims in the surrounding North Caucasus),<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [[:ru:Добаев, Игорь Прокопьевич|Igor Dobayev]]. ''Radicalisation of Islamic Movements in Central Asia and the North Caucasus: A Comparative Political Analysis''. [http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-36795.html Chapter IV: Islam and Islamism in the Republic of Dagestan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316050837/http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-36795.html |date=16 March 2013 }}. СКНЦ ВШ ЮФУ: Moscow, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Kevin Boyle (lawyer)|Boyle, Kevin]] |author2=Sheen, Juliet |year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15978-4|page=273|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173620/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]]. An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as Shia Muslims.<ref name="Library of Congress Azerbaijan"/> There is a small number of [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufism|Sufis]] among Muslim Azerbaijanis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/2007/06/06/28600/|title=External factors of radicalization of Islam in the Caucasus|publisher=RIA Dagestan|language=ru|date=6 June 2007|access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044618/http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/2007/06/06/28600/|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> Christian Azerbaijanis number around 5,000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.<ref name="Day.az">{{cite web|url=http://news.day.az/society/85160.html|title=5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity|publisher=Day.az|date=7 July 2007|language=ru|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112173129/https://news.day.az/society/85160.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tehran Radio">{{cite web|url=http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1|title=Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan|publisher=Tehran Radio|date=19 June 2011|language=az|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025134350/http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre-Islamic [[animist]] or [[Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan|Zoroastrian]]-influenced<ref>Barbara West. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA72 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522022409/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA72 |date=22 May 2016 }}. Infobase Publishing, 2009, {{ISBN|1-4381-1913-5}}; p. 72.</ref> beliefs, such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/culture.html |title=Azerbaijan: Culture and Art |publisher=Embassy of the Azerbaijan Republic in the People's Republic of China |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216124122/http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/culture.html |archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> In Azerbaijan, traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to [[Islamic holidays]], including [[Nowruz]] and [[Christmas]].
===Performing arts===
{{See also|Music of Azerbaijan|Music of Iran}}
[[File:Alim Qasimov, Bahram Mansurov, Talat Bakikhanov.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Mugham triads]]]]
In the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements, or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or her hand, in which a kerchief is held."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/psa/events/1998-99/avaz/about.utf8.html|title=Avaz|publisher=Stanford University Persian Student Association|access-date=11 June 2006|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225131/https://web.stanford.edu/group/psa/events/1998-99/avaz/about.utf8.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing [[bard]]s called ''[[Ashiq]]s'', a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the [[baglama|saz]] ([[lute]]) and sing ''dastans'' (historical [[ballad]]s).<ref>{{cite book|author=Perry, John R.|year=2011|contribution=Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world of Safavid and post-Safavid times|editor=Mitchell, Colin P.|title=New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-85463-1|page=90}}</ref> Other musical instruments include the ''[[Tar (lute)|tar]]'' (another type of lute), ''[[Balaban (instrument)|balaban]]'' (a wind instrument), ''[[kamancha]]'' (fiddle), and the ''[[dhol]]'' (drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called ''[[mugham]]'', is often an emotional singing performance. Composers [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]], [[Gara Garayev]] and [[Fikret Amirov]] created a hybrid style that combines Western [[European classical music|classical music]] with ''mugham''. Other Azerbaijanis, notably [[Vagif Mustafa Zadeh|Vagif]] and [[Aziza Mustafa Zadeh]], mixed [[jazz]] with ''mugham''. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including [[Rashid Behbudov]] (who could sing in over eight languages), [[Muslim Magomayev (musician)|Muslim Magomayev]] (a pop star from the Soviet era), [[Googoosh]], and more recently [[Sami Yusuf]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}
After the [[1979 revolution]] in Iran due to the clerical opposition to music in general, Azerbaijani music took a different course. According to Iranian singer [[Hossein Alizadeh]], "Historically in Iran, music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_alizadeh.html|title=Hossein Alizadeh Personal Reflections on Playing Tar|work=Azerbaijan International|date=Winter 1997|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303162351/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_alizadeh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some Azerbaijanis have been film-makers, such as [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]], who wrote ''[[Burnt by the Sun]]'', winner of the Grand Prize at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and an [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] in 1994.
===Sports===
{{See also|Azerbaijan at the Olympics|List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists}}
[[File:Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 1, Candidates Tournament 2018.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Chess player [[Shakhriyar Mamedyarov]]]]
[[File:Ilham Zakiyev at 2008 Paralympics 5.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Two-time [[Judo at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic judo]] champion (2004, 2008) [[Ilham Zakiyev]]]]
Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life. Horseback competitions were praised in the [[Book of Dede Korkut]] and by poets and writers such as [[Khaqani]].<ref name="sport">{{cite web|url=http://azerbaijan.az/portal/Society/Sport/sport_e.html|title=Sport History in Azerbaijan|publisher=Heydar Aliyev Foundation|access-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625053745/http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/Society/Sport/sport_e.html|archive-date=25 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other ancient sports include [[wrestling]], [[javelin throwing]] and [[fencing]].
The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azerbaijanis to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level.<ref name="sport"/> The Azerbaijani government supports the country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. <!-- There are many prominent Iranian football players such as [[Ali Daei]], the world's [[Top international association football goal scorers by country|all-time leading goal scorer]] in international matches, and the former captain of the [[Team Melli|Iran national football team]]remark: there are no reliable sources that this person is an ethnic Azerbaijani.--> Iranian athletes have particularly excelled in [[powerlifting|weight lifting]], [[gymnastics]], [[shooting]], javelin throwing, [[karate]], [[boxing]], and wrestling.<ref name="MinistrySports">{{cite web|author=Deck, Laurel |url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_sports.html |title=The Ministry of Youth and Sports |work=Azerbaijan International |date=Winter 1996 |access-date=11 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508022556/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_sports.html |archive-date=8 May 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Weight lifters, such as Iran's [[Hossein Reza Zadeh]], world super heavyweight-lifting record holder and two-time Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004, or [[Hadi Saei]] is a former Iranian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8706021402|title=هادي ساعي مدال خود را تقديم به مردم آذربايجان كرد|access-date=18 March 2015|date=2008-08-23|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230134745/http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8706021402|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taekwondo]] athlete who became the most successful Iranian athlete in Olympic history and [[Nizami Pashayev]], who won the European heavyweight title in 2006, have excelled at the international level. [[Ramil Guliyev]], an ethnic Azerbaijani who plays for Turkey, became the first [[Turkey at the World Athletics Championships|world champion in athletics in the history of Turkey]].
[[Chess]] is another popular pastime in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azembassy.it/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0005 |title=Tourism and sport |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Italy |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217104040/http://www.azembassy.it/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0005 |archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> The country has produced many notable players, such as [[Teimour Radjabov]], [[Vugar Gashimov]] and [[Shahriyar Mammadyarov]], all three highly ranked internationally. Karate is also popular, where [[Rafael Aghayev]] achieved particular success, becoming a five-time world champion and eleven-time European champion.
{{clear}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Iran}}
* [[List of Azerbaijanis]]
* [[Peoples of the Caucasus]]
* [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]]
* [[Azerbaijan (Iran)]]
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Cited sources===
* {{cite book|last=Chaumont|first=M. L.|date=December 15, 1987|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates-aturpat-lit|title=Atropates|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=III|issue=1|pages=17–18}}
* {{cite book|last=de Planhol|first=Xavier |date=December 15, 2004|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran|title=Iran i. Lands of Iran|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=XIII|issue=2|pages=204–212}}
* {{cite book |last1=Swietochowski |first1=Tadeusz |last2=Collins |first2=Brian C. |title=Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan |date=1999 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4 |language=en}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Azerbaijani people}}
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Azerbaijanis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">Azərbaycanlılar</i></span><br /><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><span lang="az-Arab" dir="rtl">آذربایجانلیلار</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azerigirls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Azerigirls.JPG/220px-Azerigirls.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Azerigirls.JPG/330px-Azerigirls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Azerigirls.JPG/440px-Azerigirls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Azerbaijani girls in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">traditional dresses</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">30–35 million<sup id="cite_ref-avraham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avraham-1">[1]</a></sup> (2002)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">12–23 million<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16.7mil_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16.7mil-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18mil_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18mil-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gheissari_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gheissari-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bani-Shoraka_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bani-Shoraka-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crane_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moaddel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moaddel-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eschment_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eschment-10">[10]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Azerbaijan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">8,172,800<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">603,070<sup id="cite_ref-Russian_Census_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russian_Census-12">[12]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Turkey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">530,000–2 million<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuw_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuw-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-avraham_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avraham-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">233,178<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kazakhstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">114,586<sup id="cite_ref-etno2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etno2020-15">[15]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Ukraine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">45,176<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Uzbekistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">44,400<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Turkmenistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">33,365<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">24,377<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000–30,000<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kyrgyzstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">17,823<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">9,915<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="United Arab Emirates"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000<sup id="cite_ref-BQ_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BQ-30">[30]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">6,220<sup id="cite_ref-ons2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons2011-31">[31]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belarus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">5,567<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,935<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Sweden_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Sweden-33">[33]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Latvia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,567–2,032<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,036<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Estonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">940<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Norway"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">806<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-39">[39]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Lithuania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">648<sup id="cite_ref-litstats_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litstats-40">[40]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">552<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></b><br />
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mainly <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <br /> (predominantly <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210-42">[42]</a></sup> minority <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a><sup id="cite_ref-golden_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-43">[43]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen people</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijanis</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani population">Traditional areas of settlement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a> <small>(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Russia</a> <small>(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Turkey" title="Azerbaijanis in Turkey">Turkey</a> <small>(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Iğdır">Iğdır</a>)</small></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Belarus" title="Azerbaijanis in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_France" title="Azerbaijanis in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Germany" title="Azerbaijanis in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Turkmenistan" title="Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Ukraine" title="Azerbaijanis in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Uzbekistan" title="Azerbaijanis in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">United States</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Abrahamic_religions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Abrahamic religions of Azerbaijan">Pre-Abrahamic religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Azerbaijan">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff">
Persecution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Deportations from Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojaly_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojaly Massacre">Khojaly Massacre</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:#aaa 1px solid">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan"><b>Azerbaijan Portal</b> </a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Azerbaijanis" title="Template:Azerbaijanis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijanis" title="Template talk:Azerbaijanis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijanis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijanis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Azerbaijanis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Azərbaycanlılar</i>, <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><span lang="az-Arab" dir="rtl">آذربایجانلیلار</span></span>), <b>Azeris</b> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Azərilər</i>, <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><span lang="az-Arab" dir="rtl">آذریلر</span></span>), or <b>Azerbaijani Turks</b> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Azərbaycan Türkləri</i>, <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><span lang="az-Arab" dir="rtl">آذربایجان تۆرکلری</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> are a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> ethnic group living mainly in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> region of northwestern Iran and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a>. They are predominantly <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210-42">[42]</a></sup> They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> They speak the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a>, belonging to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> branch of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>.
</p><p>Following the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">1813</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1828</a>, the territories of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> in the Caucasus were ceded to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">treaties of Gulistan</a> in 1813 and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Turkmenchay</a> in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> After more than 80 years of being under the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> was established in 1918 which established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ethnonym"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnonym</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Exonym"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Exonym</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ancient_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Medieval_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Modern_period_in_Republic_of_Azerbaijan"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Modern_period_in_Iran"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern period in Iran</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Turkic_origin_and_Turkification"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Turkic origin and Turkification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Iranian_origin"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Iranian origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Caucasian_origin"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Caucasian origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Genetics"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Genetics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Demographics_and_society"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics and society</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#In_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">In the Republic of Azerbaijan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#In_Iran"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">In Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Subgroups"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Subgroups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Diaspora"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Diaspora</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Women"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Women</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Language_and_literature"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Language and literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Performing_arts"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Performing arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Cited_sources"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cited sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<p>Azerbaijan is believed to be named after <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropates" title="Atropates">Atropates</a></i>, a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> (governor) who ruled in <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></i> (modern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarbaijan_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>) circa 321 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-altstadt_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt-55">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The name <i>Atropates</i> is the Hellenistic form of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Aturpat</i> which means 'guardian of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">fire</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont198717–18_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont198717–18-56">[56]</a></sup> itself a compound of <i>ātūr</i> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aturpahlavi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aturpahlavi.svg/25px-Aturpahlavi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aturpahlavi.svg/38px-Aturpahlavi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aturpahlavi.svg/50px-Aturpahlavi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="142" /></a></span>) 'fire' (later <i>ādur</i> (آذر) in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">(early) New Persian</a>, and is pronounced <i>āzar</i> today)<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavi_Dictionary_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_Dictionary-57">[57]</a></sup> + <i>-pat</i> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patpahlavi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Patpahlavi.svg/20px-Patpahlavi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Patpahlavi.svg/30px-Patpahlavi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Patpahlavi.svg/40px-Patpahlavi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="91" /></a></span>) suffix for -guardian, -lord, -master<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavi_Dictionary_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_Dictionary-57">[57]</a></sup> (<i>-pat</i> in early <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <i>-bod</i> (بُد) in New Persian).
</p><p>Present-day name <i>Azerbaijan</i> is the Arabicized form of <i>Āzarpāyegān</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: آذرپایگان) meaning 'the guardians of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">fire</a>' later becoming <i>Azerbaijan</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: آذربایجان) due to the phonemic shift from /p/ to /b/ and /g/ to /dʒ/ which is a result of the medieval Arabic influences that followed the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_invasion_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab invasion of Iran">Arab invasion of Iran</a>, and is due to the lack of the phoneme /p/ and /g/ in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Planhol2004205–215_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Planhol2004205–215-58">[58]</a></sup> The word <i>Azarpāyegān</i> itself is ultimately from Old Persian <i>Āturpātakān</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: آتورپاتکان)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> meaning 'the land associated with (satrap) Aturpat' or 'the land of fire guardians' (<i>-an</i>, here garbled into <i>-kān</i> , is a suffix for association or forming adverbs and plurals;<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavi_Dictionary_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_Dictionary-57">[57]</a></sup> e.g.: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a> 'land associated with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilites" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilites">Gil people</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(toponym)" title="Azerbaijan (toponym)">Azerbaijan (toponym)</a></div>
<p>The modern ethnonym "Azerbaijani" or "Azeri" refers to the Turkic peoples of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s northwestern historic region of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> (also known as Iranian Azerbaijan) and the Republic of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> They historically called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims, Turks. They were also referred to as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a> (meaning from Iran), using the term incorrectly to denote their Shia belief rather than ethnic identity.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> When the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Southern Caucasus</a> became part of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who traditionally referred to all <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic people</a> as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatars</a>, defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian Tatars or more rarely<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars or even<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz2013_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz2013-65">[65]</a></sup> Persian Tatars in order to distinguish them from other Turkic groups and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> speakers of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz2013_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz2013-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> The Russian <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a></i>, written in the 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans (адербейджаны),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> but noted that the term had not been widely adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> This ethnonym was also used by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper <i>Kashkul</i> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the early <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> period, the term "Transcaucasian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>" was supplanted by "Azerbaijani Turks" and ultimately "Azerbaijanis."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsutsiev_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsutsiev-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> For some time afterwards, the term "Azerbaijanis" was then applied to all Turkic-speaking Muslims in Transcaucasia, from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> in southwestern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terekeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Terekeme">Terekemes</a> of southern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, as well as assimilated <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsutsiev_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsutsiev-72">[72]</a></sup> The temporary designation of Meskhetian Turks as "Azerbaijanis" was most likely related to the existing administrative framework of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>, as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a> was one of its founding members.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> After the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR,<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-75">[75]</a></sup> on the order of Soviet leader <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, the "name of the formal language" of the Azerbaijan SSR was also "changed from Turkic to Azerbaijani".<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exonym">Exonym</span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a> names for Azerbaijanis<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[a]</a></sup> are <i>Ghezloy</i>/<i>Ghoazloy</i> (<span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">ГӀезлой</span></span>/<span title="Ingush-language text"><span lang="inh">ГӀоазлой</span></span>) and <i>Ghazaroy</i>/<i>Ghazharey</i> (<span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">ГӀажарой</span></span>/<span title="Ingush-language text"><span lang="inh">ГӀажарей</span></span>). The former goes back to the name of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> while the latter goes back to the name of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajars" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajars">Qajars</a>, having presumably emerged in Chechen and Ingush languages during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">reign of Qajars in Iran</a> in the 18th-19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhriev1975203_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhriev1975203-78">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)#History" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan (Iran) § History</a></div>
<p>Ancient residents of the area spoke <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a> from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> branch of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yarshater_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarshater-79">[78]</a></sup> In the 11th century AD with Seljuq conquests, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turkic</a> tribes started moving across the Iranian Plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a> tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup> These Turkmen tribes spread as smaller groups, a number of which settled down in the Caucasus and Iran, resulting in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the local population. Over time they converted to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and gradually absorbed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roy_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-81">[80]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</span></h3>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian-speaking</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Albanian</a> tribes are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region in the north of Aras river, where the Republic of Azerbaijan is located.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup> The region also saw <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> settlement in the ninth century BC, following which the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> came to dominate the area to the south of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC, but allowed the Median satrap Atropates to remain in power. Following the decline of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucids</a> in Persia in 247 BC, an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenian Kingdom</a> exercised control over parts of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup>
Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persian Sassanids</a> made their kingdom a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> in 252 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup>
Caucasian Albania's ruler, King <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnayr" title="Urnayr">Urnayr</a>, went to Armenia and then officially adopted <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</span></h3>
<p>Sassanid control ended with their defeat by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in 642 AD through the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanshir" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanshir">Javanshir</a>, surrendered in 667.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the region between the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras</a> rivers as <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arran (Azerbaijan)">Arran</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> During this time, Arabs from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a land-owning elite.<sup id="cite_ref-lapidus_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-88">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraghah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraghah">Maraghah</a>. This influx sparked a major rebellion in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarbaijan_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> from 816 to 837, led an Iranian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> commoner named <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup> However, despite pockets of continued resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> dynasty of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaddadid">Shaddadid</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Radawids</a>.
</p><p>In the middle of the eleventh century, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuq</a> dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>. The Seljuk period marked the influx of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a> nomads into the region. The emerging dominance of the Turkic language was chronicled in epic poems or <i>dastans</i>, the oldest being the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a></i>, which relate <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Turkic dominion was interrupted by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in 1227, but it returned with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurids</a> and then <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Qara Qoyunlū</a> (Black Sheep Turkmen) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlū</a> (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan, large parts of Iran, eastern Anatolia, and other minor parts of West Asia, until the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a> took power in 1501.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lapidus_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-88">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 285">: 285 </span></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shirvan_Tatar,_engraving_from_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg/170px-Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg/255px-Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg/340px-Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani). Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoît Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique: résumé général des voyages anciens et modernes... T. I, 1839</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, who rose from around <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a> in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the foundations of the modern Iranian state.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup> The Safavids, alongside their <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman</a> archrivals, dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries. At its peak under <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas the Great</a>, it rivaled its political and ideological archrival the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> in military strength. Noted for achievements in state-building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay (mostly royal intrigues), ethnic minority uprisings and external pressures from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a>, and the eventually opportunistic <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotaki">Afghans</a>, who would mark the end of the dynasty. The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas the Great</a> created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".<sup id="cite_ref-Sammis_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammis-91">[90]</a></sup> He reformed the government and the military and responded to the needs of the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-Sammis_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammis-91">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the Safavid state disintegrated, it was followed by the conquest by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah_Afshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader Shah Afshar">Nader Shah Afshar</a>, a Shia chieftain from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a> who reduced the power of the ghulat Shi'a and empowered a moderate form of Shi'ism,<sup id="cite_ref-lapidus_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-88">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 300">: 300 </span></sup> and, exceptionally noted for his military genius, making Iran reach its greatest extent since the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>. The brief reign of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a> came next, followed by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>, who ruled what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iran from 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> Russia loomed as a threat to Persian and Turkish holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a>, despite already having had minor military conflicts in the 17th century, officially began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> of 1813 and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-altstadt_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altstadt-55">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society, Azerbaijanis who used to live in Aran, were incorporated into the Russian Empire.
</p><p>Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian culture</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iran">literature</a>, and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> and Tiflis (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, now Georgia).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></sup> Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">Azerbaijani national identity</a> emerged at the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasimov1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasimov1-93">[92]</a></sup> In 1891, the idea of recognizing oneself as a "Azerbaijani Turk" was first popularized amongst the Caucasus Tatars in the periodical <i>Kashkül</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></sup> The articles printed in <i>Kaspiy</i> and <i>Kashkül</i> in 1891 are typically credited as being the earliest expressions of a cultural Azerbaijani identity.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>Modernisation—compared to the neighboring <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>—was slow to develop amongst the Tatars of the Russian Caucasus. According to the 1897 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_census" title="Russian Empire census">Russian Empire census</a>, less than five percent of the Tatars were able to read or write. The intellectual and newspaper editor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a> (1864-1940) led a campaign to ‘Turkify, Islamise, modernise’ the Caucasian Tatars, whereas <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammed_Said_Ordubadi" title="Mammed Said Ordubadi">Mammed Said Ordubadi</a> (1872-1950), another journalist and activist, criticized superstition amongst Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_period_in_Republic_of_Azerbaijan">Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan</span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_(1919).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif/210px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif" decoding="async" width="210" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif/315px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif/420px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> presented by the Azerbaijani delegation <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_(1918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg/315px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg/420px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (till 9 November 1918)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg/230px-Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg/345px-Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers and officers of the army of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the collapse of the Russian Empire during <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the short-lived <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> was declared, constituting what are the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. This was followed by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a> massacres<sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-98">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithmusavat_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithmusavat-99">[98]</a></sup> that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-100">[99]</a></sup> When the republic dissolved in May 1918, the leading <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat party</a> adopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly established <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>, which was proclaimed on 27 May 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></sup> for political reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-Routledgeb_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledgeb-102">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1b_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1b-103">[102]</a></sup> even though the name of "Azerbaijan" had been used to refer to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-I.B.Tauris_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I.B.Tauris-104">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_University_Pressb_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Pressb-105">[104]</a></sup> The ADR was the first modern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in the Turkic world and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-98">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-106">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup> Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men.<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-106">[105]</a></sup> Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a>, which was the first modern-type university founded in Muslim East.<sup id="cite_ref-kazemzadeh_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-106">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> said that the invasion was justified as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> could not survive without Baku's <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup> Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Soviet_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Soviet Red Army">11th Soviet Red Army</a> invaded it, establishing the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a> on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>The brief independence gained by the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918–1920 was followed by over 70 years of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nichol_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichol-111">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91">: 91 </span></sup> Neverthelesss, it was in the early Soviet period that the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasimov1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasimov1-93">[92]</a></sup> After the restoration of independence in October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.<sup id="cite_ref-nichol_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichol-111">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> resulted in the displacement of approximately 725,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000–500,000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></sup> As a result of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>, Azerbaijan took back 5 cities, 4 towns, 286 villages in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup> According to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement</a>, internally displaced persons and refugees shall return to the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent areas under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_period_in_Iran">Modern period in Iran</span></h3>
<p>In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattar_Khan" title="Sattar Khan">Sattar Khan</a> sought constitutional reform.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (<i>Majlis</i>) was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Khan">Reza Khan</a>. In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and books.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sattar_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sattar_Khan.jpg/190px-Sattar_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sattar_Khan.jpg/285px-Sattar_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Sattar_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattar_Khan" title="Sattar Khan">Sattar Khan</a> (1868–1914) was a major <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">revolutionary</a> figure in the late <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> period in Iran.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet forces <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">took control</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> and helped to set up the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a>, a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> under the leadership of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Jafar_Pishevari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Jafar Pishevari">Sayyid Jafar Pishevari</a> backed by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Azerbaijan">Soviet Azerbaijan</a>. The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> supply route during <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">late 1946</a>. Immediately thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>. According to Professor Gary R. Hess, local Azerbaijanis favored the Iranian rule, while the Soviets forewent the Iranian Azerbaijan due to the exaggerated sentiment for autonomy and oil being their top priority.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Origin of the Azerbaijanis</a></div>
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<p>In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-golden_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></sup> while some sources describe the origin of Azerbaijanis as "unclear",<sup id="cite_ref-Matveeva_2002_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matveeva_2002-119">[118]</a></sup> mainly Caucasian,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></sup> mainly Iranian,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></sup> mixed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albanian</a> and Turkish,<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-123">[122]</a></sup> and mixed with Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_2015_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_2015-124">[123]</a></sup> Russian historian and orientalist <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Vladimir Minorsky</a> writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic-speaking following the Oghuz occupation of the region, though the characteristic features of the local Turkic language, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, were a remnant of the non-Turkic population.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>Historical research suggests that the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Azeri language">Old Azeri language</a>, belonging to the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language of the Medes,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup> gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in said region for many centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-LANDS_OF_IRAN_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANDS_OF_IRAN-127">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peoples_survey_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoples_survey-128">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roy2_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy2-130">[129]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, an ancient country located in the eastern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, and various Iranian peoples which settled the region.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> They claim there is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and linguistically assimilated, first by Iranian peoples, such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> and later by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">their language</a>, history, early conversion to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and relations with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Turkic_origin_and_Turkification">Turkic origin and Turkification</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></div>
<p>Turkification of the non-Turkic population derives from the Turkic settlements in the area now known as Azerbaijan, which began and accelerated during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-43">[43]</a></sup> The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops under the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhan">Ilkhanates</a> were Turkic. By the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> period, the Turkic nature of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>, an association of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></sup> nomadic tribes that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire.
</p><p>According to Soviet scholars, the Turkicization of Azerbaijan was largely completed during the Ilkhanid period. Faruk Sümer posits three periods in which Turkicization took place: Seljuk, Mongol and Post-Mongol (Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid). In the first two, Oghuz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to Anatolia and Arran. In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (Oghuz, with lesser admixtures of Uyghur, Qipchaq, Qarluq as well as Turkicized Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkicization.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Iranian_origin">Iranian origin</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian peoples">Persian peoples</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tat people (Iran)</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat people (Caucasus)</a></div>
<p>10th-century Arab historian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> attested the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a> language and described that the region of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> was inhabited by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup> According to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>, Azerbaijanis mainly originate from the earlier Iranian speakers, who still exist to this day in smaller numbers, and a massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries gradually Turkified Azerbaijan as well as Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Caucasian_origin">Caucasian origin</span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azeri_woman_from_Shusha_in_silk_national_garments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Azeri_woman_from_Shusha_in_silk_national_garments.jpg/180px-Azeri_woman_from_Shusha_in_silk_national_garments.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Azeri_woman_from_Shusha_in_silk_national_garments.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Azerbaijani girl from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> in silk national garments</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></div>
<p>According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Azerbaijanis are of mixed descent, originating in the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly the Medians from northern Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-142">[141]</a></sup> There is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasians</a> may have been culturally assimilated, first by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a> and later by the Oghuz. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi language</a>, still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the Albanians' language.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Azerbaijanis%22">"Azerbaijanis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Azerbaijanis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Azerbaijanis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Azerbaijanis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Azerbaijanis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Azerbaijanis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Contemporary Western Asian genomes, a region that includes Azerbaijan, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed.<sup id="cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-144">[143]</a></sup> However, as of 2017, there is no <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a> study for Azerbaijan; sampling limitations such as these prevent forming a "finer-scale picture of the genetic history of the region".<sup id="cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-144">[143]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2014 study comparing the genetics of the populations from Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, (which were grouped as "Western <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>") Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (grouped as "Eastern Silk Road") found that the samples from Azerbaijan were the only group from the Western Silk Road to show significant contribution from the Eastern Silk Road, despite the overall clustering with the other samples from the Western Silk Road. The eastern input into the Azerbaijani genetics was estimated to be roughly 25 generations ago, corresponding to the time of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongolian expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2002 study focusing on eleven Y-chromosome markers suggested that Azerbaijanis are genetically more related to their Caucasian geographic neighbors than to their linguistic neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-nasidze_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasidze-146">[145]</a></sup> Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically more similar to northern Azerbaijanis and the neighboring Turkic population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.<sup id="cite_ref-andonian_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andonian-147">[146]</a></sup> Iranian-speaking populations from Azerbaijan (the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>) are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian-speaking populations (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian people</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> from Iran, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></sup> Several genetic studies suggested that the Azerbaijanis originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language through <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language replacement</a>, including possibility of elite dominance scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yepiskoposian_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yepiskoposian-150">[149]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasidze_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasidze-146">[145]</a></sup> However, the language replacement in Azerbaijan (and in Turkey) might not have been in accordance with the elite dominance model, with estimated Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan being 18% for females and 32% for males.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup> A subsequent study also suggested 33% Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkman_et_al_2008_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkman_et_al_2008-152">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2001 study which looked into the first <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervariable_region" title="Hypervariable region">hypervariable segment</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">MtDNA</a> suggested that "genetic relationships among Caucasus populations reflect geographical rather than linguistic relationships", with Armenians and Azerbaijanians being "most closely related to their nearest geographical neighbours".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></sup> Another 2004 study that looked into 910 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">MtDNAs</a> from 23 populations in the Iranian plateau, the Indus Valley, and Central Asia suggested that populations "west of the Indus basin, including those from Iran, Anatolia [Turkey] and the Caucasus, exhibit a common mtDNA lineage composition, consisting mainly of western Eurasian lineages, with a very limited contribution from South Asia and eastern Eurasia".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></sup> While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.<sup id="cite_ref-nasidze_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasidze-146">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup> perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-nasidze_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasidze-146">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azeris are more related to the people of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, than they are to other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>, as well as to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. However the same <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling" title="Multidimensional scaling">multidimensional scaling</a> plot shows that Azeris from the Caucasus, despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris, "occupy an intermediate position between the Azeris/Georgians and Turks/Iranians grouping".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2007 study which looked into class two <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">Human leukocyte antigen</a> suggested that there were "no close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians".<sup id="cite_ref-Farjadian_et_al_2007_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjadian_et_al_2007-157">[156]</a></sup> A 2017 study which looked into <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">HLA</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> put the samples from Azeris in Northwest Iran "in the Mediterranean cluster close to Kurds, Gorgan, Chuvash (South Russia, towards North Caucasus), Iranians and Caucasus populations (Svan and Georgians)". This Mediterranean stock includes "Turkish and Caucasian populations". Azeri samples were also in a "position between Mediterranean and Central Asian" samples, suggesting Turkification "process caused by Oghuz Turkic tribes could also contribute to the genetic background of Azeri people".<sup id="cite_ref-Arnaiz-Villena_et_al_2017_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnaiz-Villena_et_al_2017-158">[157]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics_and_society">Demographics and society</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics of Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">List of Azerbaijanis</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijani_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4651" data-file-height="4264" /></a><figcaption>Azerbaijani-speaking regions</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg/260px-Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg/390px-Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg/520px-Azerbaijanis_from_Aleksandropol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Russian Empire postcard depicting Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis) from Alexandropol (Gyumri)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarbaijan_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>. Between 12 and 23 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16.7mil_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16.7mil-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18mil_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18mil-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gheissari_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gheissari-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bani-Shoraka_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bani-Shoraka-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crane_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moaddel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moaddel-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eschment_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eschment-10">[10]</a></sup> mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 9.1 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world. According to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian proper, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></sup> No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></sup> where the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azerbaijanis throughout the other states of the former <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan">In the Republic of Azerbaijan</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan</a></div>
<p>Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The Republic of Azerbaijan (over 90%), holding the second-largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis after neighboring Iran. The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at 99.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></sup> Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society. Since independence, there is a secular system.
</p><p>Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the population.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></sup> Despite these problems, there is a financial rebirth in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan-163">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Iran">In Iran</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg/190px-Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg/285px-Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg/380px-Ashiqs_in_Tabriz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashiks</a> performance in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Iran's highest-ranking official, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_leader" title="Supreme leader">supreme leader</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, is Iranian Azeri on his father's side.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The exact number of Azerbaijanis in Iran is heavily disputed. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-state_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-165">[164]</a></sup> Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran are around the 16% area put forth by the CIA and Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Iran_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Iran-166">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-167">[166]</a></sup> An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–22%.<sup id="cite_ref-tft_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tft-168">[167]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranologist</a> Victoria Arakelova in peer-reviewed journal <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_the_Caucasus" title="Iran and the Caucasus">Iran and the Caucasus</a></i>, estimating the number of Azeris in Iran has been hampered for years since the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, when the "once invented theory of the so called separated nation (i.e. the citizens of the Azerbaijan Republic, the so-called Azerbaijanis, and the Azaris in Iran), was actualised again (see in detail Reza 1993)". Arakelova adds that the number of Azeris in Iran, featuring in the politically biased publications as "Azerbaijani minority of Iran", is considered to be the "highly speculative part of this theory". Even though all Iranian censuses of population distinguish exclusively religious minorities, numerous sources have presented different figures regarding Iran's Turkic-speaking communities, without "any justification or concrete references".<sup id="cite_ref-Arakelova_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arakelova-169">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early 1990s, right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most popular figure depicting the number of "Azerbaijanis" in Iran was thirty-three million, at a time when the entire population of Iran was barely sixty million. Therefore, at the time, half of Iran's citizens were considered "Azerbaijanis". Shortly after, this figure was replaced by thirty million, which became "almost a normative account on the demographic situation in Iran, widely circulating not only among academics and political analysts, but also in the official circles of Russia and the West". Then, in the 2000s, the figure decreased to 20 million; this time, at least within the Russian political establishment, the figure became "firmly fixed". This figure, Arakelova adds, has been widely used and kept up to date, only with a few minor adjustments. A cursory look at Iran's demographic situation however, shows that all these figures have been manipulated and were "definitely invented on political purpose". Arakelova estimates the number of Azeris i.e. "Azerbaijanis" in Iran based on Iran's population demographics at 6 to 6.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Arakelova_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arakelova-169">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan">West Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Azerbaijan">East Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardabil Province">Ardabil</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanjan Province">Zanjan</a>, parts of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamedan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan Province">Hamadan</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazvin_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazvin Province">Qazvin</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Province">Markazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-167">[166]</a></sup> Azerbaijani minorities live in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorveh_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Qorveh County">Qorveh</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijar_County" title="Bijar County">Bijar</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></sup> counties of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a>, in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></sup> as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galugah" title="Galugah">Galugah</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a>, around <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad" title="Lotfabad">Lotfabad</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargaz" title="Dargaz">Dargaz</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Razavi Khorasan Province">Razavi Khorasan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></sup> and in the town of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad-e Qabus">Gonbad-e Qabus</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></sup> Large Azerbaijani populations can also be found in central Iran (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran</a> # <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Alborz Province">Alborz</a>) due to internal migration. Azerbaijanis make up 25%<sup id="cite_ref-The_Council_of_Public_Culture_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Council_of_Public_Culture-178">[177]</a></sup> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s population and 30.3%<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></sup> – 33%<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies-180">[179]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></sup> of the population of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran Province</a>, where Azerbaijanis are found in every city.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></sup> They are the largest ethnic groups after <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> in Tehran and the Tehran Province.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup> Arakelova notes that the widespread "cliché" among residents of Tehran on the number of Azerbaijanis in the city ("half of Tehran consists of Azerbaijanis"), cannot be taken "seriously into consideration". Arakelova adds that the number of Tehran's inhabitants who have migrated from northwestern areas of Iran, who are currently Persian-speakers "for the most part", is not more than "several hundred thousands", with the maximum being one million.<sup id="cite_ref-Arakelova_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arakelova-169">[168]</a></sup> Azerbaijanis have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></sup> especially in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p>Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iran's Islamic Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></sup> Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-state_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-165">[164]</a></sup>
</p><p>Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a> in local government, schools, and the press.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></sup> However, with the advent of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Islamic <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-190">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></sup> There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey and other Turkic countries have revived Azerbaijani nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></sup> In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_newspaper_cockroach_cartoon_controversy" title="Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy">cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azerbaijani</a><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></sup> that many Azerbaijanis found offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></sup> The cartoon was drawn by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Neyestani" title="Mana Neyestani">Mana Neyestani</a>, an Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></sup> One of the major incidents that happened recently was <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeris_protests_in_Iran_(2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris protests in Iran (2015)">Azeris protests in Iran (2015)</a> started in November 2015, after children's television programme <i>Fitileha a</i>ired on 6 November on state TV that ridiculed and mocked the accent and language of Azeris and included offensive jokes.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></sup> As a result, hundreds of ethnic Azeris have protested a program on state TV that contained what they consider an ethnic slur. Demonstrations were held in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a>, as well as Tehran and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a>. Police in Iran have clashed with protesting people, fired tear gas to disperse crowds, and many demonstrators were arrested. One of the protesters, Ali Akbar Murtaza, reportedly "died of injuries" in Urmia.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></sup> There were also protests held in front of Iranian embassies in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></sup> The head of the country's state broadcaster <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)</a> Mohammad Sarafraz has apologized for airing the program, whose broadcast was later discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></sup>
</p><p>Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community of Iran, and their style of living closely resemble those of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The lifestyles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-167">[166]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, politics, and clerical world.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>There is significant cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship was tense until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-190">[189]</a></sup> However, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan-Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan-Iran relations">relations</a> have significantly improved since the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a> administration took office.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subgroups">Subgroups</span></h3>
<p>There are several Azerbaijani ethnic groups, each of which has particularities in the economy, culture, and everyday life. Some Azerbaijani ethnic groups continued in the last quarter of the 19th century.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg/170px-Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg/255px-Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg/340px-Ayrum_from_village_of_Gedamish_of_Ganja_Uyezd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1130" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg/170px-Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg/255px-Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg/340px-Shahsevan_girls_from_a_rich_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="2524" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Ayrum from Azerbaijan (left); Shahsevan girls from a rich family. End of the 19th century, Iran (right).</div></div></div></div>
<p>Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1147244281">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928-203">[202]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshars">Afshars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaradaghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaradaghis">Qaradaghis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapapak" class="mw-redirect" title="Karapapak">Karapapak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padar_tribe" title="Padar tribe">Padar tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928-203">[202]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terekeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Terekeme">Terekeme</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928_203-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928-203">[202]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajars_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajars (tribe)">Qajars</a></li></ul></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diaspora">Diaspora</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Women">Women</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women in Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women in Iran</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azeri_1900.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Azeri_1900.PNG/170px-Azeri_1900.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Azeri_1900.PNG/255px-Azeri_1900.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Azeri_1900.PNG/340px-Azeri_1900.PNG 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Azeri woman from Baku (1900 postcard)</figcaption></figure>
<p>In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></sup> Women have attained Western-style equality in major cities such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, although in rural areas more reactionary views remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan-163">[162]</a></sup> Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></sup> In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></sup> Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament. An Azerbaijani woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election, women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Azerbaijan">National Assembly of Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a> is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></sup> The human rights <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman#Azerbaijan" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> since 2002, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmira_S%C3%BCleymanova" title="Elmira Süleymanova">Elmira Süleymanova</a>, is a woman.
</p><p>In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-167">[166]</a></sup> Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></sup> Past Iranian leaders, such as the reformer ex-president <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> promised women greater rights, but the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> of Iran opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a>), eight of whom were conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></sup> The social fate of Azerbaijani women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture of Iran</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani literature</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Azerbaijani_poet_Fuzuli_by_Azimzade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Muhammad Fuzûlî</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Azimzade" title="Azim Azimzade">Azim Azimzade</a> (1914). Fuzûlî is considered one of the greatest <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani poets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Azerbaijanis speak the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a>, a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> descended from the branches of Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th centuries CE. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a> is closely related to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>, sharing varying degrees of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with each of those languages.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a></sup> Certain lexical and grammatical differences formed within the Azerbaijani language as spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran, after nearly two centuries of separation between the communities speaking the language; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, however, has been preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></sup> Additionally, the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages are mutually intelligible to a high enough degree that their speakers can have simple conversations without prior knowledge of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-nichol_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichol-111">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>Early literature was mainly based on oral tradition, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Dede Korkut</a> probably derive from it. The first written, classical Azerbaijani literature arose after the Mongol invasion, while the first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></sup> Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Nasimi</a> (died 1417) and then decades later <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a> (1483–1556). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>, Shah of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Iran</a> wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name <i>Khatâ'i</i>.
</p><p>Modern Azerbaijani literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, as conveyed in the writings of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samad_Vurgun" title="Samad Vurgun">Samad Vurgun</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hossein_Shahriar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hossein Shahriar">Shahriar</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></sup>
</p><p>Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (in Iran) in addition to their native Azerbaijani. As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000 population spoke Russian fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></sup> An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20% of respondents could understand Azerbaijani, the most spoken minority language in Iran, and all respondents could understand Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-tft_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tft-168">[167]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion in Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Islam in Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam in Iran</a></div>
<p>The majority of Azerbaijanis are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Muslims</a>. Religious minorities include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> (mainly <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> just like other Muslims in the surrounding North Caucasus),<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>. An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as Shia Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan-163">[162]</a></sup> There is a small number of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> among Muslim Azerbaijanis.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></sup> Christian Azerbaijanis number around 5,000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.<sup id="cite_ref-Day.az_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day.az-220">[219]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Radio_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Radio-221">[220]</a></sup> Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre-Islamic <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Zoroastrian</a>-influenced<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a></sup> beliefs, such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a></sup> In Azerbaijan, traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic holidays</a>, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music of Iran</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alim_Qasimov,_Bahram_Mansurov,_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Alim_Qasimov%2C_Bahram_Mansurov%2C_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg/170px-Alim_Qasimov%2C_Bahram_Mansurov%2C_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Alim_Qasimov%2C_Bahram_Mansurov%2C_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg/255px-Alim_Qasimov%2C_Bahram_Mansurov%2C_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Alim_Qasimov%2C_Bahram_Mansurov%2C_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg/340px-Alim_Qasimov%2C_Bahram_Mansurov%2C_Talat_Bakikhanov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugham_triads" title="Mugham triads">Mugham triads</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements, or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or her hand, in which a kerchief is held."<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></sup>
</p><p>Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> called <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashiq">Ashiqs</a></i>, a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">saz</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>) and sing <i>dastans</i> (historical <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></sup> Other musical instruments include the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(lute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar (lute)">tar</a></i> (another type of lute), <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaban_(instrument)" title="Balaban (instrument)">balaban</a></i> (a wind instrument), <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamancha">kamancha</a></i> (fiddle), and the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a></i> (drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">mugham</a></i>, is often an emotional singing performance. Composers <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov" title="Uzeyir Hajibeyov">Uzeyir Hajibeyov</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_Garayev" title="Gara Garayev">Gara Garayev</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikret_Amirov" title="Fikret Amirov">Fikret Amirov</a> created a hybrid style that combines Western <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a> with <i>mugham</i>. Other Azerbaijanis, notably <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagif_Mustafa_Zadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagif Mustafa Zadeh">Vagif</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziza_Mustafa_Zadeh" title="Aziza Mustafa Zadeh">Aziza Mustafa Zadeh</a>, mixed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> with <i>mugham</i>. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Behbudov" title="Rashid Behbudov">Rashid Behbudov</a> (who could sing in over eight languages), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Magomayev_(musician)" title="Muslim Magomayev (musician)">Muslim Magomayev</a> (a pop star from the Soviet era), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googoosh" title="Googoosh">Googoosh</a>, and more recently <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Yusuf" title="Sami Yusuf">Sami Yusuf</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 revolution">1979 revolution</a> in Iran due to the clerical opposition to music in general, Azerbaijani music took a different course. According to Iranian singer <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Alizadeh" title="Hossein Alizadeh">Hossein Alizadeh</a>, "Historically in Iran, music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some Azerbaijanis have been film-makers, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam_Ibragimbekov" title="Rustam Ibragimbekov">Rustam Ibragimbekov</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_by_the_Sun" title="Burnt by the Sun">Burnt by the Sun</a></i>, winner of the Grand Prize at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> and an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a> in 1994.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_at_the_Olympics" title="Azerbaijan at the Olympics">Azerbaijan at the Olympics</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_Olympic_medalists" title="List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists">List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov_1,_Candidates_Tournament_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov_1%2C_Candidates_Tournament_2018.jpg/200px-Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov_1%2C_Candidates_Tournament_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov_1%2C_Candidates_Tournament_2018.jpg/300px-Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov_1%2C_Candidates_Tournament_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov_1%2C_Candidates_Tournament_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Chess player <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov" title="Shakhriyar Mamedyarov">Shakhriyar Mamedyarov</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg/250px-Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg/375px-Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg/500px-Ilham_Zakiyev_at_2008_Paralympics_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Two-time <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Judo at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympic judo</a> champion (2004, 2008) <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Zakiyev" title="Ilham Zakiyev">Ilham Zakiyev</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life. Horseback competitions were praised in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a> and by poets and writers such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sport_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sport-227">[226]</a></sup> Other ancient sports include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelin throwing">javelin throwing</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>.
</p><p>The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azerbaijanis to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level.<sup id="cite_ref-sport_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sport-227">[226]</a></sup> The Azerbaijani government supports the country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. Iranian athletes have particularly excelled in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">weight lifting</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a>, javelin throwing, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, and wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-MinistrySports_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinistrySports-228">[227]</a></sup> Weight lifters, such as Iran's <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Reza_Zadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Reza Zadeh">Hossein Reza Zadeh</a>, world super heavyweight-lifting record holder and two-time Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004, or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi_Saei" title="Hadi Saei">Hadi Saei</a> is a former Iranian<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> athlete who became the most successful Iranian athlete in Olympic history and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Pashayev" title="Nizami Pashayev">Nizami Pashayev</a>, who won the European heavyweight title in 2006, have excelled at the international level. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramil_Guliyev" title="Ramil Guliyev">Ramil Guliyev</a>, an ethnic Azerbaijani who plays for Turkey, became the first <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_World_Athletics_Championships" title="Turkey at the World Athletics Championships">world champion in athletics in the history of Turkey</a>.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is another popular pastime in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a></sup> The country has produced many notable players, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimour_Radjabov" title="Teimour Radjabov">Teimour Radjabov</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vugar_Gashimov" title="Vugar Gashimov">Vugar Gashimov</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahriyar_Mammadyarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mammadyarov">Shahriyar Mammadyarov</a>, all three highly ranked internationally. Karate is also popular, where <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Aghayev" title="Rafael Aghayev">Rafael Aghayev</a> achieved particular success, becoming a five-time world champion and eleven-time European champion.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">List of Azerbaijanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan (Iran)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-avraham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avraham_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avraham_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSela,_Avraham2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Sela, Avraham</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&q=30-35"><i>The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East</i></a>. Continuum. p. 197. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-1413-7</bdi></a>. <q>They number 30-35 million and live primarily in Iran (approximately 20 million) , the Republic of Azerbaijan (8 million), Turkey (1-2 million), Russia (1 million), and Georgia (300,000).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Political+Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7&rft.au=Sela%2C+Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJwsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D30-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dictionary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwietochowskiCollins1999">Swietochowski & Collins (1999</a>, p. 165): Today, Iranian Azerbaijan has a solid majority of Azeris with an estimated population of at least 15 million (over twice the population of the Azerbaijani Republic). (1999)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16.7mil-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-16.7mil_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-16.7mil_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status">"Iran"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Ethnic population: 16,700,000 (2019)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FIR%2Fstatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18mil-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-18mil_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-18mil_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFElling2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Christian_Elling" title="Rasmus Christian Elling">Elling, Rasmus Christian</a> (18 February 2013). <i>Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini</i>. Springer. p. 28. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-04780-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-04780-9"><bdi>978-1-137-04780-9</bdi></a>. <q>CIA and Library of Congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 percent—that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Iran%3A+Nationalism+and+Ethnicity+after+Khomeini&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-137-04780-9&rft.aulast=Elling&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gheissari-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gheissari_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gheissari_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGheissari2009" class="citation book cs1">Gheissari, Ali (2 April 2009). <i>Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 300. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988860-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988860-3"><bdi>978-0-19-988860-3</bdi></a>. <q>As of 2003, the ethnic classifications are estimated as: [...] Azeri (24 percent)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Iran%3A+Economy%2C+Society%2C+Politics&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988860-3&rft.aulast=Gheissari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bani-Shoraka-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bani-Shoraka_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bani-Shoraka_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBani-Shoraka2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bani-Shoraka, Helena (1 July 2009). "Cross-generational bilingual strategies among Azerbaijanis in Tehran". <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i>. <b>2009</b> (198): 106. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FIJSL.2009.029">10.1515/IJSL.2009.029</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3668">1613-3668</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144993160">144993160</a>. <q>The latest figures estimate the Azerbaijani population at 24% of Iran's 70 million inhabitants (NVI 2003/2004: 301). This means that there are between 15 and 20 million Azerbaijanis in Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Cross-generational+bilingual+strategies+among+Azerbaijanis+in+Tehran&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=198&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144993160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-3668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FIJSL.2009.029&rft.aulast=Bani-Shoraka&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Potter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Lawrence G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50pRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290"><i>Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 290. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937726-8"><bdi>978-0-19-937726-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarian+Politics+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937726-8&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50pRBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Crane-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCraneLalMartini2008" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (6 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlMdb5ACHEC&pg=PA38"><i>Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities</i></a>. RAND Corporation. p. 38. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4527-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4527-0"><bdi>978-0-8330-4527-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Political%2C+Demographic%2C+and+Economic+Vulnerabilities&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4527-0&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Lal%2C+Rollie&rft.au=Martini%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmlMdb5ACHEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Moaddel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moaddel_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moaddel_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMoaddelKarabenick2013" class="citation book cs1">Moaddel, Mansoor; Karabenick, Stuart A. (4 June 2013). <i>Religious Fundamentalism in the Middle East: A Cross-National, Inter-Faith, and Inter-Ethnic Analysis</i>. Brill. p. 101. <q>The Azeris have a mixed heritage of Iranic, Caucasian, and Turkic elements(...) Between 16 to 23 million Azeris live in Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+Cross-National%2C+Inter-Faith%2C+and+Inter-Ethnic+Analysis&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.aulast=Moaddel&rft.aufirst=Mansoor&rft.au=Karabenick%2C+Stuart+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Eschment-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eschment_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eschment_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEschmentvon_Löwis2022" class="citation book cs1">Eschment, Beate; von Löwis, Sabine, eds. (18 August 2022). <i>Post-Soviet Borders: A Kaleidoscope of Shifting Lives and Lands</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 31. <q>Irrespective of the large Azerbaijani population in Iran (about 20 million, compared to 7 million in Azerbaijan)(...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Borders%3A+A+Kaleidoscope+of+Shifting+Lives+and+Lands&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-08-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/?lang=en">Azerbaijan Republic | Population by ethnic groups</a> stat.gov.az</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Russian_Census-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russian_Census_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424113952/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls">"Итоги переписи"</a>. <i>2010 census</i>. Russian Federation State Statistics Service. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls">the original</a> on 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010+census&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.perepis-2010.ru%2Fresults_of_the_census%2Ftab5.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Leeuw-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeuw_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Leeuw,_Charles2000" class="citation book cs1">van der Leeuw, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19"><i>Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 19. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21903-1"><bdi>978-0-312-21903-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320173346/http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+a+quest+for+identity+%3A+a+short+history&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21903-1&rft.au=van+der+Leeuw%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNoP1zphWf8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFİlhamqızı2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">İlhamqızı, Sevda (2 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202205358/http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html">"Gələn ilin sonuna qədər dünyada yaşayan azərbaycanlıların sayı və məskunlaşma coğrafiyasına dair xəritə hazırlanacaq"</a>. <i>Trend News Agency</i> (in Azerbaijani). Baku. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trend+News+Agency&rft.atitle=G%C9%99l%C9%99n+ilin+sonuna+q%C9%99d%C9%99r+d%C3%BCnyada+ya%C5%9Fayan+az%C9%99rbaycanl%C4%B1lar%C4%B1n+say%C4%B1+v%C9%99+m%C9%99skunla%C5%9Fma+co%C4%9Frafiyas%C4%B1na+dair+x%C9%99rit%C9%99+haz%C4%B1rlanacaq&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=%C4%B0lhamq%C4%B1z%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Sevda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Faz.trend.az%2Fazerbaijan%2Fsociety%2F1034370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada">"Canada Census Profile 2021"</a>. <i>Census Profile, 2021 Census</i>. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census&rft.atitle=Canada+Census+Profile+2021&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%26HEADERlist%3D31%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf">"Estrangeiros em Portugal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estrangeiros+em+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.sef.pt%2Fpt%2FDocuments%2FRIFA2022%2520vF2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azerbaijan.az/en/related-information/207">"Azerbaijani diaspora"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijani+diaspora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fazerbaijan.az%2Fen%2Frelated-information%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azertag.az/en/bolme/diaspora?page=19&device=Desktop">"Azeris abroad"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azeris+abroad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fazertag.az%2Fen%2Fbolme%2Fdiaspora%3Fpage%3D19%26device%3DDesktop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BQ-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BQ_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality">"UAE´s population – by nationality"</a>. <i>BQ Magazine</i>. 12 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality">the original</a> on 11 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BQ+Magazine&rft.atitle=UAE%C2%B4s+population+%E2%80%93+by+nationality&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bqdoha.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fuae-population-by-nationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ons2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ons2011_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls">"Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan – Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/labour/april-2014/nationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Nationality+and+country+of+birth+by+age%2C+sex+and+qualifications+Jan+%E2%80%93+Dec+2013+%28Excel+sheet+60Kb%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fabout-ons%2Fbusiness-transparency%2Ffreedom-of-information%2Fwhat-can-i-request%2Fpublished-ad-hoc-data%2Flabour%2Fapril-2014%2Fnationality-and-country-of-birth-by-age--sex-and-qualifications-jan---dec-2013.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175907/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf">"Population Census 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Census+2009&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Committee+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fbelstat.gov.by%2Fhomep%2Fru%2Fperepic%2F2009%2Fvihod_tables%2F5.8-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Statistics_Sweden-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Sweden_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Helarsstatistik---Riket/385479/">"Foreign born after country of birth and immigration year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+born+after+country+of+birth+and+immigration+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.scb.se%2Fsv_%2FHitta-statistik%2FStatistik-efter-amne%2FBefolkning%2FBefolkningens-sammansattning%2FBefolkningsstatistik%2F25788%2F25795%2FHelarsstatistik---Riket%2F385479%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span> Statistics Sweden.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/">"Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia"</a>. <i>data.stat.gov.lv</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.stat.gov.lv&rft.atitle=Population+by+ethnicity+at+the+beginning+of+year+%E2%80%93+Time+period+and+Ethnicity+%26%23124%3B+National+Statistical+System+of+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdata.stat.gov.lv%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FOSP_PUB%2FSTART__POP__IR__IRE%2FIRE010%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/media/9756/download?attachment">"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvijas+iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju+sadal%C4%ABjums+p%C4%93c+nacion%C4%81l%C4%81+sast%C4%81va+un+valstisk%C4%81s+pieder%C4%ABbas%2C+01.01.2023.+-+PMLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.pmlp.gov.lv%2Flv%2Fmedia%2F9756%2Fdownload%3Fattachment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx">Azerbaijan country brief</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103730/https://dfat.gov.au/geo/azerbaijan/pages/azerbaijan-country-brief.aspx">Archived</a> 18 June 2019 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NB According to the 2016 census, 1,036 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf">"The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Austria%3A+Bilateral+relations&rft.pub=Republic+of+Azerbaijan+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fmfa.gov.az%2Feng%2Fdownloads%2Fbilaterial%2FAustria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7">"Population Census of 2011"</a>. Statistics Estonia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000011/http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52&themetreeid=7">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Census+of+2011&rft.pub=Statistics+Estonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fandmebaas.stat.ee%2FIndex.aspx%3Flang%3Den%26SubSessionId%3D860f7cac-3d26-4f21-be73-66fb9cbd4d52%26themetreeid%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span> Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Statistics_Canada-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09">"2020-03-09"</a>. <i>ssb.no</i>. 9 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117201818/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssb.no&rft.atitle=2020-03-09&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Finnvbef%2Faar%2F2020-03-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-litstats-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-litstats_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f">"Population by ethnicity in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001 and 2011"</a>. Lithuanian Department of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110843/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+ethnicity+in+1959%2C+1970%2C+1979%2C+1989%2C+2001+and+2011&rft.pub=Lithuanian+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fosp.stat.gov.lt%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F217110%2FGyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf%2F1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html">http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">ISTAT</a> – Foreign resident population in 2019</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson,_Lawrence_R._2002_210_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson,_Lawrence_R.2002" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Lawrence R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual</i></a>. Academic International Press. p. 210. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87569-199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87569-199-2"><bdi>978-0-87569-199-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320162646/http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+%26+Eurasia+Facts+%26+Figures+Annual&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Academic+International+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87569-199-2&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Lawrence+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dye1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-golden-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGolden,_Peter_B.1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold"><i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples</i></a></span>. Otto Harrasowitz. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395">385</a>–386. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2"><bdi>978-3-447-03274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples&rft.pages=385-386&rft.pub=Otto+Harrasowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03274-2&rft.au=Golden%2C+Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismail Zardabli. <i>Ethnic and political history of Azerbaijan</i>. Rossendale Books. 2018. p.35 "... the ancestors of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens are the tribes that lived in these territories."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaggSilver1979" class="citation book cs1">MacCagg, William O.; Silver, Brian D. (10 May 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks"><i>Soviet Asian ethnic frontiers</i></a>. Pergamon Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-024637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-024637-6"><bdi>978-0-08-024637-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrWRAAAAIAAJ&q=azeri+turks">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Asian+ethnic+frontiers&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1979-05-10&rft.isbn=978-0-08-024637-6&rft.aulast=MacCagg&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft.au=Silver%2C+Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrWRAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dazeri%2Bturks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1962" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Leonard (10 May 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160">"Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society"</a>. University of California Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogp8AHZ3ZN4C&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA160">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Political+Development+in+a+Changing+Society&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962-05-10&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dogp8AHZ3ZN4C%26q%3Dazeri%2Bturks%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2008" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Joseph J. (13 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200"><i>World Regional Geography</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38950-7"><bdi>978-0-495-38950-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=azeri+turks&pg=PA200">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38950-7&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAgGHnENHjoC%26q%3Dazeri%2Bturks%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">"2014 General Population Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Office_of_Georgia" title="National Statistics Office of Georgia">National Statistics Office of Georgia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+General+Population+Census&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fcms%2Fsite_images%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fpopulation%2FCensus_release_ENG_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarcave,_Sidney1968" class="citation book cs1">Harcave, Sidney (1968). <i>Russia: A History: Sixth Edition</i>. Lippincott. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+History%3A+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Harcave%2C+Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh,_Pirouz2007" class="citation book cs1">Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). <i>Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field</i>. Universal. p. 372. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-933-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-933-5"><bdi>978-1-58112-933-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundary+Politics+and+International+Boundaries+of+Iran%3A+A+Study+of+the+Origin%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Implications+of+the+Boundaries+of+Modern+Iran+with+Its+15+Neighbors+in+the+Middle+East+by+a+Number+of+Renowned+Experts+in+the+Field&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Universal&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-933-5&rft.au=Mojtahed-Zadeh%2C+Pirouz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLendering,_Jona" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm">"Atropates (Biography)"</a>. Livius.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014335/http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atropates+%28Biography%29&rft.pub=Livius.org&rft.au=Lendering%2C+Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fas-at%2Fatropates%2Fatropates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChamoux,_Francois2003" class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, Francois (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham"><i>Hellenistic Civilization</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham/page/n37">26</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22241-5"><bdi>978-0-631-22241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22241-5&rft.au=Chamoux%2C+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellenisticcivil00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_A._B.Baynham,_E._J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, A. B.; Baynham, E. J. (2002). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatfa00bosw"><i>Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatfa00bosw/page/n99">92</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815287-3"><bdi>978-0-19-815287-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Fact+and+Fiction&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815287-3&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Baynham%2C+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergreatfa00bosw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki,_Touraj2000" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC&q=azeri"><i>Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 7. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-554-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225105/https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC&q=azeri">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+in+Iran&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-554-9&rft.au=Atabaki%2C+Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMybbePBf9YcC%26q%3Dazeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-altstadt-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altstadt_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAltstadt,_Audrey_L.1992" class="citation book cs1">Altstadt, Audrey L. (1992). <i>The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule</i>. Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9182-1"><bdi>978-0-8179-9182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azerbaijani+Turks%3A+Power+and+Identity+under+Russian+Rule&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9182-1&rft.au=Altstadt%2C+Audrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont198717–18-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont198717–18_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaumont1987">Chaumont 1987</a>, pp. 17–18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pahlavi_Dictionary-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_Dictionary_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_Dictionary_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_Dictionary_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKenzie, D. (1971). A concise Pahlavi dictionary (p. 5, 8, 18). London: Oxford university press.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Planhol2004205–215-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Planhol2004205–215_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Planhol2004">de Planhol 2004</a>, pp. 205–215.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1987" class="citation web cs1">Schippmann, K. (15 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii">"Azerbaijan, Pre-Islamic History"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322101247/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%2C+Pre-Islamic+History&rft.date=1987-12-15&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Azerbaijan&allowed_in_frame=0">"Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102543/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Azerbaijan&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DAzerbaijan%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aliyev, Igrar. (1958). History of Atropatene (تاريخ آتورپاتكان) (p. 93).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEI.1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">EI. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index">"AZERBAIJAN"</a>. In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III: Ātaš–Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 205–257. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-121-5"><bdi>978-0-71009-121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+III%3A+%C4%80ta%C5%A1%E2%80%93Bayhaq%C4%AB%2C+%E1%BA%92ah%C4%ABr-al-D%C4%ABn&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=205-257&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-121-5&rft.au=EI.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKemp,_GeoffreyStein,_Janice_Gross1995" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Geoffrey; Stein, Janice Gross (1995). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powderkeginmiddl00geof"><i>Powder Keg in the Middle East</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powderkeginmiddl00geof/page/214">214</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8075-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-8075-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powder+Keg+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8075-7&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Stein%2C+Janice+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowderkeginmiddl00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "18. 1886–1890: An Ethnolinguistic Map of the Caucasus". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 48–50. "<i>“Tatars” (or in rarer cases, “Azerbaijani Tatars”) to denote Turkic-speaking Transcaucasian populations that would later be called “Azerbaijanis”"</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Yilmaz2013-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz2013_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz2013_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yilmaz, Harun (2013). "The Soviet Union and the Construction of Azerbaijani National Identity in the 1930s". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 513. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.784521">10.1080/00210862.2013.784521</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144322861">144322861</a>. <q>The official records of the Russian Empire and various published sources from the pre-1917 period also called them "Tatar" or "Caucasian Tatars," "Azerbaijani Tatars" and even "Persian Tatars" in order to differentiate them from the other "Tatars" of the empire and the Persian speakers of Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Construction+of+Azerbaijani+National+Identity+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2013.784521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144322861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Harun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042823/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php"><bdi lang="ru">Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи</bdi></a> (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Demoscope+Weekly&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2005%2F0187%2Fperep04.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103729.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Тюрки</bdi></a>. <i>Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</i> (in Russian). 1890–1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221158/http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103729.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.date=1890%2F1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fgatchina3000.ru%2Fbrockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary%2F103%2F103729.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103731.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Тюрко-татары</bdi></a>. <i>Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</i> (in Russian). 1890–1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113223602/http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/103/103731.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.date=1890%2F1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fgatchina3000.ru%2Fbrockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary%2F103%2F103731.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeniker1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deniker, Joseph (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbqRt-A13P8C&pg=PA349"><i>Races et peuples de la terre</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: Schleicher frères. p. 349. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321183728/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbqRt-A13P8C&pg=PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Ce groupement ne coïncide pas non-plus avec le groupement somatologique : ainsi, les Aderbaïdjani du Caucase et de la Perse, parlant une langue turque, ont le mème type physique que les Persans-Hadjemi, parlant une langue iranienne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Races+et+peuples+de+la+terre&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Schleicher+fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Deniker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbqRt-A13P8C%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMostashari,_Firouzeh2006" class="citation book cs1">Mostashari, Firouzeh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBNDaEFGJrsC"><i>On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 129. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-771-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-771-0"><bdi>978-1-85043-771-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522082022/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBNDaEFGJrsC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Religious+Frontier%3A+Tsarist+Russia+and+Islam+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-771-0&rft.au=Mostashari%2C+Firouzeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBNDaEFGJrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "Appendix 3: Ethnic Composition of the Caucasus: Historical Population Statistics". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, p. 192 (note 150).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tsutsiev-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsutsiev_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsutsiev_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "31. 1926: An Ethnic Map Reflecting the First Soviet Census". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, p. 87.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "26. 1920: The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Soviet Russia". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 71–73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsutsiev, Arthur. "32. 1926: Using the Census to Identify Russians and Ukrainians". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 87–90</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iranicaonline.org-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"AZERBAIJAN". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2–3</i></a>. 1987. pp. 205–257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+III%2C+Fasc.+2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=205-257&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurkiev1979190-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurkiev1979190_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurkiev1979">Kurkiev 1979</a>, p. 190.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurkiev1979 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhriev1975203-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhriev1975203_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhriev1975">Akhriev 1975</a>, p. 203.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAkhriev1975 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-yarshater-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yarshater_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater,_E2011" class="citation web cs1">Yarshater, E (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081642/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Language+of+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_C._E.2011" class="citation web cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (12 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region">"Arran"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727092744/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arran&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farran-a-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-roy-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roy_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoy,_Olivier2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Roy, Olivier</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7"><i>The new Central Asia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-552-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141204/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter was to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkified' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Central+Asia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-552-4&rft.au=Roy%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMcn6Ik1v0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCoene,_Frederik2010" class="citation book cs1">Coene, Frederik (2010). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc00coen"><i>The Caucasus: An Introduction</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc00coen/page/n113">97</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48660-6"><bdi>978-0-415-48660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48660-6&rft.au=Coene%2C+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaucasusintroduc00coen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=Early+Iranian+settlements+included+the+Scythians+in+the+ninth+century+BC&pg=PA586">"Countries and Territories of the World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoJhzc426cC&q=Early+Iranian+settlements+included+the+Scythians+in+the+ninth+century+BC&pg=PA586">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+and+Territories+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTsoJhzc426cC%26q%3DEarly%2BIranian%2Bsettlements%2Bincluded%2Bthe%2BScythians%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bninth%2Bcentury%2BBC%26pg%3DPA586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+am0014)">"Armenia-Ancient Period"</a>. Federal Research Division Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507140626/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+am0014%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia-Ancient+Period&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bam0014%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont,_M._L.2011" class="citation web cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm">"Albania"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526212016/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.au=Chaumont%2C+M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Falbania-iranian-aran-arm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlexidze,_Zaza2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alexidze, Zaza (Summer 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_photos/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html">"Voices of the Ancients: Heyerdahl Intrigued by Rare Caucasus Albanian Text"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 26–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004044141/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_photos/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=Voices+of+the+Ancients%3A+Heyerdahl+Intrigued+by+Rare+Caucasus+Albanian+Text&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Alexidze%2C+Zaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2Fai102_folder%2F102_photos%2F102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213113547/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html">"Sassanid Empire"</a>. <i>The Islamic World to 1600</i>. University of Calgary. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600&rft.atitle=Sassanid+Empire&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Fbeginnings%2Fsassanid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lapidus-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus,_Ira1988" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira (1988). <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.au=Lapidus%2C+Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_Hugh1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (1992). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetagecaliph00kenn"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates</i></a></span>. Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetagecaliph00kenn/page/n182">166</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetagecaliph00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427202257/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/">"The Safavid Empire"</a>. University of Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/">the original</a> on 27 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Safavid+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Fempires%2Fsafavid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sammis-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sammis_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sammis_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSammis,_Kathy2002" class="citation book cs1">Sammis, Kathy (2002). <i>Focus on World History: The First Global Age and the Age of Revolution</i>. J. Weston Walch. p. 39. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8251-4370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8251-4370-0"><bdi>978-0-8251-4370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus+on+World+History%3A+The+First+Global+Age+and+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=J.+Weston+Walch&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8251-4370-0&rft.au=Sammis%2C+Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGasimov2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 38. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136">10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871">233889871</a>. <q>The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Observing+Iran+from+Baku%3A+Iranian+Studies+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233889871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasimov&rft.aufirst=Zaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gasimov1-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gasimov1_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasimov1_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGasimov2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 37. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136">10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871">233889871</a>. <q>Azerbaijani national identity emerged in post-Persian Russian-ruled East Caucasia at the end of the nineteenth century, and was finally forged during the early Soviet period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Observing+Iran+from+Baku%3A+Iranian+Studies+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233889871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasimov&rft.aufirst=Zaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBishku2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bishku, Michael B. (2022). "The Status and Limits to Aspirations of Minorities in the South Caucasus States". <i>Contemporary Review of the Middle East</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 414. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23477989221115917">10.1177/23477989221115917</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251777404">251777404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=The+Status+and+Limits+to+Aspirations+of+Minorities+in+the+South+Caucasus+States&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=414&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F23477989221115917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251777404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bishku&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBroers2019" class="citation book cs1">Broers, Laurence (2019). <i>Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 326 (note 9). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5052-2"><bdi>978-1-4744-5052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Rivalry&rft.pages=326+%28note+9%29&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-5052-2&rft.aulast=Broers&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPourjavady2023" class="citation book cs1">Pourjavady, R. (2023). "Introduction: Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the 19th century". In Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (eds.). <i>Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914)</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Iran%2C+Afghanistan%2C+Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan+and+Georgia+in+the+19th+century&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+A+Bibliographical+History+Volume+20.+Iran%2C+Afghanistan+and+the+Caucasus+%281800-1914%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Pourjavady&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика (1918―1920). Законодательные акты. (Сборник документов). — Баку, 1998, С.188</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, by Tadeusz Świętochowski, Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 66</span>
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<li id="cite_note-smithmusavat-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithmusavat_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael (April 2001). "Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917–1920". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 228. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200940103600202">10.1177/002200940103600202</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159744435">159744435</a>. <q>The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+Rumor%3A+Murder+Scandal%2C+the+Musavat+Party+and+Narrative+of+the+Russian+Revolution+in+Baku%2C+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200940103600202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159744435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Smith-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Smith" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michael Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm">"Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory"</a>. <i>Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States)</i> (in Russian). Sakharov Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401031542/http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaidzhan+i+Rossiia%3A+obshchestva+i+gosudarstva+%28Azerbaijan+and+Russia%3A+Societies+and+States%29&rft.atitle=Pamiat%27+ob+utratakh+i+Azerbaidzhanskoe+obshchestvo%2FTraumatic+Loss+and+Azerbaijani.+National+Memory&rft.au=Michael+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fold.sakharov-center.ru%2Fpublications%2Fazrus%2Faz_004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2006" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132"><i>Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers'<span></span></i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 132. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-964-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-964-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321184000/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+First+World+War%3A+Battleground+of+the+Great+Powers%27&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-964-6&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3adD9kNH1gC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Routledgeb-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledgeb_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz2015" class="citation book cs1">Yilmaz, Harun (2015). <i>National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin</i>. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59664-6"><bdi>978-1-317-59664-6</bdi></a>. <q>On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA's adoption of the name of "Azerbaijan" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identities+in+Soviet+Historiography%3A+The+Rise+of+Nations+Under+Stalin&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59664-6&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Harun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1b-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1b_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1963" class="citation book cs1">Barthold, Vasily (1963). <i>Sochineniya, vol II/1</i>. Moscow. p. 706. <q>(...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, name <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a> can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Persian Azerbaijan</a> will be one entity because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question arises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sochineniya%2C+vol+II%2F1&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=706&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-I.B.Tauris-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-I.B.Tauris_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2000). <i>Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+in+Iran&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-554-9&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Pressb-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_University_Pressb_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRezvani2014" class="citation book cs1">Rezvani, Babak (2014). <i>Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6"><bdi>978-90-485-1928-6</bdi></a>. <q>The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethno-territorial+conflict+and+coexistence+in+the+Caucasus%2C+Central+Asia+and+Fereydan%3A+academisch+proefschrift&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-485-1928-6&rft.aulast=Rezvani&rft.aufirst=Babak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kazemzadeh-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (1951). <i>The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921</i>. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0076-5"><bdi>978-0-8305-0076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Transcaucasia%3A+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=124%2C+222%2C+229%2C+269-270&rft.pub=The+New+York+Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-8305-0076-5&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze2000" class="citation book cs1">Schulze, Reinhard (2000). <i>A Modern History of the Islamic World</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-822-9&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFГорянин2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Горянин, Александр (28 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalrus.ru/print_this/134413/"><bdi lang="ru">Очень черное золото</bdi></a> (in Russian). GlobalRus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030906163920/http://www.globalrus.ru/print_this/134413/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.pub=GlobalRus&rft.date=2003-08-28&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.globalrus.ru%2Fprint_this%2F134413%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFГорянин" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Горянин, Александр. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.window2baku.com/001history_3.htm"><bdi lang="ru">История города Баку. Часть 3.</bdi></a> (in Russian). Window2Baku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321183819/http://www.window2baku.com/001history_3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+3.&rft.pub=Window2Baku&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.window2baku.com%2F001history_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPope2006" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Hugh (2006). <i>Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world</i>. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 116. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-804-4"><bdi>978-1-58567-804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+conquerors%3A+the+rise+of+the+Turkic+world&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=New+York%3A+The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-804-4&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nichol-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nichol_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nichol_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nichol_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNichol,_James1995" class="citation book cs1">Nichol, James (1995). "Azerbaijan". In Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105"><i>Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia</i></a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0848-4"><bdi>978-0-8444-0848-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320164609/http://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0848-4&rft.au=Nichol%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2W1YOG3N10C%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haider, Hans (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt-europa/weltpolitik/513109_Gefaehrliche-Toene-im-Frozen-War.html">"Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wiener Zeitung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Gef%C3%A4hrliche+T%C3%B6ne+im+%22Frozen+War%22&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.wienerzeitung.at%2Fnachrichten%2Fwelt-europa%2Fweltpolitik%2F513109_Gefaehrliche-Toene-im-Frozen-War.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201201185921/https://azertag.az/xeber/Isgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227">"İşğaldan azad edilmiş şəhər və kəndlərimiz"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_News_Agency" title="Azerbaijan State News Agency">Azerbaijan State News Agency</a></i> (in Azerbaijani). 1 December 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azertag.az/xeber/Isgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227">the original</a> on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+State+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%9Faldan+azad+edilmi%C5%9F+%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r+v%C9%99+k%C9%99ndl%C9%99rimiz&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fazertag.az%2Fxeber%2FIsgaldan_azad_edilmis_seher_ve_kendlerimiz-1622227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384">"Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin.ru" title="Kremlin.ru">Kremlin.ru</a></i>. 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kremlin.ru&rft.atitle=Statement+by+President+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan%2C+Prime+Minister+of+the+Republic+of+Armenia+and+President+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fevents%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2F64384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPistor-Hatam,_Anja2009" class="citation web cs1">Pistor-Hatam, Anja (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09">"Sattār Khan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117091146/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satt%C4%81r+Khan&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.au=Pistor-Hatam%2C+Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsattar-khan-one-of-the-most-popular-heroes-from-tabriz-who-defended-the-town-during-the-lesser-autocracy-in-1908-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski,_Tadeusz1995" class="citation book cs1">Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). <i>Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+A+Borderland+in+Transition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07068-3&rft.au=Swietochowski%2C+Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHess,_Gary._R.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Gary. R. (March 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf">"The Iranian Crisis of 1945–46 and the Cold War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 117–146. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2148118">10.2307/2148118</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148118">2148118</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090325231811/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Iranian+Crisis+of+1945%E2%80%9346+and+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-146&rft.date=1974-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2148118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2148118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hess%2C+Gary.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azargoshnasp.net%2Frecent_history%2Fatoor%2Ftheiraniancriris194546.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Turkic Peoples". <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>. Vol. 27. Grolier. 1998. p. 276. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0130-3"><bdi>978-0-7172-0130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkic+Peoples&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0130-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Matveeva_2002-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matveeva_2002_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Matveeva2002" class="citation report cs1">Anna Matveeva (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/469cbfd90.pdf">The South Caucasus:Nationalism, Conflict and Minorities</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Minority Rights Group International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>The ethnic origins of the Azeris are unclear. The prevailing view is that Azeris are a Turkic people, but there is also a claim that Azeris are Turkicized Caucasians or, as the Iranian official history claims, Turkicized Aryans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+South+Caucasus%3ANationalism%2C+Conflict+and+Minorities&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Anna+Matveeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F469cbfd90.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKobishchanov,_Yuri_M.1979" class="citation book cs1">Kobishchanov, Yuri M. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4RyAAAAMAAJ&q=azerbaidjanians"><i>Axum</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 89. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00531-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00531-7"><bdi>978-0-271-00531-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225202/https://books.google.com/books?id=K4RyAAAAMAAJ&q=azerbaidjanians">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axum&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00531-7&rft.au=Kobishchanov%2C+Yuri+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4RyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dazerbaidjanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, Olivier (2007). The new Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4">978-1-84511-552-4</a>. "The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter was to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkified' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frye, R. N. (15 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+v.+PEOPLES+OF+IRAN+%281%29+A+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Suny-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suny_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSuny,_Ronald_G.1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald G.</a> (July–August 1988). "What Happened in Soviet Armenia?". <i>Middle East Report</i> (153, Islam and the State): 37–40. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3012134">10.2307/3012134</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012134">3012134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=What+Happened+in+Soviet+Armenia%3F&rft.issue=153%2C+Islam+and+the+State&rft.pages=37-40&rft.date=1988-07%2F1988-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3012134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3012134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Suny%2C+Ronald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span> "The Albanians in the eastern plain leading down to the Caspian Sea mixed with the Turkish population and eventually became Muslims." "...while the eastern Transcaucasian countryside was home to a very large Turkic-speaking Muslim population. The Russians referred to them as Tartars, but we now consider them Azerbaijanis, a distinct people with their own language and culture."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cornell_2015-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_2015_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSvante_E._Cornell2015" class="citation book cs1">Svante E. Cornell (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Azerbaijan Since Independence</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 5–7. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47621-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47621-4"><bdi>978-1-317-47621-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517094253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47621-4&rft.au=Svante+E.+Cornell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTaZzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span> "If native Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic populations – among others – dominated Azerbaijan from the fourth century CE onwards, the Turkic element would grow increasingly dominant in linguistic terms,5 while the Persian element retained strong cultural and religious influence." "Following the Seljuk great power period, the Turkic element in Azerbaijan was further strengthened by migrations during the Mongol onslaught of the thirteenth century and the subsequent domination by the Turkmen Qaraqoyunlu and Aq-qoyunlu dynasties."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky,_V." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Minorsky, V. "Azarbaijan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azarbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Iranian languages</i>. Windfuhr, Gernot. London: Routledge. 2009. p. 15. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1131-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1131-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-1131-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312730458">312730458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312730458&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1131-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LANDS_OF_IRAN-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LANDS_OF_IRAN_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPlanhol" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Planhol, Xavier de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran">"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. XIII. pp. 204–212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517050350/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+i.+LANDS+OF+IRAN&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=204-212&rft.aulast=Planhol&rft.aufirst=Xavier+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-i-lands-of-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-peoples_survey-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peoples_survey_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrye" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frye, R. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. XIII. pp. 321–326. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+v.+PEOPLES+OF+IRAN+%281%29+A+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=321-326&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Minorsky, V. "Azerbaijan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-roy2-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roy2_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoy,_Olivier2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Roy, Olivier</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7"><i>The new Central Asia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-552-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141204/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Central+Asia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-552-4&rft.au=Roy%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMcn6Ik1v0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081642/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN+vii.+The+Iranian+Language+of+Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSourdel1959" class="citation journal cs1">Sourdel, D. (1959). "V. MINORSKY, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th centuries, 1 vol. in-8°, 187 p. et 32 p. (texte arabe), Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958". <i>Arabica</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 326–327. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005859x00208">10.1163/157005859x00208</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0570-5398">0570-5398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=V.+MINORSKY%2C+A+History+of+Sharvan+and+Darband+in+the+10th%E2%80%9311th+centuries%2C+1+vol.+in-8%C2%B0%2C+187+p.+et+32+p.+%28texte+arabe%29%2C+Cambridge+%28Heffer+and+Sons%29%2C+1958&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=326-327&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005859x00208&rft.issn=0570-5398&rft.aulast=Sourdel&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Istorii︠a︡ Vostoka : v shesti tomakh</i>. Rybakov, R. B., Kapit︠s︡a, Mikhail Stepanovich., Рыбаков, Р. Б., Капица, Михаил Степанович., Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk), Институт востоковедения (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk). Moskva: Izdatelʹskai︠a︡ firma "Vostochnai︠a︡ lit-ra" RAN. 1995–2008. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-018102-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-018102-1"><bdi>5-02-018102-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38520460">38520460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+Vostoka+%3A+v+shesti+tomakh&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pub=Izdatel%CA%B9skai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+firma+%22Vostochnai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+lit-ra%22+RAN&rft.date=1995%2F2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38520460&rft.isbn=5-02-018102-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWeitenberg1984" class="citation journal cs1">Weitenberg, J.J.S. (1984). "Thomas J. SAMUELIAN (ed.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity. Proceedings of the first Dr. H. Markarian Conference on Armenian culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies 4), Scholars Press, Chico, CA 1982, xii and 233 pp., paper $ 15,75 (members $ 10,50), cloth $ 23,50 (members $ 15,75)". <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism</i>. <b>15</b> (1–2): 198–199. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006384x00411">10.1163/157006384x00411</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2212">0047-2212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.atitle=Thomas+J.+SAMUELIAN+%28ed.%29%2C+Classical+Armenian+Culture.+Influences+and+Creativity.+Proceedings+of+the+first+Dr.+H.+Markarian+Conference+on+Armenian+culture+%28University+of+Pennsylvania+Armenian+Texts+and+Studies+4%29%2C+Scholars+Press%2C+Chico%2C+CA+1982%2C+xii+and+233+pp.%2C+paper+%24+15%2C75+%28members+%24+10%2C50%29%2C+cloth+%24+23%2C50+%28members+%24+15%2C75%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=198-199&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006384x00411&rft.issn=0047-2212&rft.aulast=Weitenberg&rft.aufirst=J.J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSunyStork1988" class="citation journal cs1">Suny, Ronald G.; Stork, Joe (July 1988). "Ronald G. Suny: What Happened in Soviet Armenia?". <i>Middle East Report</i> (153): 37–40. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3012134">10.2307/3012134</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-2851">0899-2851</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012134">3012134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=Ronald+G.+Suny%3A+What+Happened+in+Soviet+Armenia%3F&rft.issue=153&rft.pages=37-40&rft.date=1988-07&rft.issn=0899-2851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3012134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3012134&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+G.&rft.au=Stork%2C+Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Blow. <i>Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend.</i> p. 165. "The primary court language remained Turkish. But it was not the Turkish of Istambul. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the <b>Qizilbash Turkomans</b>..."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Mas'udi1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al Mas'udi (1894). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). <i>Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf</i> (in Arabic). Brill. pp. 77–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Tanbih+wa-l-Ishraf&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Al+Mas%27udi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span> Arabic text: "قد قدمنا فيما سلف من كتبنا ما قاله الناس في بدء النسل، وتفرقهم على وجه الأرض، وما ذهب إليه كل فريق منهم في ذلك من الشرعيين وغيرهم ممن قال بحدوث العالم وأبى الانقياد إلى الشرائع من البراهمة وغيرهم، وما قاله أصحاب القدم في ذلك من الهند والفلاسفة وأصحاب الاثنين من المانوية وغيرهم على تباينهم في ذلك، فلنذكر الآن الأمم السبع ذهب من عني بأخبار سوالف الأمم ومساكنهم إلى أن أجل الأمم وعظماءهم كانوا في سوالف الدهر سبعاً يتميزون بثلاثة أشياء: بشيمهم الطبيعية، وخلقهم الطبيعية، وألسنتهم فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغيرها وآذربيجان إلى ما يلي بلاد أرمينية وأران والبيلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والري وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر، وهي نيسابور، وهراة ومرو وغير ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم في هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا يتباينون في شيء يسير من اللغات."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430091558/http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm">"Various Zoroastrian Fire-Temples"</a>. University of Calgary. 1 February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Various+Zoroastrian+Fire-Temples&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iras.ucalgary.ca%2F~volk%2Fsylvia%2FFireTemple.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGeukjian2012" class="citation book cs1">Geukjian, Ohannes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLxt6LsgKUC&q=Zoroastrianism+in+Azerbaijan&pg=PA26"><i>Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3630-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-3630-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225106/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLxt6LsgKUC&q=Zoroastrianism+in+Azerbaijan&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Nationalism+and+Conflict+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-3630-0&rft.aulast=Geukjian&rft.aufirst=Ohannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZLxt6LsgKUC%26q%3DZoroastrianism%2Bin%2BAzerbaijan%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1996" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald G. (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C"><i>Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n158">106</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4"><bdi>978-0-7881-2813-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrye,_R._N.2004" class="citation web cs1">Frye, R. N. (15 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"Peoples of Iran"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Iran&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft.au=Frye%2C+R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-eb-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani">"Azerbaijani (people)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093258/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azerbaijani+%28people%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F46833%2FAzerbaijani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze,_Wolfgang2001–2002" class="citation web cs1">Schulze, Wolfgang (2001–2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205043611/http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/Udigen1.htm">"The Udi Language"</a>. University of Munich. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/Udigen1.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Udi+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Munich&rft.date=2001%2F2002&rft.au=Schulze%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.lrz.de%2F~wschulze%2FUdigen1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTaskent_RO,_Gokcumen_O2017" class="citation journal cs1">Taskent RO, Gokcumen O (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299965">"The Multiple Histories of Western Asia: Perspectives from Ancient and Modern Genomes"</a>. <i>Hum Biol</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 107–117. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.89.2.01">10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.01</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299965">29299965</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6871226">6871226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum+Biol&rft.atitle=The+Multiple+Histories+of+Western+Asia%3A+Perspectives+from+Ancient+and+Modern+Genomes.&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-117&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6871226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29299965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.89.2.01&rft.au=Taskent+RO%2C+Gokcumen+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29299965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYunusbayevMetspaluMetspaluValeev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): e1005068. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068">10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">4405460</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25898006">25898006</a>. <q>Our ADMIXTURE analysis (Fig 2) revealed that Turkic-speaking populations scattered across Eurasia tend to share most of their genetic ancestry with their current geographic non-Turkic neighbors. This is particularly obvious for Turkic peoples in Anatolia, Iran, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, but more difficult to determine for northeastern Siberian Turkic speakers, Yakuts and Dolgans, for which non-Turkic reference populations are absent. We also found that a higher proportion of Asian genetic components distinguishes the Turkic speakers all over West Eurasia from their immediate non-Turkic neighbors. These results support the model that expansion of the Turkic language family outside its presumed East Eurasian core area occurred primarily through language replacement, perhaps by the elite dominance scenario, that is, intrusive Turkic nomads imposed their language on indigenous peoples due to advantages in military and/or social organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Expansion+of+Turkic-Speaking+Nomads+across+Eurasia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1005068&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25898006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068&rft.aulast=Yunusbayev&rft.aufirst=Bayazit&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Valeev%2C+Albert&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergei&rft.au=Valiev%2C+Ruslan&rft.au=Akhmetova%2C+Vita&rft.au=Balanovska%2C+Elena&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Turdikulova%2C+Shahlo&rft.au=Dalimova%2C+Dilbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Farjadian_et_al_2007-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farjadian_et_al_2007_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarjadianGhaderi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Farjadian, S.; Ghaderi, A. (2007). "HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris". <i>International Journal of Immunogenetics</i>. <b>34</b> (6): 457–63. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-313X.2007.00723.x">10.1111/j.1744-313X.2007.00723.x</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18001303">18001303</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22709345">22709345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Immunogenetics&rft.atitle=HLA+class+II+similarities+in+Iranian+Kurds+and+Azeris&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=457-63&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22709345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18001303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-313X.2007.00723.x&rft.aulast=Farjadian&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ghaderi%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Arnaiz-Villena_et_al_2017-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnaiz-Villena_et_al_2017_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFArnaiz-VillenaPalacio-GruberMuñizRey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Palacio-Gruber, Jose; Muñiz, Ester; Rey, Diego; Nikbin, Behrouz; Nickman, Hosein; Campos, Cristina; Martín-Villa, José Manuel; Amirzargar, Ali (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fijma.v1i10.5">"Origin of Azeris (Iran) according to HLA genes"</a>. <i>International Journal of Modern Anthropology</i>. African Journals Online (AJOL). <b>1</b> (10): 115. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fijma.v1i10.5">10.4314/ijma.v1i10.5</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1737-8176">1737-8176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Azeris+%28Iran%29+according+to+HLA+genes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fijma.v1i10.5&rft.issn=1737-8176&rft.aulast=Arnaiz-Villena&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Palacio-Gruber%2C+Jose&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1iz%2C+Ester&rft.au=Rey%2C+Diego&rft.au=Nikbin%2C+Behrouz&rft.au=Nickman%2C+Hosein&rft.au=Campos%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Villa%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rft.au=Amirzargar%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4314%252Fijma.v1i10.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_M._Paul2009" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azj">"Azerbaijani, North"</a>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition</i>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209033458/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azj">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Sixteenth+edition&rft.atitle=Azerbaijani%2C+North&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Lewis%2C+M.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dazj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf">"Table 5.1 De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census 2001</i>. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602023627/http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2001&rft.atitle=Table+5.1+De+Jure+Population+%28Urban%2C+Rural%29+by+Age+and+Ethnicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdocs.armstat.am%2Fcensus%2Fpdfs%2F51.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121093046/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html">"Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>International Human Development Indicators</i>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Human+Development+Indicators&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FAZE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060724165553/http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/BTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf">"Report on corruption in Azerbaijan oil industry prepared for EBRD & IFC investigation arms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Committee of Oil Industry Workers' Rights Protection. October 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/BTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+corruption+in+Azerbaijan+oil+industry+prepared+for+EBRD+%26+IFC+investigation+arms&rft.pub=The+Committee+of+Oil+Industry+Workers%27+Rights+Protection&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bicusa.org%2Fbicusa%2Fissues%2FBTC_corruption_claim_COIWRP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html">"Country Study: Azerbaijan"</a>. Federal Research Division Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108212410/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Study%3A+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Faztoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasov,_ShahinArifoglu,_Farid2005" class="citation web cs1">Abbasov, Shahin; Arifoglu, Farid (27 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav032805.shtml">"Azerbaijan: Opposition Parties Prepare to Vigorously Contest Parliamentary Election"</a>. Eurasia.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402074330/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav032805.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Opposition+Parties+Prepare+to+Vigorously+Contest+Parliamentary+Election&rft.pub=Eurasia.net&rft.date=2005-03-27&rft.au=Abbasov%2C+Shahin&rft.au=Arifoglu%2C+Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Fcivilsociety%2Farticles%2Feav032805.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-state-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBanuazizi,_AliWeiner,_Myron1988" class="citation book cs1">Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron, eds. (1988). <i>The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan Part II: Iran</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2448-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2448-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-2448-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ethnic+Politics%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Iran%2C+and+Pakistan+Part+II%3A+Iran&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2448-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CIA_Iran-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Iran_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"Iran"</a>. <i>CIA: The World Factbook</i>. CIA. 14 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162554/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA%3A+The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_167-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf">"Country Profile: Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Research Division Library of Congress. May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505023445/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>16% of 70 million [14.5 million]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Iran&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FIran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tft-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tft_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tft_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTerror_Free_Tomorrow2009" class="citation web cs1">Terror Free Tomorrow (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf">"Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_America_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="New America Foundation">New America Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2013. <q>21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+a+New+Nationwide+Public+Opinion+Survey+of+Iran+before+the+June+12%2C+2009+Presidential+Elections&rft.pub=New+America+Foundation&rft.date=2009-05&rft.au=Terror+Free+Tomorrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.terrorfreetomorrow.org%2Fupimagestft%2FTFT%2520Iran%2520Survey%2520Report%25200609.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Arakelova-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arakelova_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arakelova_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arakelova_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFArakelova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Arakelova, Victoria (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203">"On the Number of Iranian Turkophones"</a>. <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 279–282. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20150306">10.1163/1573384X-20150306</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203">43899203</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899203">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=On+the+Number+of+Iranian+Turkophones&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-282&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20150306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arakelova&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808090412/http://ghorveh.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=62">"فرمانداری قروه"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghorveh.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID%3D62">the original</a> on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ghorveh.gov.ir%2FDefault.aspx%3FTabID%253D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040836/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396">"بیجار"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396">the original</a> on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.encyclopaediaislamica.com%2Fmadkhal2.php%3Fsid%3D2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=97560&MetaDataID=27846&Volume=1&PageIndex=196&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=Tebyan">"کتابخانه"</a>. 18 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172301/http://library.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=102834&ParentID=0&BookID=97560&MetaDataID=27846&Volume=1&PageIndex=196&PersonalID=0&NavigateMode=CommonLibrary&Content=Tebyan">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flibrary.tebyan.net%2Fnewindex.aspx%3Fpid%3D102834%26ParentID%3D0%26BookID%3D97560%26MetaDataID%3D27846%26Volume%3D1%26PageIndex%3D196%26PersonalID%3D0%26NavigateMode%3DCommonLibrary%26Content%3DTebyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Iranica:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manjil">Manjil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517044508/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manjil">Archived</a> 17 May 2013 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320035425/http://www.tatha.fagig.com/tati%20talesh2.htm">"ی ی /"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatha.fagig.com/tati%20talesh2.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%DB%8C+%DB%8C+%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.tatha.fagig.com%2Ftati%2520talesh2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203110906/http://guilan.irib.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=913%3A-&catid=291%3Ashahr">"صفحه اصلی – صدا و سیمای گیلان"</a>. <i>guilan.irib.ir</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guilan.irib.ir/home">the original</a> on 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guilan.irib.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C+%E2%80%93+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7+%D9%88+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C+%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fguilan.irib.ir%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_BrownSarah_Ogilvie2008" class="citation book cs1">Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC"><i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226082343/http://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+languages+of+the+world&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rft.au=Keith+Brown&rft.au=Sarah+Ogilvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span>; p. 112-113</span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gonbad-e-qabus">"GONBAD-E QĀBUS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113848/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gonbad-e-qabus">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GONBAD-E+Q%C4%80BUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgonbad-e-qabus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Council_of_Public_Culture-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Council_of_Public_Culture_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Council of Public Culture". The Council of Public Culture. 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Public+Culture&rft.date=2013-01-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Bibliography Number: 2887141 / plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran Province</a> / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-600-6627-42-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-600-6627-42-7">978-600-6627-42-7</a> * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 296 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chapter ۲ – The Society and Its Environment: People and Languages: Turkic-speaking Groups: Azarbaijanis" in <i>A Country Study: Iran</i> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Country Studies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html#ir0052">Table of Contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185348/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html#ir0052">Archived</a> 13 March 2007 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, last accessed 19 November 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152">"Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis"</a>. STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA. 2005. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-1476-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-1476-8"><bdi>978-0-7397-1476-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Country+Study+Guide-Azerbaijanis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7397-1476-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0KOSUrLPC6IC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8515588.stm">"Azerbaijan-Iran tensions increasing"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8515588.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan-Iran+tensions+increasing&rft.date=2010-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F8515588.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34770537">"Iran's Azeris protest over offensive TV show – BBC News"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104195001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34770537">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Azeris+protest+over+offensive+TV+show+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-34770537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.eadaily.com/news/2015/11/10/civil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan">"Civil protests erupt in Iranian Azerbaijan: EADaily"</a>. <i>EADaily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081316/https://en.eadaily.com/news/2015/11/10/civil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EADaily&rft.atitle=Civil+protests+erupt+in+Iranian+Azerbaijan%3A+EADaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.eadaily.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F10%2Fcivil-protests-erupt-in-iranian-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/11/14/rage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris">"Rage against Iran over 'inherent racism toward Azeris"</a>. <i>DailySabah</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210120/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/11/14/rage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailySabah&rft.atitle=Rage+against+Iran+over+%27inherent+racism+toward+Azeris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fnation%2F2015%2F11%2F14%2Frage-against-iran-over-inherent-racism-toward-azeris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBurke,_Andrew2004" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/42"><i>Iran</i></a>. Lonely Planet. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/42">42–43</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-425-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-425-7"><bdi>978-1-74059-425-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-425-7&rft.au=Burke%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firan00burk_0%2Fpage%2F42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowskiCollins199928_203-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwietochowskiCollins1999">Swietochowski & Collins 1999</a>, p. 28.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHeyat,_Farideh2002" class="citation book cs1">Heyat, Farideh (2002). <i>Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan</i>. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 80–113. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1662-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azeri+Women+in+Transition%3A+Women+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.pages=80-113&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1662-3&rft.au=Heyat%2C+Farideh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison,_Frances2006" class="citation news cs1">Harrison, Frances (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5073328.stm">"Iran police beat women activists"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5073328.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+police+beat+women+activists&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F5073328.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSadr,_Shadi2004" class="citation web cs1">Sadr, Shadi (9 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119031658/http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/archives/04_0608_iran_wip.htm">"Women's Gains at Risk in Iran's New Parliament"</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Enews" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Enews">Women's Enews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/archives/04_0608_iran_wip.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Gains+at+Risk+in+Iran%27s+New+Parliament&rft.pub=Women%27s+Enews&rft.date=2004-06-09&rft.au=Sadr%2C+Shadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.onlinewomeninpolitics.org%2Farchives%2F04_0608_iran_wip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71"><i>Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987</i></a>. Psychology Press. 13 December 1996. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0380-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-0380-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121045243/https://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Altaic+Civilization+III%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Thirtieth+Meeting+of+the+Permanent+International+Altaistic+Conference%2C+Indiana+University%2C+Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+June+19%E2%80%9325%2C+1987&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996-12-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0380-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvn-xZ3O1G-cC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1996" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald G. (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C"><i>Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n157">105</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4"><bdi>978-0-7881-2813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJavadi,_H.Burill,_K.2011" class="citation web cs1">Javadi, H.; Burill, K. (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x">"Azeri Literature in Iran"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201033259/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azeri+Literature+in+Iran&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.au=Javadi%2C+H.&rft.au=Burill%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlair,_Betty1996" class="citation web cs1">Blair, Betty (Spring 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_editorial.html">"Contemporary Literature"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616054608/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_editorial.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Literature&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Blair%2C+Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F41_folder%2F41_articles%2F41_editorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSuny,_Ronald_G.1996" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C"><i>Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n157">105</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4"><bdi>978-0-7881-2813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4&rft.au=Suny%2C+Ronald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Добаев, Игорь Прокопьевич">Igor Dobayev</a>. <i>Radicalisation of Islamic Movements in Central Asia and the North Caucasus: A Comparative Political Analysis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-36795.html">Chapter IV: Islam and Islamism in the Republic of Dagestan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316050837/http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-36795.html">Archived</a> 16 March 2013 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. СКНЦ ВШ ЮФУ: Moscow, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle,_KevinSheen,_Juliet1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Boyle_(lawyer)" title="Kevin Boyle (lawyer)">Boyle, Kevin</a>; Sheen, Juliet (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC"><i>Freedom of Religion and Belief</i></a>. Routledge. p. 273. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15978-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15978-4"><bdi>978-0-415-15978-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173620/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15978-4&rft.au=Boyle%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Sheen%2C+Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFUZkWWgOtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044618/http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/2007/06/06/28600/">"External factors of radicalization of Islam in the Caucasus"</a> (in Russian). RIA Dagestan. 6 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/2007/06/06/28600/">the original</a> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=External+factors+of+radicalization+of+Islam+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=RIA+Dagestan&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.riadagestan.ru%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F06%2F28600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Day.az-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Day.az_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.day.az/society/85160.html">"5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity"</a> (in Russian). Day.az. 7 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112173129/https://news.day.az/society/85160.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5%2C000+Azerbaijanis+adopted+Christianity&rft.pub=Day.az&rft.date=2007-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.day.az%2Fsociety%2F85160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tehran_Radio-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tehran_Radio_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1">"Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan"</a> (in Azerbaijani). Tehran Radio. 19 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025134350/http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Missionaries+Becoming+Active+in+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Tehran+Radio&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fazeri.irib.ir%2Ftehliller%2Fitem%2F148029-xristian-missioner-t%25C9%2599riq%25C9%2599tl%25C9%2599r-ar-da-aktivl%25C9%2599sir%3Ftmpl%3Dcomponent%26print%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara West. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA72">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522022409/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA72">Archived</a> 22 May 2016 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Infobase Publishing, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4381-1913-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4381-1913-5">1-4381-1913-5</a>; p. 72.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216124122/http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/culture.html">"Azerbaijan: Culture and Art"</a>. Embassy of the Azerbaijan Republic in the People's Republic of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/culture.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Culture+and+Art&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Azerbaijan+Republic+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azerbembassy.org.cn%2Feng%2Fculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/psa/events/1998-99/avaz/about.utf8.html">"Avaz"</a>. Stanford University Persian Student Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225131/https://web.stanford.edu/group/psa/events/1998-99/avaz/about.utf8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avaz&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Persian+Student+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fpsa%2Fevents%2F1998-99%2Favaz%2Fabout.utf8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_John_R.2011" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John R. (2011). "Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world of Safavid and post-Safavid times". In Mitchell, Colin P. (ed.). <i>New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85463-1"><bdi>978-0-203-85463-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+currents+in+the+Turco-Persian+world+of+Safavid+and+post-Safavid+times&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Safavid+Iran%3A+Empire+and+Society&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-85463-1&rft.au=Perry%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_alizadeh.html">"Hossein Alizadeh Personal Reflections on Playing Tar"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. Winter 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303162351/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_alizadeh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=Hossein+Alizadeh+Personal+Reflections+on+Playing+Tar&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F54_folder%2F54_articles%2F54_alizadeh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sport-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sport_227-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sport_227-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625053745/http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/Society/Sport/sport_e.html">"Sport History in Azerbaijan"</a>. Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azerbaijan.az/portal/Society/Sport/sport_e.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+History+in+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Heydar+Aliyev+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fazerbaijan.az%2Fportal%2FSociety%2FSport%2Fsport_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MinistrySports-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MinistrySports_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeck,_Laurel1996" class="citation web cs1">Deck, Laurel (Winter 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_sports.html">"The Ministry of Youth and Sports"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508022556/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_sports.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=The+Ministry+of+Youth+and+Sports&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Deck%2C+Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F44_folder%2F44_articles%2F44_sports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8706021402">"هادي ساعي مدال خود را تقديم به مردم آذربايجان كرد"</a>. 23 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230134745/http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8706021402">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85+%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF&rft.date=2008-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.farsnews.ir%2Fnewstext.php%3Fnn%3D8706021402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217104040/http://www.azembassy.it/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0005">"Tourism and sport"</a>. Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Italy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azembassy.it/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0005">the original</a> on 17 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+sport&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.azembassy.it%2Fbrowse.php%3Flang%3Deng%26page%3D0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont1987" class="citation book cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (15 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates-aturpat-lit"><i>Atropates</i></a>. Vol. III. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 17–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atropates&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1987-12-15&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fatropates-aturpat-lit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFde_Planhol2004" class="citation book cs1">de Planhol, Xavier (15 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran"><i>Iran i. Lands of Iran</i></a>. Vol. XIII. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 204–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+i.+Lands+of+Iran&rft.pages=204-212&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft.aulast=de+Planhol&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-i-lands-of-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowskiCollins1999" class="citation book cs1">Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). <i>Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3550-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-3550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Collins%2C+Brian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijanis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijani_people_by_country_or_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Azerbaijani_population" title="Template:Azerbaijani population"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijani_population" title="Template talk:Azerbaijani population"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijani_population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijani population"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijani_people_by_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijani people</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani population">country or region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_population_by_urban_area" title="Azerbaijani population by urban area">Largest urban areas</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani population">Azerbaijani population</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borchali" class="mw-redirect" title="Borchali">Borchali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Ukraine" title="Azerbaijanis in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Belarus" title="Azerbaijanis in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Turkmenistan" title="Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Uzbekistan" title="Azerbaijanis in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_France" title="Azerbaijanis in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Germany" title="Azerbaijanis in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Turkey" title="Azerbaijanis in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Canadian">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_Olympic_medalists" title="List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists">Azerbaijani Olympic medalists</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">List of Azerbaijanis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijanis</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>
<ul><li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li>
<li><small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.
<sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">in Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karata</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Peoples of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Peoples of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peoples of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kists">Kists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalabianlu_(tribe)" title="Chalabianlu (tribe)">Chalabianlu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">Poles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokans" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azeris</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Caucasus" title="Arabs in the Caucasus">Arabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Assyrian Armenians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Assyrian Georgians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<dl><dd><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshar_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshar (tribe)">Afshars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Caucasus" title="Arabs in the Caucasus">Arabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Armenians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Baku</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Nakhchivan" title="Armenians in Nakhchivan">Nakhchivan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Georgians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Germans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Greeks in Azerbaijan">Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Jews</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Azerbaijan" title="Kurds in Azerbaijan">Kurds</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheylanli_(Kurdish_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheylanli (Kurdish tribe)">Sheylanli</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgins_in_Azerbaijan" title="Lezgins in Azerbaijan">Lezgins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padar_tribe" title="Padar tribe">Padars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">Poles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarapapaqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarapapaqs">Qarapapaqs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russians in Azerbaijan">Russians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbs_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbs in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Serbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tatars in Azerbaijan">Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terekeme_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Terekeme people">Terekemes</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Turks in Azerbaijan">Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahdagh_people" title="Shahdagh people">Shahdagh people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalug</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See Also:</b> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics of Azerbaijan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482942#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/824652/">FAST</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Azéris"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12296714q">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Azéris"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12296714q">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539201905171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Azerbaijanis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89006639">United States</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ázerbájdžánci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph552887&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42757">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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