Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{About|the U.S. Representative from Georgia|other people of the same name|John Lewis (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|American politician and civil rights leader}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = John Lewis
|image = John Lewis-2006 (cropped).jpg
|state = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|district = {{ushr|GA|5|5th}}
|term_start = January 3, 1987
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Wyche Fowler]]
|successor =
|office1 = 3rd Chairman of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]
|term_start1 = June 1963
|term_end1 = May 1966
|predecessor1 = [[Charles McDew]]
|successor1 = [[Kwame Ture]]
|birth_name = John Robert Lewis
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|2|21}}
|birth_place = [[Troy, Alabama|Troy]], [[Alabama]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Lillian Miles|1968|2012|end=died}}
|children = John-Miles Lewis
|education = {{nowrap|[[American Baptist College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br>[[Fisk University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|website = {{url|johnlewis.house.gov|House website}}
}}
'''John Robert Lewis''' (born February 21, 1940) is an American politician and civil rights leader. He is the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for {{ushr|GA|5}}, serving in his 17th term in the House, having served since 1987, and is the dean of the [[United States congressional delegations from Georgia|Georgia congressional delegation]]. His district includes the northern three-fourths of [[Atlanta]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].
Lewis, who as chairman of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) was one of the "[[Big Six (activists)|Big Six]]" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 [[March on Washington]], played many key roles in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and its actions to end legalized [[racial segregation]] in the United States. He is a member of the Democratic Party leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives and has served as a [[Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives|Chief Deputy Whip]] since 1991 and Senior Chief Deputy Whip since 2003.
Lewis has been awarded many honorary degrees and is the recipient of numerous awards from eminent national and international institutions, including the highest civilian honor of the United States, the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. On December 29, 2019, it was announced that Lewis is receiving treatment for stage IV [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/us/politics/rep-john-lewis-pancreatic-cancer.html|title=John Lewis, Congressman and Civil Rights Icon, Has Pancreatic Cancer|last=Cochrane|first=Emily|date=December 29, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Remnick|first1=David|title=The Ongoing Struggle of John Lewis|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-ongoing-struggle-of-john-lewis?source=EDT_NYR_EDIT_NEWSLETTER_0_imagenewsletter_Daily_ZZ&bxid=5be9fceb2ddf9c72dc8994b7&cndid=30462369&esrc=&mbid=|accessdate=December 31, 2019|language=en|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref>
==Early life==
John Lewis was born in 1940 in [[Troy, Alabama]], the third of ten children of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.<ref name=fid1>Stated on ''Finding Your Roots'', PBS, March 25, 2012</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |pages=15}}</ref> His parents were [[Sharecropping|sharecroppers]]<ref name=ReportingCivilRights>''Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two ''Carson, Clayborne, Garrow, David, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: 2003) {{ISBN|978-1-931082-29-7}}, pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873</ref> in rural [[Pike County, Alabama]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=xv}}</ref>
As a young child, Lewis had little interaction with white people; by the time he was six, Lewis had seen only two white people in his life.<ref>{{cite book|title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi|url-access=registration|quote=john lewis The church he attended was attacked by the [Ku Klux Klan in 1904.|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=1998|author=John Lewis|page=[https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/n10 7]|accessdate=January 1, 2013|isbn=9780156007085}}</ref> As he grew older though, he began taking trips into town with his family, where he experienced racism and segregation, such as at the public library in Troy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Brad|title=John Lewis Inspires Audience to March Forward While Remembering the Past|journal=ALA Cognotes|date=July 1, 2013|volume=2013|issue=8|url=http://exhibitors.ala.org/Cognotes_2013/Cognotes_July_1_2013.pdf|accessdate=December 31, 2019|issn=0738-4319}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=John Lewis's March|journal=American Libraries|date=June 30, 2013|url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/john-lewiss-march/|publisher=American Library Association|issn=0002-9769}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albanese|first1=Andrew|title=ALA 2013: The Day Congressman John Lewis Got his Library Card|journal=Publishers Weekly|date=June 30, 2013|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/conferences/article/58040-ala-2013-the-day-congressman-john-lewis-got-his-library-card.html|accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref> However, Lewis had relatives who lived in northern cities, and he learned from them that the North had integrated schools, buses, and businesses. When Lewis was 11, one of his uncles took him on a trip to [[Buffalo, New York]], and, afterwards, he was even more acutely aware of Troy's segregation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |pages=36-40}}</ref>
In 1955, Lewis first heard [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] on the radio,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=45}}</ref> and, when the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]] (led by King) began later that year, Lewis closely followed the news about it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=48}}</ref> Lewis would later meet [[Rosa Parks]] when he was 17, and met King for the first time when he was 18.<ref name="NPR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5033971|title=The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 50 Years Later|date=December 1, 2005|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>
==Student activism and the SNCC==
===Nashville Student Movement===
[[File:JFK meets with leaders of March on Washington 8-28-63.JPG|thumb|Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office of the White House after the March on Washington, D.C.. Left to Right – Willard Wirtz, Matthew Ahmann, Martin Luther King, Jr, John Lewis, Rabbi Joachin Prinz, Eugene Carson Blake, A. Philip Randolph, President John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Walter Reuther, Whitney Young, Floyd McKissick. Not in order: Roy Wilkins. August 28, 1963]]
Lewis graduated from the [[American Baptist Theological Seminary]] in Nashville and then received a bachelor's degree in Religion and Philosophy from [[Fisk University]]. As a student, he was very dedicated to the Civil Rights Movement. He organized [[sit-ins]] at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the [[Nashville Student Movement]]. The [[Nashville sit-ins|Nashville sit-in movement]] was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in downtown Nashville. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times in the nonviolent movement to desegregate the downtown area of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview}}</ref> He was also instrumental in organizing bus [[boycotts]] and other [[nonviolent]] protests in the fight for voter and racial equality. While a student, he was invited to attend [[nonviolence]] workshops held in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. [[James Lawson (American activist)|James Lawson]] and Rev. [[Kelly Miller Smith]]. There, Lewis and many of his fellow students became dedicated adherents to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence, which he still practices today.
===Freedom Rides===
In 1961, Lewis became one of the 13 original [[Freedom Riders]].<ref name=ReportingCivilRights/><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Rides |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/freedom-rides |website=King Encyclopedia |publisher=Stanford University |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref> There were seven whites and six blacks who were determined to ride from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans in an integrated fashion. At that time, several states of the old Confederacy still enforced laws prohibiting black and white riders from sitting next to each other on public transportation. The Freedom Ride, originated by the [[Fellowship of Reconciliation]] and revived by [[James Farmer]] and [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE), was initiated to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court decision in ''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]'' (1960) that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional. The Freedom Rides also exposed the passivity of the government regarding violence against citizens of the country who were simply acting in accordance with the law.<ref name=CNN>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-05-10/us/access.lewis.freedom.rides_1_white-men-angry-mob-blacks?_s=PM:US|work=CNN|title=Civil Rights Timeline|date=January 31, 2006 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808153339/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-05-10/us/access.lewis.freedom.rides_1_white-men-angry-mob-blacks?_s=PM%3AUS|archivedate=August 8, 2012}}</ref>
The federal government had trusted the notoriously [[racism|racist]] [[Alabama]] police to protect the Riders, but did nothing itself, except to have [[FBI]] agents take notes. The [[Kennedy Administration]] then called for a cooling-off period, a moratorium on Freedom Rides.<ref name=FreedomAlbany/>
In the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs, arrested at times and taken to jail. At 21 years old, Lewis was the first of the Freedom Riders to be assaulted while in [[Rock Hill, South Carolina]]. He tried to enter a whites-only waiting room and two white men attacked him, injuring his face and kicking him in the ribs. Nevertheless, only two weeks later Lewis joined a ''Freedom Ride'' that was bound for Jackson. "We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we had made up our minds not to turn back," Lewis said recently in regard to his perseverance following the act of violence.<ref name=SmithsonianMagazine>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Freedom-Riders.html?c=y&page=1|title=The Freedom Riders, Then and Now|work=Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> Lewis was also imprisoned for forty days in the [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]] in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi]], after participating in a Freedom Riders activity in that state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Minor|first=Bill|url=http://www.desototimes.com/articles/2010/04/02/opinion/editorials/doc4bb645d51cbc1161890108.txt|title=New law meant to eliminate existing 'donut hole'|department=Editorial|newspaper=[[DeSoto Times-Tribune]]|edition=online|location=<!-- Can't figure out if it's in Nesbit, Mississippi or Hernando, Mississippi - http://www.desototimes.com/site/contact.html lists two street addresses -->|date=April 2, 2010|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
In an interview with [[CNN]] during the 40th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Lewis recounted the sheer amount of violence he and the 12 other original Freedom Riders endured. In [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], the Riders were mercilessly beaten, and in [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], an angry mob met the bus, and Lewis was hit in the head with a wooden crate. "It was very violent. I thought I was going to die. I was left lying at the [[Greyhound bus]] station in Montgomery unconscious," said Lewis, remembering the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/05/10/access.lewis.freedom.rides/|title=CNN.com - John Lewis: 'I thought I was going to die' - May 10, 2001|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist [[Diane Nash]] arranged for the Nashville students to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.
In February 2009, forty-eight years after he had been bloodied by in a Greyhound station during a Freedom Ride, Lewis received an apology on national television from a white southerner, former Klansman Elwin Wilson.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6813984|title=Once Race Riot Enemies, Now Friends|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=February 6, 2009|accessdate=August 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=6813984&page=1|title=Man Asks Entire Town for Forgiveness for Racism|publisher=ABCnews.go|date=February 6, 2009|accessdate=August 22, 2010}}</ref>
===SNCC Chairmanship===
In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as chairman of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC), Lewis, one of the founding members of SNCC, was quickly elected to take over. Lewis's experience at that point was already widely respected. His courage and his tenacious adherence to the philosophy of reconciliation and nonviolence made him emerge as a leader. By this time, he had been arrested 24 times in the nonviolent struggle for equal justice. He held the post of chairman until 1966. During his tenure, SNCC opened [[Freedom Schools]], launched the Mississippi [[Freedom Summer]], and organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma voting rights campaign]]. As the chairman of SNCC, Lewis had written a speech in reaction to the Civil Rights Bill of 1963. He denounced the bill because it didn't protect African Americans against police brutality or provide African Americans with the right to vote.[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march) - NARA - 542056.jpg|thumb|left|Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march)]]
In 1963, as chairman of SNCC Lewis was named one of the [[Big Six (activists)|"Big Six"]] leaders who were organizing the [[March on Washington]], the occasion of Dr. King's celebrated "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech, along with [[Whitney Young]], [[A. Philip Randolph]], [[James Farmer]] and [[Roy Wilkins]]; Lewis was the youngest of the Big Six. Lewis also spoke at the March. Discussing the occasion, historian [[Howard Zinn]] wrote: "At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that heard [[Martin Luther King]]'s ''[[I Have a Dream]]'' speech, was prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side is the federal government on?' That sentence was eliminated from his speech by organizers of the March to avoid offending the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy Administration]]. But Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had experienced, again and again, the strange passivity of the national government in the face of Southern violence."<ref name=FreedomAlbany>{{cite web|url=http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm|title=My Name Is Freedom Albany, Georgia|format=reprint|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|location=Boston|work=You Can't Be Neutral on A Moving Train |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/19990219104007/http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm|archivedate=February 19, 1999}}</ref> At 23 he was the youngest speaker that day and is the last remaining living speaker.<ref name="scholastic">{{cite news|title=The Sixties|publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Junior Scholastic]]|date=February 11, 1994|page=6<!--|accessdate=December 1, 2008-->}}</ref>
[[File:John Lewis 1964-04-16 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lewis in 1964]]
In 1964, Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for "[[Mississippi Freedom Summer]]," a campaign to register black voters across the South. The Freedom Summer was an attempt to expose college students from around the country to the perils of African-American life in the South. Lewis traveled the country encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people in Mississippi, the most recalcitrant state in the union, to register and vote. Lewis became nationally known during his prominent role in the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]] when, on March 7, 1965 – a day that would become known as "[[Selma to Montgomery marches#"Bloody Sunday" events|Bloody Sunday]]" – Lewis and fellow activist [[Hosea Williams]] led over 600 marchers across the [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] in [[Selma, Alabama]]. At the end of the bridge, they were met by [[Alabama Highway Patrol|Alabama State Troopers]] who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged [[tear gas]] and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with night sticks. Lewis's skull was fractured, but he escaped across the bridge to [[Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)|Brown Chapel]], the movement's headquarter church in Selma. Before Lewis could be taken to the hospital, he appeared before the television cameras calling on [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Johnson]] to intervene in Alabama.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Lewis bears scars on his head from the incident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Page |first1=Susan |title=50 years after Selma, John Lewis on unfinished business |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/02/24/capital-download-john-lewis-selma-50th-anniversary/23935047/ |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=USA Today |date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Rustin Young Ryan Farmer Lewis.jpg|thumb|Lewis (far right) with [[Bayard Rustin]], [[Andrew Young]], Congressman [[William Fitts Ryan]], and [[James Farmer]] 1965]]
[[File:50th Anniversary of the Selma Marches - Former President George W Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush participated in the program (cropped to Obama and Bush couples).jpg|thumb|50th Anniversary of the 1965 Selma Marches – Former First Lady Laura Bush, First Lady Michelle Obama, President Barack Obama, John Lewis, and Former President George W. Bush]]
==Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966-1977)==
In 1966, Lewis moved to New York City to take a job as the associate director of the [[Field Foundation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=392}}</ref><ref name="cnn-fastfacts">{{cite web |title=John Lewis Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/us/john-lewis-fast-facts/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref> He was there a little over a year before moving back to Atlanta to direct the [[Southern Regional Council|Southern Regional Council's]] Community Organization Project.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=398}}</ref><ref name="cnn-fastfacts" /> During his time with the SRC, he completed his degree from Fisk University.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=400}}</ref>
In 1970, Lewis became the director of the [[Voter Education Project]] (VEP), a position he held until 1977.<ref name="wynn">{{cite web |last1=Wynn |first1=Linda T. |title=John Robert Lewis |url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/john-robert-lewis/ |website=Tennessee Encyclopedia |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref> Though initially a project of the Southern Regional Council, the VEP became an independent organization in 1971.<ref name="ga-encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Voter Education Project |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/voter-education-project |website=Georgia Encyclopedia |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref> Despite difficulties caused by the [[1973–1975 recession]],<ref name="ga-encyclopedia" /> the VEP added nearly four million minority voters to the rolls under Lewis' leadership.<ref name="encyclopedia-al">{{cite web |title=John Lewis |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1841 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref> During his tenure, the VEP expanded its mission, including running Voter Mobilization Tours.<ref name="ga-encyclopedia" />
==Early work in government==
In January 1977, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman [[Andrew Young]] of [[Georgia's 5th congressional district]] resigned in order to become the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.]] under President [[Jimmy Carter]]. In the March 1977 open primary, [[Atlanta City Council]]man [[Wyche Fowler, Jr.]] ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.<ref name="ourcampaigns.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31297|title=GA District 5 – Special Election Primary Race – Mar 15, 1977|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31302|title=GA District 5 – Special Election Race – Apr 05, 1977|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> After his unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1977, he accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of [[ACTION (U.S. government agency)|ACTION]], responsible for running the [[Volunteers in Service to America|VISTA]] program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the [[Foster Grandparent Program]]. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.<ref>Lewis, ''Walking with the Wind'', pp. 446–451.</ref>
In 1981, Lewis ran for an at-large seat on the [[Political structure of Atlanta|Atlanta City Council]]. He won with 69% of the vote,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Press |first1=Robert M. |title=Civil rights veteran John Lewis still marches to unmistakable drumbeat |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0228/alew.html |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=28 February 1985}}</ref> and served on the council until 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=People - Lewis, John |url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/people/article/civil-rights-activists/john-lewis |website=GeorgiaInfo |publisher=University System of Georgia |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
==U.S. House of Representatives==
===Elections===
====1986====
[[File:Reagan Contact Sheet C39369 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lewis greets [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]] in 1987]]
After nine years as a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], Fowler gave up the seat to make a successful run for the U.S. Senate. Lewis decided to run for the 5th district again. In the August Democratic primary, where a victory was considered [[tantamount to election]], State Representative [[Julian Bond]] ranked first with 47%, just three points shy of winning outright. Lewis earned 35% in second place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388755|title=GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Aug 12, 1986|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In the run-off, Lewis pulled an upset against Bond, defeating him 52% to 48%.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388754|title=GA District 5 – D Runoff Race – Sep 02, 1986|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> The race was said to have "badly strained relations in Atlanta's black community". Lewis was "endorsed by the Atlanta newspapers and a favorite of the white liberal establishment", with his victory coming from his strong polling among white voters (a minority in the district). During the campaign, he ran advertisements accusing Bond of corruption, implying that Bond used cocaine, and suggesting that Bond had lied about his civil rights activism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html|title=Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff|first=Dudley|last=Clendinen|work=The New York Times|date=September 3, 1986|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-04-15/news/26194978_1_drug-charges-cocaine-abuse-problem-julian-bond|title=Julian Bond Says He Never Used Cocaine, Blames Wife's Charges on Domestic Rift|author=Timothy Dwyer|work=philly-archives|date=April 15, 1987|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref>
In the November general election, Lewis defeated Republican Portia Scott 75% to 25%.<ref name="ourcampaigns1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=38194|title=GA District 5 Race – Nov 04, 1986|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref>
====1988–2018====
[[File:John Lewis official biopic.jpg|thumb|An official portrait of Lewis]]
John Lewis has been reelected 16 times, dropping below 70 percent of the vote in the general election only once. In 1994, he defeated Republican Dale Dixon by a 38-point margin, 69%–31%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28773|title=GA District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1994|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> He ran unopposed in 1996, from 2004 to 2008, in 2014, and again in 2018.
He was challenged in the Democratic primary just twice: in 1992 and 2008. In 1992, he defeated State Representative [[Mable Thomas]] 76%–24%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=513779|title=GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 21, 1992|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In 2008, Thomas decided to challenge Lewis again, as well as the Reverend Markel Hutchins. Lewis defeated Hutchins and Thomas 69%–16%-15%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=384597|title=GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 15, 2008|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref>
===Tenure===
====Overview====
Lewis represents [[Georgia's 5th congressional district]], one of the most consistently Democratic districts in the nation. Since its formalization in 1845, the district has been represented by a Democrat for all but eleven years.
Lewis is one of the most liberal members of the House, and one of the most liberal congressmen ever to represent a district in the Deep South. He has been categorized as a "Hard-Core Liberal" by [[On the Issues]].<ref name="Lewis 2000">{{cite web|title=Issues 2000 Lewis|url=http://www.issues2000.org/GA/John_Lewis.htm|publisher=Issues2000}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described Lewis in 1998 as "a fiercely partisan Democrat but ... also fiercely independent."<ref name="Fighter">"Nonviolent Fighter; John Lewis Retraces the Route That Led to the Future": Carlson, Peter. ''The Washington Post'' [Washington, D.C] June 9, 1998: 01.</ref> Lewis characterized himself as a strong and adamant<!--exact quote was "off the charts liberal"--> [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]].<ref name="Fighter"/> ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' said Lewis was the "only former major civil rights leader who extended his fight for human rights and racial reconciliation to the halls of Congress."<ref name="Conscience">John Lewis: 'Conscience' carries clout: Civil rights icon's moral authority enhanced: [Main Edition] Kemper, Bob. ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' [Atlanta] May 21, 2006: .1.</ref> ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' also said that to "those who know him, from U.S. senators to 20-something congressional aides," he is called the "conscience of Congress."<ref name="Conscience"/> Lewis has cited former Florida Senator and Congressman [[Claude Pepper]], a staunch liberal, as being the colleague that he has most admired.<ref name=EmoryWheel_Smith_20080421>{{cite web|url=http://emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=25537|title=The Tuesday Ten: An Interview with Rep. John Lewis|author=Smith, Asher|work=The Emory Wheel|date=April 21, 2008 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124225545/http://emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=25537|archivedate=January 24, 2009}}</ref> Lewis has spoken out in support of [[gay rights]] and [[national health insurance]].<ref name="Fighter"/>
Lewis opposed the U.S. waging of the 1991 [[Gulf War]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Mideast Trip Strengthens Georgia Lawmakers' Resolve|author=Mike Christensen|newspaper=[[The Atlanta Constitution]]|date=January 11, 1991|page=A7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tour labors in opposition to NAFTA|author=Colin Campbell|newspaper=The Atlanta Constitution|date=February 19, 1998|page=F02}}</ref> and the 2000 trade agreement with China that passed the House.<ref>{{cite web|title=The China trade vote: A Clinton triumph; House, in 237–197 vote, approves normal trade rights for China|author=Eric Schmitt and Joseph Kahn|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 25, 2000|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E7D9153DF936A15756C0A9669C8B63&pagewanted=all|accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref> He opposed the [[Clinton administration]] on NAFTA and [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act|welfare reform]].<ref name="Fighter"/> After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"<ref>"Social programs: world report. The wreck of the gravy train": ''Canada and the World Backgrounder'' 62. 2 (October 1996): 3–34.</ref> In 1994, when [[Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration#Haiti|Clinton was considering invading Haiti]], Lewis, in contrast to the Congressional Black Caucus as a whole, opposed armed intervention.<ref>{{cite news|title=President faces strong opposition in Congress|author=Sharon Schmickle|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|date=September 16, 1994|page=1}}</ref> When Clinton did send troops to Haiti, Lewis called for [[Support our troops|supporting the troops]] and called the intervention a "mission of peace".<ref>"Shared power, foreign policy, and Haiti, 1994. Public memories of war and race." Goodnight, G. Thomas; Olson, Kathryn M.; ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 9. 4 (Winter 2006): 601–634.</ref> In 1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if American forces were ordered into action.<ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia delegation divided on strategy; Some back force, others doubt military action is a real solution|author=Mark Sherman|newspaper=The Atlanta Constitution|date=February 12, 1998|page=A14}}</ref> In 2001, three days after the [[September 11 attacks]], Lewis voted to give Bush authority to retaliate in a vote that was 420–1; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.<ref name="Tough">{{cite news|title=Congress using religious compass in decisions|author=Melanie Eversley|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=October 7, 2001|page=7}}</ref> In 2002, he sponsored the [[Peace Tax Fund bill]], a [[conscientious objection to military taxation]] initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=War Resisters: 'We Won't Go' To 'We Won't Pay'|author=Felicia R. Lee|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 3, 2002|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/03/arts/war-resisters-we-won-t-go-to-we-won-t-pay.html|accessdate=March 1, 2011}}</ref> Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of President Bush" and the Iraq war.<ref name="Conscience"/> The [[Associated Press]] said he was "the first major House figure to suggest [[Movement to impeach George W. Bush|impeaching]] [[George W. Bush]]," arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the [[National Security Agency]] to [[N.S.A. surveillance without warrants controversy|conduct wiretaps without a warrant]]. Lewis said, "He is not king, he is president."<ref name=VandenHeuvel>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/blogs/edcut?pid=45006|title=The I-Word is Gaining Ground|author=Vanden Heuvel, Katrina|date=January 2, 2006|work=The Nation}}</ref>
Lewis draws on his historical involvement in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] as part of his politics. He "makes an annual pilgrimage to Alabama to retrace the route he marched in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery – a route Lewis has since had declared part of the [[National Historic Trail|Historic National Trails]] program. That trip has become one of the hottest tickets in Washington among lawmakers, Republican and Democrat, eager to associate themselves with Lewis and the movement. 'We don't deliberately set out to win votes, but it's very helpful,' Lewis said of the trip.".<ref name="Conscience"/> In recent years, however, [[Faith and Politics Institute]] has drawn criticism for selling seats on the trip to lobbyists for at least $25,000 each.<ref name="publicintegrity.org">Marina Walker Guevara, [https://www.publicintegrity.org/2006/06/08/5606/lobbyists-tag-along-civil-rights-tour "Lobbyists tag along on civil rights tour"], The Center for Public Integrity, June 8, 2006.</ref> According to the Center for Public Integrity, even Lewis said that he would feel "much better" if the institute's funding came from churches and foundations instead of corporations.<ref name="publicintegrity.org"/>
On June 3, 2011, the House passed a resolution 268–145, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|air and naval operations]] in and around [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|title=House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> Lewis voted against the resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=H.Res.292 – Declaring that the President shall not deploy, establish, or maintain the presence of units and members of the United States Armed Forces on the ground in Libya, and for other purposes.|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/292/actions|website=www.congress.gov|publisher=United States Congress|year=2011}}</ref>
====Protests====
[[File:Clinton_and_Lewis.jpg|thumb|Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] interviews John Lewis in August 2005, concerning the importance of the Supreme Court to civil rights]]
In January 2001, Lewis [[boycott]]ed the [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|inauguration of George W. Bush]] by staying in his [[Atlanta]] district. He did not attend the swearing-in because he didn't believe Bush was the true elected president.<ref>{{cite web|last=Merida|first=Kevin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24413-2001Jan20.html|title=So Close, So Far: A Texas Democrat's Day Without Sunshine|work=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date=January 21, 2001|accessdate=January 17, 2017}}</ref>
In March 2003, Lewis spoke to a crowd of 30,000 in Oregon during an anti-war protest before the start of the [[Iraq War]].<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/us/threats-and-responses-dissent-tens-of-thousands-march-against-iraq-war.html Tens of Thousands March Against Iraq War]" Lichtblau, Eric. ''New York Times'' March 16, 2003: 1.15.</ref> He was arrested in 2006<ref>"Lewis, 6 other lawmakers arrested in embassy protest": Kemper, Bob. ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' May 17, 2006: p. 3.</ref> and 2009 and outside the [[Sudan]] embassy in protest against the [[genocide in Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. lawmakers arrested in Darfur protests at Sudan embassy|publisher=CNN|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/27/us-lawmakers-arrested-in-darfur-protest-at-sudan-embassy/|accessdate=April 27, 2009|date=April 27, 2009}}</ref> He was one of eight U.S. Representatives, from six states, arrested while holding a sit-in near the west side of the [[U.S. Capitol]] building, to advocate for immigration reform. The lawmakers' participation and subsequent arrest in the protest occurred despite the fact that the 2013 [[United States federal government shutdown of 2013|government shutdown]] was going on at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/08/20874725-democratic-lawmakers-arrested-during-immigration-protest?lite|title=Democratic lawmakers arrested during immigration protest|publisher=NBC Politics – Nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com|date=October 8, 2013|accessdate=November 9, 2013}}</ref> Lewis also led the [[2016 House Democrats sit-in]] demanding that the House take action on gun control in the wake of the [[2016 Orlando nightclub shooting|Orlando nightclub shooting]] and the failure of the [[United States Senate]] to act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/house-democrats-hold-sit-gun-control-n597041|title='Spirit of History': House Democrats Hold Sit-In on Gun Control|website=NBC News|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>
====2008 presidential election====
[[File:John Lewis DNC 2008 (cropped2).jpg|thumb|left|Lewis speaks during the final day of the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Denver]], Colorado.]]
At first, Lewis supported [[Hillary Clinton]], endorsing her presidential campaign on October 12, 2007.<ref name=CNNticker_20071012>{{cite web|accessdate=May 6, 2010|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/10/12/rep-lewis-endorses-clinton/|date=October 12, 2007|title=Rep. Lewis endorses Clinton|work=CNN Political Ticker}}</ref> On February 14, 2008, however, he announced he was considering withdrawing his support from Clinton and might instead cast his [[superdelegate]] vote for [[Barack Obama]]: "Something is happening in America and people are prepared and ready to make that great leap."<ref name=NYT_Zeleny>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/politics/15clinton.html|title=Black Leader, a Clinton Ally, Tilts to Obama|author=Zeleny, Jeff and Patrick Healy|date=February 15, 2008|quote=Representative John Lewis said he planned to cast his vote as a superdelegate for Barack Obama in hopes of preventing a fight at the Democratic convention.|work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Ben Smith (journalist)|Ben Smith]] of Politico said that "it would be a seminal moment in the race if John Lewis were to switch sides."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0208/Awaiting_Lewis.html|title=Awaiting Lewis|author=Ben Smith|date=February 15, 2008|work=Politico|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref>
On February 27, 2008, Lewis formally changed his support and endorsed Obama.<ref name=LAT_AP>{{cite web|accessdate=February 28, 2008|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-endorse28feb28,1,3290763.story|title=Civil rights leader John Lewis switches to Obama|quote=The Georgia congressman, who had previously endorsed Clinton, says he wants 'to be on the side of the people.'|date=February 28, 2008|format=from the Associate Press|work=Los Angeles Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304010308/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-endorse28feb28%2C1%2C3290763.story|archivedate=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 6, 2010|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/02/27/lewis-switches-from-clinton-to-obama/|date=February 27, 2008|title=Lewis switches from Clinton to Obama|work=CNN Political Ticker}}</ref> After Obama clinched the Democratic nomination for president, Lewis said "If someone had told me this would be happening now, I would have told them they were crazy, out of their mind, they didn't know what they were talking about ... I just wish the others were around to see this day. ... To the people who were beaten, put in jail, were asked questions they could never answer to register to vote, it's amazing."<ref name=Politico_Hearn_20080604>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0608/10858.html|title=Black lawmakers emotional about Obama's success|date=June 4, 2008|author=Hearn, Josephine Hearn|publisher=Politico.com}}</ref> Despite switching his support to Obama, Lewis' support of Clinton for several months led to criticism from his constituents. One of his challengers in the House [[primary election]] set up campaign headquarters inside the building that served as Obama's Georgia office.<ref name=NYT_Hernandez_20080701>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/us/politics/01dems.html?ref=politics|author=Hernandez, Raymond|date=July 1, 2008|title=A New Campaign Charge: You Supported Clinton|work=New York Times}}</ref>
In October 2008, Lewis issued a statement criticizing the campaign of [[John McCain]] and [[Sarah Palin]] and accusing them of "sowing the seeds of hatred and division" in a way that brought to mind the late Gov. [[George Wallace]] and "another destructive period" in American political history. McCain said he was "saddened" by the criticism from "a man I've always admired," and called on Obama to repudiate Lewis's statement. Obama responded to the statement, saying that he "does not believe that John McCain or his policy criticism is in any way comparable to George Wallace or his segregationist policies."<ref name="Obama Rebukes">{{cite web|title=Congressman Rebukes McCain for Recent Rallies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/us/politics/12lewis.html?_r=1&ref=johnlewis|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Elisabeth|last=Bumiller|date=October 12, 2008}}</ref> Lewis later issued a follow-up statement clarifying that he had not compared McCain and Palin to Wallace himself, but rather that his earlier statement was a "reminder to all Americans that toxic language can lead to destructive behavior."<ref name=AJC>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/shared-blogs/ajc/politicalinsider/entries/2008/10/11/|title=John McCain equal to George Wallace? Barack Obama says 'no,' and John Lewis says he's been misunderstood|date=October 11, 2008}}</ref>
On an African American being elected president, he said:{{quote|If you ask me whether the election ... is the fulfillment of Dr. King's dream, I say, "No, it's just a down payment." There's still too many people 50 years later, there's still too many people that are being left out and left behind.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carter|first1=Lauren|title=Rep. John Lewis reflects on the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington|url=http://thegrio.com/2013/08/21/rep-john-lewis-reflects-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-march-on-washington/|website=The Grio|publisher=Entertainment Studios LLC|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>}}
[[File:US House Democrats assume floor and begin 22 June 2016 sit in.png|thumb|House Democrats, led by Lewis, take the floor to begin a sit-in demanding gun safety legislation on June 22, 2016]]
====2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in====
[[2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in|On June 22, 2016, House Democrats, led by Lewis]] and Massachusetts Representative [[Katherine Clark]], began a sit-in demanding House Speaker [[Paul Ryan]] allow a vote on gun-safety legislation in the aftermath of the [[Orlando nightclub shooting]]. Speaker pro tempore [[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]] ordered the House into recess, but Democrats refused to leave the chamber for nearly 26 hours.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bade|first1=Rachael|title=Democrats stage sit-in on House floor to force gun vote|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/democrats-stage-sit-in-on-house-floor-to-force-gun-vote-224656|website=Politico.com|publisher=Politico|accessdate=June 23, 2016}}</ref>
====National Museum of African American History and Culture====
In 1988, the year after he was sworn into Congress, Lewis introduced a bill to create a national African American museum in Washington. The bill failed and for 15 years he continued to introduce it with each new congress, but each time it was blocked in the Senate, largely by Conservative, Southern Senator [[Jesse Helms]]. In 2002, Helms did not seek reelection, Lewis gained bipartisan support, and in 2003 President George W. Bush signed the bill to establish the museum, with the Smithsonian's Board of Regents to establish the location. The [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]], located adjacent to the [[Washington Memorial]], held its opening ceremony on September 25, 2016.<ref name="The Washington Post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/for-rep-john-lewis-african-american-museum-was-a-recurring-dream/2016/06/28/fc05c81c-34b6-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html|title=For Rep. John Lewis, African American Museum was a recurring dream|last=McGione|first=Peggy|date=June 28, 2016}}</ref>
====2016 presidential election====
[[File:Atlanta Womens March John Lewis.jpg|thumb|John Lewis at the [[2017 Women's March]] in Atlanta]]
Lewis supported [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries against [[Bernie Sanders]]. Regarding Sanders’ role in the Civil Rights Movement, Lewis remarked “To be very frank, I never saw him, I never met him. I chaired the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee for three years, from 1963 to 1966. I was involved in sit-ins, in the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, the March from Selma to Montgomery... but I met Hillary Clinton". Former Congressman and Hawaii Governor [[Neil Abercrombie]] wrote a letter to Lewis saying “I’m writing to you in a state of shock and disappointment as an admirer of long-standing and a colleague of more than two decades. Your remarks about Senator Sanders and his civil rights record are deeply offensive not only to me but to hundreds of thousands of others dedicated to and participants in the Civil Rights Movement. In all honesty, John, when did you become the doorkeeper at the entrance to the Civil Rights gate? I cannot fathom how you think you advance the cause for Secretary Clinton by denigrating Senator Sanders or anyone else no matter how modest their contributions might be in your eyes.” Lewis later clarified his statement saying "During the late ’50s and ’60s when I was more engaged, [Sanders] was not there. I did not see him around. I have never seen him in the South. But if he was there, if he was involved someplace, I was not aware of it.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2016/02/13/rep-lewis-softens-dismissal-sanders/80344896/|title=Rep. Lewis softens dismissal of Sanders|date=February 13, 2016|first=Meg|last=Kinnard|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Burlington Free Press]]|edition=online|location=Burlington, Vermont|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/after-2008-flip-flop-john-lewis-barnstorms-hard-for-clinton-campaign-219307|title=Hillary Clinton's secret weapon: John Lewis|first=Patrick|last=Temple-West|date=February 15, 2016|website=[[Politico.com]]|location=Arlington, Virginia|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
In a January 2016 interview, Lewis compared [[Donald Trump]], then the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] front-runner, to former Governor [[George Wallace]]. "I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really... We shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people."
<ref name=LAT_Panzar>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rep-john-lewis-trump-others-la-visit-20160123-story.html|title=Rep. John Lewis speaks out against Trump's divisive rhetoric during L.A. visit|author=Panzar, Javier|date=January 23, 2016|quote="I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really [and] we shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people." – Lewis|work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
On January 13, 2017, during an interview with [[NBC]]'s [[Chuck Todd]] for ''[[Meet the Press]]'', Lewis stated: "I don't see the president-elect as a legitimate president."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Todd|first1=Chuck|last2=Bronston|first2=Sally|last3=Rivera|first3=Matt|title=Rep. John Lewis: 'I don't see Trump as a legitimate president'|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/john-lewis-trump-won-t-be-legitimate-president-n706676|work=NBC News|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> He added, "I think the Russians participated in having this man get elected, and they helped destroy the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. I don't plan to attend the [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration]]. I think there was a [[2016 United States election interference by Russia|conspiracy on the part of the Russians]], and others, that helped him get elected. That's not right. That's not fair. That's not the open, democratic process."<ref>Nicholas Loffredo, [http://www.newsweek.com/john-lewis-trump-legitimacy-dems-skipping-inauguration-542819 "John Lewis, Questioning Trump's Legitimacy, Among Dems Skipping Inauguration"], ''Newsweek'', January 14, 2017.</ref> Trump replied on [[Twitter]] the following day, suggesting that Lewis should "spend more time on fixing and helping his district, which is in horrible shape and falling apart (not to [...] mention crime infested) rather than falsely complaining about the election results," and accusing Lewis of being "All talk, talk, talk – no action or results. Sad!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dawsey|first1=Josh|last2=Cheney|first2=Kyle|last3=Morin|first3=Rebecca|title=Trump rips John Lewis as Democrats boycott inauguration|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-john-lewis-233630|work=Politico|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> Trump's statement about Lewis' district was rated as "Mostly False" by [[PolitiFact]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Qiu|first=Linda|title=Trump's exaggerated claim that John Lewis' district is 'falling apart' and 'crime infested'|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-john-lewis-crime-invested-atlanta/|work=PolitiFact|date=January 15, 2017|accessdate=February 7, 2018}}</ref> and he was criticized for attacking a civil rights leader such as John Lewis, especially one who was brutally beaten for the cause, and especially on [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day|Martin Luther King weekend]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Donald Trump starts MLK weekend by attacking civil rights hero John Lewis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/14/donald-trump-john-lewis-mlk-day-civil-rights|accessdate=January 15, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="NYT_2017">{{citation|title=In Trump's Feud With John Lewis, Blacks Perceive a Callous Rival|url=https://nyti.ms/2iBjXO6|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 15, 2017|accessdate=January 16, 2017|author=Yamiche Alcindor}}</ref><ref>washingtonpost.com January 15, 2017: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/15/in-feud-with-john-lewis-donald-trump-attacked-one-of-the-most-respected-people-in-america/?wpisrc=nl_most-draw14&wpmm=1 In feud with John Lewis, Donald Trump attacked ‘one of the most respected people in America’]</ref> [[Senator John McCain]] acknowledged Lewis as “an American hero” but criticized him saying “this is not the first time that Congressman Lewis has taken a very extreme stand and condemned without any shred of evidence for doing so an incoming president of the United States. This is a stain on Congressman Lewis' reputation – no one else’s.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-john-lewis-feud-tweets-233685|title=Trump maintains feud with Lewis: He also boycotted Bush 43|work=Politico|access-date=August 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref> The [[New York Post]] noted that Lewis used the "same unfounded, cookie-cutter personal attacks against Republican after Republican".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2017/01/17/trump-should-shrug-off-john-lewis-cookie-cutter-insults/|title=Trump should shrug off John Lewis' cookie-cutter insults|department=Editorial|author=Post Editorial Board|date=January 18, 2017|work=[[New York Post]]|location=New York City|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
A few days later, Lewis said that he would not attend [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]] because he did not believe that Trump was the true elected president. "It will be the first (inauguration) that I miss since I've been in Congress. You cannot be at home with something that you feel that is wrong, is not right," he said. Lewis had failed to attend [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|George W. Bush's inauguration in 2001]] because he believed that he too was not a legitimately elected president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Democratic congressman John Lewis rejects Trump, will skip inauguration for first time in 30 years|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3181210/democratic-congressman-john-lewis-rejects-trump-will-skip-inauguration-for-first-time-in-30-years/|website=Global News|accessdate=February 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Trump inauguration boycott grows|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38636136|website=BBC News|accessdate=February 7, 2018|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacobson|first=Lewis|title=John Lewis wrong on whether he has skipped an inauguration|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/17/john-lewis/john-lewis-wrong-whether-he-skipped-inauguration-d/|work=PolitiFact|date=January 17, 2017|accessdate=February 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
===Committee assignments===
Lewis sits on the following Congressional committees:<ref>{{cite web |title=John Lewis |url=https://clerkpreview.house.gov/members/L000287 |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]]'''
** [[United States House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight|Subcommittee on Oversight]] (Chair)
* '''[[United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation]]'''
===Caucus memberships===
Lewis is a member of over 40 caucuses, including:<ref name="johnlewishousegov">{{cite web |title=Committees and Caucuses |url=https://johnlewis.house.gov/john-lewis/committees-and-caucuses |website=johnlewis.house.gov |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref>
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Caucus (Co-Chair)
* Congressional Structured Settlements Caucus (Co-Chair)
* [[Congressional Black Caucus]]
* [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucus Members|author=|url=https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=71§iontree=2,71|format=|publisher=Congressional Progressive Caucus|date=|accessdate=January 30, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Brazil Caucus]]<ref name="johnlewishousegov" />
* [[Congressional Arts Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Membership|author=|url=https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership|format=|publisher=Congressional Arts Caucus|date=|accessdate=March 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120195207/https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Since 1991, Lewis has been senior chief deputy [[whip (politics)|whip]] in the Democratic caucus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Data/Black-Americans-in-Party-Leadership-Positions/|title=Black Americans in Party Leadership Positions, 1977–present {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|website=history.house.gov|language=en|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
==Biographies==
[[File:11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg|thumb|left|Lewis signing copies of ''[[March Book One]]'' (2013), the first volume of his graphic novel autobiography, at [[Midtown Comics]] in Manhattan]]
Lewis's 1998 autobiography ''Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement,'' co-written with [[Michael D'Orso]], won the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, the Christopher Award, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, and the Lillian Smith Book Award. It appeared on numerous bestseller lists, was selected as a ''New York Times'' Notable Book of the Year, was named by the American Library Association as its Nonfiction Book of the Year, and was included among ''Newsweek'' magazine's 2009 list of "50 Books For Our Times." It was critically acclaimed, with the ''Washington Post'' calling it "the definitive account of the civil rights movement" and the ''Los Angeles Times'' proclaiming it "Destined to become a classic in civil rights literature."
His life is also the subject of a 2002 book for young people, ''John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman''. In 2012, Lewis released ''Across That Bridge'', written with Brenda Jones, to mixed reviews. ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''{{’}}s review said, "At its best, the book provides a testament to the power of nonviolence in social movements… At its worst, it resembles an extended campaign speech".<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4013-2411-7 "Across That Bridge: Life Lessons and a Vision for Change" (review)], ''Publishers Weekly'', March 5, 2012.</ref>
===''March''===
In 2013, Lewis became the first member of Congress to write a [[graphic novel]], with the launch of a trilogy titled ''[[March (comics)|March]]''. The ''March'' trilogy is a black and white [[comics]] trilogy about the [[Civil Rights Movement]], told through the perspective of civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis. The first volume, ''March: Book One'' is written by Lewis and [[Andrew Aydin]], illustrated and lettered by [[Nate Powell]] and was published in August 2013,<ref name=WashPost>{{cite web|last=Cavna|first=Michael|title=In the graphic novel 'March,' Rep. John Lewis renders a powerful civil rights memoir|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/lifestyle/41333709_1_john-lewis-lewis-s-graphic-novel|accessdate=October 25, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 12, 2013 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204717/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/lifestyle/41333709_1_john-lewis-lewis-s-graphic-novel|archivedate=October 29, 2013}}</ref> the second volume, ''March: Book Two'' was published in January 2015 and the final volume, ''March: Book Three'' was published in August 2016.<ref>{{cite book|title=March: Book Three|first1=John|last1=Lewis|first2=Andrew|last2=Aydin|date=August 2, 2016|publisher=Top Shelf Productions|isbn = 978-1603094023}}</ref>
In an August 2014 interview, Lewis cited the influence of a 1958 comic book, ''[[Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story]],'' on his decision to adapt his experience to the graphic novel format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cartoonician.com/u-s-rep-john-lewis-discusses-his-graphic-novel-march/|title=U.S. Rep. John Lewis Discusses His Graphic Novel "March"|date=September 8, 2014|publisher=}}</ref> ''[[March: Book One]]'' became a number one ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller for graphic novels<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Sellers|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2013-09-01/paperback-graphic-books/list.html|accessdate=February 8, 2014}}</ref> and spent more than a year on the lists.
''March: Book One'' received an "Author Honor" from the [[American Library Association]]'s 2014 [[Coretta Scott King Book Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Coretta Scott King Book Awards – All Recipients, 1970–present|url=http://www.ala.org/emiert/coretta-scott-king-book-awards-all-recipients-1970-present|website=American Library Association|accessdate=December 4, 2014|date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> ''Book One'' also became the first graphic novel to win a [[Robert F. Kennedy Book Award]], receiving a "Special Recognition" bust in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=MacDonald|first1=Heidi|title=March Book One is first graphic novel to win the RFK Book Award|url=http://www.comicsbeat.com/march-book-one-is-first-grahpic-novel-to-win-the-rfk-book-award/|website=Comics Beat|date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
''March: Book One'' was selected by first-year reading programs in 2014 at [[Michigan State University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book|url=http://www.onebookeastlansing.com/Home/2014Works.aspx|publisher=City of East Lansing & Michigan State University|accessdate=December 14, 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112213251/http://www.onebookeastlansing.com/Home/2014Works.aspx|archivedate=January 12, 2015}}</ref> [[Georgia State University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Fall 2014 Selection|url=http://success.students.gsu.edu/first-year-programs/first-year-book/fall-2014-nominations/|website=Georgia State University|accessdate=December 4, 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220200840/http://success.students.gsu.edu/first-year-programs/first-year-book/fall-2014-nominations/|archivedate=December 20, 2014}}</ref> and [[Marquette University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book|url=http://www.marquette.edu/osd/reading/about.shtml|website=Marquette University, Office of Student Development|accessdate=December 4, 2014}}</ref>
''March: Book Two'' was released in 2015 and immediately became both a ''New York Times'' and ''Washington Post'' bestseller for graphic novels.
The release of ''March: Book Three'' in August 2016 brought all three volumes into the top 3 slots of the ''New York Times'' bestseller list for graphic novels for 6 consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paperback Graphic Books|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/09/25/paperback-graphic-books/|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=November 4, 2016}}</ref> The third volume was announced as the recipient of the 2017 [[Printz Award]], the [[Coretta Scott King Award]], the [[YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction]], the 2016 [[National Book Award]] in Young People's Literature,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/11/17/rep-john-lewiss-national-book-award-win-is-a-milestone-moment-for-graphic-novels/|title=Rep. John Lewis's National Book Award win is a milestone moment for graphic novels|date=November 17, 2016|author=Michael Cavna|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> and the [[Sibert Medal]] at the [[American Library Association]]'s annual Midwinter Meeting in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Library Association announces 2017 youth media award winners|url=http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2017/01/american-library-association-announces-2017-youth-media-award-winners|website=American Library Association|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref>
The ''March'' trilogy received the [[National Council for the Social Studies#Awards|Carter G. Woodson Book Award]] in the Secondary (grades 7–12) category in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.socialstudies.org/awards/woodson/winners|title=Carter G. Woodson Book Award and Honor Winners|publisher=[[National Council for the Social Studies]]|location=Silver Spring, Maryland |access-date=February 25, 2019|date=June 3, 2008}}</ref>
===''Run''===
In 2018, Lewis and [[Andrew Aydin]] co-wrote another graphic novel as sequel to the ''March'' series entitled ''Run''. The graphic novel picks up the events in Lewis' life after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The authors teamed with award-winning comic book illustrator [[Afua Richardson]] for the book, which was originally scheduled to be released in August 2018 (but has since been rescheduled).<ref>Arrant, Chris. [https://www.newsarama.com/41108-rep-john-lewis-run-pushed-back-to-april-2019-release.html "REP. JOHN LEWIS' RUN Pulled From Schedule,"] Newsarama (July 26, 2018).</ref> [[Nate Powell]], who illustrated ''March'', will also contribute to the art.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/run-follows-award-winning-graphic-novel-march-in-civil-rights-chronicle-1523455321|title='Run' Follows Award-Winning Graphic Novel 'March' in Civil-Rights Chronicle|last=Rappaport|first=Michael|date=April 11, 2018|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>
==Personal life==
Lewis met Lillian Miles at a [[New Year's Eve]] party hosted by [[Xernona Clayton]]. They married in 1968. Together, they had one son, named John-Miles. Lillian died on December 31, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Malloy|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local-obituaries/lillian-miles-lewis-73-wife-adviser-of-us-rep-john/nTjg3/|title=Rep. John Lewis' wife, Lillian, dies|publisher=Blogs.ajc.com|date=December 31, 2012|accessdate=November 9, 2013}}</ref>
Lewis is a member of [[Phi Beta Sigma]] fraternity.<ref>{{cite web|title=President Clinton Inducted into Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/11/idUS14578+11-Jul-2009+PRN20090711|agency=Reuters|accessdate=January 1, 2013 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315092349/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/11/idUS14578+11-Jul-2009+PRN20090711|archivedate=March 15, 2013}}</ref>
On December 29, 2019, Lewis announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV [[pancreatic cancer]]. He remained in the Washington D.C. area for his treatment. Lewis stated: "I have been in some kind of fight – for freedom, equality, basic human rights – for nearly my entire life. I have never faced a fight quite like the one I have now."<ref>{{cite news|last1=LeBlanc|first1=Paul|title=Civil rights icon Rep. John Lewis announces he has stage 4 pancreatic cancer|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/29/politics/john-lewis-pancreatic-cancer/index.html|accessdate=December 30, 2019|publisher=CNN|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US Rep John Lewis of Georgia says he has pancreatic cancer|url=https://wtop.com/national/2019/12/us-rep-john-lewis-of-georgia-says-he-has-pancreatic-cancer/|accessdate=December 30, 2019|publisher=WTOP|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref>
==Honors==
[[File:John Lewis - Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg|thumb|left|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] awarded by President Barack Obama in 2011]]
Lewis is honored with the 1997 sculpture by Thornton Dial, ''[[The Bridge (sculpture)|The Bridge]]'', at [[Ponce de Leon Avenue]] and [[Freedom Parkway|Freedom Park]], Atlanta. Two years later, in 1999, Lewis was awarded the [[Wallenberg Medal]] from the [[University of Michigan]] in recognition of his courageous lifelong commitment to the defense of civil and human rights. In that same year he received the [[Four Freedoms Award]] for the Freedom of Speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards|title=Archived copy|accessdate=April 4, 2015 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards|archivedate=March 25, 2015}}</ref>
In 2001, the [[John F. Kennedy Library Foundation]] awarded Lewis the [[Profile in Courage Award]] "for his extraordinary courage, leadership and commitment to civil rights."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=December 8, 2012|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients/John-Lewis-2001.aspx|title=John Lewis|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> It is a lifetime achievement award and has been given out only twice, John Lewis and [[William Winter (politician)|William Winter]] (in 2008).The next year he was awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] from the [[NAACP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners|title=NAACP Spingarn Medal|accessdate=April 19, 2017 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners|archivedate=August 2, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:John Lewis addressing audience in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress - 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.jpg|thumb|John Lewis addressing audience in the [[Thomas Jefferson Building|Great Hall]] of the [[Library of Congress]] on the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 2013]] In 2004, Lewis received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref>
In 2006, he received the US Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National Winners | public service awards|publisher=Jefferson Awards.org|date=|accessdate=November 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2007, Lewis was awarded the [[Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics#Dole Leadership Prize|Dole Leadership Prize]] from the [[Dole Institute of Politics|Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics]] at the [[University of Kansas]].<ref name=DoleBlog_20070926>{{cite web|accessdate=October 12, 2008|url=http://doleinstituteblog.org/civil-rights-movement-pioneer-to-receive-dole-leadership-prize/|title=Civil Rights Movement Pioneer to receive Dole Leadership Prize|agency=Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, University of Kansas|date=September 26, 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207031804/http://doleinstituteblog.org/civil-rights-movement-pioneer-to-receive-dole-leadership-prize/|archivedate=December 7, 2008}}</ref>
Lewis was the only living speaker from the [[March on Washington]] present on the stage during the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]]. Obama signed a commemorative photograph for Lewis with the words, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."<ref name=The_New_Yorker>{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/02/02/090202taco_talk_remnick|title=The President's Hero|date=February 2, 2009|author=Remnick, David|work=The New Yorker}}</ref>
In 2010, Lewis was awarded the First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given to him by the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation]],<ref name="The University of Texas at Austin">{{cite web|title=Rep. John Lewis Honored as Civil Rights Champion with First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award|url=http://www.utexas.edu/news/2010/11/17/lewis_john/|accessdate=April 3, 2012}}</ref> and the next year, Lewis was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].<ref name=Bloomberg_20110215>{{cite web|accessdate=February 15, 2011|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-15/obama-honors-buffett-george-h-w-bush-with-medal-of-freedom.html|title=Obama Honors Buffett, George H.W. Bush With Medal of Freedom|date=February 15, 2011|work=Bloomberg|first=Julianna|last=Goldman}}</ref>
In 2016, it was announced that a future [[United States Navy]] [[underway replenishment oiler]] would be named [[USNS John Lewis (T-AO-205)|USNS ''John Lewis'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/639487/secretary-of-the-navy-announces-first-ship-of-next-generation-fleet-repenishmen/|title=Secretary of the Navy Announces First Ship of Next Generation Fleet Replenishment Oilers|website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Also in 2016, Lewis was awarded the Liberty Medal at the National Constitution Center. The prestigious award has been awarded to international leaders from Malala Yousafzai to the Dalai Lama, presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton and other dignitaries and visionaries. The timing of Lewis's award coincided with the 150th anniversary of the 14th amendment.<ref>[http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2016/06/john-lewis-to-receive-2016-liberty-medal/ "John Lewis to receive 2016 Liberty Medal"], National Constitution Center, June 2, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160920_John_Lewis_honored_with_the_Liberty_Medal.html "John Lewis honored with the Liberty Medal"], Philly.com, September 20, 2016.</ref> In 2020, Lewis was awarded the [[Walter Reuther|Walter P. Reuther]] Humanitarian Award by [[Wayne State University]], the [[United Automobile Workers|UAW]], and the Reuther family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.wayne.edu/news/2020/02/05/wayne-state-uaw-honor-civil-rights-legend-rep-john-lewis-35309|title=Wayne State, UAW honor civil rights legend Rep. John Lewis|last=|first=|date=February 5, 2020|website=Wayne State University|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 8, 2020}}</ref>
Lewis has given numerous commencement addresses, including at the [[School of Visual Arts]] (SVA) in 2014,<ref name=VAJ-Q>Herbowy, Greg (Fall 2014). "Q+A: Congressman John Lewis, Andrew Aydin & Nate Powell." ''[[Visual Arts Journal]]''. pp. 48-51</ref> [[Bates College]] (in [[Lewiston, Maine]]) in 2016<ref name=Bates>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/news/2016/04/01/civil-rights-leader-rep-john-lewis-to-deliver-2016-commencement-address-joining-honorands-lisa-genova-92-daniel-gilbert-and-robert-witt-62/|title=Civil Rights leader Rep. John Lewis to deliver 2016 Commencement address, joining honorands Lisa Genova '92, Daniel Gilbert and Robert Witt '62|website=bates.edu|access-date=May 20, 2016|date=April 2016}}</ref>, [[Bard College]] and [[Bank Street College of Education]] in 2017, and [[Harvard University]] in 2018.<ref name="Harvard Gazette"/>
===Honorary academic degrees===
[[File:John Lewis Civil rights leader honorary degree 2012.jpg|thumb|Lewis receives an honorary degree from [[Brown University]] in 2012]]
Lewis has been awarded over 50 honorary degrees,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Honorable John Lewis |url=http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/support/honorees/the-honorable-john-lewis |website=The Gordon Parks Foundation |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref> including:
* 1995: Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from [[Northeastern University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Commencement Speakers & Honorary Degrees |url=https://library.northeastern.edu/services/archives-special-collections/northeastern-history/commencement-speakers-honorary-degrees |website=Northeastern University Library |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 1998: Honorary Humane Letters degree from [[Brandeis University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/recipients.html |website=Brandeis University: Board of Trustees |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 1999: Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree from the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Commencement Program, 1999|url=http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15774coll21/id/966/rec/1|website=Open Archives: Digital Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston|publisher=University of Massachusetts Boston|accessdate=May 26, 2017}}</ref>
* 2001: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[University at Albany]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SUNY Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.albany.edu/academics/honorary.degree.shtml |website=University at Albany |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2002: Honorary D.H.L. from [[Howard University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Recipients of Honorary Degrees and Other University Honors (by year) |url=https://www.howard.edu/secretary/convocations/recipients-year.htm |website=Howard University: Office of the Secretary |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2004: Honorary degree from [[Portland State University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees Awarded by Portland State University, 1993 – 2016 |url=https://www.pdx.edu/academic-affairs/sites/www.pdx.edu.academic-affairs/files/PSU%20Honorary%20Degrees%20Awarded_42016.pdf |website=Portland State University |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2004: Honorary LHD from [[Juniata College]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.juniata.edu/about/presidents-office/honorary-degrees/honorary-degree-recipients.php |website=Juniata College |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2007: Honorary [[LL.D.]] degree from the [[University of Vermont]]
* 2007: Honorary [[LL.D.]] degree from [[Adelphi University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://commencement.adelphi.edu/honorary-degrees/ |website=Adelphi University |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2012: Honorary LL.D. degrees from [[Brown University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Simmons among nine honorary degree recipients|url=http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2012/05/hdcitations#Lewis|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=May 28, 2014|date=May 16, 2012}}</ref> [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Penn's 2012 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v58/n26/hd.html|website=Penn Almanac|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> [[Harvard University]],<ref name="Harvard Gazette">{{Cite news|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvard-awards-seven-honorary-degrees/|title=Harvard awards seven honorary degrees|date=May 24, 2018|work=Harvard Gazette|access-date=August 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[University of Connecticut School of Law]]
* 2013: Honorary [[Doctor of Humane Letters]]<ref>{{cite web|title=U. S. Rep. John Lewis to be Honored at Judson College|url=http://www.perrycountyalabamachamber.com/event/u-s-rep-john-lewis-to-be-honored-at-judson-college/|publisher=Perry County Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=November 5, 2016|date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> from Judson College.
* 2013: Honorary LL.D. degrees from [[Cleveland State University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=John Lewis Receives Honorary Doctorate from CSU|url=https://www.csuohio.edu/news/john-lewis-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-csu|publisher=[[Cleveland State University]]|accessdate=July 22, 2015|date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> and [[Union College]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil rights advocate U.S. Rep. John Lewis urges graduates to "get in the way"|publisher=Union College|url=http://www.union.edu/news/stories/2013/06/lewis.php|accessdate=November 22, 2015|date=June 16, 2013}}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary LL.D. degree from [[Emory University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary degree recipients are leaders in education and civil rights|url=http://news.emory.edu/stories/2014/05/er_commencement_honorary_degrees/campus.html|publisher=Emory News Center|accessdate=July 22, 2015|date=May 7, 2014}}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary [[Doctorate of Fine Arts]] from the [[School of Visual Arts]].<ref name="VAJ">Rhodes, David (Fall 2014). "From the President". ''Visual Arts Journal''. p. 3</ref>
* 2014: Honorary [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Lawrence University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Speaker: Rep. John Lewis|url=https://www.lawrence.edu/students/academic_life/commencement/john-lewis|accessdate=March 20, 2017|date=May 20, 2015}}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from [[Marquette University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees: Congressman John Lewis |url=https://www.marquette.edu/university-honors/honorary-degrees/lewis.php |website=Marquette University |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary [[Doctorate of Humane Letters]] from the [[McCourt School of Public Policy]], [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Commencement Speakers Announced|url=http://www.thehoya.com/2015-commencement-speakers-announced/|publisher=The Hoya|accessdate=May 14, 2015|date=May 4, 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Lawrence University]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Rick |title=Congressman John Lewis, Civil Rights Activist James Zwerg to Receive Honorary Degrees at Lawrence Commencement |url=https://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2015/03/congressman-john-lewis-civil-rights-activist-james-zwerg-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-lawrence-commencement.html |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Lawrence University |date=5 March 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary degree from [[Goucher College]]<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Rep. John Lewis to Deliver Commencement Keynote |url=https://blogs.goucher.edu/intheloop/7508/congressman-and-civil-rights-activist-john-lewis-to-deliver-commencement-keynote/ |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=In the Loop |publisher=Goucher College |date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[Hampton University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Congressman John Lewis tells HU Graduates to 'Get in the Way' |url=http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/Congressman-John-Lewis-tells-HU-Graduates-to-%27Get-in-the-Way%27 |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=HU News |publisher=Hampton University}}</ref>
* 2016: Honorary [[Doctorate of Humane Letters]] from [[New York University]].<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/03/10/darren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html "Darren Walker, Ford Foundation President, to Speak at NYU’s Commencement"], NYU, March 10, 2016.</ref>
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Bates College]]<ref name=Bates />
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Washington University in St. Louis]]<ref>[https://commencement.wustl.edu/people/john-lewis/ "John Lewis"], Commencement, Washington University in St. Louis.</ref>
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Policy Analysis from the [[Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School]]<ref>[http://www.prgs.edu/alumni/commencement.html#commencement-weekend-honorees- "Pardee RAND Graduate School Commencement"], Pardee RAND Graduate School, June 18, 2016.</ref>
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[Washington and Jefferson College]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Lewis, Latif, Berko Gleason and Stofan to Receive Honorary Degrees at Commencement |url=https://www.jayconnected.com/s/924/19/interior.aspx?sid=924&gid=1&pgid=2144&cid=4325&ecid=4325&crid=0&calpgid=1900&calcid=3863 |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Jay Connected}}</ref>
* 2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[Yale Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2017/05/18/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-eight-individuals-their-achievements|title=Yale awards honorary degrees to eight individuals for their achievements|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=May 18, 2017|website=Yale News|publisher=Yale University |access-date=May 22, 2017|quote=From Freedom Rider to statesman, you have championed civil rights and public service for six decades. You have faced beatings, violence, and intimidation with steadfast nonviolence... Devoted champion of America and of all of its people, in recognition of a lifetime of bold action and inspiring results, we are honored to present you with this Doctor of Laws degree.}}</ref>
* 2017: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from [[Bank Street College of Education|Bank Street Graduate School of Education]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Congressman John Lewis Honored at Graduate School of Education Commencement |url=https://www.bankstreet.edu/news-events/news/congressman-john-lewis-honored-at-graduate-school-of-education-commencement/ |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Bank Street College of Education |date=30 May 2017}}</ref>
* 2018: Honorary Doctor of Law degree from [[Boston University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Civil rights icon, Trump critic highlighting BU commencement |url=https://www.wrbl.com/news/national/civil-rights-icon-trump-critic-highlighting-bu-commencement/1190548468/ |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=wrbl.com |date=21 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2019: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from [[City College of New York]]<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Rep. John Lewis is CCNY Commencement speaker, May 31 Commencement honors for Edward Plotkin ’53 |url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/us-rep-john-lewis-ccny-commencement-speaker-may-31-commencement-honors-edward-plotkin-%E2%80%9953 |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=City College of New York |date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
* 2019: Honorary doctorate from [[Tulane University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tulane: honorary doctorates for Cook, Baquet, Danner, Lewis |url=https://apnews.com/40567563f90f487e878341215ffba1cc |accessdate=18 April 2020 |agency=Associated Press |date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
==Electoral history==
{{s-start}}
|+ {{ushr|Georgia|5|}}: Results 1986–2018<ref name="clerk">{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html|title=Office of the House Clerk – Electoral Statistics|publisher=Clerk of the United States House of Representatives |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730201058/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html|archivedate=July 30, 2008}}</ref><ref name="fedelect">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/electionresults.shtml|title=Election Results|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/42277/113204/en/summary.html|title=General Election – November 6, 2012|date=November 21, 2012|publisher=[[Secretary of State of Georgia]]|accessdate=August 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/54042/149045/en/summary.html|title=General Election – November 4, 2014|date=November 10, 2014|publisher=[[Secretary of State of Georgia]]|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/63991/184321/en/summary.html|title=GA – Election Results|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=December 1, 2016|website=|publisher=|access-date=May 27, 2017|quote=}}</ref>
! Year
!
! Democratic
! Votes
! %
!
! Republican
! Votes
! %
!
|-
|[[United States House election, 1986|1986]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |93,229
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |75%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Portia Scott
|{{party shading/Republican}} |30,562
|{{party shading/Republican}} |25%
|<!--write-in 9-->
|-
|[[United States House election, 1988|1988]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |135,194
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |78%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |J. W. Tibbs
|{{party shading/Republican}} |37,693
|{{party shading/Republican}} |22%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1990|1990]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |86,037
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |76%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |J. W. Tibbs
|{{party shading/Republican}} |27,781
|{{party shading/Republican}} |24%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1992|1992]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |147,445
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |72%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Paul Stabler
|{{party shading/Republican}} |56,960
|{{party shading/Republican}} |28%
|<!--2 write in votes-->
|-
|[[United States House election, 1994|1994]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |85,094
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |69%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Dale Dixon
|{{party shading/Republican}} |37,999
|{{party shading/Republican}} |31%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1996|1996]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |136,555
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1998|1998]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |109,177
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |79%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |John H. Lewis
|{{party shading/Republican}} |29,877
|{{party shading/Republican}} |21%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 2000|2000]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |137,333
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |77%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Hank Schwab
|{{party shading/Republican}} |40,606
|{{party shading/Republican}} |23%
|<!--Write in 3-->
|-
|[[United States House election, 2002|2002]]
|
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |116,259
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2004#District 5|2004]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |201,773
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2006#District 5|2006]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |122,380
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2008#District 5|2008]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |231,368
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|<!--Write-in 106-->
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2010#District 5|2010]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |130,782
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |74%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Fenn Little
|{{party shading/Republican}} |46,622
|{{party shading/Republican}} |26%
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2012#District 5|2012]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |234,330
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |84%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Howard Stopeck
|{{party shading/Republican}} |43,335
|{{party shading/Republican}} |16%
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2014#District 5|2014]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |170,326
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2016#District 5|2016]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |253,781
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |84%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Douglas Bell
|{{party shading/Republican}} |46,768
|{{party shading/Republican}} |16%
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2018#District 5|2018]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |273,084
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
{{s-end
}}
==In popular culture==
Lewis is portrayed by [[Stephan James (actor)|Stephan James]] in the 2014 film [[Selma (film)|''Selma'']]. He made a cameo appearance in the music video for [[Young Jeezy]]'s song "[[My President]]", which was released in the month of Obama's inauguration.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9sABRosdNg "Young Jeezy – My President ft. Nas"]. YouTube. From 3'17" to 3'19" in.</ref><ref>Soderberg, Brandon 9February 18, 2009). [https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/music-video-roundup-young-jeezys-my-president-is-black-relics-of-cynicism "Music Video Round-Up: Young Jeezy's 'My President Is Black' & Relics of Cynicism"]. ''[[Slant Magazine]]''. Accessed January 20, 2017.</ref> In February 2018, John Lewis voiced his guest character (also called "John Lewis") in the ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' episode "Arthur Takes a Stand".
Lewis's life is chronicled in the 2017 PBS documentary ''John Lewis: Get In the Way''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4924818/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ''John Lewis: Get In the Way'' entry], Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 26, 2020.</ref>
Lewis appeared in the 2019 documentary ''[[Bobby Kennedy for President]]'', in which Lewis commends [[Robert F. Kennedy]] especially in regards to his support for civil rights throughout his time as a senator for New York and during [[Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign|Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign]].<ref name="Morfoot 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/robert-f-kennedy-netflix-bobby-kennedy-for-president-documentary-1202728214/|title=Netflix Nabs 'Bobby Kennedy for President' Documentary Series (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Morfoot|first=Addie|date=March 16, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref> Lewis also recounted his deep sorrow following the assassinations of Kennedy and [[Martin Luther King Jr]], both occurring in 1968.<ref name="Gilbert 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/04/bobby-kennedy-for-president-review-netflix/559010/|title='Bobby Kennedy for President' Captures an Awkward Icon|last=Gilbert|first=Sophie|date=April 30, 2018|work=The Atlantic|access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
* ''Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973'' (Library of America: 2003) {{ISBN|1-931082-29-4}}
* ''Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement'' by John Lewis with [[Michael D'Orso]], (Harvest Books: 1999) {{ISBN|0-15-600708-8}}. The U.S. Congressman tells of life in the trenches of the Civil Rights Movement, the numerous arrests, sit-ins, and marches that led to breaking down the barriers of discrimination in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.
* ''John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement'' by [[Jim Haskins]] and Kathleen Benson, illustrated by [[Benny Andrews]], (Lee & Low Books: 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-58430-250-6}}. A biography of John Lewis, one of the "Big Six" leaders who were chairman of activist groups organizing the 1963 March on Washington, focusing on his involvement in [[Freedom Rides]], the March on Washington, and the march across the [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] in the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery marches]].
* ''John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman'' by Christine M. Hill, (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002) {{ISBN|0-7660-1768-0}}. A biography of John Lewis written for juvenile readers.
* ''Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement'' by Ann Bausum, ([[National Geographic Society]], 2006) {{ISBN|0-7922-4173-8}}.
* ''Across That Bridge'' by John Lewis with Brenda Jones, (Hyperion: 2012) {{ISBN|978-1-4013-2411-7}}. Winner of the 2013 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work/Biography. It is an accessible discussion of Lewis's philosophy and his viewpoint of the philosophical basis of the Civil Rights Movement.
* ''[[March (comics)|March: Book One]]'' a 2013 illustrated comic history of Lewis' career, with sequels published in 2015 and 2016, by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and [[Nate Powell]], ([[Top Shelf Productions]]) {{ISBN|978-1-60309-300-2}}.
==See also==
* [[2016 House Democrats sit-in]]
* [[List of African-American United States Representatives]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0073/menu.html Oral History Interview with John Lewis] from [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp Oral Histories of the American South], November 20, 1973
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121001171000/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/107917-1/John+Lewis.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Lewis on ''Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement''], July 12, 1998
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/lewis.html "SNCC – People: John Lewis."], April 11, 2011
* [https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview " Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview."] www.achievement.org. [[American Academy of Achievement]].
==External links==
{{commons category|John Lewis (American politician)}}
{{Wikiquote|John Lewis (civil rights leader)}}
* [https://johnlewis.house.gov Congressman John Lewis] official U.S. House site
* [http://www.johnlewisforcongress.com/ John Lewis for Congress]
* {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Georgia/Government/Federal/US_House_of_Representatives/John_Lewis_%5BD-5%5D|John Lewis}}
* [https://snccdigital.org/people/john-lewis/ SNCC Digital Gateway: John Lewis], Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
* {{CongLinks | congbio=l000287 | votesmart=26820 | fec=H6GA05217 | congress=john-lewis/688 }}
* [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4397709 John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)], June 11, 1996.
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/17/rep_john_lewis_on_congress_after Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel] – video interview by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', November 17, 2010
* {{C-SPAN|John Lewis}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/about/meet-our-guests/john-lewis Finding your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Season 1, Episode 2: John Lewis and Cory Booker"]
{{s-start}}
{{s-npo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles McDew]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]|years=1963–1966}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stokely Carmichael]]}}
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{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
|state = Georgia
|district = 5
|before = [[Wyche Fowler]]
|years = 1987–present}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David Bonior]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip]]|years=1991–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Cedric Richmond]]|as=House Democratic Assistant Majority Whip}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter DeFazio]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|United States Representatives by seniority]]|years=9th}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fred Upton]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{GA-FedRep}}
{{Civil rights movement}}
{{USHouseLeaders}}
{{USHouseCurrent}}
{{SNCC chairmen}}
{{Michael L. Printz Award Winners}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, John}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American activists]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Baptists]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:Activists from Alabama]]
[[Category:African-American Christians]]
[[Category:African-American members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:African-American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:African-American people in Georgia (U.S. state) politics]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:Baptists from Alabama]]
[[Category:Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners]]
[[Category:COINTELPRO targets]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Fisk University alumni]]
[[Category:Freedom Riders]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats]]
[[Category:History of racial segregation in the United States]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:People from Troy, Alabama]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:Politicians from Atlanta]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Selma to Montgomery marches]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]
[[Category:Volunteers in Service to America administrators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Alabama]]
[[Category:Writers from Atlanta]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{About|the U.S. Representative from Georgia|other people of the same name|John Lewis (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|American politician and civil rights leader}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = John Lewis
|image = John Lewis-2006 (cropped).jpg
|state = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|district = {{ushr|GA|5|5th}}
|term_start = January 3, 1987
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Wyche Fowler]]
|successor =
|office1 = 3rd Chairman of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]
|term_start1 = June 1963
|term_end1 = May 1966
|predecessor1 = [[Charles McDew]]
|successor1 = [[Kwame Ture]]
|birth_name = John Robert Lewis
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|2|21}}
|birth_place = [[Troy, Alabama|Troy]], [[Alabama]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Lillian Miles|1968|2012|end=died}}
|children = John-Miles Lewis
|education = {{nowrap|[[American Baptist College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br>[[Fisk University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|website = {{url|johnlewis.house.gov|House website}}
}}
'''John Robert Lewis''' (born February 21, 1940) is an American politician and civil rights leader. He is the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for {{ushr|GA|5}}, serving in his 17th term in the House, having served since 1987, and is the dean of the [[United States congressional delegations from Georgia|Georgia congressional delegation]]. His district includes the northern three-fourths of [[Atlanta]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].
Lewis, who as chairman of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) was one of the "[[Big Six (activists)|Big Six]]" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 [[March on Washington]], played many key roles in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and its actions to end legalized [[racial segregation]] in the United States. He is a member of the Democratic Party leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives and has served as a [[Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives|Chief Deputy Whip]] since 1991 and Senior Chief Deputy Whip since 2003.
Lewis has been awarded many honorary degrees and is the recipient of numerous awards from eminent national and international institutions, including the highest civilian honor of the United States, the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. On December 29, 2019, it was announced that Lewis is receiving treatment for stage IV [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/us/politics/rep-john-lewis-pancreatic-cancer.html|title=John Lewis, Congressman and Civil Rights Icon, Has Pancreatic Cancer|last=Cochrane|first=Emily|date=December 29, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Remnick|first1=David|title=The Ongoing Struggle of John Lewis|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-ongoing-struggle-of-john-lewis?source=EDT_NYR_EDIT_NEWSLETTER_0_imagenewsletter_Daily_ZZ&bxid=5be9fceb2ddf9c72dc8994b7&cndid=30462369&esrc=&mbid=|accessdate=December 31, 2019|language=en|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref>
==Early life==
John Lewis was born in 1940 in [[Troy, Alabama]], the third of ten children of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.<ref name=fid1>Stated on ''Finding Your Roots'', PBS, March 25, 2012</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |pages=15}}</ref> His parents were [[Sharecropping|sharecroppers]]<ref name=ReportingCivilRights>''Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two ''Carson, Clayborne, Garrow, David, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: 2003) {{ISBN|978-1-931082-29-7}}, pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873</ref> in rural [[Pike County, Alabama]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=xv}}</ref>
As a young child, Lewis had little interaction with white people; by the time he was six, Lewis had seen only two white people in his life.<ref>{{cite book|title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi|url-access=registration|quote=john lewis The church he attended was attacked by the [Ku Klux Klan in 1904.|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=1998|author=John Lewis|page=[https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/n10 7]|accessdate=January 1, 2013|isbn=9780156007085}}</ref> As he grew older though, he began taking trips into town with his family, where he experienced racism and segregation, such as at the public library in Troy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Brad|title=John Lewis Inspires Audience to March Forward While Remembering the Past|journal=ALA Cognotes|date=July 1, 2013|volume=2013|issue=8|url=http://exhibitors.ala.org/Cognotes_2013/Cognotes_July_1_2013.pdf|accessdate=December 31, 2019|issn=0738-4319}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=John Lewis's March|journal=American Libraries|date=June 30, 2013|url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/john-lewiss-march/|publisher=American Library Association|issn=0002-9769}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albanese|first1=Andrew|title=ALA 2013: The Day Congressman John Lewis Got his Library Card|journal=Publishers Weekly|date=June 30, 2013|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/conferences/article/58040-ala-2013-the-day-congressman-john-lewis-got-his-library-card.html|accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref> However, Lewis had relatives who lived in northern cities, and he learned from them that the North had integrated schools, buses, and businesses. When Lewis was 11, one of his uncles took him on a trip to [[Buffalo, New York]], and, afterwards, he was even more acutely aware of Troy's segregation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |pages=36-40}}</ref>
In 1955, Lewis first heard [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] on the radio,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=45}}</ref> and, when the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]] (led by King) began later that year, Lewis closely followed the news about it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=48}}</ref> Lewis would later meet [[Rosa Parks]] when he was 17, and met King for the first time when he was 18.<ref name="NPR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5033971|title=The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 50 Years Later|date=December 1, 2005|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>
==Student activism and the SNCC==
===Nashville Student Movement===
[[File:JFK meets with leaders of March on Washington 8-28-63.JPG|thumb|Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office of the White House after the March on Washington, D.C.. Left to Right – Willard Wirtz, Matthew Ahmann, Martin Luther King, Jr, John Lewis, Rabbi Joachin Prinz, Eugene Carson Blake, A. Philip Randolph, President John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Walter Reuther, Whitney Young, Floyd McKissick. Not in order: Roy Wilkins. August 28, 1963]]
Lewis graduated from the [[American Baptist Theological Seminary]] in Nashville and then received a bachelor's degree in Religion and Philosophy from [[Fisk University]]. As a student, he was very dedicated to the Civil Rights Movement. He organized [[sit-ins]] at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the [[Nashville Student Movement]]. The [[Nashville sit-ins|Nashville sit-in movement]] was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in downtown Nashville. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times in the nonviolent movement to desegregate the downtown area of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview}}</ref> He was also instrumental in organizing bus [[boycotts]] and other [[nonviolent]] protests in the fight for voter and racial equality. While a student, he was invited to attend [[nonviolence]] workshops held in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. [[James Lawson (American activist)|James Lawson]] and Rev. [[Kelly Miller Smith]]. There, Lewis and many of his fellow students became dedicated adherents to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence, which he still practices today.
===Freedom Rides===
In 1961, Lewis became one of the 13 original [[Freedom Riders]].<ref name=ReportingCivilRights/><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Rides |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/freedom-rides |website=King Encyclopedia |publisher=Stanford University |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref> There were seven whites and six blacks who were determined to ride from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans in an integrated fashion. At that time, several states of the old Confederacy still enforced laws prohibiting black and white riders from sitting next to each other on public transportation. The Freedom Ride, originated by the [[Fellowship of Reconciliation]] and revived by [[James Farmer]] and [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE), was initiated to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court decision in ''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]'' (1960) that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional. The Freedom Rides also exposed the passivity of the government regarding violence against citizens of the country who were simply acting in accordance with the law.<ref name=CNN>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-05-10/us/access.lewis.freedom.rides_1_white-men-angry-mob-blacks?_s=PM:US|work=CNN|title=Civil Rights Timeline|date=January 31, 2006 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808153339/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-05-10/us/access.lewis.freedom.rides_1_white-men-angry-mob-blacks?_s=PM%3AUS|archivedate=August 8, 2012}}</ref>
The federal government had trusted the notoriously [[racism|racist]] [[Alabama]] police to protect the Riders, but did nothing itself, except to have [[FBI]] agents take notes. The [[Kennedy Administration]] then called for a cooling-off period, a moratorium on Freedom Rides.<ref name=FreedomAlbany/>
In the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs, arrested at times and taken to jail. At 21 years old, Lewis was the first of the Freedom Riders to be assaulted while in [[Rock Hill, South Carolina]]. He tried to enter a whites-only waiting room and two white men attacked him, injuring his face and kicking him in the ribs. Nevertheless, only two weeks later Lewis joined a ''Freedom Ride'' that was bound for Jackson. "We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we had made up our minds not to turn back," Lewis said recently in regard to his perseverance following the act of violence.<ref name=SmithsonianMagazine>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Freedom-Riders.html?c=y&page=1|title=The Freedom Riders, Then and Now|work=Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> Lewis was also imprisoned for forty days in the [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]] in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi]], after participating in a Freedom Riders activity in that state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Minor|first=Bill|url=http://www.desototimes.com/articles/2010/04/02/opinion/editorials/doc4bb645d51cbc1161890108.txt|title=New law meant to eliminate existing 'donut hole'|department=Editorial|newspaper=[[DeSoto Times-Tribune]]|edition=online|location=<!-- Can't figure out if it's in Nesbit, Mississippi or Hernando, Mississippi - http://www.desototimes.com/site/contact.html lists two street addresses -->|date=April 2, 2010|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
In an interview with [[CNN]] during the 40th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Lewis recounted the sheer amount of violence he and the 12 other original Freedom Riders endured. In [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], the Riders were mercilessly beaten, and in [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], an angry mob met the bus, and Lewis was hit in the head with a wooden crate. "It was very violent. I thought I was going to die. I was left lying at the [[Greyhound bus]] station in Montgomery unconscious," said Lewis, remembering the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/05/10/access.lewis.freedom.rides/|title=CNN.com - John Lewis: 'I thought I was going to die' - May 10, 2001|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist [[Diane Nash]] arranged for the Nashville students to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.
In February 2009, forty-eight years after he had been bloodied by in a Greyhound station during a Freedom Ride, Lewis received an apology on national television from a white southerner, former Klansman Elwin Wilson.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6813984|title=Once Race Riot Enemies, Now Friends|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=February 6, 2009|accessdate=August 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=6813984&page=1|title=Man Asks Entire Town for Forgiveness for Racism|publisher=ABCnews.go|date=February 6, 2009|accessdate=August 22, 2010}}</ref>
===SNCC Chairmanship===
In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as chairman of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC), Lewis, one of the founding members of SNCC, was quickly elected to take over. Lewis's experience at that point was already widely respected. His courage and his tenacious adherence to the philosophy of reconciliation and nonviolence made him emerge as a leader. By this time, he had been arrested 24 times in the nonviolent struggle for equal justice. He held the post of chairman until 1966. During his tenure, SNCC opened [[Freedom Schools]], launched the Mississippi [[Freedom Summer]], and organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma voting rights campaign]]. As the chairman of SNCC, Lewis had written a speech in reaction to the Civil Rights Bill of 1963. He denounced the bill because it didn't protect African Americans against police brutality or provide African Americans with the right to vote.[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march) - NARA - 542056.jpg|thumb|left|Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march)]]
In 1963, as chairman of SNCC Lewis was named one of the [[Big Six (activists)|"Big Six"]] leaders who were organizing the [[March on Washington]], the occasion of Dr. King's celebrated "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech, along with [[Whitney Young]], [[A. Philip Randolph]], [[James Farmer]] and [[Roy Wilkins]]; Lewis was the youngest of the Big Six. Lewis also spoke at the March. Discussing the occasion, historian [[Howard Zinn]] wrote: "At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that heard [[Martin Luther King]]'s ''[[I Have a Dream]]'' speech, was prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side is the federal government on?' That sentence was eliminated from his speech by organizers of the March to avoid offending the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy Administration]]. But Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had experienced, again and again, the strange passivity of the national government in the face of Southern violence."<ref name=FreedomAlbany>{{cite web|url=http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm|title=My Name Is Freedom Albany, Georgia|format=reprint|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|location=Boston|work=You Can't Be Neutral on A Moving Train |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/19990219104007/http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm|archivedate=February 19, 1999}}</ref> At 23 he was the youngest speaker that day and is the last remaining living speaker.<ref name="scholastic">{{cite news|title=The Sixties|publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Junior Scholastic]]|date=February 11, 1994|page=6<!--|accessdate=December 1, 2008-->}}</ref>
[[File:John Lewis 1964-04-16 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lewis in 1964]]
In 1964, Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for "[[Mississippi Freedom Summer]]," a campaign to register black voters across the South. The Freedom Summer was an attempt to expose college students from around the country to the perils of African-American life in the South. Lewis traveled the country encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people in Mississippi, the most recalcitrant state in the union, to register and vote. Lewis became nationally known during his prominent role in the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]] when, on March 7, 1965 – a day that would become known as "[[Selma to Montgomery marches#"Bloody Sunday" events|Bloody Sunday]]" – Lewis and fellow activist [[Hosea Williams]] led over 600 marchers across the [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] in [[Selma, Alabama]]. At the end of the bridge, they were met by [[Alabama Highway Patrol|Alabama State Troopers]] who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged [[tear gas]] and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with night sticks. Lewis's skull was fractured, but he escaped across the bridge to [[Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)|Brown Chapel]], the movement's headquarter church in Selma. Before Lewis could be taken to the hospital, he appeared before the television cameras calling on [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Johnson]] to intervene in Alabama.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Lewis bears scars on his head from the incident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Page |first1=Susan |title=50 years after Selma, John Lewis on unfinished business |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/02/24/capital-download-john-lewis-selma-50th-anniversary/23935047/ |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=USA Today |date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Rustin Young Ryan Farmer Lewis.jpg|thumb|Lewis (far right) with [[Bayard Rustin]], [[Andrew Young]], Congressman [[William Fitts Ryan]], and [[James Farmer]] 1965]]
[[File:50th Anniversary of the Selma Marches - Former President George W Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush participated in the program (cropped to Obama and Bush couples).jpg|thumb|50th Anniversary of the 1965 Selma Marches – Former First Lady Laura Bush, First Lady Michelle Obama, President Barack Obama, John Lewis, and Former President George W. Bush]]
==Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966-1977)==
In 1966, Lewis moved to New York City to take a job as the associate director of the [[Field Foundation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=392}}</ref><ref name="cnn-fastfacts">{{cite web |title=John Lewis Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/us/john-lewis-fast-facts/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref> He was there a little over a year before moving back to Atlanta to direct the [[Southern Regional Council|Southern Regional Council's]] Community Organization Project.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=398}}</ref><ref name="cnn-fastfacts" /> During his time with the SRC, he completed his degree from Fisk University.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=John |title=Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement |publisher=Harcourt Brace |location=San Diego |page=400}}</ref>
In 1970, Lewis became the director of the [[Voter Education Project]] (VEP), a position he held until 1977.<ref name="wynn">{{cite web |last1=Wynn |first1=Linda T. |title=John Robert Lewis |url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/john-robert-lewis/ |website=Tennessee Encyclopedia |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref> Though initially a project of the Southern Regional Council, the VEP became an independent organization in 1971.<ref name="ga-encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Voter Education Project |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/voter-education-project |website=Georgia Encyclopedia |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref> Despite difficulties caused by the [[1973–1975 recession]],<ref name="ga-encyclopedia" /> the VEP added nearly four million minority voters to the rolls under Lewis' leadership.<ref name="encyclopedia-al">{{cite web |title=John Lewis |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1841 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref> During his tenure, the VEP expanded its mission, including running Voter Mobilization Tours.<ref name="ga-encyclopedia" />
==Early work in government==
In January 1977, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman [[Andrew Young]] of [[Georgia's 5th congressional district]] resigned in order to become the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.]] under President [[Jimmy Carter]]. In the March 1977 open primary, [[Atlanta City Council]]man [[Wyche Fowler, Jr.]] ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.<ref name="ourcampaigns.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31297|title=GA District 5 – Special Election Primary Race – Mar 15, 1977|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31302|title=GA District 5 – Special Election Race – Apr 05, 1977|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> After his unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1977, he accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of [[ACTION (U.S. government agency)|ACTION]], responsible for running the [[Volunteers in Service to America|VISTA]] program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the [[Foster Grandparent Program]]. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.<ref>Lewis, ''Walking with the Wind'', pp. 446–451.</ref>
In 1981, Lewis ran for an at-large seat on the [[Political structure of Atlanta|Atlanta City Council]]. He won with 69% of the vote,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Press |first1=Robert M. |title=Civil rights veteran John Lewis still marches to unmistakable drumbeat |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0228/alew.html |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=28 February 1985}}</ref> and served on the council until 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=People - Lewis, John |url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/people/article/civil-rights-activists/john-lewis |website=GeorgiaInfo |publisher=University System of Georgia |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
==U.S. House of Representatives==
===Elections===
====1986====
[[File:Reagan Contact Sheet C39369 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lewis greets [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]] in 1987]]
After nine years as a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], Fowler gave up the seat to make a successful run for the U.S. Senate. Lewis decided to run for the 5th district again. In the August Democratic primary, where a victory was considered [[tantamount to election]], State Representative [[Julian Bond]] ranked first with 47%, just three points shy of winning outright. Lewis earned 35% in second place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388755|title=GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Aug 12, 1986|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In the run-off, Lewis pulled an upset against Bond, defeating him 52% to 48%.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388754|title=GA District 5 – D Runoff Race – Sep 02, 1986|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> The race was said to have "badly strained relations in Atlanta's black community" as many Black leaders had supported Bond over Lewis.<ref>[https://bittersoutherner.com/2020/the-way-of-john-lewis-cynthia-tucker-black-lives-matter?utm_source=pocket-newtab]</ref> Lewis was "endorsed by the Atlanta newspapers and a favorite of the white liberal establishment", with his victory coming from his strong polling among white voters (a minority in the district). During the campaign, he ran advertisements accusing Bond of corruption, implying that Bond used cocaine, and suggesting that Bond had lied about his civil rights activism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html|title=Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff|first=Dudley|last=Clendinen|work=The New York Times|date=September 3, 1986|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-04-15/news/26194978_1_drug-charges-cocaine-abuse-problem-julian-bond|title=Julian Bond Says He Never Used Cocaine, Blames Wife's Charges on Domestic Rift|author=Timothy Dwyer|work=philly-archives|date=April 15, 1987|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref>
In the November general election, Lewis defeated Republican Portia Scott 75% to 25%.<ref name="ourcampaigns1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=38194|title=GA District 5 Race – Nov 04, 1986|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref>
====1988–2018====
[[File:John Lewis official biopic.jpg|thumb|An official portrait of Lewis]]
John Lewis has been reelected 16 times, dropping below 70 percent of the vote in the general election only once. In 1994, he defeated Republican Dale Dixon by a 38-point margin, 69%–31%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28773|title=GA District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1994|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> He ran unopposed in 1996, from 2004 to 2008, in 2014, and again in 2018.
He was challenged in the Democratic primary just twice: in 1992 and 2008. In 1992, he defeated State Representative [[Mable Thomas]] 76%–24%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=513779|title=GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 21, 1992|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In 2008, Thomas decided to challenge Lewis again, as well as the Reverend Markel Hutchins. Lewis defeated Hutchins and Thomas 69%–16%-15%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=384597|title=GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 15, 2008|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref>
===Tenure===
====Overview====
Lewis represents [[Georgia's 5th congressional district]], one of the most consistently Democratic districts in the nation. Since its formalization in 1845, the district has been represented by a Democrat for all but eleven years.
Lewis is one of the most liberal members of the House, and one of the most liberal congressmen ever to represent a district in the Deep South. He has been categorized as a "Hard-Core Liberal" by [[On the Issues]].<ref name="Lewis 2000">{{cite web|title=Issues 2000 Lewis|url=http://www.issues2000.org/GA/John_Lewis.htm|publisher=Issues2000}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described Lewis in 1998 as "a fiercely partisan Democrat but ... also fiercely independent."<ref name="Fighter">"Nonviolent Fighter; John Lewis Retraces the Route That Led to the Future": Carlson, Peter. ''The Washington Post'' [Washington, D.C] June 9, 1998: 01.</ref> Lewis characterized himself as a strong and adamant<!--exact quote was "off the charts liberal"--> [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]].<ref name="Fighter"/> ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' said Lewis was the "only former major civil rights leader who extended his fight for human rights and racial reconciliation to the halls of Congress."<ref name="Conscience">John Lewis: 'Conscience' carries clout: Civil rights icon's moral authority enhanced: [Main Edition] Kemper, Bob. ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' [Atlanta] May 21, 2006: .1.</ref> ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' also said that to "those who know him, from U.S. senators to 20-something congressional aides," he is called the "conscience of Congress."<ref name="Conscience"/> Lewis has cited former Florida Senator and Congressman [[Claude Pepper]], a staunch liberal, as being the colleague that he has most admired.<ref name=EmoryWheel_Smith_20080421>{{cite web|url=http://emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=25537|title=The Tuesday Ten: An Interview with Rep. John Lewis|author=Smith, Asher|work=The Emory Wheel|date=April 21, 2008 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124225545/http://emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=25537|archivedate=January 24, 2009}}</ref> Lewis has spoken out in support of [[gay rights]] and [[national health insurance]].<ref name="Fighter"/>
Lewis opposed the U.S. waging of the 1991 [[Gulf War]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Mideast Trip Strengthens Georgia Lawmakers' Resolve|author=Mike Christensen|newspaper=[[The Atlanta Constitution]]|date=January 11, 1991|page=A7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tour labors in opposition to NAFTA|author=Colin Campbell|newspaper=The Atlanta Constitution|date=February 19, 1998|page=F02}}</ref> and the 2000 trade agreement with China that passed the House.<ref>{{cite web|title=The China trade vote: A Clinton triumph; House, in 237–197 vote, approves normal trade rights for China|author=Eric Schmitt and Joseph Kahn|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 25, 2000|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E7D9153DF936A15756C0A9669C8B63&pagewanted=all|accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref> He opposed the [[Clinton administration]] on NAFTA and [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act|welfare reform]].<ref name="Fighter"/> After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"<ref>"Social programs: world report. The wreck of the gravy train": ''Canada and the World Backgrounder'' 62. 2 (October 1996): 3–34.</ref> In 1994, when [[Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration#Haiti|Clinton was considering invading Haiti]], Lewis, in contrast to the Congressional Black Caucus as a whole, opposed armed intervention.<ref>{{cite news|title=President faces strong opposition in Congress|author=Sharon Schmickle|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|date=September 16, 1994|page=1}}</ref> When Clinton did send troops to Haiti, Lewis called for [[Support our troops|supporting the troops]] and called the intervention a "mission of peace".<ref>"Shared power, foreign policy, and Haiti, 1994. Public memories of war and race." Goodnight, G. Thomas; Olson, Kathryn M.; ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 9. 4 (Winter 2006): 601–634.</ref> In 1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if American forces were ordered into action.<ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia delegation divided on strategy; Some back force, others doubt military action is a real solution|author=Mark Sherman|newspaper=The Atlanta Constitution|date=February 12, 1998|page=A14}}</ref> In 2001, three days after the [[September 11 attacks]], Lewis voted to give Bush authority to retaliate in a vote that was 420–1; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.<ref name="Tough">{{cite news|title=Congress using religious compass in decisions|author=Melanie Eversley|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=October 7, 2001|page=7}}</ref> In 2002, he sponsored the [[Peace Tax Fund bill]], a [[conscientious objection to military taxation]] initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=War Resisters: 'We Won't Go' To 'We Won't Pay'|author=Felicia R. Lee|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 3, 2002|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/03/arts/war-resisters-we-won-t-go-to-we-won-t-pay.html|accessdate=March 1, 2011}}</ref> Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of President Bush" and the Iraq war.<ref name="Conscience"/> The [[Associated Press]] said he was "the first major House figure to suggest [[Movement to impeach George W. Bush|impeaching]] [[George W. Bush]]," arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the [[National Security Agency]] to [[N.S.A. surveillance without warrants controversy|conduct wiretaps without a warrant]]. Lewis said, "He is not king, he is president."<ref name=VandenHeuvel>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/blogs/edcut?pid=45006|title=The I-Word is Gaining Ground|author=Vanden Heuvel, Katrina|date=January 2, 2006|work=The Nation}}</ref>
Lewis draws on his historical involvement in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] as part of his politics. He "makes an annual pilgrimage to Alabama to retrace the route he marched in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery – a route Lewis has since had declared part of the [[National Historic Trail|Historic National Trails]] program. That trip has become one of the hottest tickets in Washington among lawmakers, Republican and Democrat, eager to associate themselves with Lewis and the movement. 'We don't deliberately set out to win votes, but it's very helpful,' Lewis said of the trip.".<ref name="Conscience"/> In recent years, however, [[Faith and Politics Institute]] has drawn criticism for selling seats on the trip to lobbyists for at least $25,000 each.<ref name="publicintegrity.org">Marina Walker Guevara, [https://www.publicintegrity.org/2006/06/08/5606/lobbyists-tag-along-civil-rights-tour "Lobbyists tag along on civil rights tour"], The Center for Public Integrity, June 8, 2006.</ref> According to the Center for Public Integrity, even Lewis said that he would feel "much better" if the institute's funding came from churches and foundations instead of corporations.<ref name="publicintegrity.org"/>
On June 3, 2011, the House passed a resolution 268–145, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|air and naval operations]] in and around [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|title=House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> Lewis voted against the resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=H.Res.292 – Declaring that the President shall not deploy, establish, or maintain the presence of units and members of the United States Armed Forces on the ground in Libya, and for other purposes.|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/292/actions|website=www.congress.gov|publisher=United States Congress|year=2011}}</ref>
====Protests====
[[File:Clinton_and_Lewis.jpg|thumb|Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] interviews John Lewis in August 2005, concerning the importance of the Supreme Court to civil rights]]
In January 2001, Lewis [[boycott]]ed the [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|inauguration of George W. Bush]] by staying in his [[Atlanta]] district. He did not attend the swearing-in because he didn't believe Bush was the true elected president.<ref>{{cite web|last=Merida|first=Kevin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24413-2001Jan20.html|title=So Close, So Far: A Texas Democrat's Day Without Sunshine|work=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date=January 21, 2001|accessdate=January 17, 2017}}</ref>
In March 2003, Lewis spoke to a crowd of 30,000 in Oregon during an anti-war protest before the start of the [[Iraq War]].<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/us/threats-and-responses-dissent-tens-of-thousands-march-against-iraq-war.html Tens of Thousands March Against Iraq War]" Lichtblau, Eric. ''New York Times'' March 16, 2003: 1.15.</ref> He was arrested in 2006<ref>"Lewis, 6 other lawmakers arrested in embassy protest": Kemper, Bob. ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' May 17, 2006: p. 3.</ref> and 2009 and outside the [[Sudan]] embassy in protest against the [[genocide in Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. lawmakers arrested in Darfur protests at Sudan embassy|publisher=CNN|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/27/us-lawmakers-arrested-in-darfur-protest-at-sudan-embassy/|accessdate=April 27, 2009|date=April 27, 2009}}</ref> He was one of eight U.S. Representatives, from six states, arrested while holding a sit-in near the west side of the [[U.S. Capitol]] building, to advocate for immigration reform. The lawmakers' participation and subsequent arrest in the protest occurred despite the fact that the 2013 [[United States federal government shutdown of 2013|government shutdown]] was going on at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/08/20874725-democratic-lawmakers-arrested-during-immigration-protest?lite|title=Democratic lawmakers arrested during immigration protest|publisher=NBC Politics – Nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com|date=October 8, 2013|accessdate=November 9, 2013}}</ref> Lewis also led the [[2016 House Democrats sit-in]] demanding that the House take action on gun control in the wake of the [[2016 Orlando nightclub shooting|Orlando nightclub shooting]] and the failure of the [[United States Senate]] to act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/house-democrats-hold-sit-gun-control-n597041|title='Spirit of History': House Democrats Hold Sit-In on Gun Control|website=NBC News|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>
====2008 presidential election====
[[File:John Lewis DNC 2008 (cropped2).jpg|thumb|left|Lewis speaks during the final day of the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Denver]], Colorado.]]
At first, Lewis supported [[Hillary Clinton]], endorsing her presidential campaign on October 12, 2007.<ref name=CNNticker_20071012>{{cite web|accessdate=May 6, 2010|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/10/12/rep-lewis-endorses-clinton/|date=October 12, 2007|title=Rep. Lewis endorses Clinton|work=CNN Political Ticker}}</ref> On February 14, 2008, however, he announced he was considering withdrawing his support from Clinton and might instead cast his [[superdelegate]] vote for [[Barack Obama]]: "Something is happening in America and people are prepared and ready to make that great leap."<ref name=NYT_Zeleny>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/politics/15clinton.html|title=Black Leader, a Clinton Ally, Tilts to Obama|author=Zeleny, Jeff and Patrick Healy|date=February 15, 2008|quote=Representative John Lewis said he planned to cast his vote as a superdelegate for Barack Obama in hopes of preventing a fight at the Democratic convention.|work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Ben Smith (journalist)|Ben Smith]] of Politico said that "it would be a seminal moment in the race if John Lewis were to switch sides."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0208/Awaiting_Lewis.html|title=Awaiting Lewis|author=Ben Smith|date=February 15, 2008|work=Politico|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref>
On February 27, 2008, Lewis formally changed his support and endorsed Obama.<ref name=LAT_AP>{{cite web|accessdate=February 28, 2008|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-endorse28feb28,1,3290763.story|title=Civil rights leader John Lewis switches to Obama|quote=The Georgia congressman, who had previously endorsed Clinton, says he wants 'to be on the side of the people.'|date=February 28, 2008|format=from the Associate Press|work=Los Angeles Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304010308/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-endorse28feb28%2C1%2C3290763.story|archivedate=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 6, 2010|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/02/27/lewis-switches-from-clinton-to-obama/|date=February 27, 2008|title=Lewis switches from Clinton to Obama|work=CNN Political Ticker}}</ref> After Obama clinched the Democratic nomination for president, Lewis said "If someone had told me this would be happening now, I would have told them they were crazy, out of their mind, they didn't know what they were talking about ... I just wish the others were around to see this day. ... To the people who were beaten, put in jail, were asked questions they could never answer to register to vote, it's amazing."<ref name=Politico_Hearn_20080604>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0608/10858.html|title=Black lawmakers emotional about Obama's success|date=June 4, 2008|author=Hearn, Josephine Hearn|publisher=Politico.com}}</ref> Despite switching his support to Obama, Lewis' support of Clinton for several months led to criticism from his constituents. One of his challengers in the House [[primary election]] set up campaign headquarters inside the building that served as Obama's Georgia office.<ref name=NYT_Hernandez_20080701>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/us/politics/01dems.html?ref=politics|author=Hernandez, Raymond|date=July 1, 2008|title=A New Campaign Charge: You Supported Clinton|work=New York Times}}</ref>
In October 2008, Lewis issued a statement criticizing the campaign of [[John McCain]] and [[Sarah Palin]] and accusing them of "sowing the seeds of hatred and division" in a way that brought to mind the late Gov. [[George Wallace]] and "another destructive period" in American political history. McCain said he was "saddened" by the criticism from "a man I've always admired," and called on Obama to repudiate Lewis's statement. Obama responded to the statement, saying that he "does not believe that John McCain or his policy criticism is in any way comparable to George Wallace or his segregationist policies."<ref name="Obama Rebukes">{{cite web|title=Congressman Rebukes McCain for Recent Rallies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/us/politics/12lewis.html?_r=1&ref=johnlewis|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Elisabeth|last=Bumiller|date=October 12, 2008}}</ref> Lewis later issued a follow-up statement clarifying that he had not compared McCain and Palin to Wallace himself, but rather that his earlier statement was a "reminder to all Americans that toxic language can lead to destructive behavior."<ref name=AJC>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/shared-blogs/ajc/politicalinsider/entries/2008/10/11/|title=John McCain equal to George Wallace? Barack Obama says 'no,' and John Lewis says he's been misunderstood|date=October 11, 2008}}</ref>
On an African American being elected president, he said:{{quote|If you ask me whether the election ... is the fulfillment of Dr. King's dream, I say, "No, it's just a down payment." There's still too many people 50 years later, there's still too many people that are being left out and left behind.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carter|first1=Lauren|title=Rep. John Lewis reflects on the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington|url=http://thegrio.com/2013/08/21/rep-john-lewis-reflects-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-march-on-washington/|website=The Grio|publisher=Entertainment Studios LLC|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>}}
[[File:US House Democrats assume floor and begin 22 June 2016 sit in.png|thumb|House Democrats, led by Lewis, take the floor to begin a sit-in demanding gun safety legislation on June 22, 2016]]
====2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in====
[[2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in|On June 22, 2016, House Democrats, led by Lewis]] and Massachusetts Representative [[Katherine Clark]], began a sit-in demanding House Speaker [[Paul Ryan]] allow a vote on gun-safety legislation in the aftermath of the [[Orlando nightclub shooting]]. Speaker pro tempore [[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]] ordered the House into recess, but Democrats refused to leave the chamber for nearly 26 hours.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bade|first1=Rachael|title=Democrats stage sit-in on House floor to force gun vote|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/democrats-stage-sit-in-on-house-floor-to-force-gun-vote-224656|website=Politico.com|publisher=Politico|accessdate=June 23, 2016}}</ref>
====National Museum of African American History and Culture====
In 1988, the year after he was sworn into Congress, Lewis introduced a bill to create a national African American museum in Washington. The bill failed and for 15 years he continued to introduce it with each new congress, but each time it was blocked in the Senate, largely by Conservative, Southern Senator [[Jesse Helms]]. In 2002, Helms did not seek reelection, Lewis gained bipartisan support, and in 2003 President George W. Bush signed the bill to establish the museum, with the Smithsonian's Board of Regents to establish the location. The [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]], located adjacent to the [[Washington Memorial]], held its opening ceremony on September 25, 2016.<ref name="The Washington Post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/for-rep-john-lewis-african-american-museum-was-a-recurring-dream/2016/06/28/fc05c81c-34b6-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html|title=For Rep. John Lewis, African American Museum was a recurring dream|last=McGione|first=Peggy|date=June 28, 2016}}</ref>
====2016 presidential election====
[[File:Atlanta Womens March John Lewis.jpg|thumb|John Lewis at the [[2017 Women's March]] in Atlanta]]
Lewis supported [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries against [[Bernie Sanders]]. Regarding Sanders’ role in the Civil Rights Movement, Lewis remarked “To be very frank, I never saw him, I never met him. I chaired the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee for three years, from 1963 to 1966. I was involved in sit-ins, in the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, the March from Selma to Montgomery... but I met Hillary Clinton". Former Congressman and Hawaii Governor [[Neil Abercrombie]] wrote a letter to Lewis saying “I’m writing to you in a state of shock and disappointment as an admirer of long-standing and a colleague of more than two decades. Your remarks about Senator Sanders and his civil rights record are deeply offensive not only to me but to hundreds of thousands of others dedicated to and participants in the Civil Rights Movement. In all honesty, John, when did you become the doorkeeper at the entrance to the Civil Rights gate? I cannot fathom how you think you advance the cause for Secretary Clinton by denigrating Senator Sanders or anyone else no matter how modest their contributions might be in your eyes.” Lewis later clarified his statement saying "During the late ’50s and ’60s when I was more engaged, [Sanders] was not there. I did not see him around. I have never seen him in the South. But if he was there, if he was involved someplace, I was not aware of it.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2016/02/13/rep-lewis-softens-dismissal-sanders/80344896/|title=Rep. Lewis softens dismissal of Sanders|date=February 13, 2016|first=Meg|last=Kinnard|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Burlington Free Press]]|edition=online|location=Burlington, Vermont|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/after-2008-flip-flop-john-lewis-barnstorms-hard-for-clinton-campaign-219307|title=Hillary Clinton's secret weapon: John Lewis|first=Patrick|last=Temple-West|date=February 15, 2016|website=[[Politico.com]]|location=Arlington, Virginia|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
In a January 2016 interview, Lewis compared [[Donald Trump]], then the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] front-runner, to former Governor [[George Wallace]]. "I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really... We shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people."
<ref name=LAT_Panzar>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rep-john-lewis-trump-others-la-visit-20160123-story.html|title=Rep. John Lewis speaks out against Trump's divisive rhetoric during L.A. visit|author=Panzar, Javier|date=January 23, 2016|quote="I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really [and] we shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people." – Lewis|work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
On January 13, 2017, during an interview with [[NBC]]'s [[Chuck Todd]] for ''[[Meet the Press]]'', Lewis stated: "I don't see the president-elect as a legitimate president."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Todd|first1=Chuck|last2=Bronston|first2=Sally|last3=Rivera|first3=Matt|title=Rep. John Lewis: 'I don't see Trump as a legitimate president'|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/john-lewis-trump-won-t-be-legitimate-president-n706676|work=NBC News|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> He added, "I think the Russians participated in having this man get elected, and they helped destroy the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. I don't plan to attend the [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration]]. I think there was a [[2016 United States election interference by Russia|conspiracy on the part of the Russians]], and others, that helped him get elected. That's not right. That's not fair. That's not the open, democratic process."<ref>Nicholas Loffredo, [http://www.newsweek.com/john-lewis-trump-legitimacy-dems-skipping-inauguration-542819 "John Lewis, Questioning Trump's Legitimacy, Among Dems Skipping Inauguration"], ''Newsweek'', January 14, 2017.</ref> Trump replied on [[Twitter]] the following day, suggesting that Lewis should "spend more time on fixing and helping his district, which is in horrible shape and falling apart (not to [...] mention crime infested) rather than falsely complaining about the election results," and accusing Lewis of being "All talk, talk, talk – no action or results. Sad!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dawsey|first1=Josh|last2=Cheney|first2=Kyle|last3=Morin|first3=Rebecca|title=Trump rips John Lewis as Democrats boycott inauguration|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-john-lewis-233630|work=Politico|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> Trump's statement about Lewis' district was rated as "Mostly False" by [[PolitiFact]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Qiu|first=Linda|title=Trump's exaggerated claim that John Lewis' district is 'falling apart' and 'crime infested'|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-john-lewis-crime-invested-atlanta/|work=PolitiFact|date=January 15, 2017|accessdate=February 7, 2018}}</ref> and he was criticized for attacking a civil rights leader such as John Lewis, especially one who was brutally beaten for the cause, and especially on [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day|Martin Luther King weekend]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Donald Trump starts MLK weekend by attacking civil rights hero John Lewis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/14/donald-trump-john-lewis-mlk-day-civil-rights|accessdate=January 15, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=January 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="NYT_2017">{{citation|title=In Trump's Feud With John Lewis, Blacks Perceive a Callous Rival|url=https://nyti.ms/2iBjXO6|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 15, 2017|accessdate=January 16, 2017|author=Yamiche Alcindor}}</ref><ref>washingtonpost.com January 15, 2017: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/15/in-feud-with-john-lewis-donald-trump-attacked-one-of-the-most-respected-people-in-america/?wpisrc=nl_most-draw14&wpmm=1 In feud with John Lewis, Donald Trump attacked ‘one of the most respected people in America’]</ref> [[Senator John McCain]] acknowledged Lewis as “an American hero” but criticized him saying “this is not the first time that Congressman Lewis has taken a very extreme stand and condemned without any shred of evidence for doing so an incoming president of the United States. This is a stain on Congressman Lewis' reputation – no one else’s.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-john-lewis-feud-tweets-233685|title=Trump maintains feud with Lewis: He also boycotted Bush 43|work=Politico|access-date=August 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref> The [[New York Post]] noted that Lewis used the "same unfounded, cookie-cutter personal attacks against Republican after Republican".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2017/01/17/trump-should-shrug-off-john-lewis-cookie-cutter-insults/|title=Trump should shrug off John Lewis' cookie-cutter insults|department=Editorial|author=Post Editorial Board|date=January 18, 2017|work=[[New York Post]]|location=New York City|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>
A few days later, Lewis said that he would not attend [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]] because he did not believe that Trump was the true elected president. "It will be the first (inauguration) that I miss since I've been in Congress. You cannot be at home with something that you feel that is wrong, is not right," he said. Lewis had failed to attend [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|George W. Bush's inauguration in 2001]] because he believed that he too was not a legitimately elected president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Democratic congressman John Lewis rejects Trump, will skip inauguration for first time in 30 years|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3181210/democratic-congressman-john-lewis-rejects-trump-will-skip-inauguration-for-first-time-in-30-years/|website=Global News|accessdate=February 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Trump inauguration boycott grows|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38636136|website=BBC News|accessdate=February 7, 2018|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacobson|first=Lewis|title=John Lewis wrong on whether he has skipped an inauguration|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/17/john-lewis/john-lewis-wrong-whether-he-skipped-inauguration-d/|work=PolitiFact|date=January 17, 2017|accessdate=February 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
===Committee assignments===
Lewis sits on the following Congressional committees:<ref>{{cite web |title=John Lewis |url=https://clerkpreview.house.gov/members/L000287 |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]]'''
** [[United States House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight|Subcommittee on Oversight]] (Chair)
* '''[[United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation]]'''
===Caucus memberships===
Lewis is a member of over 40 caucuses, including:<ref name="johnlewishousegov">{{cite web |title=Committees and Caucuses |url=https://johnlewis.house.gov/john-lewis/committees-and-caucuses |website=johnlewis.house.gov |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref>
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Caucus (Co-Chair)
* Congressional Structured Settlements Caucus (Co-Chair)
* [[Congressional Black Caucus]]
* [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucus Members|author=|url=https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=71§iontree=2,71|format=|publisher=Congressional Progressive Caucus|date=|accessdate=January 30, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Brazil Caucus]]<ref name="johnlewishousegov" />
* [[Congressional Arts Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Membership|author=|url=https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership|format=|publisher=Congressional Arts Caucus|date=|accessdate=March 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120195207/https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Since 1991, Lewis has been senior chief deputy [[whip (politics)|whip]] in the Democratic caucus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Data/Black-Americans-in-Party-Leadership-Positions/|title=Black Americans in Party Leadership Positions, 1977–present {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|website=history.house.gov|language=en|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
==Biographies==
[[File:11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg|thumb|left|Lewis signing copies of ''[[March Book One]]'' (2013), the first volume of his graphic novel autobiography, at [[Midtown Comics]] in Manhattan]]
Lewis's 1998 autobiography ''Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement,'' co-written with [[Michael D'Orso]], won the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, the Christopher Award, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, and the Lillian Smith Book Award. It appeared on numerous bestseller lists, was selected as a ''New York Times'' Notable Book of the Year, was named by the American Library Association as its Nonfiction Book of the Year, and was included among ''Newsweek'' magazine's 2009 list of "50 Books For Our Times." It was critically acclaimed, with the ''Washington Post'' calling it "the definitive account of the civil rights movement" and the ''Los Angeles Times'' proclaiming it "Destined to become a classic in civil rights literature."
His life is also the subject of a 2002 book for young people, ''John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman''. In 2012, Lewis released ''Across That Bridge'', written with Brenda Jones, to mixed reviews. ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''{{’}}s review said, "At its best, the book provides a testament to the power of nonviolence in social movements… At its worst, it resembles an extended campaign speech".<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4013-2411-7 "Across That Bridge: Life Lessons and a Vision for Change" (review)], ''Publishers Weekly'', March 5, 2012.</ref>
===''March''===
In 2013, Lewis became the first member of Congress to write a [[graphic novel]], with the launch of a trilogy titled ''[[March (comics)|March]]''. The ''March'' trilogy is a black and white [[comics]] trilogy about the [[Civil Rights Movement]], told through the perspective of civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis. The first volume, ''March: Book One'' is written by Lewis and [[Andrew Aydin]], illustrated and lettered by [[Nate Powell]] and was published in August 2013,<ref name=WashPost>{{cite web|last=Cavna|first=Michael|title=In the graphic novel 'March,' Rep. John Lewis renders a powerful civil rights memoir|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/lifestyle/41333709_1_john-lewis-lewis-s-graphic-novel|accessdate=October 25, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 12, 2013 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204717/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/lifestyle/41333709_1_john-lewis-lewis-s-graphic-novel|archivedate=October 29, 2013}}</ref> the second volume, ''March: Book Two'' was published in January 2015 and the final volume, ''March: Book Three'' was published in August 2016.<ref>{{cite book|title=March: Book Three|first1=John|last1=Lewis|first2=Andrew|last2=Aydin|date=August 2, 2016|publisher=Top Shelf Productions|isbn = 978-1603094023}}</ref>
In an August 2014 interview, Lewis cited the influence of a 1958 comic book, ''[[Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story]],'' on his decision to adapt his experience to the graphic novel format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cartoonician.com/u-s-rep-john-lewis-discusses-his-graphic-novel-march/|title=U.S. Rep. John Lewis Discusses His Graphic Novel "March"|date=September 8, 2014|publisher=}}</ref> ''[[March: Book One]]'' became a number one ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller for graphic novels<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Sellers|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2013-09-01/paperback-graphic-books/list.html|accessdate=February 8, 2014}}</ref> and spent more than a year on the lists.
''March: Book One'' received an "Author Honor" from the [[American Library Association]]'s 2014 [[Coretta Scott King Book Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Coretta Scott King Book Awards – All Recipients, 1970–present|url=http://www.ala.org/emiert/coretta-scott-king-book-awards-all-recipients-1970-present|website=American Library Association|accessdate=December 4, 2014|date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> ''Book One'' also became the first graphic novel to win a [[Robert F. Kennedy Book Award]], receiving a "Special Recognition" bust in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=MacDonald|first1=Heidi|title=March Book One is first graphic novel to win the RFK Book Award|url=http://www.comicsbeat.com/march-book-one-is-first-grahpic-novel-to-win-the-rfk-book-award/|website=Comics Beat|date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
''March: Book One'' was selected by first-year reading programs in 2014 at [[Michigan State University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book|url=http://www.onebookeastlansing.com/Home/2014Works.aspx|publisher=City of East Lansing & Michigan State University|accessdate=December 14, 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112213251/http://www.onebookeastlansing.com/Home/2014Works.aspx|archivedate=January 12, 2015}}</ref> [[Georgia State University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Fall 2014 Selection|url=http://success.students.gsu.edu/first-year-programs/first-year-book/fall-2014-nominations/|website=Georgia State University|accessdate=December 4, 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220200840/http://success.students.gsu.edu/first-year-programs/first-year-book/fall-2014-nominations/|archivedate=December 20, 2014}}</ref> and [[Marquette University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book|url=http://www.marquette.edu/osd/reading/about.shtml|website=Marquette University, Office of Student Development|accessdate=December 4, 2014}}</ref>
''March: Book Two'' was released in 2015 and immediately became both a ''New York Times'' and ''Washington Post'' bestseller for graphic novels.
The release of ''March: Book Three'' in August 2016 brought all three volumes into the top 3 slots of the ''New York Times'' bestseller list for graphic novels for 6 consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paperback Graphic Books|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/09/25/paperback-graphic-books/|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=November 4, 2016}}</ref> The third volume was announced as the recipient of the 2017 [[Printz Award]], the [[Coretta Scott King Award]], the [[YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction]], the 2016 [[National Book Award]] in Young People's Literature,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/11/17/rep-john-lewiss-national-book-award-win-is-a-milestone-moment-for-graphic-novels/|title=Rep. John Lewis's National Book Award win is a milestone moment for graphic novels|date=November 17, 2016|author=Michael Cavna|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> and the [[Sibert Medal]] at the [[American Library Association]]'s annual Midwinter Meeting in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Library Association announces 2017 youth media award winners|url=http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2017/01/american-library-association-announces-2017-youth-media-award-winners|website=American Library Association|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref>
The ''March'' trilogy received the [[National Council for the Social Studies#Awards|Carter G. Woodson Book Award]] in the Secondary (grades 7–12) category in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.socialstudies.org/awards/woodson/winners|title=Carter G. Woodson Book Award and Honor Winners|publisher=[[National Council for the Social Studies]]|location=Silver Spring, Maryland |access-date=February 25, 2019|date=June 3, 2008}}</ref>
===''Run''===
In 2018, Lewis and [[Andrew Aydin]] co-wrote another graphic novel as sequel to the ''March'' series entitled ''Run''. The graphic novel picks up the events in Lewis' life after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The authors teamed with award-winning comic book illustrator [[Afua Richardson]] for the book, which was originally scheduled to be released in August 2018 (but has since been rescheduled).<ref>Arrant, Chris. [https://www.newsarama.com/41108-rep-john-lewis-run-pushed-back-to-april-2019-release.html "REP. JOHN LEWIS' RUN Pulled From Schedule,"] Newsarama (July 26, 2018).</ref> [[Nate Powell]], who illustrated ''March'', will also contribute to the art.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/run-follows-award-winning-graphic-novel-march-in-civil-rights-chronicle-1523455321|title='Run' Follows Award-Winning Graphic Novel 'March' in Civil-Rights Chronicle|last=Rappaport|first=Michael|date=April 11, 2018|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>
==Personal life==
Lewis met Lillian Miles at a [[New Year's Eve]] party hosted by [[Xernona Clayton]]. They married in 1968. Together, they had one son, named John-Miles. Lillian died on December 31, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Malloy|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local-obituaries/lillian-miles-lewis-73-wife-adviser-of-us-rep-john/nTjg3/|title=Rep. John Lewis' wife, Lillian, dies|publisher=Blogs.ajc.com|date=December 31, 2012|accessdate=November 9, 2013}}</ref>
Lewis is a member of [[Phi Beta Sigma]] fraternity.<ref>{{cite web|title=President Clinton Inducted into Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/11/idUS14578+11-Jul-2009+PRN20090711|agency=Reuters|accessdate=January 1, 2013 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315092349/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/11/idUS14578+11-Jul-2009+PRN20090711|archivedate=March 15, 2013}}</ref>
On December 29, 2019, Lewis announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV [[pancreatic cancer]]. He remained in the Washington D.C. area for his treatment. Lewis stated: "I have been in some kind of fight – for freedom, equality, basic human rights – for nearly my entire life. I have never faced a fight quite like the one I have now."<ref>{{cite news|last1=LeBlanc|first1=Paul|title=Civil rights icon Rep. John Lewis announces he has stage 4 pancreatic cancer|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/29/politics/john-lewis-pancreatic-cancer/index.html|accessdate=December 30, 2019|publisher=CNN|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US Rep John Lewis of Georgia says he has pancreatic cancer|url=https://wtop.com/national/2019/12/us-rep-john-lewis-of-georgia-says-he-has-pancreatic-cancer/|accessdate=December 30, 2019|publisher=WTOP|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref>
==Honors==
[[File:John Lewis - Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg|thumb|left|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] awarded by President Barack Obama in 2011]]
Lewis is honored with the 1997 sculpture by Thornton Dial, ''[[The Bridge (sculpture)|The Bridge]]'', at [[Ponce de Leon Avenue]] and [[Freedom Parkway|Freedom Park]], Atlanta. Two years later, in 1999, Lewis was awarded the [[Wallenberg Medal]] from the [[University of Michigan]] in recognition of his courageous lifelong commitment to the defense of civil and human rights. In that same year he received the [[Four Freedoms Award]] for the Freedom of Speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards|title=Archived copy|accessdate=April 4, 2015 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards|archivedate=March 25, 2015}}</ref>
In 2001, the [[John F. Kennedy Library Foundation]] awarded Lewis the [[Profile in Courage Award]] "for his extraordinary courage, leadership and commitment to civil rights."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=December 8, 2012|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients/John-Lewis-2001.aspx|title=John Lewis|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> It is a lifetime achievement award and has been given out only twice, John Lewis and [[William Winter (politician)|William Winter]] (in 2008).The next year he was awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] from the [[NAACP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners|title=NAACP Spingarn Medal|accessdate=April 19, 2017 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners|archivedate=August 2, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:John Lewis addressing audience in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress - 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.jpg|thumb|John Lewis addressing audience in the [[Thomas Jefferson Building|Great Hall]] of the [[Library of Congress]] on the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 2013]] In 2004, Lewis received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref>
In 2006, he received the US Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National Winners | public service awards|publisher=Jefferson Awards.org|date=|accessdate=November 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2007, Lewis was awarded the [[Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics#Dole Leadership Prize|Dole Leadership Prize]] from the [[Dole Institute of Politics|Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics]] at the [[University of Kansas]].<ref name=DoleBlog_20070926>{{cite web|accessdate=October 12, 2008|url=http://doleinstituteblog.org/civil-rights-movement-pioneer-to-receive-dole-leadership-prize/|title=Civil Rights Movement Pioneer to receive Dole Leadership Prize|agency=Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, University of Kansas|date=September 26, 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207031804/http://doleinstituteblog.org/civil-rights-movement-pioneer-to-receive-dole-leadership-prize/|archivedate=December 7, 2008}}</ref>
Lewis was the only living speaker from the [[March on Washington]] present on the stage during the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]]. Obama signed a commemorative photograph for Lewis with the words, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."<ref name=The_New_Yorker>{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/02/02/090202taco_talk_remnick|title=The President's Hero|date=February 2, 2009|author=Remnick, David|work=The New Yorker}}</ref>
In 2010, Lewis was awarded the First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given to him by the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation]],<ref name="The University of Texas at Austin">{{cite web|title=Rep. John Lewis Honored as Civil Rights Champion with First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award|url=http://www.utexas.edu/news/2010/11/17/lewis_john/|accessdate=April 3, 2012}}</ref> and the next year, Lewis was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]].<ref name=Bloomberg_20110215>{{cite web|accessdate=February 15, 2011|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-15/obama-honors-buffett-george-h-w-bush-with-medal-of-freedom.html|title=Obama Honors Buffett, George H.W. Bush With Medal of Freedom|date=February 15, 2011|work=Bloomberg|first=Julianna|last=Goldman}}</ref>
In 2016, it was announced that a future [[United States Navy]] [[underway replenishment oiler]] would be named [[USNS John Lewis (T-AO-205)|USNS ''John Lewis'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/639487/secretary-of-the-navy-announces-first-ship-of-next-generation-fleet-repenishmen/|title=Secretary of the Navy Announces First Ship of Next Generation Fleet Replenishment Oilers|website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Also in 2016, Lewis was awarded the Liberty Medal at the National Constitution Center. The prestigious award has been awarded to international leaders from Malala Yousafzai to the Dalai Lama, presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton and other dignitaries and visionaries. The timing of Lewis's award coincided with the 150th anniversary of the 14th amendment.<ref>[http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2016/06/john-lewis-to-receive-2016-liberty-medal/ "John Lewis to receive 2016 Liberty Medal"], National Constitution Center, June 2, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160920_John_Lewis_honored_with_the_Liberty_Medal.html "John Lewis honored with the Liberty Medal"], Philly.com, September 20, 2016.</ref> In 2020, Lewis was awarded the [[Walter Reuther|Walter P. Reuther]] Humanitarian Award by [[Wayne State University]], the [[United Automobile Workers|UAW]], and the Reuther family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.wayne.edu/news/2020/02/05/wayne-state-uaw-honor-civil-rights-legend-rep-john-lewis-35309|title=Wayne State, UAW honor civil rights legend Rep. John Lewis|last=|first=|date=February 5, 2020|website=Wayne State University|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 8, 2020}}</ref>
Lewis has given numerous commencement addresses, including at the [[School of Visual Arts]] (SVA) in 2014,<ref name=VAJ-Q>Herbowy, Greg (Fall 2014). "Q+A: Congressman John Lewis, Andrew Aydin & Nate Powell." ''[[Visual Arts Journal]]''. pp. 48-51</ref> [[Bates College]] (in [[Lewiston, Maine]]) in 2016<ref name=Bates>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/news/2016/04/01/civil-rights-leader-rep-john-lewis-to-deliver-2016-commencement-address-joining-honorands-lisa-genova-92-daniel-gilbert-and-robert-witt-62/|title=Civil Rights leader Rep. John Lewis to deliver 2016 Commencement address, joining honorands Lisa Genova '92, Daniel Gilbert and Robert Witt '62|website=bates.edu|access-date=May 20, 2016|date=April 2016}}</ref>, [[Bard College]] and [[Bank Street College of Education]] in 2017, and [[Harvard University]] in 2018.<ref name="Harvard Gazette"/>
===Honorary academic degrees===
[[File:John Lewis Civil rights leader honorary degree 2012.jpg|thumb|Lewis receives an honorary degree from [[Brown University]] in 2012]]
Lewis has been awarded over 50 honorary degrees,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Honorable John Lewis |url=http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/support/honorees/the-honorable-john-lewis |website=The Gordon Parks Foundation |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref> including:
* 1995: Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from [[Northeastern University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Commencement Speakers & Honorary Degrees |url=https://library.northeastern.edu/services/archives-special-collections/northeastern-history/commencement-speakers-honorary-degrees |website=Northeastern University Library |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 1998: Honorary Humane Letters degree from [[Brandeis University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/recipients.html |website=Brandeis University: Board of Trustees |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 1999: Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree from the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Commencement Program, 1999|url=http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15774coll21/id/966/rec/1|website=Open Archives: Digital Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston|publisher=University of Massachusetts Boston|accessdate=May 26, 2017}}</ref>
* 2001: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[University at Albany]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SUNY Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.albany.edu/academics/honorary.degree.shtml |website=University at Albany |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2002: Honorary D.H.L. from [[Howard University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Recipients of Honorary Degrees and Other University Honors (by year) |url=https://www.howard.edu/secretary/convocations/recipients-year.htm |website=Howard University: Office of the Secretary |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2004: Honorary degree from [[Portland State University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees Awarded by Portland State University, 1993 – 2016 |url=https://www.pdx.edu/academic-affairs/sites/www.pdx.edu.academic-affairs/files/PSU%20Honorary%20Degrees%20Awarded_42016.pdf |website=Portland State University |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2004: Honorary LHD from [[Juniata College]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.juniata.edu/about/presidents-office/honorary-degrees/honorary-degree-recipients.php |website=Juniata College |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2007: Honorary [[LL.D.]] degree from the [[University of Vermont]]
* 2007: Honorary [[LL.D.]] degree from [[Adelphi University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://commencement.adelphi.edu/honorary-degrees/ |website=Adelphi University |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2012: Honorary LL.D. degrees from [[Brown University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Simmons among nine honorary degree recipients|url=http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2012/05/hdcitations#Lewis|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=May 28, 2014|date=May 16, 2012}}</ref> [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Penn's 2012 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v58/n26/hd.html|website=Penn Almanac|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> [[Harvard University]],<ref name="Harvard Gazette">{{Cite news|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvard-awards-seven-honorary-degrees/|title=Harvard awards seven honorary degrees|date=May 24, 2018|work=Harvard Gazette|access-date=August 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[University of Connecticut School of Law]]
* 2013: Honorary [[Doctor of Humane Letters]]<ref>{{cite web|title=U. S. Rep. John Lewis to be Honored at Judson College|url=http://www.perrycountyalabamachamber.com/event/u-s-rep-john-lewis-to-be-honored-at-judson-college/|publisher=Perry County Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=November 5, 2016|date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> from Judson College.
* 2013: Honorary LL.D. degrees from [[Cleveland State University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=John Lewis Receives Honorary Doctorate from CSU|url=https://www.csuohio.edu/news/john-lewis-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-csu|publisher=[[Cleveland State University]]|accessdate=July 22, 2015|date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> and [[Union College]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil rights advocate U.S. Rep. John Lewis urges graduates to "get in the way"|publisher=Union College|url=http://www.union.edu/news/stories/2013/06/lewis.php|accessdate=November 22, 2015|date=June 16, 2013}}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary LL.D. degree from [[Emory University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary degree recipients are leaders in education and civil rights|url=http://news.emory.edu/stories/2014/05/er_commencement_honorary_degrees/campus.html|publisher=Emory News Center|accessdate=July 22, 2015|date=May 7, 2014}}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary [[Doctorate of Fine Arts]] from the [[School of Visual Arts]].<ref name="VAJ">Rhodes, David (Fall 2014). "From the President". ''Visual Arts Journal''. p. 3</ref>
* 2014: Honorary [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Lawrence University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Speaker: Rep. John Lewis|url=https://www.lawrence.edu/students/academic_life/commencement/john-lewis|accessdate=March 20, 2017|date=May 20, 2015}}</ref>
* 2014: Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from [[Marquette University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees: Congressman John Lewis |url=https://www.marquette.edu/university-honors/honorary-degrees/lewis.php |website=Marquette University |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary [[Doctorate of Humane Letters]] from the [[McCourt School of Public Policy]], [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Commencement Speakers Announced|url=http://www.thehoya.com/2015-commencement-speakers-announced/|publisher=The Hoya|accessdate=May 14, 2015|date=May 4, 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Lawrence University]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Rick |title=Congressman John Lewis, Civil Rights Activist James Zwerg to Receive Honorary Degrees at Lawrence Commencement |url=https://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2015/03/congressman-john-lewis-civil-rights-activist-james-zwerg-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-lawrence-commencement.html |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Lawrence University |date=5 March 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary degree from [[Goucher College]]<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Rep. John Lewis to Deliver Commencement Keynote |url=https://blogs.goucher.edu/intheloop/7508/congressman-and-civil-rights-activist-john-lewis-to-deliver-commencement-keynote/ |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=In the Loop |publisher=Goucher College |date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[Hampton University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Congressman John Lewis tells HU Graduates to 'Get in the Way' |url=http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/Congressman-John-Lewis-tells-HU-Graduates-to-%27Get-in-the-Way%27 |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=HU News |publisher=Hampton University}}</ref>
* 2016: Honorary [[Doctorate of Humane Letters]] from [[New York University]].<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/03/10/darren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html "Darren Walker, Ford Foundation President, to Speak at NYU’s Commencement"], NYU, March 10, 2016.</ref>
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Bates College]]<ref name=Bates />
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Washington University in St. Louis]]<ref>[https://commencement.wustl.edu/people/john-lewis/ "John Lewis"], Commencement, Washington University in St. Louis.</ref>
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Policy Analysis from the [[Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School]]<ref>[http://www.prgs.edu/alumni/commencement.html#commencement-weekend-honorees- "Pardee RAND Graduate School Commencement"], Pardee RAND Graduate School, June 18, 2016.</ref>
* 2016: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[Washington and Jefferson College]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Lewis, Latif, Berko Gleason and Stofan to Receive Honorary Degrees at Commencement |url=https://www.jayconnected.com/s/924/19/interior.aspx?sid=924&gid=1&pgid=2144&cid=4325&ecid=4325&crid=0&calpgid=1900&calcid=3863 |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Jay Connected}}</ref>
* 2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from [[Yale Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2017/05/18/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-eight-individuals-their-achievements|title=Yale awards honorary degrees to eight individuals for their achievements|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=May 18, 2017|website=Yale News|publisher=Yale University |access-date=May 22, 2017|quote=From Freedom Rider to statesman, you have championed civil rights and public service for six decades. You have faced beatings, violence, and intimidation with steadfast nonviolence... Devoted champion of America and of all of its people, in recognition of a lifetime of bold action and inspiring results, we are honored to present you with this Doctor of Laws degree.}}</ref>
* 2017: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from [[Bank Street College of Education|Bank Street Graduate School of Education]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Congressman John Lewis Honored at Graduate School of Education Commencement |url=https://www.bankstreet.edu/news-events/news/congressman-john-lewis-honored-at-graduate-school-of-education-commencement/ |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=Bank Street College of Education |date=30 May 2017}}</ref>
* 2018: Honorary Doctor of Law degree from [[Boston University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Civil rights icon, Trump critic highlighting BU commencement |url=https://www.wrbl.com/news/national/civil-rights-icon-trump-critic-highlighting-bu-commencement/1190548468/ |accessdate=20 April 2020 |work=wrbl.com |date=21 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2019: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from [[City College of New York]]<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Rep. John Lewis is CCNY Commencement speaker, May 31 Commencement honors for Edward Plotkin ’53 |url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/us-rep-john-lewis-ccny-commencement-speaker-may-31-commencement-honors-edward-plotkin-%E2%80%9953 |accessdate=18 April 2020 |work=City College of New York |date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
* 2019: Honorary doctorate from [[Tulane University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tulane: honorary doctorates for Cook, Baquet, Danner, Lewis |url=https://apnews.com/40567563f90f487e878341215ffba1cc |accessdate=18 April 2020 |agency=Associated Press |date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
==Electoral history==
{{s-start}}
|+ {{ushr|Georgia|5|}}: Results 1986–2018<ref name="clerk">{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html|title=Office of the House Clerk – Electoral Statistics|publisher=Clerk of the United States House of Representatives |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730201058/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html|archivedate=July 30, 2008}}</ref><ref name="fedelect">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/electionresults.shtml|title=Election Results|publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/42277/113204/en/summary.html|title=General Election – November 6, 2012|date=November 21, 2012|publisher=[[Secretary of State of Georgia]]|accessdate=August 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/54042/149045/en/summary.html|title=General Election – November 4, 2014|date=November 10, 2014|publisher=[[Secretary of State of Georgia]]|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/63991/184321/en/summary.html|title=GA – Election Results|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=December 1, 2016|website=|publisher=|access-date=May 27, 2017|quote=}}</ref>
! Year
!
! Democratic
! Votes
! %
!
! Republican
! Votes
! %
!
|-
|[[United States House election, 1986|1986]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |93,229
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |75%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Portia Scott
|{{party shading/Republican}} |30,562
|{{party shading/Republican}} |25%
|<!--write-in 9-->
|-
|[[United States House election, 1988|1988]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |135,194
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |78%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |J. W. Tibbs
|{{party shading/Republican}} |37,693
|{{party shading/Republican}} |22%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1990|1990]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |86,037
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |76%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |J. W. Tibbs
|{{party shading/Republican}} |27,781
|{{party shading/Republican}} |24%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1992|1992]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |147,445
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |72%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Paul Stabler
|{{party shading/Republican}} |56,960
|{{party shading/Republican}} |28%
|<!--2 write in votes-->
|-
|[[United States House election, 1994|1994]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |85,094
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |69%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Dale Dixon
|{{party shading/Republican}} |37,999
|{{party shading/Republican}} |31%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1996|1996]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |136,555
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 1998|1998]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |109,177
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |79%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |John H. Lewis
|{{party shading/Republican}} |29,877
|{{party shading/Republican}} |21%
|
|-
|[[United States House election, 2000|2000]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |137,333
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |77%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Hank Schwab
|{{party shading/Republican}} |40,606
|{{party shading/Republican}} |23%
|<!--Write in 3-->
|-
|[[United States House election, 2002|2002]]
|
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |116,259
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2004#District 5|2004]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |201,773
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2006#District 5|2006]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |122,380
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2008#District 5|2008]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |231,368
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|<!--Write-in 106-->
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2010#District 5|2010]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |130,782
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |74%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Fenn Little
|{{party shading/Republican}} |46,622
|{{party shading/Republican}} |26%
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2012#District 5|2012]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |234,330
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |84%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Howard Stopeck
|{{party shading/Republican}} |43,335
|{{party shading/Republican}} |16%
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2014#District 5|2014]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |170,326
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2016#District 5|2016]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |253,781
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |84%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Douglas Bell
|{{party shading/Republican}} |46,768
|{{party shading/Republican}} |16%
|
|-
|[[United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2018#District 5|2018]]
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |'''John Lewis'''
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |273,084
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |100%
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |''No candidate''
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|{{party shading/Republican}} |
|
{{s-end
}}
==In popular culture==
Lewis is portrayed by [[Stephan James (actor)|Stephan James]] in the 2014 film [[Selma (film)|''Selma'']]. He made a cameo appearance in the music video for [[Young Jeezy]]'s song "[[My President]]", which was released in the month of Obama's inauguration.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9sABRosdNg "Young Jeezy – My President ft. Nas"]. YouTube. From 3'17" to 3'19" in.</ref><ref>Soderberg, Brandon 9February 18, 2009). [https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/music-video-roundup-young-jeezys-my-president-is-black-relics-of-cynicism "Music Video Round-Up: Young Jeezy's 'My President Is Black' & Relics of Cynicism"]. ''[[Slant Magazine]]''. Accessed January 20, 2017.</ref> In February 2018, John Lewis voiced his guest character (also called "John Lewis") in the ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' episode "Arthur Takes a Stand".
Lewis's life is chronicled in the 2017 PBS documentary ''John Lewis: Get In the Way''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4924818/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ''John Lewis: Get In the Way'' entry], Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 26, 2020.</ref>
Lewis appeared in the 2019 documentary ''[[Bobby Kennedy for President]]'', in which Lewis commends [[Robert F. Kennedy]] especially in regards to his support for civil rights throughout his time as a senator for New York and during [[Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign|Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign]].<ref name="Morfoot 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/robert-f-kennedy-netflix-bobby-kennedy-for-president-documentary-1202728214/|title=Netflix Nabs 'Bobby Kennedy for President' Documentary Series (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Morfoot|first=Addie|date=March 16, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref> Lewis also recounted his deep sorrow following the assassinations of Kennedy and [[Martin Luther King Jr]], both occurring in 1968.<ref name="Gilbert 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/04/bobby-kennedy-for-president-review-netflix/559010/|title='Bobby Kennedy for President' Captures an Awkward Icon|last=Gilbert|first=Sophie|date=April 30, 2018|work=The Atlantic|access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
* ''Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973'' (Library of America: 2003) {{ISBN|1-931082-29-4}}
* ''Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement'' by John Lewis with [[Michael D'Orso]], (Harvest Books: 1999) {{ISBN|0-15-600708-8}}. The U.S. Congressman tells of life in the trenches of the Civil Rights Movement, the numerous arrests, sit-ins, and marches that led to breaking down the barriers of discrimination in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.
* ''John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement'' by [[Jim Haskins]] and Kathleen Benson, illustrated by [[Benny Andrews]], (Lee & Low Books: 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-58430-250-6}}. A biography of John Lewis, one of the "Big Six" leaders who were chairman of activist groups organizing the 1963 March on Washington, focusing on his involvement in [[Freedom Rides]], the March on Washington, and the march across the [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] in the 1965 [[Selma to Montgomery marches]].
* ''John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman'' by Christine M. Hill, (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002) {{ISBN|0-7660-1768-0}}. A biography of John Lewis written for juvenile readers.
* ''Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement'' by Ann Bausum, ([[National Geographic Society]], 2006) {{ISBN|0-7922-4173-8}}.
* ''Across That Bridge'' by John Lewis with Brenda Jones, (Hyperion: 2012) {{ISBN|978-1-4013-2411-7}}. Winner of the 2013 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work/Biography. It is an accessible discussion of Lewis's philosophy and his viewpoint of the philosophical basis of the Civil Rights Movement.
* ''[[March (comics)|March: Book One]]'' a 2013 illustrated comic history of Lewis' career, with sequels published in 2015 and 2016, by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and [[Nate Powell]], ([[Top Shelf Productions]]) {{ISBN|978-1-60309-300-2}}.
==See also==
* [[2016 House Democrats sit-in]]
* [[List of African-American United States Representatives]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0073/menu.html Oral History Interview with John Lewis] from [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp Oral Histories of the American South], November 20, 1973
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121001171000/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/107917-1/John+Lewis.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Lewis on ''Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement''], July 12, 1998
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/lewis.html "SNCC – People: John Lewis."], April 11, 2011
* [https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview " Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview."] www.achievement.org. [[American Academy of Achievement]].
==External links==
{{commons category|John Lewis (American politician)}}
{{Wikiquote|John Lewis (civil rights leader)}}
* [https://johnlewis.house.gov Congressman John Lewis] official U.S. House site
* [http://www.johnlewisforcongress.com/ John Lewis for Congress]
* {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Georgia/Government/Federal/US_House_of_Representatives/John_Lewis_%5BD-5%5D|John Lewis}}
* [https://snccdigital.org/people/john-lewis/ SNCC Digital Gateway: John Lewis], Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
* {{CongLinks | congbio=l000287 | votesmart=26820 | fec=H6GA05217 | congress=john-lewis/688 }}
* [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4397709 John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)], June 11, 1996.
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/17/rep_john_lewis_on_congress_after Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel] – video interview by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', November 17, 2010
* {{C-SPAN|John Lewis}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/about/meet-our-guests/john-lewis Finding your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Season 1, Episode 2: John Lewis and Cory Booker"]
{{s-start}}
{{s-npo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles McDew]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]|years=1963–1966}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stokely Carmichael]]}}
|-
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
|state = Georgia
|district = 5
|before = [[Wyche Fowler]]
|years = 1987–present}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David Bonior]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip]]|years=1991–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Cedric Richmond]]|as=House Democratic Assistant Majority Whip}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter DeFazio]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|United States Representatives by seniority]]|years=9th}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fred Upton]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{GA-FedRep}}
{{Civil rights movement}}
{{USHouseLeaders}}
{{USHouseCurrent}}
{{SNCC chairmen}}
{{Michael L. Printz Award Winners}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, John}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American activists]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Baptists]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:Activists from Alabama]]
[[Category:African-American Christians]]
[[Category:African-American members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:African-American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:African-American people in Georgia (U.S. state) politics]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:Baptists from Alabama]]
[[Category:Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners]]
[[Category:COINTELPRO targets]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Fisk University alumni]]
[[Category:Freedom Riders]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats]]
[[Category:History of racial segregation in the United States]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:People from Troy, Alabama]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:Politicians from Atlanta]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Selma to Montgomery marches]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]
[[Category:Volunteers in Service to America administrators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Alabama]]
[[Category:Writers from Atlanta]]' |
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3 => 'https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi',
4 => 'https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/n10',
5 => 'http://exhibitors.ala.org/Cognotes_2013/Cognotes_July_1_2013.pdf',
6 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-4319',
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10 => 'https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5033971',
11 => 'https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview',
12 => 'https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/freedom-rides',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120808153339/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-05-10/us/access.lewis.freedom.rides_1_white-men-angry-mob-blacks?_s=PM:US',
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