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19:14, 14 July 2019: MorningSunBright (talk | contribs) triggered filter 61, performing the action "edit" on Han Chinese. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: New user removing references (examine | diff)

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| ref32 = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016092935/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835 |date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref>
| ref32 = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016092935/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835 |date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref>
| languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Chinese folk religion]] ([[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref>
| religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), with minorities ascribing to [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref>
| related = [[Sino-Tibetan peoples]]
| related = [[Sino-Tibetan peoples]]
| footnotes = Some sources refer to Han Chinese directly as "Chinese" or group them with other Sino-Tibetan peoples.
| footnotes = Some sources refer to Han Chinese directly as "Chinese" or group them with other Sino-Tibetan peoples.
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Hunter travel guides |title=China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=1588438112 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert B. |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=China: An Environmental History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5638DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=177 |format= |language= |location= |edition=2 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=1442277890 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Zhenzhou |last2=Lee |first2=Wing On |date=2010 |series=Emerging Perspectives on Education in China|title=China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognitio |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKaE82DAlQYC&pg=PA243&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=243 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=1461633117 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |series=Studies in Environment and History |title=Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBsfts9wyRsC&pg=PA53&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=53 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=113942551X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herklots |first1=Geoffrey Alton Craig |last2= |first2= |date=1932 |title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgcAQAAIAAJ&q=pearl+river+delta+mongols&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEISTAG |page=120 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Limited |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=H. Mark |last2=Hsu |first2=Madeline |date=2004 |volume=Volume 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series|title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjruI0_XmcC&pg=PA11&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=11 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104581 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Hunter travel guides |title=China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=1588438112 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert B. |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=China: An Environmental History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5638DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=177 |format= |language= |location= |edition=2 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=1442277890 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Zhenzhou |last2=Lee |first2=Wing On |date=2010 |series=Emerging Perspectives on Education in China|title=China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognitio |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKaE82DAlQYC&pg=PA243&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=243 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=1461633117 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |series=Studies in Environment and History |title=Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBsfts9wyRsC&pg=PA53&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=53 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=113942551X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herklots |first1=Geoffrey Alton Craig |last2= |first2= |date=1932 |title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgcAQAAIAAJ&q=pearl+river+delta+mongols&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEISTAG |page=120 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Limited |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=H. Mark |last2=Hsu |first2=Madeline |date=2004 |volume=Volume 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series|title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjruI0_XmcC&pg=PA11&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=11 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104581 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref>


The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> who were later relocated to Beijing by [[Yongle Emperor]].
The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref>


==DNA and genetics analysis==
==DNA and genetics analysis==
A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population, shows that geographic-genetic stratification from north to south has occurred and centrally placed populations act as the conduit for outlying ones.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |year=2009 |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |displayauthors=9 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–85 |pmid=19944401 |pmc=2790583 }}</ref> Ultimately, with the exception in some [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] branches of the Han Chinese, such as [[Pinghua]], there is "coherent genetic structure"<!-- "coherent genetic structure" doesn't seem to have a standard, formal definition--> in all Han Chinese populace.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–13 |year=2008 |last1=Gan |first1=Rui-Jing |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Qin |first4=Zhen-Dong |last5=Cai |first5=Xiao-Yun |last6=Qian |first6=Ji |last7=Liu |first7=Cheng-Wu |last8=Peng |first8=Jun-Hua |last9=Li |first9=Shi-Lin |last10=Xu |first10=Jie-Shun |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui }}</ref>
A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population, shows that geographic-genetic stratification from north to south has occurred and centrally placed populations act as the conduit for outlying ones.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |year=2009 |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |displayauthors=9 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–85 |pmid=19944401 |pmc=2790583 }}</ref> Ultimately, with the exception in some [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] branches of the Han Chinese, such as [[Pinghua]], there is "coherent genetic structure"<!-- "coherent genetic structure" doesn't seem to have a standard, formal definition--> in all Han Chinese populace.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–13 |year=2008 |last1=Gan |first1=Rui-Jing |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Qin |first4=Zhen-Dong |last5=Cai |first5=Xiao-Yun |last6=Qian |first6=Ji |last7=Liu |first7=Cheng-Wu |last8=Peng |first8=Jun-Hua |last9=Li |first9=Shi-Lin |last10=Xu |first10=Jie-Shun |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui }}</ref>


⚫
The typical y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref>

===West Eurasian and Central-South Asian DNA admixture in Northern Han===
A genetic study in 2011 found the west Eurasian Y-DNA G2a* (2.2%), R1a1 (8.9%) and R2a (6.7%) present in Northern Han Chinese in the sampled area located in western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, etal |title=Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=717–27 |date=January 2011 |pmid=20837606 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq247 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/717.full.pdf+html}}</ref>
A genetic study in 2011 found the west Eurasian Y-DNA G2a* (2.2%), R1a1 (8.9%) and R2a (6.7%) present in Northern Han Chinese in the sampled area located in western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, etal |title=Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=717–27 |date=January 2011 |pmid=20837606 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq247 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/717.full.pdf+html}}</ref>


⚫
The typicall y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref>
The same study also found 4.8% G1a1 and 4.8% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Nanyang City]], western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref>

A 2006 study found 10% haplogroup J and 6.7% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Lanzhou]] city.<ref name="Xue2006">Yali Xue et al 2006, [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1 Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906151731/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1}}</ref>

The Y-DNA J1 (1.8%), J2a (1.8%) and L3 (1.8%) were detected in [[Harbin]] Han Chinese, Heilongjiang province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref>


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

Action parameters

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
47
Name of the user account (user_name)
'MorningSunBright'
Age of the user account (user_age)
77632
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*', 1 => 'user' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmywatchlist', 6 => 'editmywatchlist', 7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 8 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 9 => 'editmyoptions', 10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 11 => 'centralauth-merge', 12 => 'abusefilter-view', 13 => 'abusefilter-log', 14 => 'vipsscaler-test', 15 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage', 16 => 'reupload-own', 17 => 'move-rootuserpages', 18 => 'createpage', 19 => 'minoredit', 20 => 'editmyusercss', 21 => 'editmyuserjson', 22 => 'editmyuserjs', 23 => 'purge', 24 => 'sendemail', 25 => 'applychangetags', 26 => 'spamblacklistlog', 27 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants' ]
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
false
Page ID (page_id)
152827
Page namespace (page_namespace)
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Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Han Chinese'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Han Chinese'
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'MorningSunBright', 1 => '58.182.226.98', 2 => 'Fylindfotberserk', 3 => 'Zokiynat', 4 => 'SuperSuperSmarty', 5 => 'Muftibunny', 6 => 'Keivan.f', 7 => 'CambyGramby', 8 => 'GreenC bot', 9 => '111.65.58.79' ]
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
''
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Hatnote|Unless otherwise specified, Chinese text in this article is written in the format ''[[Simplified Chinese]] / [[Traditional Chinese]], [[Pinyin]]''. If the Simplified and Traditional Chinese characters are identical, they are written only once.}}{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Han Chinese people<br />{{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|汉|族}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|漢|族}}}}<br />{{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|汉人}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|漢人}}}}}} | rawimage = | population = '''[[Circa]] 1.3 billion'''<ref name="Han_Groups">{{cite book |first = James B. |last = Minahan |title = Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |url = https://books.google.com/?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ethnic+Groups+of+North,+East,+and+Central+Asia:+An+Encyclopedia#v=onepage&q=Ethnic%20Groups%20of%20North%2C%20East%2C%20and%20Central%20Asia%3A%20An%20Encyclopedia&f=false |year = 2014 |publisher = ABC-CLIO |ISBN = 978-1-61069-018-8 |pages = 89–95 }}</ref> | popplace = {{Flag|Mainland China}} 1,260,000,000<ref name="ciastat">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html CIA Factbook]: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,379 billion (July 2017 est.)</ref><br />{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|ROC}} [[Free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu]] 23,575,365}}<br />{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] 6,723,786<ref>[https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-pob.html Place of birth] 2016 Hong Kong census</ref><br />{{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Macau]] 663,400<ref>[https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/a76b0b8b-6317-4207-adf7-439b1ec1ac38/E_DEM_FR_2018_Q3.aspx 2018 Demographics]</ref> | tablehdr = [[Overseas Chinese]] (by descent) | region1 = {{Flagcountry|Thailand}} | pop1 = 9,392,000 | ref1 = <ref>Barbara A. Peru (2009), ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania'', Facts on File, p.&nbsp;794, {{ISBN|1-4381-1913-5}}.</ref> | region2 = {{Flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop2 = 6,650,000 | ref2 = <ref name="statistics.gov.my">{{cite web |url = https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title = Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal |dead-url = yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160812014710/https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |archive-date = 2016-08-12 }}</ref> | region3 = {{Flagcountry|United States}} | pop3 = 3,795,000 | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |title = Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information |url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |publisher =[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date = 19 January 2014 }}</ref> | region4 = {{Flagcountry|Indonesia}} | pop4 = 2,833,000 | ref4 = <ref name="census 2010"> {{cite book |publisher = Badan Pusat Statistik |title = Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk, 2010 |year= 2011 |access-date= |ISBN = 978-979-064-417-5 |url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html }}</ref> | region5 = {{Flagcountry|Singapore}} | pop5 = 2,547,000 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf |title=Home |access-date=2015-10-21 |dead-url=yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082553/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf |archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> | region6 = {{Flagcountry|Myanmar}} | pop6 = 1,638,000 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |title = The World Factbook |access-date=17 February 2016 |dead-url=yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006115241/https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> | region7 = {{Flagcountry|Canada}} | pop7 = 1,469,000 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/population/population-2011-census/population-ethnic-origin-province |title=Population by Ethnic Origin by Province |author=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |work=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |access-date=17 February 2016 }}</ref> | region8 = {{Flagcountry|Philippines}} | pop8 = 1,350,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |title = Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409034225/http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archivedate=2016-04-09 }}</ref>{{better citation needed|reason=no reference to Han|date=August 2016}} | region9 = {{Flagcountry|Peru|state}} | pop9 = 1,300,000 | ref9 = <ref name="ocac">{{cite web |url = http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |title= The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population|website=Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |archive-date=4 January 2011|dead-url=Yes|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> | region10 = {{Flagcountry|Australia}} | pop10 = 1,214,000 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Australia |url = http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au |accessdate=31 October 2018 }}</ref> | region11 = {{Flagcountry|Russia}} | pop11 = 998,000 | ref11 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region12 = {{Flagcountry|Vietnam}} | pop12 = 823,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815 |title=General Statistics Office Of Vietnam|date=13 November 2010 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101113153318/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815 |archivedate=13 November 2010}}</ref> | region13 = {{Flagcountry|Japan}} | pop13 = 731,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |script-title =ja:平成29年度末在留外国人確定値 |url = http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf |publisher = Ministry of Justice |date = 2018-04-13 |language = ja |access-date = 2018-04-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180327132827/http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf |archive-date = 2018-03-27 |dead-url = yes }}{{Better source|reason=outdated|date=April 2018}}</ref> | region14 = {{Flagcountry|France}} | pop14 = 700,000 | ref14 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region15 = {{Flagcountry|Venezuela}} | pop15 = 450,000 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://gabrielsanz91.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/chinos_venezuela/|title=Población china en Venezuela|date=January 2019|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> | region16 = {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop16 = 433,000 | ref16 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{Flagcountry|South Africa}} | pop17 = 350,000 | ref17 = <ref name="Park2009">{{cite book |url = http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf |work = Representation, Expression and Identity |year = 2009 |publisher = Interdisciplinary Perspectives |title = Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa – New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity |first = Yoon Jung |last = Park |isbn = 978-1-904710-81-3 |accessdate = September 20, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101228041728/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf |archivedate = December 28, 2010 }}</ref> | region18 = {{Flagcountry|Italy}} | pop18 = 334,000 | ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2016/09/Cittadini-non-comunitari_2016.pdf?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari++-+29%2Fset%2F2016+-+Testo+integrale+e+nota+metodologica.pdf|title=Cittadini Non Comunitari: Presenza, Nuovi Ingressi e Acquisizioni di Cittadinanza: Anni 2015–2016|website=Istat.it|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> | region19 = {{Flagcountry|Germany}} | pop19 = 212,000 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html |title = BiB – Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung – Pressemitteilungen – Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt |language = de |website=Bib-demografiie.de |accessdate=12 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171209232407/http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html |archive-date=9 December 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|South Korea}} | pop20 = 210,000 | ref20 = {{NoteTag|Of the 710,000 Chinese nationals living in Korea in 2016, 500,000 are [[Koreans in China|ethnic Koreans]].}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://m.pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?no=638478&year=2016 |title=Foreign national population in Korea up more than 40% in 5 yrs |website=Maeil Business News Korea |date=8 September 2016 |accessdate=10 May 2018 }}</ref> | region21 = {{Flagcountry|Cambodia}} | pop21 = 210,000 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chinese-living-kingdom-more-doubles-17 |title=Chinese living in Kingdom more than doubles since '17 |website=|accessdate=15 September 2018|date=2018-09-14}}</ref> | region22 = {{Flagcountry|India}} | pop22 = 189,000 | ref22 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region23 = {{Flagcountry|Laos}} | pop23 = 186,000 | ref23 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region24 = {{Flagcountry|Spain}} | pop24 = 172,000 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ine.es/prensa/np980.pdf |title=Cifras de Población a 1 de enero de 2016 : Estadística de Migraciones 2015 : Adquisiciones de Nacionalidad Española de Residentes 2015 |language = es |website=Ine.es |accessdate=12 December 2017 }}</ref> | region25 = {{Flagcountry|New Zealand}} | pop25 = 171,000 | ref25 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/asian.aspx |title = 2013 New Zealand Census | accessdate = May 13, 2018 }}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | pop26 = 152,000 | ref26 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop27 = 145,000 | ref27 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region28 = {{Flagcountry|Panama}} | pop28 = 135,000 | ref28 = <ref>[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/panama/ch_pa01.htm#3 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204231050/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/panama/ch_pa01.htm#3 |date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1166678.stm |work = BBC News |title = Little China in Belgrade |date = 2001-02-12 |accessdate = 2010-05-04}}</ref> | region29 = {{Flagcountry|Mexico}} | pop29 = 70,000 | ref29 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chinese-mexicans-celebrate-repatriation-to-mexico-2012nov23-story.html|title=Chinese-Mexicans celebrate repatriation to Mexico |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=Nov 23, 2012|accessdate=Oct 8, 2017}}</ref> | region31 = {{Flagcountry|Costa Rica|state}} | pop31 = 19,000 | ref31 = <ref>{{cite web |title=X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda 2011, Características Sociales y Demográficas |url=http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/inec_institucional/estadisticas/resultados/repoblaccenso2011-12.pdf.pdf |website=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica]] |accessdate=22 September 2016|page=61|date=July 2012|quote=Cuadro 23. Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia, zona y sexo. Chino(a) 9,170}}</ref> | region32 = {{Flagcountry|Ireland}} | pop32 = 11,000 | ref32 = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016092935/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835 |date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref> | languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Chinese folk religion]] ([[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> | related = [[Sino-Tibetan peoples]] | footnotes = Some sources refer to Han Chinese directly as "Chinese" or group them with other Sino-Tibetan peoples. | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} {{Infobox Chinese |s=汉族 |t=漢族 |p=Hànzú |myr=Hàndzú |w=Han-tzu |mi={{IPAc-cmn|h|an|4|z|u|2}} |j=Hon3 zuk6 |y=Hon juhk |ci={{IPA-yue|hɔ̄ːn tsʊ̀k}} |bpmf=ㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊ |wuu=Hoe zoh |buc=Háng-cŭk |poj=Hàn-cho̍k |teo=Hàng-tsôk |h=Hòn-tshu̍k |order=st }} The '''Han Chinese''',<ref>{{Cite book |title=China: A Religious State |last=Hsu |first=Cho-yun |publisher = Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15920-3 |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu |last=Yang |first=Miaoyan |publisher= Lexington Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4985-4463-4 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Chinese people">[http://www.huayuqiao.org/articles/shcheong/shcheong02.htm Who are the Chinese people?] {{zh icon}}. Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref> '''Hanzu''',<ref>{{Cite book |title = The Han: China's Diverse Majority|last=Joniak-Luthi |first=Agnieszka|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-295-80597-9 |page = 3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asia|last=Chow|first=Kai-wing|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-472-06735-0 |page = 2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn|publisher=University of California Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0 |page = 2 }}</ref> '''Han people'''<ref>{{Cite book |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8274-611-4 |page=155}}</ref><ref name=CHC12>{{cite book |last1=Fairbank |first1=John K. |date=1983 |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 12: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1 |url = http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139054799 |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn= 978-1-139-05479-9 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Wen2004Nature>{{cite journal |last1 = Wen |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 |title = Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/abs/nature02878.html | journal = Nature | volume = 431 | issue = 7006 | pages = 302–05 | doi=10.1038/nature02878 | pmid=15372031 |bibcode = 2004Natur.431..302W}}</ref><ref name=Stix2008>Stix, Gary (2008). [https://www.mcdb.ucla.edu/Research/Goldberg/HC70A_W12/pdf/Traces%20of%20a%20Distant%20Past.pdf "Traces of a Distant Past"] ''Scientific American'', July: 56–63.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|UK|h|æ|n}};<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/han |title=Han definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |website=www.collinsdictionary.com|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|h|aː|n}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/han "Han"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{zh|t=漢人 |p=Hànrén |l=Han people|c=|s=汉人}}<ref name=Kim2004>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hodong |date=2004 |title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AtduqAtBzegC |location= |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=320 |isbn=978-0-8047-7364-5 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> or {{zh |labels=yes |s = 汉族 |t = 漢族 |p = Hànzú |c=|links=no}}, literally "Han ethnicity"<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|author=Xiaobing Li |author2=Patrick Fuliang Shan|title=Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|page=69|isbn=978-1-4985-0729-5}}</ref> or "Han ethnic group"),<ref name=Rawski>{{cite book|year=1998|last1=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0}}</ref> are an [[East Asian people|East Asian]] [[ethnic group]] and [[nation]] native to China.<ref>{{cite journal |author1= Ang, Khai C.|author2= Ngu Mee S. |author3= Reid P. Katherine |author4= Teh S. Meh |author5= Aida, Zamzuraida |author6= Koh X.R. Danny |author7=Berg, Arthur|author8=Oppenheimer, Stephen|author9=Salleh, Hood |author10=Clyde M. Mahani|author11=ZainMd M. Badrul |author12=Canfield A. Victor|author13=Cheng C. Keith |title=Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |issue=8 |volume= 7 |page= 2 |year=2012 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0042752 |pmid= 22912732 |pmc= 3418284 |bibcode= 2012PLoSO...742752A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1= Wang, Yuchen |author2= Lu Dongsheng |author3= Chung Yeun-Jun |author4 = Xu Shuhua |title = Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal = Hereditas |volume= 155 |page = 19 |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs41065-018-0057-5.pdf |doi = 10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid= 29636655 |pmc= 5889524 }}</ref><ref>{{cite biorxiv |last = Chiang |first = Charleston |title=Map of Genetic Variation in Han Chinese |url = https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/13/162982.full.pdf |page=10 |year=2017|biorxiv=162982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yuchen |last2= Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal=Hereditas |volume=155 |page=19 |publication-date=April 6, 2018 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid=29636655 |pmc=5889524 |year=2018 }}</ref> They constitute the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|world's largest ethnic group]], making up about 18% of the [[World population|global population]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Zhang |first1 = Feng |last2=Su |first2=Bing |last3=Zhang |first3=Ya-ping |last4=Jin |first4=Li |title=Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia |pmc=2435565 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=362 |issue=1482 |pages=987–996 |date=February 22, 2007|pmid=17317646 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2028 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago |journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|year=2015|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0125676|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676|pmid=25938511|pmc=4418768 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> The estimated 1.3 billion Han Chinese people are mostly concentrated in [[mainland China]] (roughly 91.6% of the total population).<ref name="ciastat"/> In [[Taiwan]] they make about 95% of the population.<ref name="中華民國國情簡介2016">{{cite web |language=zh-TW |url = http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8 |script-title=zh:中華民國國情簡介 |trans-title=ROC Vital Information |date=2016|website=Executive Yuan |access-date=2016-08-23 |quote={{lang|zh-TW|臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97%}} }}</ref><ref name=Yearbook2014>{{cite book |year=2014 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 |author=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf |accessdate=2016-06-11 |isbn=978-986-04-2302-0 |page=36}}</ref> Han Chinese people also make up around 75% of the total population of [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf |title=Home |accessdate=2016-02-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf |archivedate=2016-02-16 }}</ref> The Han Chinese people trace a common ancestry to the [[Huaxia]] ({{zh |labels=no |s = 华夏 |t = 華夏 |p = |c=}}), a name for the initial confederation of agricultural tribes living along the [[Yellow River]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last= Schliesinger |first= Joachim |publisher= Booksmango |year= 2016 |pages=13–14}}</ref> The term ''Huaxia'' represents the collective [[neolithic]] confederation of agricultural tribes Hua and Xia who settled along the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plains]] around the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in northern China.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies |last=Liu |first=Hong |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-138-91825-2 |page=34}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |last= Wilkinson |first=Endymion Porter |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2015 |isbn= 978-0-674-08846-7 |page=709}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |last= Yuan |first=Haiwang |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-294-6|year=2006 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> The two tribes were the ancestors of the modern Han Chinese people that gave birth to Chinese civilization. In addition, the Huaxia (literally "the civilized Xia people") was distinctively used to represent the Huaxia as a civilized ethnic group in contrast to what was perceived of different ethnic groups as [[Hua-Yi distinction|barbaric peoples]] around them.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture |last=Perkins |first=Dorothy |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8160-2693-7 |page = 202 }}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last= Schliesinger |first= Joachim |publisher = Booksmango |year = 2016 |page = 14 }}</ref> In many overseas Chinese communities, the term '''''Hua Ren''''' ({{zh |labels=no |s = 华人 |t = 華人 |p = Huárén }}) may be used for people of Chinese ethnicity as distinct from '''''Zhongguo Ren''''' ({{zh |labels=no |s = 中国人 |t = 中國人 |p = |c=|links=no}}) which refers to citizens of China, including people of non-Han ethnicity.<ref name="chang">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vouLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China |author= Hui-Ching Chang |author2=Richard Holt | pages= 162–64 |isbn=978-1-135-04635-4|publisher=Routledge |date=2014-11-20 }}</ref><ref name="sheng">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZZABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |title=China and Taiwan: Cross-strait Relations Under Chen Shui-bian |author= Sheng Lijun |page=53 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002|isbn= 978-981-230-110-9 }}</ref><ref name="hack">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title = War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore |author1 = Karl Hack |author2 = Kevin Blackburn |publisher=NUS Press |year= 2012 |isbn=978-9971-69-599-6 |page=96 }}</ref> Han people ({{zh |labels=no |s = 汉人 |t=漢人 |p=Hànrén}}) may also be used for people of ethnic Chinese descent around the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |last= Yuan |first=Haiwang |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-294-6 |year=2006 |pages=6}}</ref> The Han Chinese people are bound together with a common genetic stock and a shared history inhabiting an ancient ancestral territory for over four thousand years, deeply rooted with many different [[Chinese culture|cultural traditions]] and customs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |last2=Demel |first2=Walter |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23729-2 |pages=351–52}}</ref> The Huaxia tribes in northern China experienced a [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|continuous expansion into southern China]] over the past two millennia.<ref name="auto4">{{cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last = Schliesinger |first = Joachim |publisher= Booksmango |year= 2016 |pages=10–17 }}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite book |title = A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture |last=Dingming |first= Wu |publisher= Simon & Schuster |year=2014 }}</ref> Huaxia culture spread southward from its heartland in the Yellow River Basin, absorbing various [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history#List of ethnic groups|non-Chinese ethnic groups]] that became [[sinicised]] over the centuries at various points in China's history.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |pages=91}}</ref><ref name="auto5" /><ref name="auto2" /> The [[Han dynasty]] is considered to be one of the first great eras in Chinese history, as it made China the major regional power in East Asia and projected much of its influence on its neighbours while rivalling the [[Roman Empire]] in population size and geographical reach.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |page=92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia: A New History |last=Walker |first=Hugh Dyson |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |page=119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |last=Kang |first=David C. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15319-5 |pages=33–34}}</ref> The Han dynasty's prestige and prominence influenced many of the ancient Huaxia to begin identifying themselves as "The People of Han".<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto7">{{Cite book |title=China: a History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009 |last= Tanner |first=Harold Miles |publisher=Hackett Pub Co. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60384-204-4 |page=83}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite book |title=America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places |last= Ueda |first= Reed |publisher=Greenwood |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-2864-5 |page=403}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite journal |last= Eno |first=R. |title=The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220) |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8274-611-4 |publication-date=June 30, 2012 |page=155}}</ref> To this day, Han Chinese people have since taken their ethnic name from this dynasty, and the Chinese script is referred to as "[[Chinese characters|Han characters]]".<ref name="auto6" />{{sfnp|Schaefer|2008|p=279}}<ref name="auto9" /> ==Names== <!--linked--><!-- Terms that are now used as modern usage should use s/t, pinyin <- pinyin should be used in necessary circumstances. Terms that are ancient and are not used commonly, as well as terms originating in Hakka or Cantonese, should use t/s, pinyin <- pinyin should be used in necessary circumstances. --> The name ''Han'' was derived from the name of [[Han dynasty|the eponymous dynasty]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STR1AwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society|last=Schaefer|first=Richard T.|year=2008|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6586-5|location=|pages=279|quote=Although the term han has its roots in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), which began around the Yellow River and then spread out, the concept really became nationalized early in this century.|via=}}</ref> which succeeded the short-lived [[Qin dynasty]], and is historically considered to be the first [[golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] of China's [[Imperial China|Imperial era]] due to the power and influence it projected over much of East Asia. As a result of the dynasty's prominence in inter-ethnic and pre-modern international influence, Chinese people began identifying themselves as the "people of Han" ({{zh|t=漢人|p=Hànrén|c=|s=汉人|labels=no|first=ts}}),<ref name="auto7" /><ref name="auto8" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=China: A Religious State |last= Hsu |first= Cho-yun |last2= Lagerwey |first2= John |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |editor-last=Y.S. Cheng |editor-first= Joseph |page=126}}</ref> a name that has been carried down to this day. Similarly, the [[Chinese language]] also came to be named the "Han language" ({{zh|s=汉语|zh|t=漢語|c=|p=Hànyǔ|first=st|labels=no}}) ever since. In the ''[[Oxford Dictionary]]'', the Han are defined as "The dominant ethnic group in China".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/de/definition/englisch/han?q=Han|title=Definition of Han by Oxford|website=Oxforddictionaries.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> In the ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania'', the Han are called the dominant population in "China, as well as in [[Han Taiwanese|Taiwan]] and [[Chinese Singaporeans|Singapore]]."<ref>{{cite book |year = 2010 |publisher = Infobase Publishing |title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |first = Barbara A. |last = West |isbn = 978-1-4381-1913-7 }}</ref> According to the ''[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]'', the Han are "the Chinese peoples especially as distinguished from non-Chinese (such as Mongolian) elements in the population."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Han|title=Definition of Han by Merriam-Webster|website=Merriam-webster.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> The Han dynasty's founding emperor, [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]], was made king of the [[Hanzhong]] region after the fall of the Qin dynasty, a title that was later shortened to "the King of Han" ({{zh|s=汉王|zh|t=漢王|c=|p=|first=t|labels=no}}) during the [[Chu-Han contention]]. The name "Hanzhong", in turn, was derived from the [[Hanshui|Han River]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Liu|first=Xingwu|year=2004|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-0-306-47754-6|editor-last=Ember|editor-first=Carol R.|location=|pages=703–17|quote=The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside world.|editor-last2=Ember|editor-first2=Melvin|doi=10.1007/0-387-29905-X_73|title = Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology|chapter = Han}}</ref> which flows through the region's plains. The river, in turn, derives its name from expressions such as ''Tianhan'' ({{zh|t=天漢|c=|s=天汉|p=|first=t|labels=no}}, "the heavenly river"), ''Yinhan'' ({{zh|t=銀漢|c=|s=银汉|p=|first=t|labels=no}}, "the silver river"), ''Xinghan'' ({{zh|t=星漢|c=|s=星汉|p=|first=t|labels=no}}, "the star river") or ''Yunhan'' ({{zh|t=雲漢|c=|s=云汉|p=|labels=no|first=t}}, "the cloud river"), all ancient Chinese poetic nicknames for the [[Milky Way]] and first mentioned in the ''[[Classic of Poetry]]''. Prior to the Han dynasty, ancient Chinese scholars used the term [[Huaxia]] ({{zh|s=华夏|t=華夏|p=Huá Xià|c=|labels=no|first=t}}, "the magnificent [[Xia dynasty|Xia]]") in texts to describe [[China proper]], while the Chinese populus were referred to as either the "various Hua" ({{zh|t=諸漢|c=|s=诸汉|p=|labels=no|first=t}}) or the "various Xia" ({{zh|t=諸夏|c=|s=诸夏|p=|labels=no|first=t}}). This gave rise to a term commonly used nowadays by [[overseas Chinese]] as an ethnic identity for the Chinese diaspora – ''Huaren'' ({{zh|s={{linktext|华人}} |t={{linktext|華人}} |p=Huá Rén|links=no|c=|labels=no}}, "the Hua people"), ''Huaqiao'' ({{zh|s=华侨|t=華僑|p=Huáqiáo|c=|labels=no}}, "the Hua immigrant" meaning [[overseas Chinese]])<ref name="hack" /> as well as a [[Names of China|literary name for China]] – ''Zhonghua'' ({{zh|s={{linktext|中华}} |t={{linktext|中華}} |p=zhōnghuá|links=no|c=|labels=no}}, "the central Hua").<ref name=":0" /> ''Zhonghua'' refers more to the culture of Chinese people, although it may also be seen as equivalent to ''[[Zhonghua minzu]]''.<ref name="chang" /> The overseas Chinese use ''Huaren'' or ''Huaqiao'' instead of ''Zhongguoren'' ({{zh |labels=no |s = 中国人 |t = 中國人 |p = |c=|links=no}}), which refers to citizens of China.<ref name="sheng" /> Among some southern Han Chinese varieties such as [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Southern Min|Minnan]], a different term exists – Tang Chinese ({{zh|t=唐人|p=Táng Rén}}, literally "the people of Tang"), derived from the later [[Tang dynasty]], regarded as another zenith of Chinese civilization. The term is used in everyday conversation and is also an element in the Cantonese word for [[Chinatown]]: "street of the Tang people" ({{zh|c={{linktext|唐人街}} |j=tong4 jan4 gaai1 |p=Táng Rén Jiē}}. The phrase {{transl|zh|Huá Bù}} {{zh|s=华埠|t=華埠|p=|c=|labels=no|first=t}} is also used to describe the same area). == Distribution == === Mainland China === The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion– live in areas under the jurisdiction of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), where they constitute about 92% of its population. Han Chinese in China have been a politically, culturally, and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities throughout most of China's recorded history.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World On Fire |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-385-72186-8 |page=177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite paper |last=Chua |first=Amy L. |date=2000 |title=The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5578&context=faculty_scholarship |journal=Harvard International Law Journal |volume=41 |page=325}}</ref> Han Chinese are almost the majority in every [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|Chinese province, municipality, and autonomous region]] except for the autonomous regions of [[Xinjiang]] (38% or 40% in 2010) and [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] (8% in 2014), where [[Uyghur people|Uighurs]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] are the majority, respectively. === Hong Kong and Macau === {{see also|Demographics of Hong Kong|Demographics of Macau}} Ethnic Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the [[Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] of the PRC – about 95% and 96% of the population of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], respectively,<ref name=census1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1 |title=Population and Vital Events: Table 139 Population by ethnicity 2001 and 2006 |author=Census and Statistics Department|publisher=Hong Kong Government |accessdate=2 November 2009}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2018}}</ref><ref name="2006 by-census">{{cite book|title=Global Results of By-Census 2006|year=2007|publisher=Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) of the Macau Government}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2018}}</ref> but there are no statistics on the proportion of Han people. === Republic of China (Taiwan) === {{Main|Han Taiwanese|Taiwanese people|Demographics of Taiwan}} [[File:艋舺龍山寺 臺北市 直轄市定古蹟寺廟 Venation 2.JPG|thumb|[[Lungshan Temple of Manka]] in Taipei]] There are over 22 million Han Chinese in Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/taiwan-population/|title=Taiwan Population (2017) – World Population Review|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref> At first, these migrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan. [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] immigrants from [[Quanzhou]] settled in coastal regions, and those from [[Zhangzhou]] tended to gather on inland plains, while the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] inhabited hilly areas. Clashes between these groups over land, water, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities, and, as time passed, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place. In Taiwan, Han Chinese (including both the earlier Han Taiwanese settlers and the recent Mainland Chinese that arrived in Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek in 1949) constitute over 95 percent of the population. They have also been a politically, culturally, and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han aborigines.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World On Fire |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-385-72186-8 |page=178}}</ref> === Southeast Asia === {{Main|Overseas Chinese#Southeast Asia}} Of about 40 million "overseas Chinese"{{NoteTag|Overseas Chinese include both Han and non-Han people (see [[overseas Chinese]] for related references).}} worldwide, nearly 30 million live in Southeast Asia.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} According to a [[population genetic]] study, [[Singapore]] is "the country with the biggest proportion of Hans" in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Ychrom_HanSingaporeans>{{cite thesis |last=Yim |first=Onn Siong |date=2005 |title=Y chromosome diversity in Singaporean Han Chinese population subgroups |type=Master |publisher=National University of Singapore |docket= |oclc= |url = http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/27767 |access-date=}}</ref> Up until the past few decades, overseas Han communities originated predominantly from areas in southern China (especially the Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang areas).<ref name=Ychrom_HanSingaporeans /> === Others === {{Main|Chinese diaspora}} Elsewhere in the world, nearly 4 million people of Chinese descent live in the United States (about 1% of the population), over 1 million in Canada (3.7%), over 1.3 million in Peru (4.3%),{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} over 600,000 in Australia (3.5%), nearly 150,000 in [[New Zealand]] (3.7%), and as many as 750,000 in Africa.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690 China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration], By Malia Politzer, ''Migration Information Source'', August 2008.</ref> == History == {{Main|History of China}} Because of the overwhelming numerical and cultural dominance of Han culture in China, most of the written [[history of China]] can be read as "a history of the Han Chinese".<ref>{{cite book|first=John A.G|last=Roberts|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|title=A History of China|page=5}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> === Prehistory === {{Main|Huaxia|Yanhuang}} The prehistory of the Han Chinese is closely intertwined with both archaeology, biology, historical textual records and mythology. The ethnic stock to which the Han Chinese originally trace their ancestry from were confederations of late [[neolithic]] and early [[bronze-age]] agricultural tribes known as the [[Huaxia]] that lived along the [[Guanzhong]] and [[Yellow River]] basins in Northern China.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20083309 |title=A Point Of View: How China sees a multicultural world |last=Jacques |first=Martin |date=October 26, 2012 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last=Minahan |first=James |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-017-1 |publication-date=February 10, 2014 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Interpreters in Early Imperial China |last= Lung |first=Rachel |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-272-2444-6 |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture |last=Zhang |first=Qizhi |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-662-51507-5 |page=26}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="Guo 2016 66–67">{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China |last= Guo |first= Rongxing |publisher= Wiley |year= 2016 |isbn=978-3-319-32305-3 |pages=66–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0022002795039003004 |title=War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. To 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis |year=1995 |last1=Cioffi-Revilla |first1=C. |last2=Lai |first2=D. |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=467–94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA253|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|author1=West|first1=Barbara A|year=2009}}</ref> In addition, numerous [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history#List of ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] were assimilated and absorbed by the Han Chinese at various points in China's history.<ref name="Guo 2016 66–67"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN-01-100114.html| title=Common traits bind Jews and Chinese | publisher=Asia Times Online | date=Jan 10, 2014 | accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto10"/> Like many modern ethnic groups, the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese was a long and lengthy process that involved the expansion of the Chinese dynasties and their assimilation of various non-Chinese ethnic groups that became sinicised over the centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |last=Him |first=Mark Lai |last2=Hsu |first2= Madeline |publisher=AltaMira Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7591-0458-7 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence |last=Stuart-Fox |first=Martin |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2003 |publication-date=November 1, 2003 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |last=Miller |first=David |publisher= Routledge |year=2007 |isbn= 978-0-7656-1823-8 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–313|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x|pmid = 18270655|last1=Gan|first1=Rui-Jing|last2=Pan|first2=Shang-Ling|last3=Mustavich|first3=Laura F.|last4=Qin|first4=Zhen-Dong|last5=Cai|first5=Xiao-Yun|last6=Qian|first6=Ji|last7=Liu|first7=Cheng-Wu|last8=Peng|first8=Jun-Hua|last9=Li|first9=Shi-Lin|last10=Xu|first10=Jie-Shun|last11=Jin|first11=Li|last12=Li|first12=Hui}}</ref> Writers during the [[Western Zhou]] and Han dynasties derived ancestral lineages based on [[Shang dynasty]]-era legendary materials,<ref>{{cite web|title=Xia Dynasty |url=http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Xia+Dynasty |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308144754/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Xia%2BDynasty |archivedate=2014-03-08 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Allan|first=Sarah|title=The Shape of the Turtle|year=1991|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=978-0-7914-0460-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QlEZd4x9LUAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22shape+of+the+turtle#v=onepage&q=%22huang%20di%22&f=false}}</ref> while the Han dynasty historian [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' places the reign of the [[Yellow Emperor]] ({{zh|t=黃帝|p=Huáng Dì}}), the legendary leader of Youxiong tribes ({{lang|zh|有熊氏}}), at the beginning of Chinese history. The Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with the neighbouring [[Shennong]] tribes ({{lang|zh-hant|神農氏}}) after defeating their leader, the [[Flame Emperor]], ({{zh|t=炎帝|p=Yán Dì}}) at the [[Battle of Banquan]]. The newly merged [[Yanhuang]] ({{zh|炎黃}}) tribes then combined forces to defeat their common enemy from the east, [[Chiyou]] ({{zh|t=|p=Chì Yóu|c=蚩尤|s=|labels=no}}) of the Jiuli ({{lang|zh|九黎}}) tribes, at the [[Battle of Zhuolu]], and established their cultural dominance in the [[Central Plain (China)|Central Plain]] region. To this day, modern Han Chinese refer themselves as "[[Yan Huang Zisun|Descendants of Yan and Huang]]" ({{zh|s=炎黄子孙|t=炎黃子孫|p=Yánhuáng Zǐsūn}}). Although study of this period of history is complicated by the absence of contemporary records, the discovery of [[archaeological site]]s has enabled a succession of [[List of Neolithic cultures of China|neolithic cultures]] to be identified along the Yellow River. Along the central reaches of the Yellow River were the [[Jiahu]] culture (c. 7000 to 6600 BCE), the [[Yangshao culture]] (c. 5000 to 3000 BCE) and the [[Longshan culture]] (c. 3000 to 2000 BCE). Along the lower reaches of the river were the Qingliangang culture (c. 5400 to 4000 BCE), the [[Dawenkou culture]] (c. 4300 to 2500 BCE), and the [[Yueshi culture]] (c. 1900 to 1500 BCE). === Early history === {{Main|Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors}} Early ancient Chinese history is largely legendary, consisting of mythical tales intertwined with sporadic annals written centuries to millennia later. Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'' recorded a period following the Battle of Zhuolu, during the reign of successive generations of confederate overlords ({{zh|t=共主}}) known as the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] (c. 2852–2070 BCE), who, allegedly, were elected to power among the tribes. This is a period for which scant reliable archaeological evidence exists – these sovereigns are largely regarded as [[cultural hero]]es. ==== Xia dynasty ==== {{Main|Xia dynasty}} The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), established by [[Yu the Great]] after [[Emperor Shun]] abdicated leadership to reward Yu's work in taming the [[Great Flood (China)|Great Flood]]. Yu's son, [[Qi of Xia|Qi]], managed to not only install himself as the next ruler, but also dictated his sons as heirs by default, making the Xia dynasty the first in recorded history where [[order of succession|genealogical succession]] was the norm. The civilizational prosperity of the Xia dynasty at this time is thought to have given rise to the name "Huaxia" ({{zh|s=华夏|t=華夏|p=Huá Xià}}, "the magnificent Xia"), a term that was used ubiquitously throughout history to define the Chinese nation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China |last= Guo |first= Rongxing |publisher= Wiley |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-0-470-82604-1 |page=10}}</ref> Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE is, however, rarely available. Recent efforts of the [[Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project]] drew the connection between the [[Erlitou culture]] and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could not reach a consensus regarding the reliability of such history. ==== Shang dynasty ==== {{Main|Shang dynasty}} The Xia dynasty was overthrown after the [[Battle of Mingtiao]], around [[1600 BCE]], by [[Cheng Tang]], who established the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period – from characters inscribed on [[oracle bone]]s used for divination – but the well-developed characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China. During the Shang dynasty, people of the [[Wu (region)|Wu area]] in the [[Yangtze River Delta]], were considered a different tribe, and described as being scantily dressed, tattooed and speaking a distinct language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripchinaguide.com/article-p275-han-ethnic-group.html|title=Han Ethnic Group, Facts about Chinese Han, Han People China|website=Tripchinaguide.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="The Han Chinese">{{cite web|url=http://siakhenn.tripod.com/Chinese-Han.html|title=Free Resources: Country Profile and Demographics – The Han People of China|date=25 December 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225105701/http://siakhenn.tripod.com/Chinese-Han.html|archivedate=25 December 2008}}</ref> Later, [[Taibo of Wu|Taibo]], elder uncle of [[King Wen of Zhou|Ji Chang]] – on realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser and deserved to inherit the throne – fled to Wu<ref name="chinaknowledge.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/rulers-wu.html|title=The Feudal State of Wu 吳 (www.chinaknowledge.de)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|website=Chinaknowledge.de|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> and settled there. Three generations later, [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]] of the Zhou dynasty defeated [[King Zhou of Shang|King Zhou]] (the last Shang king), and [[Feoffment|enfeoffed]] the descendants of Taibo in Wu<ref name="chinaknowledge.de"/> – mirroring the later history of [[Nanyue]], where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a non-Han population and mixed with locals, who were [[sinicization|sinicized]] over time. ==== Zhou dynasty ==== {{Main|Zhou dynasty}} After the [[Battle of Muye]], the Shang dynasty was overthrown by [[Predynastic Zhou|Zhou]] (led by [[Ji Fa]]), which had emerged as a western state along the [[Wei River]] in the 2nd millennium BCE.<ref name="The Han Chinese"/> The [[Zhou dynasty]] shared the language and culture of the Shang people, and extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the [[Yangtze River]].<ref>{{cite web|title= China The Zhou Period|url= http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_chinathezhouperiod.htm|website=Ancienthistory.about.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="China The Zhou Period">{{cite web|title= China The Zhou Period|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0015)|website=Lcweb2.loc.gov|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization, and this culture extended south.<ref name="The Han Chinese"/><ref name="China The Zhou Period"/> However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented not long afterwards, and many autonomous vassal states emerged. This dynasty is traditionally divided into two eras – the Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE) and the [[Eastern Zhou]] (770–256 BCE) – with the latter further divided into the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] (770–476 BCE) and the [[Warring States period|Warring States]] (476–221 BCE) periods. It was a period of significant cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the [[Hundred Schools of Thought]]) and [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]] and [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]] are among the most important surviving philosophies from this era.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} === Imperial history === ==== Qin dynasty ==== {{Main|Qin dynasty}} The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty came to an end with the unification of China by the western state of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] after its [[Qin's wars of unification|conquest of all other rival states]]{{when|date=February 2015}} under King [[Ying Zheng]]. King Zheng then gave himself a new title "[[First Emperor of Qin]]" ({{zh|c=秦始皇帝|p=Qín Shǐ Huángdì}}), setting the precedent for the next two millennia. To consolidate administrative control over the newly conquered parts of the country, the First Emperor decreed a nationwide standardization of currency, writing scripts, and measurement units, to unify the country economically and culturally. He also ordered large-scale infrastructure projects such as the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]], the [[Lingqu Canal]] and the Qin road system to militarily fortify the frontiers. In effect, he established a centralized bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal confederation system of preceding dynasties, making Qin the first [[Qin dynasty|imperial dynasty]] in Chinese history. This dynasty, sometimes phonetically spelt as the "Ch'in dynasty", has been proposed in the 17th century by [[Martin Martini]] and supported by later scholars such as [[Paul Pelliot]] and [[Berthold Laufer]] to be the etymological origin of the modern English word "China". ==== Han dynasty ==== {{Main|Han dynasty}} [[File:China.Terracotta statues007.jpg|thumb|upright|A female servant and male advisor dressed in [[Han Chinese clothing|silk robes]], ceramic figurines from the Western Han era]] The reign of the first imperial dynasty was to be short-lived. Due to the First Emperor's autocratic rule and his massive labor projects, which fomented rebellion among the populace, the Qin dynasty fell into chaos soon after his death. Under the corrupt rule of his son and successor [[Huhai]], the Qin dynasty collapsed a mere three years later. The Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE) then emerged from the ensuing [[Chu-Han contention|civil wars]] and succeeded in establishing a much longer-lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by the Qin dynasty, but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han dynasty, arts and culture flourished, while the Han Empire [[History of the Han dynasty|expanded militarily in all directions]]. Many Chinese scholars such as [[Ho Ping-ti]] believe that the concept ([[ethnogenesis]]) of Han ethnicity, though an ancient one, was formally entrenched in the Han dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.claytonbrown.org|title=Clayton D. Brown Research on Chinese History: Ethnology, Archaeology, and Han Identity|website=Claytonbrown.org|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> The Han dynasty is considered one of the [[golden age]]s of Chinese history, and to this day, the modern Han Chinese people have since taken their ethnic name from this dynasty and the Chinese script is referred to as "[[Chinese characters|Han characters]]".{{sfnp|Schaefer|2008|p=279}} ==== Three Kingdoms to Tang ==== {{Main|Three Kingdoms|Sixteen Kingdoms|Southern and Northern Dynasties|Sui dynasty|Tang dynasty}} The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare among rival kingdoms. During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by [[Five Barbarians|various non-Han nomadic peoples]], which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was [[Northern Wei]] (established by the [[Xianbei]]). Starting from this period, the native population of China proper began to be referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han", to distinguish them from the nomads from the steppe. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations of Han populations in history, as they fled south to the [[Yangtze|Yangzi]] and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center and speeding up sinicization of the far south. At the same time most of the nomads in northern China came to be sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of their culture and administration. Of note, the Xianbei rulers of Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic sinicization, [[Change of Xianbei names to Han names|adopting Han surnames]], institutions, and culture. The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties saw the continuation of the complete sinicization of the south coast of what is now China proper, including what are now the provinces of [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]]. The later part of the Tang era, as well as the Five Dynasties period that followed, saw continual warfare in north and central China; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees. ==== Song to Qing ==== {{Main|Song dynasty|Yuan dynasty|Ming dynasty|Qing dynasty}} [[File:Boxer queue.JPG|thumb|Han Chinese man wears a [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]] in compliance with Manchu custom during the Qing dynasty]] The next few centuries saw successive invasions of Han and non-Han peoples from the north. In 1279, the [[Mongols]] conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Han ethnic group to do so, and established the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Mongols divided society into four classes, with themselves occupying the top class and Han Chinese into the bottom two classes. [[Emigration]], seen as disloyal to ancestors and ancestral land, was banned by the Song and Yuan dynasties.<ref>{{Cite book|first = Pál|last = Nyíri|first2 = Igorʹ|last2 = Rostislavovich Savelʹev|title = Globalizing Chinese migration: trends in Europe and Asia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=77F23y4RrnUC&pg=PA208&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false|publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year = 2002|page = 208|isbn = 978-0-7546-1793-8}} </ref> In 1644, the Ming capital, [[Beijing]], was captured by [[Li Zicheng]]'s peasant rebels and the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide. The [[Manchu people|Manchus]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] then allied with former Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by [[Koxinga]] fled to [[Taiwan]] and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], which eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was sinicized during this period via large-scale migration accompanied by assimilation, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] ordered construction of the [[Willow Palisade]] to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, which nevertheless had harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern [[Liaodong]] area. The Manchus designated Jilin and Heilongjiang as the Manchu homeland, to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup if the Qing dynasty fell.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Mark C. |last1=Elliott |date=August 2000 |title=The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=603–46 |jstor=2658945 |doi=10.2307/2658945}}</ref> Because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboring territory, the Qing later reversed its policy and allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority in northeast China. == Culture == {{Main|Chinese culture}} China is one of the world's oldest and most complex [[civilization]]s, whose culture dates back thousands of years. Overseas Han Chinese maintain cultural affinities to Chinese territories outside of their host locale through [[ancestor worship]] and [[Chinese clan|clan]] associations, which often identify famous figures from Chinese history or myth as ancestors of current members.<ref name="Cohen"/> Such patriarchs include the Yellow Emperor and the [[Yan Emperor]], who according to legend lived thousands of years ago and gave Han people the sobriquet "''[[Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor]]''" ({{lang|zh-hant|炎黃子孫}}; {{lang|zh-hans|炎黄子孙}}), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that of between [[Cross-Strait relations|Mainland China and Taiwan]]. [[File:Along the River During the Qingming Festival (detail of original).jpg|thumb|[[Zhang Zeduan]]'s painting ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]'' captures the daily life of people from the Song dynasty at the capital, Bianjing, today's [[Kaifeng]].]] Throughout the [[history of China]], Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by [[Confucianism]]. Credited with shaping much of Chinese thought, [[Confucianism]] was the official [[philosophy]] throughout most of [[Imperial Chinese|Imperial China]]'s history, institutionalizing values like [[filial piety]], which implied the performance of certain [[Li (Confucian)|shared rituals]]. Thus, villagers lavished on [[Chinese funeral rituals|funeral]] and [[Chinese wedding|wedding]] ceremonies that imitated the Confucian standards of the Emperors.<ref name="Cohen"/> Mastery of Confucian texts provided the primary criterion for [[Imperial examination|entry into the imperial bureaucracy]], but even those degree-holders who did not enter the bureaucracy or who left it held increased social influence in their home areas, contributing to the homogenizing of Han Chinese culture. Other factors contributing to the development of a shared Han culture included [[urbanization]] and geographically vast but integrated commodity markets.<ref name="Cohen"/> === Language === {{Main|Chinese language}} {{see also|Standard Chinese}} Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are descended from a common early language;<ref name="Cohen"/> one of the names of the language groups is ''Hanyu'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|漢語}} |s={{linktext|汉语}} |links=no}}), literally the "Han language". Similarly, [[Chinese characters]], used to write the language, are called ''Hanzi'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|漢字}} |s={{linktext|汉字}} |links=no}}), or "Han characters". In the late imperial period, more than two-thirds of the Han Chinese population used a variant of [[Mandarin Chinese]] as their native tongue.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book|title=Kinship, Contract, Community, And State: Anthropological Perspectives on China|first=Myron L|last=Cohen|chapter=Late Imperial China and Its Legacies|pages=41–45, 50}}</ref> However, there was a larger variety of languages in certain areas of southeast China, like [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Guangxi]].<ref name="Cohen"/> Since the Qin dynasty, which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China, a standard [[Classical Chinese|literary Chinese]] had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various [[varieties of Chinese|forms of spoken Chinese]]. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for [[Chinese opera]], ritual texts for [[Chinese folk religion]], and other daily documents for educated people.<ref name="Cohen" /> During the early 20th century, [[written vernacular Chinese]] based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as [[written Cantonese]], written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all varieties and has taken up the dominant position among written forms, formerly occupied by literary Chinese. Thus, although residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language, Standard Written Chinese and Literary Chinese (these two writing styles can merge into a 半白半文 writing style). From the 1950s, [[Simplified Chinese characters]] were adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore and Malaysia, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas countries continue to use [[Traditional Chinese characters]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Although significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely [[mutually intelligible]]. === Names === {{Main|Chinese name|List of common Chinese surnames}} In China, the notion of [[Baixing|hundred surnames]] ({{lang|zh|百家姓}}) is crucial identity point of Han people.<ref name="Anth">Ebrey, Patricia [http://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/ANTH470Ebrey.pdf Surnames and Han Chinese Identity], University of Washington</ref> === Dress === {{Main|Chinese clothing|Hanfu}} [[File:Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 1.jpg|thumb|A [[Song dynasty]] Chinese painting ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'' showing scholars in scholar's robes and musicians dressed in a [[Hanfu]] variant, 12th-century remake of a 10th-century original by [[Gu Hongzhong]].]] Han Chinese clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions as well as foreign influences.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese Clothing: Costumes, Adornments and Culture (Arts of China) |last= Yang |first=Shaorong |publisher= Long River Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59265-019-4 |page=3}}</ref> Han Chinese clothing showcases the traditional fashion sensibilities of Chinese clothing traditions and forms one of the major cultural facets of Chinese civilization.<ref name="Brown, 2006 79">{{Cite book |title=China, Japan, Korea: Culture and Customs |last= Brown |first=John |publisher= Createspace Independent Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4196-4893-9 |page=79}}</ref> Hanfu ({{lang|zh-hant|漢服}}) or traditional Han clothing comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia until the end of the Ming Dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, Hanfu clothing was mostly replaced by the Manchu style until the dynasty's fall in 1911, yet Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty. Manchu and Han fashions of women's clothing coexisted during the Qing dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|script-title=zh:《中国古代服饰史》|last1=Zhou |first1=Xibao (周锡保)|publisher=中国戏剧出版社|year=2002|page=449|isbn=978-7-104-00359-5}}</ref><ref name="Yang2004">{{cite book|author=Shaorong Yang|title=Traditional Chinese Clothing Costumes, Adornments & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx5JDiacrH4C&pg=PA7|year=2004|publisher=Long River Press|isbn=978-1-59265-019-4|page=7|quote=Men's clothing in the Qing Dyansty consisted for the most part of long silk growns and the so-called "Mandarin" jacket, which perhaps achieved their greatest popularity during the latter Kangxi Period to the Yongzheng Period. For women's clothing, Manchu and Han systems of clothing coexisted.}}</ref> Moreover, neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward J.M. Rhoads|title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2000|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98040-9|pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="Gerini1895">{{cite book|author=Gerolamo Emilio Gerini|title=Chŭlăkantamangala: Or, The Tonsure Ceremony as Performed in Siam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vstMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1895|publisher=Bangkok Times|pages=11–}}</ref> During the Republic of China period, fashion styles and forms of traditional Qing costumes gradually changed, influenced by fashion sensibilities from the Western World resulting modern Han Chinese wearing Western style clothing as a part of everyday dress.<ref>Mei Hua, ''Chinese Clothing'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 133–34</ref><ref name="Brown, 2006 79"/> Han Chinese clothing is influential to traditional East Asian fashion as both the Japanese [[Kimono]] and the Korean [[Hanbok]] were influenced by Han Chinese clothing designs.<ref>{{Citation |url = https://academic.oup.com/jdh/article/30/3/300/3010188 |title = Elizabeth LaCouture, Journal of Design History, Vol. 30, Issue 3, 1 September 2017, pp. 300–14 | journal = Journal of Design History| volume = 30 |issue = 3 |pages = 300–314 |doi = 10.1093/jdh/epw042| year = 2017 | last = Lacouture | first = Elizabeth }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |url = https://books.google.com/?id=DaTpAAAAMAAJ | title = J. Liddell, The story of the kimono, EP Dutton New York, 1989| isbn = 978-0-525-24574-2| last = Liddell |first = Jill |year = 1989}}.</ref><ref name=Benn>{{cite book|last= Stevens|first=Rebecca|title=The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America|publisher= Pomegranate|pages=131–42|year=1996|isbn=978-0-87654-598-0}}</ref><ref name=Dalby>{{cite book|last=Dalby|first =Liza| authorlink = Liza Dalby|title = Kimono: Fashioning Culture|publisher = University of Washington Press|pages=25–32|year=2001|location = Washington|isbn = 978-0-295-98155-0}}</ref><ref name="Evenson">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1=Annette Lynch|editor2=Mitchell D. Strauss|author=Sandra Lee Evenson|title=Hanfu Chinese robes|encyclopedia=Ethnic Dress in the United States A Cultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7591-2150-8|pages=135–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/life/txt/2008-06/14/content_127478.htm|title=Keeping a Grip on Culture|website=Beijing Review|date= June 19, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0420/c90000-9452108.html| work=People's Daily Online |title=China launches first Traditional Garment Day | date=April 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-10/30/content_22329598.htm | work=China Daily | title=Similar yet different: Chinese and Korean traditional clothing | date=October 30, 2015}}</ref> === Family === [[Chinese kinship|Han Chinese families]] throughout China have had certain traditionally prescribed roles, such as the family head ({{lang|zh-Hant|家長}}, ''jiāzhǎng''), who represents the family to the outside world, and the family manager ({{lang|zh-Hant|當家}}, ''dāngjiā''), who is in charge of the revenues. Because farmland was commonly bought, sold, or [[mortgage]]d, families were run like enterprises, with set rules for the allocation ({{lang|zh|分家}}, ''fēnjiā'') of pooled earnings and assets.<ref name="Cohen"/> Han Chinese houses differ from place to place. In Beijing, the whole family traditionally lived together in a large rectangle-shaped house called a ''[[siheyuan]]''. Such houses had four rooms at the front – guest room, [[kitchen]], [[Toilet (room)|lavatory]], and [[servants' quarters]]. Across large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms: a central room where the four tablets – heaven, earth, ancestor, and teacher – were worshipped, and two rooms attached to the left and right, which were [[bedrooms]] for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a [[veranda]]; some had a "sunroom" made with surrounding fabric and supported by a wooden or [[bamboo]] frame. Every wing was also built around a central courtyard that was used for study, exercise, or nature viewing.<ref>{{cite conference |author = Montgomery County Public Schools Foreign Language Department |authorlink = |title = Si-he-yuan |booktitle = |pages = 1–8 |publisher = Montgomery County Public Schools |date = August 2006 |location = |url = http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/ |accessdate = }}</ref> === Food === {{Main|Chinese cuisine}} There is no specific one uniform cuisine of the Han people since the food eaten varies from [[Sichuan]]'s famously [[Szechuan cuisine|spicy food]] to Guangdong's [[Dim Sum]] and fresh seafood. Analyses have revealed their main staple to be rice and noodles (different kinds of wheat foods). During China's neolithic period, southwestern rice growers transitioned to millet from the northwest, when they could not find a suitable northwestern ecology – which was typically dry and cold – to sustain the generous yields of their staple as well as it did in other areas, such as along the eastern Chinese coast.<ref>{{cite journal|title= The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia: A linguistic and archaeological model|journal= Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching …|url= https://www.academia.edu/3077307|page=137|last1= Sagart|first1= Laurent}}</ref> === Literature === {{Main|Chinese literature}} Han Chinese have a rich history of classical literature dating back to three thousand years. Important early works include [[Chinese classic texts|classic texts]] such as ''Classic of Poetry'', ''[[Analects of Confucius]]'', ''[[I Ching]]'', ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'', and the ''[[The Art of War|Art of War]]''. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era include [[Li Bai]], [[Du Fu]], and [[Su Shi|Su Dongpo]]. The most important novels in Chinese literature, otherwise known as the [[Four Great Classical Novels]], are: ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'', ''[[Water Margin]]'', ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', and ''[[Journey to the West]]''. Chinese literature continues to have an international reputation with [[Liu Cixin]]'s [[San Ti]] series receiving international acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/2015/08/2014-hugo-award-winners-announced/|title=2015 Hugo Award Winners Announced|last=Kevin|date=2015-08-23|website=The Hugo Awards|access-date=2017-08-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824063329/http://www.thehugoawards.org/2015/08/2014-hugo-award-winners-announced/|archivedate=2015-08-24 }}</ref> === Contributions to humanity === {{Further|List of Chinese inventions|List of Chinese discoveries}} Han Chinese have influenced and contributed to the development of human progress throughout history in many fields and domains including culture, business, [[Science and technology in China|science and technology]], [[social science]]s and humanities, and politics both historically and in the modern era. The invention of paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the [[Four Great Inventions]].<ref name="Yigitcanlar 2016 19" /> Ancient Han Chinese astronomers were also among the first peoples to record observations of a cosmic [[supernova]].<ref name="O'Doherty 57" /> The work of Chinese polymath [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) of the Song dynasty theorized that the sun and moon were spherical and wrote of planetary motions such as retro gradation as well postulating theories for the processes of geological land formation.<ref name="O'Doherty 57" /> [[Chinese art]], [[Chinese architecture]], [[Chinese cuisine]], [[Chinese literature]], and [[Chinese philosophy]] all have undergone thousands of years of development, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the Great Wall of China and the [[Terracotta Army]], are [[World Heritage Site]]s. Since the start of the program in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by [[UNESCO]] as [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. Throughout much of history, successive [[Chinese dynasties]] have exerted influence on their East Asian neighbors in the areas of religion, philosophy, education, language, politics, science and technology, business, and [[Culture of East Asia|culture]]. In modern times, Han Chinese form the largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of millions has settled in and contributed to their host countries throughout the world. In modern times, Han Chinese continue to contribute to the progress of science and technology. Among them are [[Nobel Prize]] recipients [[Steven Chu]], [[Samuel C.C. Ting]], [[Chen Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Yuan T. Lee]], [[Daniel C. Tsui]], [[Roger Y. Tsien]], and [[Charles K. Kao]] (known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics");<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/master-of-light-awarded-nobel-prize-1798723.html |title='Master of Light' awarded Nobel Prize |work=The Independent |last=Ferguson |first=Ben |date=7 October 2009}}</ref> [[Fields Medal]] recipients [[Terence Tao]] and [[Shing-Tung Yau]], and [[Turing Award]] recipient [[Andrew Yao]]. [[Tsien Hsue-shen]] was a prominent rocket scientist who helped to found [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/technology-obituaries/6630578/Qian-Xuesen.html |title=Qian Xuesen |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 November 2009}}</ref> [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the [[Manhattan Project]] and radically altered modern physical theory and changed the accepted view of the structure of the universe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall-results/details/2/173-Wu |title=Chien-Shiung Wu |publisher=National Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> The biochemist [[Chi-Huey Wong]] is well known for his pioneering research in glycoscience research and developing the first enzymatic method for the large-scale synthesis of oligosaccharides and the first programmable automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. [[Ching W. Tang]], was the inventor of the [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) and hetero-junction [[organic photovoltaic cell]] (OPV) and is widely considered the "Father of [[Organic electronics|Organic Electronics]]".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1557/mrs.2012.125 |title=Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak |year=2012 |last1=Forrest |first1=Stephen |journal=MRS Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=552–53}}</ref> Others include [[David Ho (scientist)|David Ho]], one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. Dr. Ho was named [[Time Magazine Person of the Year]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19961230,00.html |title=Dr David Ho, Man of the Year |work=Time Magazine |date=30 December 1996}}</ref> [[Min Chueh Chang]] was the co-inventor of the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]] and is known for his pioneering work and significant contributions to the development of [[in vitro fertilization]] at the [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Min Chueh Chang |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/mchang.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chang Min-Chueh |work=Britannica Online for Kids |url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9319254/Chang-Min-Chueh}}</ref> [[Tu Youyou]] is a prominent medical scientist and chemist who became the first native Chinese in history to receive the Nobel Prize in natural sciences when she received the 2015 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for discovering artemisinin (also known as qinghaosu) and dihydroartemisinin, used to treat malaria, which has saved millions of lives across the world.<ref name="Miller and Su">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024|title=Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese Herbal Garden|year=2011|last1=Miller|first1=Louis H.|last2=Su|first2=Xinzhuan|journal=Cell|volume=146|issue=6|pages=855–58|pmid=21907397|pmc=3414217}}</ref> [[Choh Hao Li]] discovered [[Growth hormone|human growth hormone]] (and subsequently used it to treat a form of [[dwarfism]] caused by [[growth hormone deficiency]]), [[beta-endorphin]] (the most powerful of the body's natural painkillers), [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] and [[luteinizing hormone]] (the key hormone used in [[fertility testing]], an example is the [[ovulation]] home test).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-02/news/mn-17142_1_human-growth-hormone |title=Discovered Human Growth Hormone : Choh Hao Li, 74; Endocrinologist at UC |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Maugh II |first=Thomas |date=2 December 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Choh Hao Li |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cli.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=A History of UCSF People |title=Choh Hao Li |url=http://history.library.ucsf.edu/li.html}}</ref> [[Joe Hin Tjio]] was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes, a breakthrough in [[karyotype]] [[cytogenetics|genetics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/11/guardianobituaries.medicalscience |title=Joe Hin Tjio The man who cracked the chromosome count |work=[[The Guardian]] |last=Wright |first=Pearce |date=11 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/us/joe-hin-tjio-82-research-biologist-counted-chromosomes.html |title=Joe Hin Tjio, 82; Research Biologist Counted Chromosomes |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=7 December 2001}}</ref> [[Yuan-Cheng Fung]], is regarded as the "Father of modern [[biomechanics]]" for pioneering the application of quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01042007 |title=News from the National Academies |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |date=4 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects/Awards/RussPrize/RussWinners/page20079101/55231.aspx |title=Dr. Yuan-Cheng 'Bert' Fung |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |year=2007}}</ref> The geometer [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] was one of the leaders in [[differential geometry]] of the 20th century and was awarded the 1984 [[Wolf Prize]] in mathematics. China's system of "[[barefoot doctors]]" was among the most important inspirations for the [[World Health Organization]] conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing [[primary health care]] and [[preventive medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/10/08-031008/en/ |title=Consensus during the Cold War: back to Alma-Ata |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=October 2008 |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=737–816}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/12/08-021208/en/index.html |title=China's village doctors take great strides |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=December 2008 |volume=86 |issue=12 |pages=909–88}}</ref> Throughout ancient and medieval Chinese history, the scientific and technological accomplishments of China include: {{columns-list|colwidth=15em| * [[Armillary sphere#China|armillary sphere]] * [[acupuncture]] * [[Seismometer|seismological earthquake detector]] * [[pipeline transport]] * [[Irrigation#China|irrigation systems]] * [[seal (East Asia)|seals]] * [[Fingerprint#Antiquity and the medieval period|fingerprint recognition and authentication methods]] * [[multistage rocket]]s * [[multiple rocket launcher]]s * [[rocket launcher]]s * [[rocket]]s for recreational and military purposes * [[Fermentation in food processing|fermentation]] * [[alcoholic beverage]]s * [[chopsticks]] * [[wok]] * [[soy sauce]] * [[hand fan]] * [[gong]]s * [[hygrometer]]s * [[Tianchi Basin|rain gauges]] * [[snow gauge]]s * [[Suanpan|abacus]] * [[Shell (projectile)|shells]] * [[Dongwu Che|war wagons]] * [[firearm]]s * [[fire lance]]s * [[cannon]]s * [[landmine]]s * [[naval mines]] * [[Pen Huo Qi|continuous flame throwers]] * [[fire arrow]]s * [[Zhen Tian Lei|explosive hand grenades]] * [[trebuchet]]s * [[crossbow]]s * [[repeating crossbow]]s * [[firecracker]]s * [[fireworks]] * [[brick|fired bricks]] * [[flare]]s * [[Crank (mechanism)|crank handle]] * [[crankshaft]]s * [[bell]]s * [[pontoon bridge]]s * [[match]]es * [[Banknote|paper money]] * [[Imperial examination|civil service examination]] and [[merit system]]s * [[Imperial Chinese tributary system|imperial tributary systems]] * [[belt drive]] * [[raised-relief map]]s * [[night market]]s * [[gnomon]]s * [[hill censer]]s * [[Incense in China|incense]] * [[hot pot]]s * [[biological pest control]] * [[horse harness]] * [[food steamer]]s * [[rammed earth]] * multi-tube [[Louche|seed drill]] * [[tangram]]s * rotary [[winnowing]] * [[Fan (machine)|fans]] * [[blast furnace]]s * [[cast iron]] * [[finery forge]] * [[Puddling (metallurgy)|steelmaking]] * [[restaurant menu]]s * [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] as [[fuel]] * [[borehole|borehole drilling]] for natural gas * [[plough]] * [[oil well|oil]] * [[well drilling]] * [[oil refinery|oil refining]] * [[deepwater drilling]] * [[oil lamps#Chinese|oil lamps]] * [[gimbal]]s * [[bellows|double-action piston bellows]] * [[plastromancy]] [[porcelain]] * [[celadon]] * [[lacquer]] * [[lacquerware]] * [[dental amalgam]] * [[silk]] * [[sericulture]] * [[air conditioning]] * [[dry dock]]s * [[tea]] * [[teabag]]s * [[teapots]] * [[tea processing|tea production]] * [[pound lock]]s * [[flash lock]]s * [[Loom#Drawloom|drawloom]] * [[south-pointing chariot]]s * [[odometer]]s * [[fishing reel]]s * [[Rudder#China|rudders]] * [[mechanical clock]]s * [[water clock]]s * [[chain pump]]s * [[chain drive]]s * [[escapement]]s sliding * [[caliper]]s * [[trip hammer]]s * [[kite]]s [[sunglasses]] * [[Umbrella#Ancient China|umbrellas]] * [[gas cylinder]]s * [[gas lighting]] * [[toothbrush]]es * [[inoculation]] * [[sky lantern|unmanned hot air balloon]] * [[Chinese ritual bronzes|bronzemaking]] * [[wheelbarrow]]s * [[sail#moveable sails|moveable sails]] * [[watertight compartment]]s * [[oil-paper umbrella]]. }} <ref>{{Cite book |title=Science and Technology from Global and Historical Perspectives |last=Karagözoğlu |first=Bahattin |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-52889-2 |edition=1st |publication-date=September 27, 2010 |page=120}}</ref><ref name="O'Doherty 57">{{Cite book |title=Let There be Peace – Ascension to Ivisimara |last= O'Doherty |first= Mark |isbn=978-1-291-20891-7 |date=November 24, 2012 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Future of Post-human History: A Preface to a New Theory of Universality and Relativity |last=Baofu |first=Peter |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4438-3768-2 |publication-date=May 1, 2012 |page=268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Democratising English Language Research Education in the Face of Eurocentric Knowledge Transfer: Turning Mute Chinese Linguistic and Theoretical Assets into Analytical Tools |last= Meng |first=Hui}}</ref><ref name="Yigitcanlar 2016 19">{{Cite book |title=Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications |last=Yigitcanlar |first=Tan |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-82670-0 |publication-date=May 10, 2016 |page=19}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Religion in China}} {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2016}} [[File:Vinegar tasters.jpg|right|thumb|A traditional representation of ''[[The Vinegar Tasters]]'', an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists]] Chinese culture has been long characterized by [[religious pluralism]] and Chinese folk religion has always maintained a profound influence. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion, and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and [[syncretism]], where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in concert with local customs and traditions. Han Chinese culture has for long been influenced by [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, while in recent centuries Christianity has also gained a foothold among the population.{{Citation needed|date = November 2018}} Chinese folk religion is a set of worship traditions of the ethnic deities of the Han people. It involves the worship of various figures in [[Chinese mythology]], folk heroes such as [[Guan Yu]] and [[Qu Yuan]], mythological creatures such as the [[Chinese dragon]], or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region, and do not characterize an organized religion, though many [[traditional Chinese holidays]] such as the [[Duanwu Festival|Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival]], [[Qingming Festival|Qingming]], and the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] come from the most popular of these traditions. Taoism, another indigenous religion, is also widely practiced in both its folk forms and as an organized religion, and has influenced Chinese art, poetry, philosophy, [[Traditional Chinese medicine|medicine]], [[Chinese astronomy|astronomy]], alchemy and chemistry, cuisine, [[Chinese martial arts|martial arts]], and [[Chinese architecture|architecture]]. Taoism was the state religion of the early Han Dynasty, and also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and dynasties. Confucianism, although sometimes described as a religion, is a governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship. It is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in China during the Han Dynasty and unto the fall of imperial China in the 20th century.{{Citation needed|date = November 2018}} In the Han Dynasty, [[Confucian]] ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China, later gaining popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between periods of state tolerance (and even patronage) and [[Four Buddhist Persecutions in China|persecution]]. In its original form, Buddhism was at odds with the native Chinese religions, especially with the elite, as certain Buddhist values often conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism, [[Chinese Buddhism]] gained an accepted place in the culture. Mahayana would come to be influenced by Confucianism and Taoism, and exerted influence in turn – such as in the form of [[Neo-Confucianism]]. Though [[Christianity in China|Christian influence in China]] existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not begin to gain a significant foothold in China until the establishment of contact with Europeans during the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] dynasties. Chinese practices at odds with Christian beliefs resulted in the [[Chinese Rites controversy]], and a subsequent reduction in Christian influence. Christianity grew considerably following the [[First Opium War]], after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers and engaged in widespread proselytising.{{Citation needed|date = December 2015}} == Historical southward migration of the Han people == {{multiple issues| {{POV|section|date=February 2016}} {{refimprove section|date=February 2016}} }} [[File:Han Expansion.png|thumb|240px|Map showing the expansion of [[Han dynasty]] in 2nd century BC.]] The term "Huaxia" was used by Confucius's contemporaries, during the Warring States era, to describe the shared ethnicity of all Chinese;<ref name="Brindley2015">{{cite book|author=Erica Fox Brindley|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE–50 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B59rCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-35228-1|pages=9–10}}</ref> Chinese people called themselves ''Hua Ren''.<ref name="PandeyGeschiere2003">{{cite book|author1=Gyanendra Pandey|author2=Peter Geschiere|title=The Forging of Nationhood|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CT6FAAAAMAAJ&dq=han+dynasty+hua+ren&q=dynasty+hua+ren|year=2003|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-425-0|page=102}}</ref> Southern Han people – such as the [[Hoklo]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] and [[Hakka]] – all claim northern Chinese origins from ancestors who migrated from Northern China's Yellow River Valley during the 4th to 12th centuries. Hoklo clans living in southeastern coastal China, such as in Chaozhou and Quanzhou–Zhangzhou, originated from northern China's Henan province during the Tang dynasty.<ref name="LeongWright1997">{{cite book|author1=Sow-Theng Leong|author2=Tim Wright|author3=George William Skinner|title=Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qeC_0u3pLIC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1997|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-2857-7|pages=78–}}</ref> There were several periods of mass migration of Han people to southeastern and southern China throughout history.<ref name="Gernet1996">{{cite book|author=Jacques Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA8 |year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|page=8}}</ref> The ancestors of the Cantonese are said to be northern Chinese who moved to Guangdong, while the Yue ([[Baiyue]]) descendants were indigenous minorities who practised tattooing, as described in "The Real Yue People" ({{zh|labels=no |c=真越人 |p=zhēn yuèrén}}) essay by Qu Dajun ({{lang|zh|[[w:zh:屈大均|屈大均]]}}), a Cantonese scholar who extolled his people's Chineseness.<ref name="EisenstadtSchluchter">{{cite book|author1=Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt|author2=Wolfgang Schluchter|author3=Björn Wittrock|title=Public Spheres and Collective Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DPEol7HO3gC&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3248-9|pages=213–14}}</ref> Vietnam, Guangdong, and Yunnan all experienced a major surge in Han Chinese migrants during [[Wang Mang]]'s reign.<ref name="Gernet1996"/>{{rp|126}} Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in the 4th century by Northern Chinese families from the nobility.<ref name="Gernet1996"/>{{rp|181}} Special "[[Commandery (China)|commanderies]] of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive number of Han Chinese of northern origin who moved south during the Eastern Jin dynasty.<ref name="Gernet1996"/>{{rp|182}} The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring of these migrants;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/slides/Dissertation.pdf|title=The Transformation of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–1000 C.E.)|author=Nicolas Olivier Tackett|website=History.berkeley.edu|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Celestial Masters]] and the nobility of northern China subdued the aristocracy of southern China during the Eastern Jin and Western Jin, particularly in Jiangnan.<ref name="LagerweyLü2009 34">{{cite book|author1=John Lagerwey|author2=Pengzhi Lü|title=Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA831#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17585-3|pages=831–}}</ref> With the depopulation of the north, due to this migration of northern Chinese, the south became the most populous region of China.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2|page=2.25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haywood|first1=John|last2=Jotischky|first2=Andrew|last3=McGlynn|first3=Sean|title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-0-7607-1976-3|pages=3.21}}</ref> <!--Some details on the factors that led to such massive migrations over an extended period of time would be very useful in this section--> The Han Chinese "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to [[Fujian]] in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhenman |date=2009 |title=Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSiwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=341|location= |publisher=BRILL |isbn=904742946X }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Bin |last2=Xie |first2=Bizhen |editor1-last=Li |editor1-first=Tang |editor2-first =Dietmar W. |editor2-last=Winkler|date=2013 |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA270&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=270 |chapter= The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty|format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn= 3643903294 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ni |first1=Hao |last2= |first2= |date= |title=Travel Guide of Fujian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytGJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |publisher=DeepLogic |series=Travelling in China }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Szonyi |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=2002 |title= Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6La08w3cBcAC&pg=PA27&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIOjAE#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=27 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804742618 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Zhenman |last2= |first2= |date=2001 |title=Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6l_WOr1lLYC&pg=PA190&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=190 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824823338 }}</ref> [[Ming dynasty]] Han Chinese pirate [[Zheng Zhilong]] and his son [[Koxinga]]'s ancestors in the Zheng family originated in northern China but due to the [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians]] and [[Disaster of Yongjia]] by the Five Barbarians, the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to southern China and settled in [[Putian]], Fujian. They later moved to [[Zhangzhou]] and moved on to [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]].<ref>福建人民出版社《闽台关系族谱资料选编》</ref><ref>台湾《漳龙衍派鄱山氏之来龙去脉》（ 在2002年举行的纪念郑成功收复台湾340周年研讨会上 郑姓）</ref> Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times – with some arriving in the 300s–400s and others in the 800s–900s – resulted in the formation of distinct lineages.<ref name="Clark2007">{{cite book|author=Hugh R. Clark|title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-227-2|pages=37–38}}</ref> During the 700s (Tang dynasty), Han migrants from northern China flooded into the south.<ref name="Clark2007 2">{{cite book|author=Hugh R. Clark|title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-227-2|pages=78–79}}</ref> Hong Kong history books record migrations of the Song and Tang dynasties to the south, which resulted in Hong Kongers that are descended from ethnic Han settlers that originated from northern China.<ref name="Vickers2013">{{cite book|author=Edward Vickers|title=History Education and National Identity in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TTaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-40500-7|pages=191–}}</ref> Since it was during the Tang dynasty that Guangdong was subjected to settlement by Han people, many Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew call themselves Tang.<ref name="Wilkinson2000">{{cite book|author=Endymion Porter Wilkinson|title=Chinese History: A Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA752#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-00249-4|pages=752–}}</ref> Several wars in northern China such as the Uprising of the Five Barbarians, [[An Lushan Rebellion]], [[Huang Chao]] Rebellion, the wars of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]] and [[Jin–Song Wars]] caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called 衣冠南渡(yì guān nán dù).<ref>衣冠南渡 ．在线新华字典[引用日期2013-08-09</ref><ref>唐宋时期的北人南迁 ．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]</ref><ref>六朝时期北人南迁及蛮族的流布 ．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]</ref><ref>东晋建康的开始—永嘉南渡 ．通南京网．2012-10-10[引用日期2013-08-09]</ref><ref>从衣冠南渡到西部大开发 ．中国期刊网．2011-4-26 [引用日期2013-08-12]</ref><ref>中华书局编辑部．全唐诗．北京：中华书局，1999-01-1 ：761</ref> These mass migrations led to southern China's population growth, economic, agricultural and cultural development as it stayed peaceful unlike the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yao |first1=Yifeng |last2= |first2= |date=2016 |title=Nanjing: Historical Landscape and Its Planning from Geographical Perspective |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLquDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&dq=500,000+song+jin+migrate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFhJHyw6rhAhUyTt8KHfLvBDMQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=500%2C000%20song%20jin%20migrate&f=false |page=95 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Springer |isbn=9811016372 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= |first= |author-link=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Six Dynasties |trans-title= |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Dynasties |access-date= |language= |edition= |date= December 4, 2008|year= |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |series= |volume= |location= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Entenmann |first1=Robert Eric |last2= |first2= |date=1982 |title=Migration and settlement in Sichuan, 1644-1796 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9nqAAAAIAAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEIJTAA |page=14 |format= |language= |location= |edition=reprint |publisher=Harvard University |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shi |first1=Zhihong |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |series=The Quantitative Economic History of China |title=Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jE9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=an%20lushan%20sichuan%20migration&f=false |page=154 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004355243 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hsu |first1=Cho-yun |last2= |first2= |date=2012 |series=Masters of Chinese Studies |title=China: A New Cultural History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_GQpLPPl8C&pg=PA194&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=an%20lushan%20sichuan%20migration&f=false |page=194 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0231528183 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pletcher |editor-first1=Kenneth |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Understanding China |title=The History of China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV5Wp2fJbzMC&pg=PA127&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=an%20lushan%20sichuan%20migration&f=false |page=127 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=1615301097 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |series=Chinese journal of international law|title=Chinese journal of international law, Volume 3 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3FLAQAAIAAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRqfSy1KrhAhWtc98KHaCJCmYQ6AEIWzAJ |page=631 |format= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> The Mongol invasion caused Han Chinese refugees moving south to settle and develop the [[Pearl River delta]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Hunter travel guides |title=China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=1588438112 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert B. |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=China: An Environmental History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5638DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=177 |format= |language= |location= |edition=2 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=1442277890 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Zhenzhou |last2=Lee |first2=Wing On |date=2010 |series=Emerging Perspectives on Education in China|title=China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognitio |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKaE82DAlQYC&pg=PA243&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=243 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=1461633117 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |series=Studies in Environment and History |title=Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBsfts9wyRsC&pg=PA53&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=53 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=113942551X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herklots |first1=Geoffrey Alton Craig |last2= |first2= |date=1932 |title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgcAQAAIAAJ&q=pearl+river+delta+mongols&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEISTAG |page=120 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Limited |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=H. Mark |last2=Hsu |first2=Madeline |date=2004 |volume=Volume 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series|title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjruI0_XmcC&pg=PA11&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=11 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104581 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> who were later relocated to Beijing by [[Yongle Emperor]]. ==DNA and genetics analysis== {{see|Peopling of China|Genetic history of East Asians}} {{split section|Genetic history of East Asia|date=July 2018}} {{expert needed|genetics|date=June 2017}} Y-chromosome [[haplogroup O-M122|haplogroup O2-M122]] is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times. It is found in at least 36.7% to over 80% of Han Chinese males in certain regions.<ref>{{harvnb|Xue|2006}}</ref><ref name="Hurles2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/430051 |title=The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages |year=2005 |last1=Hurles |first1=M |last2=Sykes |first2=B |last3=Jobling |first3=M |last4=Forster |first4=P |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=894–901 |pmid=15793703 |pmc=1199379}}</ref> Other Y-DNA haplogroups that have been found with notable frequency in samples of Han Chinese include [[haplogroup O-M119#O-P203|O-P203]] (15/165 = 9.1%, 47/361 = 13.0%), [[haplogroup C-M217|C-M217]] (10/168 = 6.0%, 27/361 = 7.5%, 187/1730 = 10.8%, 20/166 = 12.0%), [[haplogroup N-M231|N-M231]] (6/166 = 3.6%, 18/361 = 5.0%, 117/1729 = 6.8%, 17/165 = 10.3%), [[haplogroup O-P31|O-M268(xM95, M176)]] (54/1147 = 4.7%,<ref name = "Lu2009">Chuncheng Lu, Jie Zhang, Yingchun Li, Yankai Xia, Feng Zhang, Bin Wu, Wei Wu, Guixiang Ji, Aihua Gu, Shoulin Wang, Li Jin, and Xinru Wang, "The b2/b3 subdeletion shows higher risk of spermatogenic failure and higher frequency of complete AZFc deletion than the gr/gr subdeletion in a Chinese population." ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 2009, Vol. 18, No. 6 1122–30. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn427</ref> 8/168 = 4.8%, 23/361 = 6.4%, 12/166 = 7.2%), and [[haplogroup Q-M242|Q-M242]] (2/168 = 1.2%, 49/1729 = 2.8%, 12/361 = 3.3%, 48/1147 = 4.2%<ref name = "Lu2009" />). However, the [[mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that male migrants from northern China married with women from local peoples after arriving in modern-day Guangdong, Fujian, and other regions of southern China.<ref name="table">{{Cite journal|last1=Wen |first1=B. |last2=Li |first2=H. |last3=Lu |first3=D. |last4=Song |first4=X. |last5=Zhang |first5=F. |last6=He |first6=Y. |last7=Li |first7=F. |last8=Gao |first8=Y. |last9=Mao |first9=X. |last10=Zhang |first10=Liang |last11=Qian |first11=Ji |last12=Tan |first12=Jingze |last13=Jin |first13=Jianzhong |last14=Huang |first14=Wei |last15=Deka |first15=Ranjan |last16=Su |first16=Bing |last17=Chakraborty |first17=Ranajit |last18=Jin |first18=Li |title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=302–05 |date=Sep 2004 |doi=10.1038/nature02878 |pmid=15372031 |url=http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20(2004).pdf |display-authors=8 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324201026/http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20%282004%29.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-24 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W }}</ref><ref name="EJH">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998 |title=A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages |year=2008 |last1=Xue |first1=Fuzhong |last2=Wang |first2=Yi |last3=Xu |first3=Shuhua |last4=Zhang |first4=Feng |last5=Wen |first5=Bo |last6=Wu |first6=Xuesen |last7=Lu |first7=Ming |last8=Deka |first8=Ranjan |last9=Qian |first9=Ji |last10=Jin |first10=L |displayauthors=9|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=705–17 |pmid=18212820}}</ref> Despite this, tests comparing the genetic profiles of northern Han, southern Han and southern natives determined that haplogroups O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in southern natives, were only observed in some southern Han (4% on average), but not in northern Han. Therefore, this proves<!--suggests???--> that the male contribution of southern natives in southern Han is limited, assuming that the frequency distribution of Y lineages in southern natives represents that before the expansion of Han culture that started two-thousand years ago.<ref name="table"/><ref name="gene">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature02878 |title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture |year=2004 |last1=Wen |first1=Bo |last2=Li |first2=Hui |last3=Lu |first3=Daru |last4=Song |first4=Xiufeng |last5=Zhang |first5=Feng |last6=He |first6=Yungang |last7=Li |first7=Feng |last8=Gao |first8=Yang |last9=Mao |first9=Xianyun|last10=Zhang |first10=L |last11=Qian |first11=J |last12=Tan |first12=J |last13=Jin |first13=J |last14=Huang |first14=W |last15=Deka |first15=R |last16=Su |first16=B |last17=Chakraborty |first17=R |last18=Jin |first18=L |displayauthors=9|journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=302–05 |pmid=15372031|bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W }}</ref> In contrast, there are consistent strong genetic similarities in the Y chromosome haplogroup distribution between the southern and northern Chinese population, and the result of principal component analysis indicates almost all Han populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome. However, other research has also shown that the paternal lineages Y-DNA O-M119,<ref name="Li et al (2008)">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Hui|title=Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/146/|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|accessdate=15 May 2008|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-146|pmid=18482451|pmc=2408594|volume=8|year=2008|page=146|issue=1}}</ref> O-P201,<ref name="Karafet et al (2010)">{{cite journal|last1=Karafet|first1=Tatiana|last2=Hallmark|first2=B|last3=Cox|first3=M.P.|last4=Sudoyo|first4=H|last5=Downey|first5=S|last6=Lansing|first6=J.S.|last7=Hammer|first7=M.F.|title=Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/8/1833.full|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq063|pmid=20207712|volume=27|issue=8|date=August 2010|pages=1833–44}}</ref> O-P203<ref name="Karafet et al (2010)"/> and O-M95<ref name="Karafet et al 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Karafet|first1=Tatiana|last2=Hagberg|first2=L|last3=Hanson|first3=L. A.|last4=Korhonen|first4=T|last5=Leffler|first5=H|last6=Olling|first6=S|title=Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders|pmid=6114819|volume=80|year=1981|journal=Ciba Found Symp|pages=161–87}}</ref> are found in both southern Han Chinese and South Chinese minorities, but more commonly in the latter. In fact, these paternal markers are in turn less frequent in northern Han Chinese.<ref name="Han Chinese Y-DNA by region">{{cite web|last1=Wang|first1=Xiadong|title=Han Chinese dialect area by the distribution of the Y chromosome|url=http://blog.ifeng.com/article/31381043.html|website=Blog.ifeng.com|publisher=Wang Xiadong|accessdate=10 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221614/http://blog.ifeng.com/article/31381043.html|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Yan et al (2011)">{{cite journal|last1=Yan|first1=Shi|last2=Wang|first2=C.C.|last3=Li|first3=H|last4=Li|first4=S.L.|last5=Jin|first5=L|title=An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4|pmc=3179364|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1013–15|year=2011 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2011.64|pmid=21505448}}</ref> Another study puts Han Chinese into two groups: northern and southern Han Chinese, and it finds that the genetic characteristics of present-day northern Han Chinese was already formed as early as three-thousand years ago in the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plain area]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|date=2015|volume=10|issue=5|page=e0125676|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676|pmid=25938511|pmc=4418768|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z}}</ref> The estimated contribution of northern Han to southern Han is substantial in both paternal and maternal lineages and a geographic [[cline (biology)|cline]] exists for mtDNA. As a result, the northern Han are the primary contributors to the gene pool of the southern Han. However, it is noteworthy that the expansion process was dominated by males, as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern Han to southern Han. These genetic observations are in line with historical records of continuous and large migratory waves of northern China inhabitants escaping warfare and famine, to southern China. Aside from these large migratory waves, other smaller southward migrations occurred during almost all periods in the past two millennia.<ref name="table"/> A study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han subpopulations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han subpopulations in different regions are also genetically quite close to the local ethnic minorities, meaning that in many cases, blood of ethnic minorities had mixed into Han, while at the same time, the blood of Han had also mixed into the local ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18726285 |year=1997 |last1=Du |first1=R |last2=Xiao |first2=C |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=LL |title=Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=613–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02882691 |journal=Science China Life Sciences}}</ref> A study on Armenian admixture in varied populations found 3.9% Armenian-like DNA in some northern Chinese Han.<ref>{{cite web |title = World ancestry |url = http://admixturemap.paintmychromosomes.com/ |website = admixturemap.paintmychromosomes.com |access-date = 2016-02-09 }}</ref> A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population, shows that geographic-genetic stratification from north to south has occurred and centrally placed populations act as the conduit for outlying ones.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |year=2009 |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |displayauthors=9 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–85 |pmid=19944401 |pmc=2790583 }}</ref> Ultimately, with the exception in some [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] branches of the Han Chinese, such as [[Pinghua]], there is "coherent genetic structure"<!-- "coherent genetic structure" doesn't seem to have a standard, formal definition--> in all Han Chinese populace.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–13 |year=2008 |last1=Gan |first1=Rui-Jing |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Qin |first4=Zhen-Dong |last5=Cai |first5=Xiao-Yun |last6=Qian |first6=Ji |last7=Liu |first7=Cheng-Wu |last8=Peng |first8=Jun-Hua |last9=Li |first9=Shi-Lin |last10=Xu |first10=Jie-Shun |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui }}</ref> The typical y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> ===West Eurasian and Central-South Asian DNA admixture in Northern Han=== A genetic study in 2011 found the west Eurasian Y-DNA G2a* (2.2%), R1a1 (8.9%) and R2a (6.7%) present in Northern Han Chinese in the sampled area located in western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, etal |title=Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=717–27 |date=January 2011 |pmid=20837606 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq247 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/717.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The same study also found 4.8% G1a1 and 4.8% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Nanyang City]], western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref> A 2006 study found 10% haplogroup J and 6.7% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Lanzhou]] city.<ref name="Xue2006">Yali Xue et al 2006, [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1 Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906151731/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1}}</ref> The Y-DNA J1 (1.8%), J2a (1.8%) and L3 (1.8%) were detected in [[Harbin]] Han Chinese, Heilongjiang province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref> == Notes == {{NoteFoot}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |first=Haiwang |last=Yuan |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |location=Westport, Conn. |year= 2006 |isbn = 978-1-59158-294-6 |oclc = 65820295 }} == External links == * [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200409/16/eng20040916_157308.html How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe] – People's Daily Online Sept 16, 2004 * [http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml Map share of ethnic by county of China] {{zh icon}} {{-}} {{Han subgroups}} {{Ethnic groups in China}} {{Overseas Chinese}} {{East Asian topics}} {{Portal bar|History of Imperial China|China|Taiwan|Hong Kong|Singapore|Malaysia|Indonesia|Thailand}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]] [[Category:Han Chinese| ]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Hatnote|Unless otherwise specified, Chinese text in this article is written in the format ''[[Simplified Chinese]] / [[Traditional Chinese]], [[Pinyin]]''. If the Simplified and Traditional Chinese characters are identical, they are written only once.}}{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Han Chinese people<br />{{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|汉|族}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|漢|族}}}}<br />{{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|汉人}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|漢人}}}}}} | rawimage = | population = '''[[Circa]] 1.3 billion'''<ref name="Han_Groups">{{cite book |first = James B. |last = Minahan |title = Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |url = https://books.google.com/?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ethnic+Groups+of+North,+East,+and+Central+Asia:+An+Encyclopedia#v=onepage&q=Ethnic%20Groups%20of%20North%2C%20East%2C%20and%20Central%20Asia%3A%20An%20Encyclopedia&f=false |year = 2014 |publisher = ABC-CLIO |ISBN = 978-1-61069-018-8 |pages = 89–95 }}</ref> | popplace = {{Flag|Mainland China}} 1,260,000,000<ref name="ciastat">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html CIA Factbook]: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,379 billion (July 2017 est.)</ref><br />{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|ROC}} [[Free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu]] 23,575,365}}<br />{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] 6,723,786<ref>[https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-pob.html Place of birth] 2016 Hong Kong census</ref><br />{{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Macau]] 663,400<ref>[https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/a76b0b8b-6317-4207-adf7-439b1ec1ac38/E_DEM_FR_2018_Q3.aspx 2018 Demographics]</ref> | tablehdr = [[Overseas Chinese]] (by descent) | region1 = {{Flagcountry|Thailand}} | pop1 = 9,392,000 | ref1 = <ref>Barbara A. Peru (2009), ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania'', Facts on File, p.&nbsp;794, {{ISBN|1-4381-1913-5}}.</ref> | region2 = {{Flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop2 = 6,650,000 | ref2 = <ref name="statistics.gov.my">{{cite web |url = https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title = Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal |dead-url = yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160812014710/https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |archive-date = 2016-08-12 }}</ref> | region3 = {{Flagcountry|United States}} | pop3 = 3,795,000 | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |title = Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information |url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |publisher =[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date = 19 January 2014 }}</ref> | region4 = {{Flagcountry|Indonesia}} | pop4 = 2,833,000 | ref4 = <ref name="census 2010"> {{cite book |publisher = Badan Pusat Statistik |title = Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk, 2010 |year= 2011 |access-date= |ISBN = 978-979-064-417-5 |url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html }}</ref> | region5 = {{Flagcountry|Singapore}} | pop5 = 2,547,000 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf |title=Home |access-date=2015-10-21 |dead-url=yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082553/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf |archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> | region6 = {{Flagcountry|Myanmar}} | pop6 = 1,638,000 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |title = The World Factbook |access-date=17 February 2016 |dead-url=yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006115241/https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> | region7 = {{Flagcountry|Canada}} | pop7 = 1,469,000 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/population/population-2011-census/population-ethnic-origin-province |title=Population by Ethnic Origin by Province |author=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |work=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |access-date=17 February 2016 }}</ref> | region8 = {{Flagcountry|Philippines}} | pop8 = 1,350,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |title = Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409034225/http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archivedate=2016-04-09 }}</ref>{{better citation needed|reason=no reference to Han|date=August 2016}} | region9 = {{Flagcountry|Peru|state}} | pop9 = 1,300,000 | ref9 = <ref name="ocac">{{cite web |url = http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |title= The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population|website=Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |archive-date=4 January 2011|dead-url=Yes|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> | region10 = {{Flagcountry|Australia}} | pop10 = 1,214,000 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Australia |url = http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au |accessdate=31 October 2018 }}</ref> | region11 = {{Flagcountry|Russia}} | pop11 = 998,000 | ref11 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region12 = {{Flagcountry|Vietnam}} | pop12 = 823,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815 |title=General Statistics Office Of Vietnam|date=13 November 2010 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101113153318/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815 |archivedate=13 November 2010}}</ref> | region13 = {{Flagcountry|Japan}} | pop13 = 731,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |script-title =ja:平成29年度末在留外国人確定値 |url = http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf |publisher = Ministry of Justice |date = 2018-04-13 |language = ja |access-date = 2018-04-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180327132827/http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf |archive-date = 2018-03-27 |dead-url = yes }}{{Better source|reason=outdated|date=April 2018}}</ref> | region14 = {{Flagcountry|France}} | pop14 = 700,000 | ref14 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region15 = {{Flagcountry|Venezuela}} | pop15 = 450,000 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://gabrielsanz91.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/chinos_venezuela/|title=Población china en Venezuela|date=January 2019|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> | region16 = {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop16 = 433,000 | ref16 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{Flagcountry|South Africa}} | pop17 = 350,000 | ref17 = <ref name="Park2009">{{cite book |url = http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf |work = Representation, Expression and Identity |year = 2009 |publisher = Interdisciplinary Perspectives |title = Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa – New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity |first = Yoon Jung |last = Park |isbn = 978-1-904710-81-3 |accessdate = September 20, 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101228041728/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf |archivedate = December 28, 2010 }}</ref> | region18 = {{Flagcountry|Italy}} | pop18 = 334,000 | ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2016/09/Cittadini-non-comunitari_2016.pdf?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari++-+29%2Fset%2F2016+-+Testo+integrale+e+nota+metodologica.pdf|title=Cittadini Non Comunitari: Presenza, Nuovi Ingressi e Acquisizioni di Cittadinanza: Anni 2015–2016|website=Istat.it|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> | region19 = {{Flagcountry|Germany}} | pop19 = 212,000 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html |title = BiB – Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung – Pressemitteilungen – Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt |language = de |website=Bib-demografiie.de |accessdate=12 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171209232407/http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html |archive-date=9 December 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|South Korea}} | pop20 = 210,000 | ref20 = {{NoteTag|Of the 710,000 Chinese nationals living in Korea in 2016, 500,000 are [[Koreans in China|ethnic Koreans]].}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://m.pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?no=638478&year=2016 |title=Foreign national population in Korea up more than 40% in 5 yrs |website=Maeil Business News Korea |date=8 September 2016 |accessdate=10 May 2018 }}</ref> | region21 = {{Flagcountry|Cambodia}} | pop21 = 210,000 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chinese-living-kingdom-more-doubles-17 |title=Chinese living in Kingdom more than doubles since '17 |website=|accessdate=15 September 2018|date=2018-09-14}}</ref> | region22 = {{Flagcountry|India}} | pop22 = 189,000 | ref22 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region23 = {{Flagcountry|Laos}} | pop23 = 186,000 | ref23 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region24 = {{Flagcountry|Spain}} | pop24 = 172,000 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ine.es/prensa/np980.pdf |title=Cifras de Población a 1 de enero de 2016 : Estadística de Migraciones 2015 : Adquisiciones de Nacionalidad Española de Residentes 2015 |language = es |website=Ine.es |accessdate=12 December 2017 }}</ref> | region25 = {{Flagcountry|New Zealand}} | pop25 = 171,000 | ref25 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/asian.aspx |title = 2013 New Zealand Census | accessdate = May 13, 2018 }}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | pop26 = 152,000 | ref26 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop27 = 145,000 | ref27 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region28 = {{Flagcountry|Panama}} | pop28 = 135,000 | ref28 = <ref>[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/panama/ch_pa01.htm#3 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204231050/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/panama/ch_pa01.htm#3 |date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1166678.stm |work = BBC News |title = Little China in Belgrade |date = 2001-02-12 |accessdate = 2010-05-04}}</ref> | region29 = {{Flagcountry|Mexico}} | pop29 = 70,000 | ref29 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chinese-mexicans-celebrate-repatriation-to-mexico-2012nov23-story.html|title=Chinese-Mexicans celebrate repatriation to Mexico |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=Nov 23, 2012|accessdate=Oct 8, 2017}}</ref> | region31 = {{Flagcountry|Costa Rica|state}} | pop31 = 19,000 | ref31 = <ref>{{cite web |title=X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda 2011, Características Sociales y Demográficas |url=http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/inec_institucional/estadisticas/resultados/repoblaccenso2011-12.pdf.pdf |website=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica]] |accessdate=22 September 2016|page=61|date=July 2012|quote=Cuadro 23. Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia, zona y sexo. Chino(a) 9,170}}</ref> | region32 = {{Flagcountry|Ireland}} | pop32 = 11,000 | ref32 = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016092935/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835 |date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref> | languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), with minorities ascribing to [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> | related = [[Sino-Tibetan peoples]] | footnotes = Some sources refer to Han Chinese directly as "Chinese" or group them with other Sino-Tibetan peoples. | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} {{Infobox Chinese |s=汉族 |t=漢族 |p=Hànzú |myr=Hàndzú |w=Han-tzu |mi={{IPAc-cmn|h|an|4|z|u|2}} |j=Hon3 zuk6 |y=Hon juhk |ci={{IPA-yue|hɔ̄ːn tsʊ̀k}} |bpmf=ㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊ |wuu=Hoe zoh |buc=Háng-cŭk |poj=Hàn-cho̍k |teo=Hàng-tsôk |h=Hòn-tshu̍k |order=st }} The '''Han Chinese''',<ref>{{Cite book |title=China: A Religious State |last=Hsu |first=Cho-yun |publisher = Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15920-3 |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu |last=Yang |first=Miaoyan |publisher= Lexington Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4985-4463-4 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Chinese people">[http://www.huayuqiao.org/articles/shcheong/shcheong02.htm Who are the Chinese people?] {{zh icon}}. Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref> '''Hanzu''',<ref>{{Cite book |title = The Han: China's Diverse Majority|last=Joniak-Luthi |first=Agnieszka|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-295-80597-9 |page = 3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asia|last=Chow|first=Kai-wing|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-472-06735-0 |page = 2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn|publisher=University of California Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0 |page = 2 }}</ref> '''Han people'''<ref>{{Cite book |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8274-611-4 |page=155}}</ref><ref name=CHC12>{{cite book |last1=Fairbank |first1=John K. |date=1983 |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 12: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1 |url = http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139054799 |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn= 978-1-139-05479-9 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Wen2004Nature>{{cite journal |last1 = Wen |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 |title = Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/abs/nature02878.html | journal = Nature | volume = 431 | issue = 7006 | pages = 302–05 | doi=10.1038/nature02878 | pmid=15372031 |bibcode = 2004Natur.431..302W}}</ref><ref name=Stix2008>Stix, Gary (2008). [https://www.mcdb.ucla.edu/Research/Goldberg/HC70A_W12/pdf/Traces%20of%20a%20Distant%20Past.pdf "Traces of a Distant Past"] ''Scientific American'', July: 56–63.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|UK|h|æ|n}};<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/han |title=Han definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |website=www.collinsdictionary.com|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|h|aː|n}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/han "Han"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{zh|t=漢人 |p=Hànrén |l=Han people|c=|s=汉人}}<ref name=Kim2004>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hodong |date=2004 |title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AtduqAtBzegC |location= |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=320 |isbn=978-0-8047-7364-5 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> or {{zh |labels=yes |s = 汉族 |t = 漢族 |p = Hànzú |c=|links=no}}, literally "Han ethnicity"<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|author=Xiaobing Li |author2=Patrick Fuliang Shan|title=Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|page=69|isbn=978-1-4985-0729-5}}</ref> or "Han ethnic group"),<ref name=Rawski>{{cite book|year=1998|last1=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0}}</ref> are an [[East Asian people|East Asian]] [[ethnic group]] and [[nation]] native to China.<ref>{{cite journal |author1= Ang, Khai C.|author2= Ngu Mee S. |author3= Reid P. Katherine |author4= Teh S. Meh |author5= Aida, Zamzuraida |author6= Koh X.R. Danny |author7=Berg, Arthur|author8=Oppenheimer, Stephen|author9=Salleh, Hood |author10=Clyde M. Mahani|author11=ZainMd M. Badrul |author12=Canfield A. Victor|author13=Cheng C. Keith |title=Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |issue=8 |volume= 7 |page= 2 |year=2012 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0042752 |pmid= 22912732 |pmc= 3418284 |bibcode= 2012PLoSO...742752A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1= Wang, Yuchen |author2= Lu Dongsheng |author3= Chung Yeun-Jun |author4 = Xu Shuhua |title = Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal = Hereditas |volume= 155 |page = 19 |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs41065-018-0057-5.pdf |doi = 10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid= 29636655 |pmc= 5889524 }}</ref><ref>{{cite biorxiv |last = Chiang |first = Charleston |title=Map of Genetic Variation in Han Chinese |url = https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/13/162982.full.pdf |page=10 |year=2017|biorxiv=162982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yuchen |last2= Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal=Hereditas |volume=155 |page=19 |publication-date=April 6, 2018 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid=29636655 |pmc=5889524 |year=2018 }}</ref> They constitute the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|world's largest ethnic group]], making up about 18% of the [[World population|global population]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Zhang |first1 = Feng |last2=Su |first2=Bing |last3=Zhang |first3=Ya-ping |last4=Jin |first4=Li |title=Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia |pmc=2435565 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=362 |issue=1482 |pages=987–996 |date=February 22, 2007|pmid=17317646 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2028 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago |journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|year=2015|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0125676|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676|pmid=25938511|pmc=4418768 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> The estimated 1.3 billion Han Chinese people are mostly concentrated in [[mainland China]] (roughly 91.6% of the total population).<ref name="ciastat"/> In [[Taiwan]] they make about 95% of the population.<ref name="中華民國國情簡介2016">{{cite web |language=zh-TW |url = http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8 |script-title=zh:中華民國國情簡介 |trans-title=ROC Vital Information |date=2016|website=Executive Yuan |access-date=2016-08-23 |quote={{lang|zh-TW|臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97%}} }}</ref><ref name=Yearbook2014>{{cite book |year=2014 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 |author=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf |accessdate=2016-06-11 |isbn=978-986-04-2302-0 |page=36}}</ref> Han Chinese people also make up around 75% of the total population of [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf |title=Home |accessdate=2016-02-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf |archivedate=2016-02-16 }}</ref> The Han Chinese people trace a common ancestry to the [[Huaxia]] ({{zh |labels=no |s = 华夏 |t = 華夏 |p = |c=}}), a name for the initial confederation of agricultural tribes living along the [[Yellow River]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last= Schliesinger |first= Joachim |publisher= Booksmango |year= 2016 |pages=13–14}}</ref> The term ''Huaxia'' represents the collective [[neolithic]] confederation of agricultural tribes Hua and Xia who settled along the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plains]] around the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in northern China.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies |last=Liu |first=Hong |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-138-91825-2 |page=34}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |last= Wilkinson |first=Endymion Porter |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2015 |isbn= 978-0-674-08846-7 |page=709}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |last= Yuan |first=Haiwang |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-294-6|year=2006 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> The two tribes were the ancestors of the modern Han Chinese people that gave birth to Chinese civilization. In addition, the Huaxia (literally "the civilized Xia people") was distinctively used to represent the Huaxia as a civilized ethnic group in contrast to what was perceived of different ethnic groups as [[Hua-Yi distinction|barbaric peoples]] around them.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture |last=Perkins |first=Dorothy |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8160-2693-7 |page = 202 }}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last= Schliesinger |first= Joachim |publisher = Booksmango |year = 2016 |page = 14 }}</ref> In many overseas Chinese communities, the term '''''Hua Ren''''' ({{zh |labels=no |s = 华人 |t = 華人 |p = Huárén }}) may be used for people of Chinese ethnicity as distinct from '''''Zhongguo Ren''''' ({{zh |labels=no |s = 中国人 |t = 中國人 |p = |c=|links=no}}) which refers to citizens of China, including people of non-Han ethnicity.<ref name="chang">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vouLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China |author= Hui-Ching Chang |author2=Richard Holt | pages= 162–64 |isbn=978-1-135-04635-4|publisher=Routledge |date=2014-11-20 }}</ref><ref name="sheng">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZZABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |title=China and Taiwan: Cross-strait Relations Under Chen Shui-bian |author= Sheng Lijun |page=53 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002|isbn= 978-981-230-110-9 }}</ref><ref name="hack">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yO_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title = War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore |author1 = Karl Hack |author2 = Kevin Blackburn |publisher=NUS Press |year= 2012 |isbn=978-9971-69-599-6 |page=96 }}</ref> Han people ({{zh |labels=no |s = 汉人 |t=漢人 |p=Hànrén}}) may also be used for people of ethnic Chinese descent around the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |last= Yuan |first=Haiwang |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-294-6 |year=2006 |pages=6}}</ref> The Han Chinese people are bound together with a common genetic stock and a shared history inhabiting an ancient ancestral territory for over four thousand years, deeply rooted with many different [[Chinese culture|cultural traditions]] and customs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |last2=Demel |first2=Walter |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23729-2 |pages=351–52}}</ref> The Huaxia tribes in northern China experienced a [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|continuous expansion into southern China]] over the past two millennia.<ref name="auto4">{{cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last = Schliesinger |first = Joachim |publisher= Booksmango |year= 2016 |pages=10–17 }}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite book |title = A Panoramic View of Chinese Culture |last=Dingming |first= Wu |publisher= Simon & Schuster |year=2014 }}</ref> Huaxia culture spread southward from its heartland in the Yellow River Basin, absorbing various [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history#List of ethnic groups|non-Chinese ethnic groups]] that became [[sinicised]] over the centuries at various points in China's history.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |pages=91}}</ref><ref name="auto5" /><ref name="auto2" /> The [[Han dynasty]] is considered to be one of the first great eras in Chinese history, as it made China the major regional power in East Asia and projected much of its influence on its neighbours while rivalling the [[Roman Empire]] in population size and geographical reach.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |page=92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia: A New History |last=Walker |first=Hugh Dyson |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |page=119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |last=Kang |first=David C. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15319-5 |pages=33–34}}</ref> The Han dynasty's prestige and prominence influenced many of the ancient Huaxia to begin identifying themselves as "The People of Han".<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto7">{{Cite book |title=China: a History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009 |last= Tanner |first=Harold Miles |publisher=Hackett Pub Co. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60384-204-4 |page=83}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite book |title=America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places |last= Ueda |first= Reed |publisher=Greenwood |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-2864-5 |page=403}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite journal |last= Eno |first=R. |title=The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220) |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8274-611-4 |publication-date=June 30, 2012 |page=155}}</ref> To this day, Han Chinese people have since taken their ethnic name from this dynasty, and the Chinese script is referred to as "[[Chinese characters|Han characters]]".<ref name="auto6" />{{sfnp|Schaefer|2008|p=279}}<ref name="auto9" /> ==Names== <!--linked--><!-- Terms that are now used as modern usage should use s/t, pinyin <- pinyin should be used in necessary circumstances. Terms that are ancient and are not used commonly, as well as terms originating in Hakka or Cantonese, should use t/s, pinyin <- pinyin should be used in necessary circumstances. --> The name ''Han'' was derived from the name of [[Han dynasty|the eponymous dynasty]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STR1AwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society|last=Schaefer|first=Richard T.|year=2008|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6586-5|location=|pages=279|quote=Although the term han has its roots in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), which began around the Yellow River and then spread out, the concept really became nationalized early in this century.|via=}}</ref> which succeeded the short-lived [[Qin dynasty]], and is historically considered to be the first [[golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] of China's [[Imperial China|Imperial era]] due to the power and influence it projected over much of East Asia. As a result of the dynasty's prominence in inter-ethnic and pre-modern international influence, Chinese people began identifying themselves as the "people of Han" ({{zh|t=漢人|p=Hànrén|c=|s=汉人|labels=no|first=ts}}),<ref name="auto7" /><ref name="auto8" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=China: A Religious State |last= Hsu |first= Cho-yun |last2= Lagerwey |first2= John |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |editor-last=Y.S. Cheng |editor-first= Joseph |page=126}}</ref> a name that has been carried down to this day. Similarly, the [[Chinese language]] also came to be named the "Han language" ({{zh|s=汉语|zh|t=漢語|c=|p=Hànyǔ|first=st|labels=no}}) ever since. In the ''[[Oxford Dictionary]]'', the Han are defined as "The dominant ethnic group in China".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/de/definition/englisch/han?q=Han|title=Definition of Han by Oxford|website=Oxforddictionaries.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> In the ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania'', the Han are called the dominant population in "China, as well as in [[Han Taiwanese|Taiwan]] and [[Chinese Singaporeans|Singapore]]."<ref>{{cite book |year = 2010 |publisher = Infobase Publishing |title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |first = Barbara A. |last = West |isbn = 978-1-4381-1913-7 }}</ref> According to the ''[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]'', the Han are "the Chinese peoples especially as distinguished from non-Chinese (such as Mongolian) elements in the population."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Han|title=Definition of Han by Merriam-Webster|website=Merriam-webster.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> The Han dynasty's founding emperor, [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]], was made king of the [[Hanzhong]] region after the fall of the Qin dynasty, a title that was later shortened to "the King of Han" ({{zh|s=汉王|zh|t=漢王|c=|p=|first=t|labels=no}}) during the [[Chu-Han contention]]. The name "Hanzhong", in turn, was derived from the [[Hanshui|Han River]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Liu|first=Xingwu|year=2004|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-0-306-47754-6|editor-last=Ember|editor-first=Carol R.|location=|pages=703–17|quote=The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside world.|editor-last2=Ember|editor-first2=Melvin|doi=10.1007/0-387-29905-X_73|title = Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology|chapter = Han}}</ref> which flows through the region's plains. The river, in turn, derives its name from expressions such as ''Tianhan'' ({{zh|t=天漢|c=|s=天汉|p=|first=t|labels=no}}, "the heavenly river"), ''Yinhan'' ({{zh|t=銀漢|c=|s=银汉|p=|first=t|labels=no}}, "the silver river"), ''Xinghan'' ({{zh|t=星漢|c=|s=星汉|p=|first=t|labels=no}}, "the star river") or ''Yunhan'' ({{zh|t=雲漢|c=|s=云汉|p=|labels=no|first=t}}, "the cloud river"), all ancient Chinese poetic nicknames for the [[Milky Way]] and first mentioned in the ''[[Classic of Poetry]]''. Prior to the Han dynasty, ancient Chinese scholars used the term [[Huaxia]] ({{zh|s=华夏|t=華夏|p=Huá Xià|c=|labels=no|first=t}}, "the magnificent [[Xia dynasty|Xia]]") in texts to describe [[China proper]], while the Chinese populus were referred to as either the "various Hua" ({{zh|t=諸漢|c=|s=诸汉|p=|labels=no|first=t}}) or the "various Xia" ({{zh|t=諸夏|c=|s=诸夏|p=|labels=no|first=t}}). This gave rise to a term commonly used nowadays by [[overseas Chinese]] as an ethnic identity for the Chinese diaspora – ''Huaren'' ({{zh|s={{linktext|华人}} |t={{linktext|華人}} |p=Huá Rén|links=no|c=|labels=no}}, "the Hua people"), ''Huaqiao'' ({{zh|s=华侨|t=華僑|p=Huáqiáo|c=|labels=no}}, "the Hua immigrant" meaning [[overseas Chinese]])<ref name="hack" /> as well as a [[Names of China|literary name for China]] – ''Zhonghua'' ({{zh|s={{linktext|中华}} |t={{linktext|中華}} |p=zhōnghuá|links=no|c=|labels=no}}, "the central Hua").<ref name=":0" /> ''Zhonghua'' refers more to the culture of Chinese people, although it may also be seen as equivalent to ''[[Zhonghua minzu]]''.<ref name="chang" /> The overseas Chinese use ''Huaren'' or ''Huaqiao'' instead of ''Zhongguoren'' ({{zh |labels=no |s = 中国人 |t = 中國人 |p = |c=|links=no}}), which refers to citizens of China.<ref name="sheng" /> Among some southern Han Chinese varieties such as [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Southern Min|Minnan]], a different term exists – Tang Chinese ({{zh|t=唐人|p=Táng Rén}}, literally "the people of Tang"), derived from the later [[Tang dynasty]], regarded as another zenith of Chinese civilization. The term is used in everyday conversation and is also an element in the Cantonese word for [[Chinatown]]: "street of the Tang people" ({{zh|c={{linktext|唐人街}} |j=tong4 jan4 gaai1 |p=Táng Rén Jiē}}. The phrase {{transl|zh|Huá Bù}} {{zh|s=华埠|t=華埠|p=|c=|labels=no|first=t}} is also used to describe the same area). == Distribution == === Mainland China === The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion– live in areas under the jurisdiction of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), where they constitute about 92% of its population. Han Chinese in China have been a politically, culturally, and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities throughout most of China's recorded history.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World On Fire |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-385-72186-8 |page=177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite paper |last=Chua |first=Amy L. |date=2000 |title=The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5578&context=faculty_scholarship |journal=Harvard International Law Journal |volume=41 |page=325}}</ref> Han Chinese are almost the majority in every [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|Chinese province, municipality, and autonomous region]] except for the autonomous regions of [[Xinjiang]] (38% or 40% in 2010) and [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] (8% in 2014), where [[Uyghur people|Uighurs]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] are the majority, respectively. === Hong Kong and Macau === {{see also|Demographics of Hong Kong|Demographics of Macau}} Ethnic Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the [[Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] of the PRC – about 95% and 96% of the population of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], respectively,<ref name=census1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1 |title=Population and Vital Events: Table 139 Population by ethnicity 2001 and 2006 |author=Census and Statistics Department|publisher=Hong Kong Government |accessdate=2 November 2009}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2018}}</ref><ref name="2006 by-census">{{cite book|title=Global Results of By-Census 2006|year=2007|publisher=Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) of the Macau Government}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2018}}</ref> but there are no statistics on the proportion of Han people. === Republic of China (Taiwan) === {{Main|Han Taiwanese|Taiwanese people|Demographics of Taiwan}} [[File:艋舺龍山寺 臺北市 直轄市定古蹟寺廟 Venation 2.JPG|thumb|[[Lungshan Temple of Manka]] in Taipei]] There are over 22 million Han Chinese in Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/taiwan-population/|title=Taiwan Population (2017) – World Population Review|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref> At first, these migrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan. [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] immigrants from [[Quanzhou]] settled in coastal regions, and those from [[Zhangzhou]] tended to gather on inland plains, while the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] inhabited hilly areas. Clashes between these groups over land, water, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities, and, as time passed, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place. In Taiwan, Han Chinese (including both the earlier Han Taiwanese settlers and the recent Mainland Chinese that arrived in Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek in 1949) constitute over 95 percent of the population. They have also been a politically, culturally, and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han aborigines.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World On Fire |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-385-72186-8 |page=178}}</ref> === Southeast Asia === {{Main|Overseas Chinese#Southeast Asia}} Of about 40 million "overseas Chinese"{{NoteTag|Overseas Chinese include both Han and non-Han people (see [[overseas Chinese]] for related references).}} worldwide, nearly 30 million live in Southeast Asia.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} According to a [[population genetic]] study, [[Singapore]] is "the country with the biggest proportion of Hans" in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Ychrom_HanSingaporeans>{{cite thesis |last=Yim |first=Onn Siong |date=2005 |title=Y chromosome diversity in Singaporean Han Chinese population subgroups |type=Master |publisher=National University of Singapore |docket= |oclc= |url = http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/27767 |access-date=}}</ref> Up until the past few decades, overseas Han communities originated predominantly from areas in southern China (especially the Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang areas).<ref name=Ychrom_HanSingaporeans /> === Others === {{Main|Chinese diaspora}} Elsewhere in the world, nearly 4 million people of Chinese descent live in the United States (about 1% of the population), over 1 million in Canada (3.7%), over 1.3 million in Peru (4.3%),{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} over 600,000 in Australia (3.5%), nearly 150,000 in [[New Zealand]] (3.7%), and as many as 750,000 in Africa.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690 China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration], By Malia Politzer, ''Migration Information Source'', August 2008.</ref> == History == {{Main|History of China}} Because of the overwhelming numerical and cultural dominance of Han culture in China, most of the written [[history of China]] can be read as "a history of the Han Chinese".<ref>{{cite book|first=John A.G|last=Roberts|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|title=A History of China|page=5}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> === Prehistory === {{Main|Huaxia|Yanhuang}} The prehistory of the Han Chinese is closely intertwined with both archaeology, biology, historical textual records and mythology. The ethnic stock to which the Han Chinese originally trace their ancestry from were confederations of late [[neolithic]] and early [[bronze-age]] agricultural tribes known as the [[Huaxia]] that lived along the [[Guanzhong]] and [[Yellow River]] basins in Northern China.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20083309 |title=A Point Of View: How China sees a multicultural world |last=Jacques |first=Martin |date=October 26, 2012 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last=Minahan |first=James |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-017-1 |publication-date=February 10, 2014 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Interpreters in Early Imperial China |last= Lung |first=Rachel |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-272-2444-6 |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture |last=Zhang |first=Qizhi |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-662-51507-5 |page=26}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="Guo 2016 66–67">{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China |last= Guo |first= Rongxing |publisher= Wiley |year= 2016 |isbn=978-3-319-32305-3 |pages=66–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0022002795039003004 |title=War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. To 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis |year=1995 |last1=Cioffi-Revilla |first1=C. |last2=Lai |first2=D. |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=467–94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA253|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|author1=West|first1=Barbara A|year=2009}}</ref> In addition, numerous [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history#List of ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] were assimilated and absorbed by the Han Chinese at various points in China's history.<ref name="Guo 2016 66–67"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN-01-100114.html| title=Common traits bind Jews and Chinese | publisher=Asia Times Online | date=Jan 10, 2014 | accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto10"/> Like many modern ethnic groups, the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese was a long and lengthy process that involved the expansion of the Chinese dynasties and their assimilation of various non-Chinese ethnic groups that became sinicised over the centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |last=Him |first=Mark Lai |last2=Hsu |first2= Madeline |publisher=AltaMira Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7591-0458-7 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence |last=Stuart-Fox |first=Martin |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2003 |publication-date=November 1, 2003 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |last=Miller |first=David |publisher= Routledge |year=2007 |isbn= 978-0-7656-1823-8 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–313|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x|pmid = 18270655|last1=Gan|first1=Rui-Jing|last2=Pan|first2=Shang-Ling|last3=Mustavich|first3=Laura F.|last4=Qin|first4=Zhen-Dong|last5=Cai|first5=Xiao-Yun|last6=Qian|first6=Ji|last7=Liu|first7=Cheng-Wu|last8=Peng|first8=Jun-Hua|last9=Li|first9=Shi-Lin|last10=Xu|first10=Jie-Shun|last11=Jin|first11=Li|last12=Li|first12=Hui}}</ref> Writers during the [[Western Zhou]] and Han dynasties derived ancestral lineages based on [[Shang dynasty]]-era legendary materials,<ref>{{cite web|title=Xia Dynasty |url=http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Xia+Dynasty |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308144754/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Xia%2BDynasty |archivedate=2014-03-08 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Allan|first=Sarah|title=The Shape of the Turtle|year=1991|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=978-0-7914-0460-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QlEZd4x9LUAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22shape+of+the+turtle#v=onepage&q=%22huang%20di%22&f=false}}</ref> while the Han dynasty historian [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' places the reign of the [[Yellow Emperor]] ({{zh|t=黃帝|p=Huáng Dì}}), the legendary leader of Youxiong tribes ({{lang|zh|有熊氏}}), at the beginning of Chinese history. The Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with the neighbouring [[Shennong]] tribes ({{lang|zh-hant|神農氏}}) after defeating their leader, the [[Flame Emperor]], ({{zh|t=炎帝|p=Yán Dì}}) at the [[Battle of Banquan]]. The newly merged [[Yanhuang]] ({{zh|炎黃}}) tribes then combined forces to defeat their common enemy from the east, [[Chiyou]] ({{zh|t=|p=Chì Yóu|c=蚩尤|s=|labels=no}}) of the Jiuli ({{lang|zh|九黎}}) tribes, at the [[Battle of Zhuolu]], and established their cultural dominance in the [[Central Plain (China)|Central Plain]] region. To this day, modern Han Chinese refer themselves as "[[Yan Huang Zisun|Descendants of Yan and Huang]]" ({{zh|s=炎黄子孙|t=炎黃子孫|p=Yánhuáng Zǐsūn}}). Although study of this period of history is complicated by the absence of contemporary records, the discovery of [[archaeological site]]s has enabled a succession of [[List of Neolithic cultures of China|neolithic cultures]] to be identified along the Yellow River. Along the central reaches of the Yellow River were the [[Jiahu]] culture (c. 7000 to 6600 BCE), the [[Yangshao culture]] (c. 5000 to 3000 BCE) and the [[Longshan culture]] (c. 3000 to 2000 BCE). Along the lower reaches of the river were the Qingliangang culture (c. 5400 to 4000 BCE), the [[Dawenkou culture]] (c. 4300 to 2500 BCE), and the [[Yueshi culture]] (c. 1900 to 1500 BCE). === Early history === {{Main|Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors}} Early ancient Chinese history is largely legendary, consisting of mythical tales intertwined with sporadic annals written centuries to millennia later. Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'' recorded a period following the Battle of Zhuolu, during the reign of successive generations of confederate overlords ({{zh|t=共主}}) known as the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] (c. 2852–2070 BCE), who, allegedly, were elected to power among the tribes. This is a period for which scant reliable archaeological evidence exists – these sovereigns are largely regarded as [[cultural hero]]es. ==== Xia dynasty ==== {{Main|Xia dynasty}} The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), established by [[Yu the Great]] after [[Emperor Shun]] abdicated leadership to reward Yu's work in taming the [[Great Flood (China)|Great Flood]]. Yu's son, [[Qi of Xia|Qi]], managed to not only install himself as the next ruler, but also dictated his sons as heirs by default, making the Xia dynasty the first in recorded history where [[order of succession|genealogical succession]] was the norm. The civilizational prosperity of the Xia dynasty at this time is thought to have given rise to the name "Huaxia" ({{zh|s=华夏|t=華夏|p=Huá Xià}}, "the magnificent Xia"), a term that was used ubiquitously throughout history to define the Chinese nation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China |last= Guo |first= Rongxing |publisher= Wiley |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-0-470-82604-1 |page=10}}</ref> Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE is, however, rarely available. Recent efforts of the [[Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project]] drew the connection between the [[Erlitou culture]] and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could not reach a consensus regarding the reliability of such history. ==== Shang dynasty ==== {{Main|Shang dynasty}} The Xia dynasty was overthrown after the [[Battle of Mingtiao]], around [[1600 BCE]], by [[Cheng Tang]], who established the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period – from characters inscribed on [[oracle bone]]s used for divination – but the well-developed characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China. During the Shang dynasty, people of the [[Wu (region)|Wu area]] in the [[Yangtze River Delta]], were considered a different tribe, and described as being scantily dressed, tattooed and speaking a distinct language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripchinaguide.com/article-p275-han-ethnic-group.html|title=Han Ethnic Group, Facts about Chinese Han, Han People China|website=Tripchinaguide.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="The Han Chinese">{{cite web|url=http://siakhenn.tripod.com/Chinese-Han.html|title=Free Resources: Country Profile and Demographics – The Han People of China|date=25 December 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225105701/http://siakhenn.tripod.com/Chinese-Han.html|archivedate=25 December 2008}}</ref> Later, [[Taibo of Wu|Taibo]], elder uncle of [[King Wen of Zhou|Ji Chang]] – on realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser and deserved to inherit the throne – fled to Wu<ref name="chinaknowledge.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/rulers-wu.html|title=The Feudal State of Wu 吳 (www.chinaknowledge.de)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|website=Chinaknowledge.de|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> and settled there. Three generations later, [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]] of the Zhou dynasty defeated [[King Zhou of Shang|King Zhou]] (the last Shang king), and [[Feoffment|enfeoffed]] the descendants of Taibo in Wu<ref name="chinaknowledge.de"/> – mirroring the later history of [[Nanyue]], where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a non-Han population and mixed with locals, who were [[sinicization|sinicized]] over time. ==== Zhou dynasty ==== {{Main|Zhou dynasty}} After the [[Battle of Muye]], the Shang dynasty was overthrown by [[Predynastic Zhou|Zhou]] (led by [[Ji Fa]]), which had emerged as a western state along the [[Wei River]] in the 2nd millennium BCE.<ref name="The Han Chinese"/> The [[Zhou dynasty]] shared the language and culture of the Shang people, and extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the [[Yangtze River]].<ref>{{cite web|title= China The Zhou Period|url= http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_chinathezhouperiod.htm|website=Ancienthistory.about.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="China The Zhou Period">{{cite web|title= China The Zhou Period|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0015)|website=Lcweb2.loc.gov|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization, and this culture extended south.<ref name="The Han Chinese"/><ref name="China The Zhou Period"/> However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented not long afterwards, and many autonomous vassal states emerged. This dynasty is traditionally divided into two eras – the Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE) and the [[Eastern Zhou]] (770–256 BCE) – with the latter further divided into the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] (770–476 BCE) and the [[Warring States period|Warring States]] (476–221 BCE) periods. It was a period of significant cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the [[Hundred Schools of Thought]]) and [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]] and [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]] are among the most important surviving philosophies from this era.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} === Imperial history === ==== Qin dynasty ==== {{Main|Qin dynasty}} The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty came to an end with the unification of China by the western state of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] after its [[Qin's wars of unification|conquest of all other rival states]]{{when|date=February 2015}} under King [[Ying Zheng]]. King Zheng then gave himself a new title "[[First Emperor of Qin]]" ({{zh|c=秦始皇帝|p=Qín Shǐ Huángdì}}), setting the precedent for the next two millennia. To consolidate administrative control over the newly conquered parts of the country, the First Emperor decreed a nationwide standardization of currency, writing scripts, and measurement units, to unify the country economically and culturally. He also ordered large-scale infrastructure projects such as the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]], the [[Lingqu Canal]] and the Qin road system to militarily fortify the frontiers. In effect, he established a centralized bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal confederation system of preceding dynasties, making Qin the first [[Qin dynasty|imperial dynasty]] in Chinese history. This dynasty, sometimes phonetically spelt as the "Ch'in dynasty", has been proposed in the 17th century by [[Martin Martini]] and supported by later scholars such as [[Paul Pelliot]] and [[Berthold Laufer]] to be the etymological origin of the modern English word "China". ==== Han dynasty ==== {{Main|Han dynasty}} [[File:China.Terracotta statues007.jpg|thumb|upright|A female servant and male advisor dressed in [[Han Chinese clothing|silk robes]], ceramic figurines from the Western Han era]] The reign of the first imperial dynasty was to be short-lived. Due to the First Emperor's autocratic rule and his massive labor projects, which fomented rebellion among the populace, the Qin dynasty fell into chaos soon after his death. Under the corrupt rule of his son and successor [[Huhai]], the Qin dynasty collapsed a mere three years later. The Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE) then emerged from the ensuing [[Chu-Han contention|civil wars]] and succeeded in establishing a much longer-lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by the Qin dynasty, but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han dynasty, arts and culture flourished, while the Han Empire [[History of the Han dynasty|expanded militarily in all directions]]. Many Chinese scholars such as [[Ho Ping-ti]] believe that the concept ([[ethnogenesis]]) of Han ethnicity, though an ancient one, was formally entrenched in the Han dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.claytonbrown.org|title=Clayton D. Brown Research on Chinese History: Ethnology, Archaeology, and Han Identity|website=Claytonbrown.org|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> The Han dynasty is considered one of the [[golden age]]s of Chinese history, and to this day, the modern Han Chinese people have since taken their ethnic name from this dynasty and the Chinese script is referred to as "[[Chinese characters|Han characters]]".{{sfnp|Schaefer|2008|p=279}} ==== Three Kingdoms to Tang ==== {{Main|Three Kingdoms|Sixteen Kingdoms|Southern and Northern Dynasties|Sui dynasty|Tang dynasty}} The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare among rival kingdoms. During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by [[Five Barbarians|various non-Han nomadic peoples]], which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was [[Northern Wei]] (established by the [[Xianbei]]). Starting from this period, the native population of China proper began to be referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han", to distinguish them from the nomads from the steppe. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations of Han populations in history, as they fled south to the [[Yangtze|Yangzi]] and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center and speeding up sinicization of the far south. At the same time most of the nomads in northern China came to be sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of their culture and administration. Of note, the Xianbei rulers of Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic sinicization, [[Change of Xianbei names to Han names|adopting Han surnames]], institutions, and culture. The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties saw the continuation of the complete sinicization of the south coast of what is now China proper, including what are now the provinces of [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]]. The later part of the Tang era, as well as the Five Dynasties period that followed, saw continual warfare in north and central China; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees. ==== Song to Qing ==== {{Main|Song dynasty|Yuan dynasty|Ming dynasty|Qing dynasty}} [[File:Boxer queue.JPG|thumb|Han Chinese man wears a [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]] in compliance with Manchu custom during the Qing dynasty]] The next few centuries saw successive invasions of Han and non-Han peoples from the north. In 1279, the [[Mongols]] conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Han ethnic group to do so, and established the [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Mongols divided society into four classes, with themselves occupying the top class and Han Chinese into the bottom two classes. [[Emigration]], seen as disloyal to ancestors and ancestral land, was banned by the Song and Yuan dynasties.<ref>{{Cite book|first = Pál|last = Nyíri|first2 = Igorʹ|last2 = Rostislavovich Savelʹev|title = Globalizing Chinese migration: trends in Europe and Asia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=77F23y4RrnUC&pg=PA208&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false|publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year = 2002|page = 208|isbn = 978-0-7546-1793-8}} </ref> In 1644, the Ming capital, [[Beijing]], was captured by [[Li Zicheng]]'s peasant rebels and the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide. The [[Manchu people|Manchus]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] then allied with former Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by [[Koxinga]] fled to [[Taiwan]] and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], which eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was sinicized during this period via large-scale migration accompanied by assimilation, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] ordered construction of the [[Willow Palisade]] to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, which nevertheless had harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern [[Liaodong]] area. The Manchus designated Jilin and Heilongjiang as the Manchu homeland, to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup if the Qing dynasty fell.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Mark C. |last1=Elliott |date=August 2000 |title=The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=603–46 |jstor=2658945 |doi=10.2307/2658945}}</ref> Because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboring territory, the Qing later reversed its policy and allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority in northeast China. == Culture == {{Main|Chinese culture}} China is one of the world's oldest and most complex [[civilization]]s, whose culture dates back thousands of years. Overseas Han Chinese maintain cultural affinities to Chinese territories outside of their host locale through [[ancestor worship]] and [[Chinese clan|clan]] associations, which often identify famous figures from Chinese history or myth as ancestors of current members.<ref name="Cohen"/> Such patriarchs include the Yellow Emperor and the [[Yan Emperor]], who according to legend lived thousands of years ago and gave Han people the sobriquet "''[[Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor]]''" ({{lang|zh-hant|炎黃子孫}}; {{lang|zh-hans|炎黄子孙}}), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that of between [[Cross-Strait relations|Mainland China and Taiwan]]. [[File:Along the River During the Qingming Festival (detail of original).jpg|thumb|[[Zhang Zeduan]]'s painting ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]'' captures the daily life of people from the Song dynasty at the capital, Bianjing, today's [[Kaifeng]].]] Throughout the [[history of China]], Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by [[Confucianism]]. Credited with shaping much of Chinese thought, [[Confucianism]] was the official [[philosophy]] throughout most of [[Imperial Chinese|Imperial China]]'s history, institutionalizing values like [[filial piety]], which implied the performance of certain [[Li (Confucian)|shared rituals]]. Thus, villagers lavished on [[Chinese funeral rituals|funeral]] and [[Chinese wedding|wedding]] ceremonies that imitated the Confucian standards of the Emperors.<ref name="Cohen"/> Mastery of Confucian texts provided the primary criterion for [[Imperial examination|entry into the imperial bureaucracy]], but even those degree-holders who did not enter the bureaucracy or who left it held increased social influence in their home areas, contributing to the homogenizing of Han Chinese culture. Other factors contributing to the development of a shared Han culture included [[urbanization]] and geographically vast but integrated commodity markets.<ref name="Cohen"/> === Language === {{Main|Chinese language}} {{see also|Standard Chinese}} Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are descended from a common early language;<ref name="Cohen"/> one of the names of the language groups is ''Hanyu'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|漢語}} |s={{linktext|汉语}} |links=no}}), literally the "Han language". Similarly, [[Chinese characters]], used to write the language, are called ''Hanzi'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|漢字}} |s={{linktext|汉字}} |links=no}}), or "Han characters". In the late imperial period, more than two-thirds of the Han Chinese population used a variant of [[Mandarin Chinese]] as their native tongue.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book|title=Kinship, Contract, Community, And State: Anthropological Perspectives on China|first=Myron L|last=Cohen|chapter=Late Imperial China and Its Legacies|pages=41–45, 50}}</ref> However, there was a larger variety of languages in certain areas of southeast China, like [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Guangxi]].<ref name="Cohen"/> Since the Qin dynasty, which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China, a standard [[Classical Chinese|literary Chinese]] had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various [[varieties of Chinese|forms of spoken Chinese]]. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for [[Chinese opera]], ritual texts for [[Chinese folk religion]], and other daily documents for educated people.<ref name="Cohen" /> During the early 20th century, [[written vernacular Chinese]] based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as [[written Cantonese]], written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all varieties and has taken up the dominant position among written forms, formerly occupied by literary Chinese. Thus, although residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language, Standard Written Chinese and Literary Chinese (these two writing styles can merge into a 半白半文 writing style). From the 1950s, [[Simplified Chinese characters]] were adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore and Malaysia, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas countries continue to use [[Traditional Chinese characters]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Although significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely [[mutually intelligible]]. === Names === {{Main|Chinese name|List of common Chinese surnames}} In China, the notion of [[Baixing|hundred surnames]] ({{lang|zh|百家姓}}) is crucial identity point of Han people.<ref name="Anth">Ebrey, Patricia [http://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/ANTH470Ebrey.pdf Surnames and Han Chinese Identity], University of Washington</ref> === Dress === {{Main|Chinese clothing|Hanfu}} [[File:Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 1.jpg|thumb|A [[Song dynasty]] Chinese painting ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'' showing scholars in scholar's robes and musicians dressed in a [[Hanfu]] variant, 12th-century remake of a 10th-century original by [[Gu Hongzhong]].]] Han Chinese clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions as well as foreign influences.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese Clothing: Costumes, Adornments and Culture (Arts of China) |last= Yang |first=Shaorong |publisher= Long River Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59265-019-4 |page=3}}</ref> Han Chinese clothing showcases the traditional fashion sensibilities of Chinese clothing traditions and forms one of the major cultural facets of Chinese civilization.<ref name="Brown, 2006 79">{{Cite book |title=China, Japan, Korea: Culture and Customs |last= Brown |first=John |publisher= Createspace Independent Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4196-4893-9 |page=79}}</ref> Hanfu ({{lang|zh-hant|漢服}}) or traditional Han clothing comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia until the end of the Ming Dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, Hanfu clothing was mostly replaced by the Manchu style until the dynasty's fall in 1911, yet Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty. Manchu and Han fashions of women's clothing coexisted during the Qing dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|script-title=zh:《中国古代服饰史》|last1=Zhou |first1=Xibao (周锡保)|publisher=中国戏剧出版社|year=2002|page=449|isbn=978-7-104-00359-5}}</ref><ref name="Yang2004">{{cite book|author=Shaorong Yang|title=Traditional Chinese Clothing Costumes, Adornments & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx5JDiacrH4C&pg=PA7|year=2004|publisher=Long River Press|isbn=978-1-59265-019-4|page=7|quote=Men's clothing in the Qing Dyansty consisted for the most part of long silk growns and the so-called "Mandarin" jacket, which perhaps achieved their greatest popularity during the latter Kangxi Period to the Yongzheng Period. For women's clothing, Manchu and Han systems of clothing coexisted.}}</ref> Moreover, neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward J.M. Rhoads|title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2000|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98040-9|pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="Gerini1895">{{cite book|author=Gerolamo Emilio Gerini|title=Chŭlăkantamangala: Or, The Tonsure Ceremony as Performed in Siam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vstMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1895|publisher=Bangkok Times|pages=11–}}</ref> During the Republic of China period, fashion styles and forms of traditional Qing costumes gradually changed, influenced by fashion sensibilities from the Western World resulting modern Han Chinese wearing Western style clothing as a part of everyday dress.<ref>Mei Hua, ''Chinese Clothing'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 133–34</ref><ref name="Brown, 2006 79"/> Han Chinese clothing is influential to traditional East Asian fashion as both the Japanese [[Kimono]] and the Korean [[Hanbok]] were influenced by Han Chinese clothing designs.<ref>{{Citation |url = https://academic.oup.com/jdh/article/30/3/300/3010188 |title = Elizabeth LaCouture, Journal of Design History, Vol. 30, Issue 3, 1 September 2017, pp. 300–14 | journal = Journal of Design History| volume = 30 |issue = 3 |pages = 300–314 |doi = 10.1093/jdh/epw042| year = 2017 | last = Lacouture | first = Elizabeth }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |url = https://books.google.com/?id=DaTpAAAAMAAJ | title = J. Liddell, The story of the kimono, EP Dutton New York, 1989| isbn = 978-0-525-24574-2| last = Liddell |first = Jill |year = 1989}}.</ref><ref name=Benn>{{cite book|last= Stevens|first=Rebecca|title=The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America|publisher= Pomegranate|pages=131–42|year=1996|isbn=978-0-87654-598-0}}</ref><ref name=Dalby>{{cite book|last=Dalby|first =Liza| authorlink = Liza Dalby|title = Kimono: Fashioning Culture|publisher = University of Washington Press|pages=25–32|year=2001|location = Washington|isbn = 978-0-295-98155-0}}</ref><ref name="Evenson">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1=Annette Lynch|editor2=Mitchell D. Strauss|author=Sandra Lee Evenson|title=Hanfu Chinese robes|encyclopedia=Ethnic Dress in the United States A Cultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7591-2150-8|pages=135–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/life/txt/2008-06/14/content_127478.htm|title=Keeping a Grip on Culture|website=Beijing Review|date= June 19, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0420/c90000-9452108.html| work=People's Daily Online |title=China launches first Traditional Garment Day | date=April 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-10/30/content_22329598.htm | work=China Daily | title=Similar yet different: Chinese and Korean traditional clothing | date=October 30, 2015}}</ref> === Family === [[Chinese kinship|Han Chinese families]] throughout China have had certain traditionally prescribed roles, such as the family head ({{lang|zh-Hant|家長}}, ''jiāzhǎng''), who represents the family to the outside world, and the family manager ({{lang|zh-Hant|當家}}, ''dāngjiā''), who is in charge of the revenues. Because farmland was commonly bought, sold, or [[mortgage]]d, families were run like enterprises, with set rules for the allocation ({{lang|zh|分家}}, ''fēnjiā'') of pooled earnings and assets.<ref name="Cohen"/> Han Chinese houses differ from place to place. In Beijing, the whole family traditionally lived together in a large rectangle-shaped house called a ''[[siheyuan]]''. Such houses had four rooms at the front – guest room, [[kitchen]], [[Toilet (room)|lavatory]], and [[servants' quarters]]. Across large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms: a central room where the four tablets – heaven, earth, ancestor, and teacher – were worshipped, and two rooms attached to the left and right, which were [[bedrooms]] for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a [[veranda]]; some had a "sunroom" made with surrounding fabric and supported by a wooden or [[bamboo]] frame. Every wing was also built around a central courtyard that was used for study, exercise, or nature viewing.<ref>{{cite conference |author = Montgomery County Public Schools Foreign Language Department |authorlink = |title = Si-he-yuan |booktitle = |pages = 1–8 |publisher = Montgomery County Public Schools |date = August 2006 |location = |url = http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/ |accessdate = }}</ref> === Food === {{Main|Chinese cuisine}} There is no specific one uniform cuisine of the Han people since the food eaten varies from [[Sichuan]]'s famously [[Szechuan cuisine|spicy food]] to Guangdong's [[Dim Sum]] and fresh seafood. Analyses have revealed their main staple to be rice and noodles (different kinds of wheat foods). During China's neolithic period, southwestern rice growers transitioned to millet from the northwest, when they could not find a suitable northwestern ecology – which was typically dry and cold – to sustain the generous yields of their staple as well as it did in other areas, such as along the eastern Chinese coast.<ref>{{cite journal|title= The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia: A linguistic and archaeological model|journal= Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching …|url= https://www.academia.edu/3077307|page=137|last1= Sagart|first1= Laurent}}</ref> === Literature === {{Main|Chinese literature}} Han Chinese have a rich history of classical literature dating back to three thousand years. Important early works include [[Chinese classic texts|classic texts]] such as ''Classic of Poetry'', ''[[Analects of Confucius]]'', ''[[I Ching]]'', ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'', and the ''[[The Art of War|Art of War]]''. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era include [[Li Bai]], [[Du Fu]], and [[Su Shi|Su Dongpo]]. The most important novels in Chinese literature, otherwise known as the [[Four Great Classical Novels]], are: ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'', ''[[Water Margin]]'', ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', and ''[[Journey to the West]]''. Chinese literature continues to have an international reputation with [[Liu Cixin]]'s [[San Ti]] series receiving international acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/2015/08/2014-hugo-award-winners-announced/|title=2015 Hugo Award Winners Announced|last=Kevin|date=2015-08-23|website=The Hugo Awards|access-date=2017-08-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824063329/http://www.thehugoawards.org/2015/08/2014-hugo-award-winners-announced/|archivedate=2015-08-24 }}</ref> === Contributions to humanity === {{Further|List of Chinese inventions|List of Chinese discoveries}} Han Chinese have influenced and contributed to the development of human progress throughout history in many fields and domains including culture, business, [[Science and technology in China|science and technology]], [[social science]]s and humanities, and politics both historically and in the modern era. The invention of paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the [[Four Great Inventions]].<ref name="Yigitcanlar 2016 19" /> Ancient Han Chinese astronomers were also among the first peoples to record observations of a cosmic [[supernova]].<ref name="O'Doherty 57" /> The work of Chinese polymath [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) of the Song dynasty theorized that the sun and moon were spherical and wrote of planetary motions such as retro gradation as well postulating theories for the processes of geological land formation.<ref name="O'Doherty 57" /> [[Chinese art]], [[Chinese architecture]], [[Chinese cuisine]], [[Chinese literature]], and [[Chinese philosophy]] all have undergone thousands of years of development, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the Great Wall of China and the [[Terracotta Army]], are [[World Heritage Site]]s. Since the start of the program in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by [[UNESCO]] as [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. Throughout much of history, successive [[Chinese dynasties]] have exerted influence on their East Asian neighbors in the areas of religion, philosophy, education, language, politics, science and technology, business, and [[Culture of East Asia|culture]]. In modern times, Han Chinese form the largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of millions has settled in and contributed to their host countries throughout the world. In modern times, Han Chinese continue to contribute to the progress of science and technology. Among them are [[Nobel Prize]] recipients [[Steven Chu]], [[Samuel C.C. Ting]], [[Chen Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Yuan T. Lee]], [[Daniel C. Tsui]], [[Roger Y. Tsien]], and [[Charles K. Kao]] (known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics");<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/master-of-light-awarded-nobel-prize-1798723.html |title='Master of Light' awarded Nobel Prize |work=The Independent |last=Ferguson |first=Ben |date=7 October 2009}}</ref> [[Fields Medal]] recipients [[Terence Tao]] and [[Shing-Tung Yau]], and [[Turing Award]] recipient [[Andrew Yao]]. [[Tsien Hsue-shen]] was a prominent rocket scientist who helped to found [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/technology-obituaries/6630578/Qian-Xuesen.html |title=Qian Xuesen |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 November 2009}}</ref> [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the [[Manhattan Project]] and radically altered modern physical theory and changed the accepted view of the structure of the universe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall-results/details/2/173-Wu |title=Chien-Shiung Wu |publisher=National Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> The biochemist [[Chi-Huey Wong]] is well known for his pioneering research in glycoscience research and developing the first enzymatic method for the large-scale synthesis of oligosaccharides and the first programmable automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. [[Ching W. Tang]], was the inventor of the [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) and hetero-junction [[organic photovoltaic cell]] (OPV) and is widely considered the "Father of [[Organic electronics|Organic Electronics]]".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1557/mrs.2012.125 |title=Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak |year=2012 |last1=Forrest |first1=Stephen |journal=MRS Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=552–53}}</ref> Others include [[David Ho (scientist)|David Ho]], one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. Dr. Ho was named [[Time Magazine Person of the Year]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19961230,00.html |title=Dr David Ho, Man of the Year |work=Time Magazine |date=30 December 1996}}</ref> [[Min Chueh Chang]] was the co-inventor of the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]] and is known for his pioneering work and significant contributions to the development of [[in vitro fertilization]] at the [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Min Chueh Chang |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/mchang.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chang Min-Chueh |work=Britannica Online for Kids |url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9319254/Chang-Min-Chueh}}</ref> [[Tu Youyou]] is a prominent medical scientist and chemist who became the first native Chinese in history to receive the Nobel Prize in natural sciences when she received the 2015 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for discovering artemisinin (also known as qinghaosu) and dihydroartemisinin, used to treat malaria, which has saved millions of lives across the world.<ref name="Miller and Su">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024|title=Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese Herbal Garden|year=2011|last1=Miller|first1=Louis H.|last2=Su|first2=Xinzhuan|journal=Cell|volume=146|issue=6|pages=855–58|pmid=21907397|pmc=3414217}}</ref> [[Choh Hao Li]] discovered [[Growth hormone|human growth hormone]] (and subsequently used it to treat a form of [[dwarfism]] caused by [[growth hormone deficiency]]), [[beta-endorphin]] (the most powerful of the body's natural painkillers), [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] and [[luteinizing hormone]] (the key hormone used in [[fertility testing]], an example is the [[ovulation]] home test).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-02/news/mn-17142_1_human-growth-hormone |title=Discovered Human Growth Hormone : Choh Hao Li, 74; Endocrinologist at UC |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Maugh II |first=Thomas |date=2 December 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Choh Hao Li |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cli.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=A History of UCSF People |title=Choh Hao Li |url=http://history.library.ucsf.edu/li.html}}</ref> [[Joe Hin Tjio]] was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes, a breakthrough in [[karyotype]] [[cytogenetics|genetics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/11/guardianobituaries.medicalscience |title=Joe Hin Tjio The man who cracked the chromosome count |work=[[The Guardian]] |last=Wright |first=Pearce |date=11 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/us/joe-hin-tjio-82-research-biologist-counted-chromosomes.html |title=Joe Hin Tjio, 82; Research Biologist Counted Chromosomes |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=7 December 2001}}</ref> [[Yuan-Cheng Fung]], is regarded as the "Father of modern [[biomechanics]]" for pioneering the application of quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01042007 |title=News from the National Academies |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |date=4 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects/Awards/RussPrize/RussWinners/page20079101/55231.aspx |title=Dr. Yuan-Cheng 'Bert' Fung |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |year=2007}}</ref> The geometer [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] was one of the leaders in [[differential geometry]] of the 20th century and was awarded the 1984 [[Wolf Prize]] in mathematics. China's system of "[[barefoot doctors]]" was among the most important inspirations for the [[World Health Organization]] conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing [[primary health care]] and [[preventive medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/10/08-031008/en/ |title=Consensus during the Cold War: back to Alma-Ata |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=October 2008 |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=737–816}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/12/08-021208/en/index.html |title=China's village doctors take great strides |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=December 2008 |volume=86 |issue=12 |pages=909–88}}</ref> Throughout ancient and medieval Chinese history, the scientific and technological accomplishments of China include: {{columns-list|colwidth=15em| * [[Armillary sphere#China|armillary sphere]] * [[acupuncture]] * [[Seismometer|seismological earthquake detector]] * [[pipeline transport]] * [[Irrigation#China|irrigation systems]] * [[seal (East Asia)|seals]] * [[Fingerprint#Antiquity and the medieval period|fingerprint recognition and authentication methods]] * [[multistage rocket]]s * [[multiple rocket launcher]]s * [[rocket launcher]]s * [[rocket]]s for recreational and military purposes * [[Fermentation in food processing|fermentation]] * [[alcoholic beverage]]s * [[chopsticks]] * [[wok]] * [[soy sauce]] * [[hand fan]] * [[gong]]s * [[hygrometer]]s * [[Tianchi Basin|rain gauges]] * [[snow gauge]]s * [[Suanpan|abacus]] * [[Shell (projectile)|shells]] * [[Dongwu Che|war wagons]] * [[firearm]]s * [[fire lance]]s * [[cannon]]s * [[landmine]]s * [[naval mines]] * [[Pen Huo Qi|continuous flame throwers]] * [[fire arrow]]s * [[Zhen Tian Lei|explosive hand grenades]] * [[trebuchet]]s * [[crossbow]]s * [[repeating crossbow]]s * [[firecracker]]s * [[fireworks]] * [[brick|fired bricks]] * [[flare]]s * [[Crank (mechanism)|crank handle]] * [[crankshaft]]s * [[bell]]s * [[pontoon bridge]]s * [[match]]es * [[Banknote|paper money]] * [[Imperial examination|civil service examination]] and [[merit system]]s * [[Imperial Chinese tributary system|imperial tributary systems]] * [[belt drive]] * [[raised-relief map]]s * [[night market]]s * [[gnomon]]s * [[hill censer]]s * [[Incense in China|incense]] * [[hot pot]]s * [[biological pest control]] * [[horse harness]] * [[food steamer]]s * [[rammed earth]] * multi-tube [[Louche|seed drill]] * [[tangram]]s * rotary [[winnowing]] * [[Fan (machine)|fans]] * [[blast furnace]]s * [[cast iron]] * [[finery forge]] * [[Puddling (metallurgy)|steelmaking]] * [[restaurant menu]]s * [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] as [[fuel]] * [[borehole|borehole drilling]] for natural gas * [[plough]] * [[oil well|oil]] * [[well drilling]] * [[oil refinery|oil refining]] * [[deepwater drilling]] * [[oil lamps#Chinese|oil lamps]] * [[gimbal]]s * [[bellows|double-action piston bellows]] * [[plastromancy]] [[porcelain]] * [[celadon]] * [[lacquer]] * [[lacquerware]] * [[dental amalgam]] * [[silk]] * [[sericulture]] * [[air conditioning]] * [[dry dock]]s * [[tea]] * [[teabag]]s * [[teapots]] * [[tea processing|tea production]] * [[pound lock]]s * [[flash lock]]s * [[Loom#Drawloom|drawloom]] * [[south-pointing chariot]]s * [[odometer]]s * [[fishing reel]]s * [[Rudder#China|rudders]] * [[mechanical clock]]s * [[water clock]]s * [[chain pump]]s * [[chain drive]]s * [[escapement]]s sliding * [[caliper]]s * [[trip hammer]]s * [[kite]]s [[sunglasses]] * [[Umbrella#Ancient China|umbrellas]] * [[gas cylinder]]s * [[gas lighting]] * [[toothbrush]]es * [[inoculation]] * [[sky lantern|unmanned hot air balloon]] * [[Chinese ritual bronzes|bronzemaking]] * [[wheelbarrow]]s * [[sail#moveable sails|moveable sails]] * [[watertight compartment]]s * [[oil-paper umbrella]]. }} <ref>{{Cite book |title=Science and Technology from Global and Historical Perspectives |last=Karagözoğlu |first=Bahattin |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-52889-2 |edition=1st |publication-date=September 27, 2010 |page=120}}</ref><ref name="O'Doherty 57">{{Cite book |title=Let There be Peace – Ascension to Ivisimara |last= O'Doherty |first= Mark |isbn=978-1-291-20891-7 |date=November 24, 2012 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Future of Post-human History: A Preface to a New Theory of Universality and Relativity |last=Baofu |first=Peter |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4438-3768-2 |publication-date=May 1, 2012 |page=268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Democratising English Language Research Education in the Face of Eurocentric Knowledge Transfer: Turning Mute Chinese Linguistic and Theoretical Assets into Analytical Tools |last= Meng |first=Hui}}</ref><ref name="Yigitcanlar 2016 19">{{Cite book |title=Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications |last=Yigitcanlar |first=Tan |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-82670-0 |publication-date=May 10, 2016 |page=19}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Religion in China}} {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2016}} [[File:Vinegar tasters.jpg|right|thumb|A traditional representation of ''[[The Vinegar Tasters]]'', an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists]] Chinese culture has been long characterized by [[religious pluralism]] and Chinese folk religion has always maintained a profound influence. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion, and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and [[syncretism]], where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in concert with local customs and traditions. Han Chinese culture has for long been influenced by [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, while in recent centuries Christianity has also gained a foothold among the population.{{Citation needed|date = November 2018}} Chinese folk religion is a set of worship traditions of the ethnic deities of the Han people. It involves the worship of various figures in [[Chinese mythology]], folk heroes such as [[Guan Yu]] and [[Qu Yuan]], mythological creatures such as the [[Chinese dragon]], or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region, and do not characterize an organized religion, though many [[traditional Chinese holidays]] such as the [[Duanwu Festival|Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival]], [[Qingming Festival|Qingming]], and the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] come from the most popular of these traditions. Taoism, another indigenous religion, is also widely practiced in both its folk forms and as an organized religion, and has influenced Chinese art, poetry, philosophy, [[Traditional Chinese medicine|medicine]], [[Chinese astronomy|astronomy]], alchemy and chemistry, cuisine, [[Chinese martial arts|martial arts]], and [[Chinese architecture|architecture]]. Taoism was the state religion of the early Han Dynasty, and also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and dynasties. Confucianism, although sometimes described as a religion, is a governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship. It is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in China during the Han Dynasty and unto the fall of imperial China in the 20th century.{{Citation needed|date = November 2018}} In the Han Dynasty, [[Confucian]] ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China, later gaining popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between periods of state tolerance (and even patronage) and [[Four Buddhist Persecutions in China|persecution]]. In its original form, Buddhism was at odds with the native Chinese religions, especially with the elite, as certain Buddhist values often conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism, [[Chinese Buddhism]] gained an accepted place in the culture. Mahayana would come to be influenced by Confucianism and Taoism, and exerted influence in turn – such as in the form of [[Neo-Confucianism]]. Though [[Christianity in China|Christian influence in China]] existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not begin to gain a significant foothold in China until the establishment of contact with Europeans during the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] dynasties. Chinese practices at odds with Christian beliefs resulted in the [[Chinese Rites controversy]], and a subsequent reduction in Christian influence. Christianity grew considerably following the [[First Opium War]], after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers and engaged in widespread proselytising.{{Citation needed|date = December 2015}} == Historical southward migration of the Han people == {{multiple issues| {{POV|section|date=February 2016}} {{refimprove section|date=February 2016}} }} [[File:Han Expansion.png|thumb|240px|Map showing the expansion of [[Han dynasty]] in 2nd century BC.]] The term "Huaxia" was used by Confucius's contemporaries, during the Warring States era, to describe the shared ethnicity of all Chinese;<ref name="Brindley2015">{{cite book|author=Erica Fox Brindley|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE–50 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B59rCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-35228-1|pages=9–10}}</ref> Chinese people called themselves ''Hua Ren''.<ref name="PandeyGeschiere2003">{{cite book|author1=Gyanendra Pandey|author2=Peter Geschiere|title=The Forging of Nationhood|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CT6FAAAAMAAJ&dq=han+dynasty+hua+ren&q=dynasty+hua+ren|year=2003|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-425-0|page=102}}</ref> Southern Han people – such as the [[Hoklo]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] and [[Hakka]] – all claim northern Chinese origins from ancestors who migrated from Northern China's Yellow River Valley during the 4th to 12th centuries. Hoklo clans living in southeastern coastal China, such as in Chaozhou and Quanzhou–Zhangzhou, originated from northern China's Henan province during the Tang dynasty.<ref name="LeongWright1997">{{cite book|author1=Sow-Theng Leong|author2=Tim Wright|author3=George William Skinner|title=Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qeC_0u3pLIC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1997|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-2857-7|pages=78–}}</ref> There were several periods of mass migration of Han people to southeastern and southern China throughout history.<ref name="Gernet1996">{{cite book|author=Jacques Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA8 |year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|page=8}}</ref> The ancestors of the Cantonese are said to be northern Chinese who moved to Guangdong, while the Yue ([[Baiyue]]) descendants were indigenous minorities who practised tattooing, as described in "The Real Yue People" ({{zh|labels=no |c=真越人 |p=zhēn yuèrén}}) essay by Qu Dajun ({{lang|zh|[[w:zh:屈大均|屈大均]]}}), a Cantonese scholar who extolled his people's Chineseness.<ref name="EisenstadtSchluchter">{{cite book|author1=Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt|author2=Wolfgang Schluchter|author3=Björn Wittrock|title=Public Spheres and Collective Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DPEol7HO3gC&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3248-9|pages=213–14}}</ref> Vietnam, Guangdong, and Yunnan all experienced a major surge in Han Chinese migrants during [[Wang Mang]]'s reign.<ref name="Gernet1996"/>{{rp|126}} Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in the 4th century by Northern Chinese families from the nobility.<ref name="Gernet1996"/>{{rp|181}} Special "[[Commandery (China)|commanderies]] of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive number of Han Chinese of northern origin who moved south during the Eastern Jin dynasty.<ref name="Gernet1996"/>{{rp|182}} The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring of these migrants;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/slides/Dissertation.pdf|title=The Transformation of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–1000 C.E.)|author=Nicolas Olivier Tackett|website=History.berkeley.edu|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Celestial Masters]] and the nobility of northern China subdued the aristocracy of southern China during the Eastern Jin and Western Jin, particularly in Jiangnan.<ref name="LagerweyLü2009 34">{{cite book|author1=John Lagerwey|author2=Pengzhi Lü|title=Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA831#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17585-3|pages=831–}}</ref> With the depopulation of the north, due to this migration of northern Chinese, the south became the most populous region of China.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2|page=2.25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haywood|first1=John|last2=Jotischky|first2=Andrew|last3=McGlynn|first3=Sean|title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-0-7607-1976-3|pages=3.21}}</ref> <!--Some details on the factors that led to such massive migrations over an extended period of time would be very useful in this section--> The Han Chinese "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to [[Fujian]] in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhenman |date=2009 |title=Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSiwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=341|location= |publisher=BRILL |isbn=904742946X }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Bin |last2=Xie |first2=Bizhen |editor1-last=Li |editor1-first=Tang |editor2-first =Dietmar W. |editor2-last=Winkler|date=2013 |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA270&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=270 |chapter= The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty|format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn= 3643903294 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ni |first1=Hao |last2= |first2= |date= |title=Travel Guide of Fujian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytGJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |publisher=DeepLogic |series=Travelling in China }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Szonyi |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=2002 |title= Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6La08w3cBcAC&pg=PA27&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIOjAE#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=27 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804742618 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Zhenman |last2= |first2= |date=2001 |title=Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6l_WOr1lLYC&pg=PA190&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=190 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824823338 }}</ref> [[Ming dynasty]] Han Chinese pirate [[Zheng Zhilong]] and his son [[Koxinga]]'s ancestors in the Zheng family originated in northern China but due to the [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians]] and [[Disaster of Yongjia]] by the Five Barbarians, the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to southern China and settled in [[Putian]], Fujian. They later moved to [[Zhangzhou]] and moved on to [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]].<ref>福建人民出版社《闽台关系族谱资料选编》</ref><ref>台湾《漳龙衍派鄱山氏之来龙去脉》（ 在2002年举行的纪念郑成功收复台湾340周年研讨会上 郑姓）</ref> Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times – with some arriving in the 300s–400s and others in the 800s–900s – resulted in the formation of distinct lineages.<ref name="Clark2007">{{cite book|author=Hugh R. Clark|title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-227-2|pages=37–38}}</ref> During the 700s (Tang dynasty), Han migrants from northern China flooded into the south.<ref name="Clark2007 2">{{cite book|author=Hugh R. Clark|title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-227-2|pages=78–79}}</ref> Hong Kong history books record migrations of the Song and Tang dynasties to the south, which resulted in Hong Kongers that are descended from ethnic Han settlers that originated from northern China.<ref name="Vickers2013">{{cite book|author=Edward Vickers|title=History Education and National Identity in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TTaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-40500-7|pages=191–}}</ref> Since it was during the Tang dynasty that Guangdong was subjected to settlement by Han people, many Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew call themselves Tang.<ref name="Wilkinson2000">{{cite book|author=Endymion Porter Wilkinson|title=Chinese History: A Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA752#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-00249-4|pages=752–}}</ref> Several wars in northern China such as the Uprising of the Five Barbarians, [[An Lushan Rebellion]], [[Huang Chao]] Rebellion, the wars of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]] and [[Jin–Song Wars]] caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called 衣冠南渡(yì guān nán dù).<ref>衣冠南渡 ．在线新华字典[引用日期2013-08-09</ref><ref>唐宋时期的北人南迁 ．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]</ref><ref>六朝时期北人南迁及蛮族的流布 ．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]</ref><ref>东晋建康的开始—永嘉南渡 ．通南京网．2012-10-10[引用日期2013-08-09]</ref><ref>从衣冠南渡到西部大开发 ．中国期刊网．2011-4-26 [引用日期2013-08-12]</ref><ref>中华书局编辑部．全唐诗．北京：中华书局，1999-01-1 ：761</ref> These mass migrations led to southern China's population growth, economic, agricultural and cultural development as it stayed peaceful unlike the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yao |first1=Yifeng |last2= |first2= |date=2016 |title=Nanjing: Historical Landscape and Its Planning from Geographical Perspective |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLquDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&dq=500,000+song+jin+migrate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFhJHyw6rhAhUyTt8KHfLvBDMQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=500%2C000%20song%20jin%20migrate&f=false |page=95 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Springer |isbn=9811016372 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= |first= |author-link=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Six Dynasties |trans-title= |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Dynasties |access-date= |language= |edition= |date= December 4, 2008|year= |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |series= |volume= |location= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Entenmann |first1=Robert Eric |last2= |first2= |date=1982 |title=Migration and settlement in Sichuan, 1644-1796 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9nqAAAAIAAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEIJTAA |page=14 |format= |language= |location= |edition=reprint |publisher=Harvard University |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shi |first1=Zhihong |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |series=The Quantitative Economic History of China |title=Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jE9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=an%20lushan%20sichuan%20migration&f=false |page=154 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004355243 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hsu |first1=Cho-yun |last2= |first2= |date=2012 |series=Masters of Chinese Studies |title=China: A New Cultural History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_GQpLPPl8C&pg=PA194&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=an%20lushan%20sichuan%20migration&f=false |page=194 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0231528183 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pletcher |editor-first1=Kenneth |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Understanding China |title=The History of China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV5Wp2fJbzMC&pg=PA127&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjygOrE0qrhAhVymuAKHeObDbYQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=an%20lushan%20sichuan%20migration&f=false |page=127 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=1615301097 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |series=Chinese journal of international law|title=Chinese journal of international law, Volume 3 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3FLAQAAIAAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&dq=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRqfSy1KrhAhWtc98KHaCJCmYQ6AEIWzAJ |page=631 |format= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> The Mongol invasion caused Han Chinese refugees moving south to settle and develop the [[Pearl River delta]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Hunter travel guides |title=China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=1588438112 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert B. |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=China: An Environmental History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5638DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=177 |format= |language= |location= |edition=2 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=1442277890 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Zhenzhou |last2=Lee |first2=Wing On |date=2010 |series=Emerging Perspectives on Education in China|title=China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognitio |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKaE82DAlQYC&pg=PA243&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=243 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=1461633117 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |series=Studies in Environment and History |title=Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBsfts9wyRsC&pg=PA53&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=53 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=113942551X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herklots |first1=Geoffrey Alton Craig |last2= |first2= |date=1932 |title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgcAQAAIAAJ&q=pearl+river+delta+mongols&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEISTAG |page=120 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Limited |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=H. Mark |last2=Hsu |first2=Madeline |date=2004 |volume=Volume 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series|title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjruI0_XmcC&pg=PA11&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=11 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104581 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> ==DNA and genetics analysis== {{see|Peopling of China|Genetic history of East Asians}} {{split section|Genetic history of East Asia|date=July 2018}} {{expert needed|genetics|date=June 2017}} Y-chromosome [[haplogroup O-M122|haplogroup O2-M122]] is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times. It is found in at least 36.7% to over 80% of Han Chinese males in certain regions.<ref>{{harvnb|Xue|2006}}</ref><ref name="Hurles2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/430051 |title=The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages |year=2005 |last1=Hurles |first1=M |last2=Sykes |first2=B |last3=Jobling |first3=M |last4=Forster |first4=P |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=894–901 |pmid=15793703 |pmc=1199379}}</ref> Other Y-DNA haplogroups that have been found with notable frequency in samples of Han Chinese include [[haplogroup O-M119#O-P203|O-P203]] (15/165 = 9.1%, 47/361 = 13.0%), [[haplogroup C-M217|C-M217]] (10/168 = 6.0%, 27/361 = 7.5%, 187/1730 = 10.8%, 20/166 = 12.0%), [[haplogroup N-M231|N-M231]] (6/166 = 3.6%, 18/361 = 5.0%, 117/1729 = 6.8%, 17/165 = 10.3%), [[haplogroup O-P31|O-M268(xM95, M176)]] (54/1147 = 4.7%,<ref name = "Lu2009">Chuncheng Lu, Jie Zhang, Yingchun Li, Yankai Xia, Feng Zhang, Bin Wu, Wei Wu, Guixiang Ji, Aihua Gu, Shoulin Wang, Li Jin, and Xinru Wang, "The b2/b3 subdeletion shows higher risk of spermatogenic failure and higher frequency of complete AZFc deletion than the gr/gr subdeletion in a Chinese population." ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 2009, Vol. 18, No. 6 1122–30. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn427</ref> 8/168 = 4.8%, 23/361 = 6.4%, 12/166 = 7.2%), and [[haplogroup Q-M242|Q-M242]] (2/168 = 1.2%, 49/1729 = 2.8%, 12/361 = 3.3%, 48/1147 = 4.2%<ref name = "Lu2009" />). However, the [[mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that male migrants from northern China married with women from local peoples after arriving in modern-day Guangdong, Fujian, and other regions of southern China.<ref name="table">{{Cite journal|last1=Wen |first1=B. |last2=Li |first2=H. |last3=Lu |first3=D. |last4=Song |first4=X. |last5=Zhang |first5=F. |last6=He |first6=Y. |last7=Li |first7=F. |last8=Gao |first8=Y. |last9=Mao |first9=X. |last10=Zhang |first10=Liang |last11=Qian |first11=Ji |last12=Tan |first12=Jingze |last13=Jin |first13=Jianzhong |last14=Huang |first14=Wei |last15=Deka |first15=Ranjan |last16=Su |first16=Bing |last17=Chakraborty |first17=Ranajit |last18=Jin |first18=Li |title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=302–05 |date=Sep 2004 |doi=10.1038/nature02878 |pmid=15372031 |url=http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20(2004).pdf |display-authors=8 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324201026/http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20%282004%29.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-24 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W }}</ref><ref name="EJH">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998 |title=A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages |year=2008 |last1=Xue |first1=Fuzhong |last2=Wang |first2=Yi |last3=Xu |first3=Shuhua |last4=Zhang |first4=Feng |last5=Wen |first5=Bo |last6=Wu |first6=Xuesen |last7=Lu |first7=Ming |last8=Deka |first8=Ranjan |last9=Qian |first9=Ji |last10=Jin |first10=L |displayauthors=9|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=705–17 |pmid=18212820}}</ref> Despite this, tests comparing the genetic profiles of northern Han, southern Han and southern natives determined that haplogroups O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in southern natives, were only observed in some southern Han (4% on average), but not in northern Han. Therefore, this proves<!--suggests???--> that the male contribution of southern natives in southern Han is limited, assuming that the frequency distribution of Y lineages in southern natives represents that before the expansion of Han culture that started two-thousand years ago.<ref name="table"/><ref name="gene">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature02878 |title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture |year=2004 |last1=Wen |first1=Bo |last2=Li |first2=Hui |last3=Lu |first3=Daru |last4=Song |first4=Xiufeng |last5=Zhang |first5=Feng |last6=He |first6=Yungang |last7=Li |first7=Feng |last8=Gao |first8=Yang |last9=Mao |first9=Xianyun|last10=Zhang |first10=L |last11=Qian |first11=J |last12=Tan |first12=J |last13=Jin |first13=J |last14=Huang |first14=W |last15=Deka |first15=R |last16=Su |first16=B |last17=Chakraborty |first17=R |last18=Jin |first18=L |displayauthors=9|journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=302–05 |pmid=15372031|bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W }}</ref> In contrast, there are consistent strong genetic similarities in the Y chromosome haplogroup distribution between the southern and northern Chinese population, and the result of principal component analysis indicates almost all Han populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome. However, other research has also shown that the paternal lineages Y-DNA O-M119,<ref name="Li et al (2008)">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Hui|title=Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/146/|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|accessdate=15 May 2008|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-146|pmid=18482451|pmc=2408594|volume=8|year=2008|page=146|issue=1}}</ref> O-P201,<ref name="Karafet et al (2010)">{{cite journal|last1=Karafet|first1=Tatiana|last2=Hallmark|first2=B|last3=Cox|first3=M.P.|last4=Sudoyo|first4=H|last5=Downey|first5=S|last6=Lansing|first6=J.S.|last7=Hammer|first7=M.F.|title=Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/8/1833.full|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq063|pmid=20207712|volume=27|issue=8|date=August 2010|pages=1833–44}}</ref> O-P203<ref name="Karafet et al (2010)"/> and O-M95<ref name="Karafet et al 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Karafet|first1=Tatiana|last2=Hagberg|first2=L|last3=Hanson|first3=L. A.|last4=Korhonen|first4=T|last5=Leffler|first5=H|last6=Olling|first6=S|title=Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders|pmid=6114819|volume=80|year=1981|journal=Ciba Found Symp|pages=161–87}}</ref> are found in both southern Han Chinese and South Chinese minorities, but more commonly in the latter. In fact, these paternal markers are in turn less frequent in northern Han Chinese.<ref name="Han Chinese Y-DNA by region">{{cite web|last1=Wang|first1=Xiadong|title=Han Chinese dialect area by the distribution of the Y chromosome|url=http://blog.ifeng.com/article/31381043.html|website=Blog.ifeng.com|publisher=Wang Xiadong|accessdate=10 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221614/http://blog.ifeng.com/article/31381043.html|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Yan et al (2011)">{{cite journal|last1=Yan|first1=Shi|last2=Wang|first2=C.C.|last3=Li|first3=H|last4=Li|first4=S.L.|last5=Jin|first5=L|title=An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4|pmc=3179364|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1013–15|year=2011 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2011.64|pmid=21505448}}</ref> Another study puts Han Chinese into two groups: northern and southern Han Chinese, and it finds that the genetic characteristics of present-day northern Han Chinese was already formed as early as three-thousand years ago in the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plain area]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|date=2015|volume=10|issue=5|page=e0125676|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676|pmid=25938511|pmc=4418768|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z}}</ref> The estimated contribution of northern Han to southern Han is substantial in both paternal and maternal lineages and a geographic [[cline (biology)|cline]] exists for mtDNA. As a result, the northern Han are the primary contributors to the gene pool of the southern Han. However, it is noteworthy that the expansion process was dominated by males, as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern Han to southern Han. These genetic observations are in line with historical records of continuous and large migratory waves of northern China inhabitants escaping warfare and famine, to southern China. Aside from these large migratory waves, other smaller southward migrations occurred during almost all periods in the past two millennia.<ref name="table"/> A study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han subpopulations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han subpopulations in different regions are also genetically quite close to the local ethnic minorities, meaning that in many cases, blood of ethnic minorities had mixed into Han, while at the same time, the blood of Han had also mixed into the local ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18726285 |year=1997 |last1=Du |first1=R |last2=Xiao |first2=C |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=LL |title=Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=613–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02882691 |journal=Science China Life Sciences}}</ref> A study on Armenian admixture in varied populations found 3.9% Armenian-like DNA in some northern Chinese Han.<ref>{{cite web |title = World ancestry |url = http://admixturemap.paintmychromosomes.com/ |website = admixturemap.paintmychromosomes.com |access-date = 2016-02-09 }}</ref> A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population, shows that geographic-genetic stratification from north to south has occurred and centrally placed populations act as the conduit for outlying ones.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |year=2009 |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |displayauthors=9 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–85 |pmid=19944401 |pmc=2790583 }}</ref> Ultimately, with the exception in some [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] branches of the Han Chinese, such as [[Pinghua]], there is "coherent genetic structure"<!-- "coherent genetic structure" doesn't seem to have a standard, formal definition--> in all Han Chinese populace.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–13 |year=2008 |last1=Gan |first1=Rui-Jing |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Qin |first4=Zhen-Dong |last5=Cai |first5=Xiao-Yun |last6=Qian |first6=Ji |last7=Liu |first7=Cheng-Wu |last8=Peng |first8=Jun-Hua |last9=Li |first9=Shi-Lin |last10=Xu |first10=Jie-Shun |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui }}</ref> A genetic study in 2011 found the west Eurasian Y-DNA G2a* (2.2%), R1a1 (8.9%) and R2a (6.7%) present in Northern Han Chinese in the sampled area located in western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, etal |title=Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=717–27 |date=January 2011 |pmid=20837606 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq247 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/717.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The typicall y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> == Notes == {{NoteFoot}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |first=Haiwang |last=Yuan |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |location=Westport, Conn. |year= 2006 |isbn = 978-1-59158-294-6 |oclc = 65820295 }} == External links == * [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200409/16/eng20040916_157308.html How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe] – People's Daily Online Sept 16, 2004 * [http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml Map share of ethnic by county of China] {{zh icon}} {{-}} {{Han subgroups}} {{Ethnic groups in China}} {{Overseas Chinese}} {{East Asian topics}} {{Portal bar|History of Imperial China|China|Taiwan|Hong Kong|Singapore|Malaysia|Indonesia|Thailand}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]] [[Category:Han Chinese| ]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -107,5 +107,5 @@ | ref32 = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016092935/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835 |date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref> | languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] -| religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Chinese folk religion]] ([[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> +| religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), with minorities ascribing to [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> | related = [[Sino-Tibetan peoples]] | footnotes = Some sources refer to Han Chinese directly as "Chinese" or group them with other Sino-Tibetan peoples. @@ -458,5 +458,5 @@ <ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Hunter travel guides |title=China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=1588438112 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert B. |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=China: An Environmental History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5638DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=177 |format= |language= |location= |edition=2 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=1442277890 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Zhenzhou |last2=Lee |first2=Wing On |date=2010 |series=Emerging Perspectives on Education in China|title=China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognitio |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKaE82DAlQYC&pg=PA243&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=243 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=1461633117 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |series=Studies in Environment and History |title=Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBsfts9wyRsC&pg=PA53&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=53 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=113942551X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herklots |first1=Geoffrey Alton Craig |last2= |first2= |date=1932 |title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgcAQAAIAAJ&q=pearl+river+delta+mongols&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEISTAG |page=120 |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Limited |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=H. Mark |last2=Hsu |first2=Madeline |date=2004 |volume=Volume 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series|title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjruI0_XmcC&pg=PA11&dq=pearl+river+delta+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyyc3T16rhAhVGTd8KHSgSCj0Q6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=pearl%20river%20delta%20mongols&f=false |page=11 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104581 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> -The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> who were later relocated to Beijing by [[Yongle Emperor]]. +The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> ==DNA and genetics analysis== @@ -471,14 +471,7 @@ A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population, shows that geographic-genetic stratification from north to south has occurred and centrally placed populations act as the conduit for outlying ones.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |year=2009 |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |displayauthors=9 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–85 |pmid=19944401 |pmc=2790583 }}</ref> Ultimately, with the exception in some [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] branches of the Han Chinese, such as [[Pinghua]], there is "coherent genetic structure"<!-- "coherent genetic structure" doesn't seem to have a standard, formal definition--> in all Han Chinese populace.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=53|issue=4|pages=303–13 |year=2008 |last1=Gan |first1=Rui-Jing |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Qin |first4=Zhen-Dong |last5=Cai |first5=Xiao-Yun |last6=Qian |first6=Ji |last7=Liu |first7=Cheng-Wu |last8=Peng |first8=Jun-Hua |last9=Li |first9=Shi-Lin |last10=Xu |first10=Jie-Shun |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui }}</ref> -The typical y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> - -===West Eurasian and Central-South Asian DNA admixture in Northern Han=== A genetic study in 2011 found the west Eurasian Y-DNA G2a* (2.2%), R1a1 (8.9%) and R2a (6.7%) present in Northern Han Chinese in the sampled area located in western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, etal |title=Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=717–27 |date=January 2011 |pmid=20837606 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq247 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/717.full.pdf+html}}</ref> -The same study also found 4.8% G1a1 and 4.8% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Nanyang City]], western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref> - -A 2006 study found 10% haplogroup J and 6.7% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Lanzhou]] city.<ref name="Xue2006">Yali Xue et al 2006, [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1 Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906151731/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1}}</ref> - -The Y-DNA J1 (1.8%), J2a (1.8%) and L3 (1.8%) were detected in [[Harbin]] Han Chinese, Heilongjiang province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref> +The typicall y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> == Notes == '
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[ 0 => '| religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), with minorities ascribing to [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref>', 1 => 'The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref>', 2 => 'The typicall y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref>' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '| religions = Predominantly [[Irreligious]], [[Chinese folk religion]] ([[Taoism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], [[Confucianism]], and others), [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and other faiths.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref>', 1 => 'The first Ming dynasty emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] resettled his home city [[Fengyang]] and capital [[Nanjing]] with people from [[Jiangnan]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lu |first1=Hanchao |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y3ihm2J38C&pg=PA59&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=140%2C000%20wealthy%20households&f=false |page=59 |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=080475148X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Dun Jen |last2= |first2= |date=1975 |title=Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars |trans-title=The civilization of China, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf8gAAAAMAAJ&q=140,000+wealthy+households&dq=140,000+wealthy+households&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpZf6m6vhAhUymeAKHewbCS8Q6AEIPzAF |page=278 |format= |language= |location= |edition=|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=068413943X |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> who were later relocated to Beijing by [[Yongle Emperor]].', 2 => 'The typical y-DNA Haplogroups of Han Chinese are the [[Haplogroup O-M175]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhao|first=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|date=2015-05-04 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10|issue=5 |pages=e0125676 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4418768 |pmid=25938511 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref>', 3 => false, 4 => '===West Eurasian and Central-South Asian DNA admixture in Northern Han===', 5 => 'The same study also found 4.8% G1a1 and 4.8% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Nanyang City]], western Henan province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref>', 6 => false, 7 => 'A 2006 study found 10% haplogroup J and 6.7% R1a1 in Northern Han from [[Lanzhou]] city.<ref name="Xue2006">Yali Xue et al 2006, [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1 Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906151731/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/rapidpdf/genetics.105.054270v1}}</ref>', 8 => false, 9 => 'The Y-DNA J1 (1.8%), J2a (1.8%) and L3 (1.8%) were detected in [[Harbin]] Han Chinese, Heilongjiang province.<ref name="Zhong2011"></ref>' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1563131640
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