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'{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}} {{redirect|Bhaktivedanta|the college under same name|Bhaktivedanta College}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} {{Infobox religious biography | name = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami | monastic_name = {{IAST|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}} | honorific-prefix = His Divine Grace | honorific-suffix = [[Prabhupāda]] | image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg | alt = | caption = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974 | religion = [[Hinduism]] | philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]] | denomination = [[Vaishnavism]] | sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] | temple = Gaudiya Math, ISKCON | other_name = | birth_name = Abhay Charan De | native_name_lang = | birth_date = {{birth date|1896|09|01|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1977|11|14|1896|09|01|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India | resting_place = Srila Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi Mandir]]'', [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|ISKCON Vrindavan]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|27.57196|77.67729}} | alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]], [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name="Info"/> | location = | period = 1966–1977 | consecration = | predecessor = | reason = | rank = | teacher = | reincarnation_of = | students = | works = ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'', ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa#Translations|Śrīmad Bhāgavatam]]'' (translation), ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya Caritāmṛta]]'' (trans.) | initiation = ''[[Diksha]]'', 1933 (by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]])<br />''[[Sannyasa]]'', 1959 (by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]]) | initiation_date = | initiation_place = | initiator = | ordination = | previous_post = | present_post = | post = Founder-''[[Acharya]]'' of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] | website = {{URL|https://prabhupada.krishna.com}} | background = #ffca6e }} {{Contains special characters|Indic}} '''Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}}; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977<ref name="Info"/>) was an Indian [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] guru who founded [[ISKCON]],<ref name="Srivatsa" /> commonly known as the "[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]] movement".<ref name="Info" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse |title=Who's Who in Religion |edition=2nd |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]] |year=1977 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse/page/531/mode/1up 531] |isbn=0-8379-1602-X |quote=Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, leader, Hare Krishna Movement. Founder, Internat. Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, 1965.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Britannica|255215|Hare Krishna|J. Gordon Melton}}</ref> Members of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami as a representative and messenger of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|author-link=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|year=1968|title=Prabhupada: Messenger of The Supreme Lord|location=India|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Publications]]|pages=vi|isbn=978-8189574307}}</ref> Born in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) in a [[Suvarna Banik]] family,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Srila Prabhupada's Grand-Nephew - Sankarsan Prabhu|url=http://bvmlu.org/contemporary/sankarsan.html|access-date=2022-01-19|website=bvmlu.org}}</ref> he was educated at the [[Scottish Church College]].<ref name="Info">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=77–78}}</ref> While working at a small [[pharmaceutical]] business,<ref name="Rodes">{{Harvnb|Rhodes|2001|p=178}}</ref> he met and became a follower of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures.<ref name="SDG9">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 9}}</ref> As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology across India and the [[Western world]] through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.<ref name = kk2>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=217}}</ref><ref name="ex23">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|p=23}}</ref> He was well regarded by a number of American [[religious scholar]]s but was criticised by [[Anti-cult movement|anti-cult groups]].<ref name="Vasan2">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=129}}</ref> He has been subject to criticism over his [[racism|racist views]] against blacks, discrimination against lower castes, [[anti-Semitism]], negative views on women, and advocacy of crimes of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="Bryant">{{cite book | last1=Bryant | first1=E. | last2=Ekstrand | first2=M. | title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-231-50843-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | pages=350–377}}</ref><ref name="Rochford">{{cite book | last=Rochford | first=E.B. | title=Hare Krishna Transformed | publisher=[[New York University Press]] | series=New and Alternative Religions | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8147-7688-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPqgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 | page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Scheck | first=Frank | title='Hare Krishna! The Mantra, the Movement and the Swami Who Started It All': Film Review | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=2017-06-21 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/hare-krishna-mantra-movement-swami-who-started-all-1015535/ }}</ref> ==Biography== ===Early life=== Swami was born Abhay Charan on 1 September 1896 in Calcutta.<ref name="Info" /> He was also called Nandulāl. His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, were devout [[Vaishnava]]s and resided in Calcutta.<ref name = "SDG2">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 2}}</ref> Abhay Charan studied at the [[Scottish Church College]]. He is said to have refused his degree in response to [[Non-cooperation movement|Gandhi's calls]] to challenge British rule.<ref name="Info" /> In 1919, at the age of 22, he was married to Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a [[Arranged marriage|marriage arranged]] by their parents. At 14, Radharani Devi gave birth to their first son.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prabhupada.org.uk/articles1/48_53/48.htm |title=Srila Prabhupada's marriage |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> ===Religious journey=== In 1922, he met his [[parampara|spiritual master]], [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]], in [[Prayagraj]]. He was asked to spread the message of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in the English language.<ref name="SDGPRA">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=p. xv}}</ref> In 1933 he became a formally initiated disciple of Bhaktisiddhānta. In 1944, he started the publication called ''[[Back to Godhead]]'',<ref name = hk34/><ref name="SDGPRA1">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=p. xviii}}</ref> for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.<ref name="SDG5">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 5}}</ref> In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title ''Bhaktivedanta'', (''{{IAST|[[bhakti]]-[[vedānta]]}}'').<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1998) ''The secrets of transcendental love'', {{ISBN|0-89213-273-6}}, p. 73: "The spiritual harmony of knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase ''bhakti-vedānta''"</ref> He became known by the honorific ''{{IAST|[[Prabhupāda]]}}''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Aparna |last=Chattopadhyay |title=Pearls of Spiritual Wisdom |publisher=Pustak Mahal, India |year=2004 |page=37 |isbn=81-223-0858-9 }}</ref> From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar [[mandir]] in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], where he began his commentary and translation work of the [[Sanskrit]] work [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles S. J. |last=White |title=A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=81-208-2067-3}}</ref> His [[guru]], [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]], had always encouraged him to publish books<ref name="SDG4RK">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 4}} "''{{IAST|Āmār icchā chila kichu bai karānā}}: ''"Standing by [[Rādhā-kuṇḍa|{{IAST|Rādhā-kuṇḍa}}]] and beholding his spiritual master, Abhay felt the words deeply enter his own life – "If you ever get money, print books."</ref> referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.<ref name="SDG4">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 4}}</ref> ===Renunciation=== Swami also lived at [[Gaudiya Matha]] at [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], where he wrote and edited the ''{{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrikā}}'' magazine. While there he donated the statue of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] which stands on the altar beside those of [[Radha Krishna]] (named ''Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī''). In September 1959, he was initiated as a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' by his friend [[Bhakti Prajnana Keshava]] and was given the title of ''[[Swami]]''. He published the first book of ''Bhagavata Purana''.<ref name="SDGm">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter ''This momentous hour of need''}}</ref> ===Mission to the West=== {{main|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}} [[File:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg|thumb|[[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] in [[West Virginia]], USA in 1982]] Swami was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of [[National Origins Formula|national quotas]] by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]] of the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2007|p=xxxvi}}</ref> In July 1966, he founded the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) in [[New York City]].<ref name="Srivatsa" /> He defended the name, arguing that ''Krishna'' included all other forms and concepts of God.<ref name="ex122">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|pp=120–122}}</ref> In 1967, a centre was started in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="Vasan">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=128}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=22}}</ref> He travelled throughout America with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (''[[sankirtana]]''), book distribution and public speeches. [[George Harrison]] of [[The Beatles]] produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the [[Radha Krisna Temple]] in that city.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=23}}</ref> Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of the Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other countries.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|title=Hinduism and modernity|publisher=Blackwell Pub|year=2003|isbn=0-631-20862-3|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=178|author=Smith, David Nichol}}</ref> By the time of his death in [[Vrindavan]] in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Vasan" /> Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and introduced [[bhakti yoga]] to an international audience.<ref name="Smith" /><ref name="translation" /> Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=5}}</ref> ===In India=== Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in [[Jhansi]] in 1953.<ref>[http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html League of Devotees article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221040906/http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html |date=21 December 2007 }} prabhupadaconnect.com</ref> On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=27}}</ref> [[Mayapur]] and [[Vrindavan]]. He started a chain of [[ISKCON schools]]. Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in [[Krishna Balaram Mandir]] in Vrindavan.<ref name="Info"/> == Views == ===Slavery=== Swami said that black people should remain in bondage. <blockquote>"The blacks were slaves. They were under control. And since you have given them equal rights they are disturbing, most disturbing, always creating a fearful situation, uncultured and drunkards. What training they have got? They have got equal rights? It is best, to keep them under control as slaves but give them sufficient food, sufficient cloth, not more than that. Then they will be satisfied."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote> ===Lower castes=== Bhaktivedenta asserts that [[Shudras]] require no training:- <blockquote>"Shudras does not require any training. Shudra means no training. Ordinary worker class. Otherwise other three, especially two, namely the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, they require very magnificent training."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote> ===Hitler and Jews=== Swami mentioned Hitler to provide an example of materialistic scheming, he also called him a hero. <blockquote>"Sometimes he becomes a great hero -- just [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Kamsa]] or, in the modern age, [[Napoleon]] or [[Hitler]]. The activities of such men are certainly very great, but as soon as their bodies are finished, everything else is finished."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote> He held Jews to be responsible for [[Holocaust]]: <blockquote>Therefore Hitler killed these Jews. They were financing against Germany. Otherwise he had no enmity with the Jews... And they were supplying. They want interest money -- "Never mind against our country." Therefore Hitler decided, "Kill all the Jews."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote> ===Women=== Most of what Swami wrote about women is deemed negative. Some of his views were:- <blockquote>"Women in general should not be trusted."<ref name="Bryant"/><ref name="Rochford"/></blockquote> <blockquote>"Women are generally not very intelligent."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote> <blockquote>"Generally when a woman is attacked by a man -- whether her husband or some other man -- she enjoys the attack, being too lusty."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote> === Religion === Swami said: {{blockquote|Actually, it doesn't matter&nbsp;– Krishna or Christ&nbsp;– the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age.<ref name="Ssr1">{{Harvnb|Bhaktivedanta Swami|2003|loc=}}</ref>}} Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25"/> While the ISKCON theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=6}}</ref> His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{cite web |url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut |title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON |publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status = dead}} (self published)</ref> Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=224}}</ref> ===Other=== Swami rejected reports of [[Apollo 11|1969 moon landing]] citing his unwillingness to accept that no living beings were found in the moon.<ref name="Bryant1">{{cite book | last1=Bryant | first1=E. | last2=Ekstrand | first2=M. | title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-231-50843-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | pages=113–125}}</ref> == Monuments == [[File:Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan|thumb| Statue of Swami at Radha Damodar Mandir in [[Vrindavan]]]] [[File:Prabhupadasamadhi.jpg|thumb|228x228px|[[Samadhi]] of Swami in [[Vrindavan]].]] A number of ''[[Samādhi#Samadhi as mausoleum|samadhi]]s'' or shrines to Swami were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India being notable. [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]], built by the [[New Vrindavan]] community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Swami, but has now developed into a tourist attraction.<ref name="ShinnBrom1987q">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1987|p=124}}</ref> In 1996 the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp<ref> {{cite web| url=http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials | title=prabhupada.krishna.com| website=www.krishna.com| access-date=8 January 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130326020806/http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials| archive-date= 26 March 2013 |url-status = live}} see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image</ref> and in 2021, a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021}}</ref> ==Books and publishing== Swami's books are considered to be among his most significant contributions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharma|1981|p=971}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| title=Scholars reviews of Srila Prabhupada's books| website=www.acbspn.com| access-date=31 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205053/http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| archive-date=15 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the final twelve years of his life, Swami translated over sixty volumes of classic [[Hindu texts|Hindu]] scriptures (e.g. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' and ''[[Srimad Bhagavatam]]'') into the English language.<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25">{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25}}</ref> His ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-gītā As It Is]]'' was published by [[Macmillan Publishers]] in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.<ref>[[Maheswar Neog]] [https://books.google.com/books?ei=Ks9DSJ3YH6a4iQHiq8yIBQ&id=LhB4AAAAIAAJ&dq=Macmillan+Bhagavad+Gita&q=Macmillan&pgis=1#search Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume] (1990)</ref><ref>Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1968). ''The Bhagavad-gita As It Is'', first edition. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/macmillan-miracle|title=The Macmillan Miracle |website=www.krishna.com|access-date=2 June 2008|last=Rosen|first=S|author-link=Satyaraja Dasa| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606024529/http://www.krishna.com/en/node/1523| archive-date= 6 June 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages.<ref name = hk34>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=34}}</ref><ref name="translation">{{cite web| url=http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| title=The matrix of principal published translated works. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust offers a 2006 summary PDF file showing which books translated in which languages| publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | access-date=30 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528180745/http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| archive-date=28 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] was established in 1972 to publish his works.<ref name="Srivatsa">{{Harvnb|Goswami et al.|1983|p=986}}</ref><ref name="ShinnBrom">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1989|p=53}}</ref> In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Swami since 1965.<ref name="Smullen">{{cite web | url = http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | title = BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965 | access-date = 27 February 2014 | last = Smullen | first = Madhava | date = 12 February 2014 | website = ISKCON News}}</ref> ===Bengali writings=== * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Gītār Gān}} |language=bn |date=c. 1973 }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Vairāgya-vidyā}} |language=bn |date=1977 }} : A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called {{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrika}}. Starting in 1976, [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] reprinted these essays in Bengali language booklets called {{IAST|Bhagavāner Kathā}} (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], {{IAST|Bhakti Kathā}} (The Science of Devotion), {{IAST|Jñāna Kathā}} (Topics of Spiritual Science), {{IAST|Muni-gānera Mati-bhrama}} (The Deluded Thinkers), and ''Buddhi-yoga'' (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into ''Vairāgya-vidyā''. In 1992, an English translation was published called ''Renunciation Through Wisdom''.<ref>{{cite book|author=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|date=1992|title=Renunciation Through Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/renunciationthro0000acbh/page/n8/mode/1up|translator=Bhakti Charu Swami|translator-link=Bhakti Charu Swami|trans-title={{IAST|Vairagya Vidyā}}|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|isbn=0-947259-04-X|lccn=95120622|oclc=30848069|pages=vii-viii}}</ref> * {{cite book |title=Buddhi-yoga |language=bn }} * {{cite book |title=Bhakti-ratna-boli |language=bn }} ===Translations with commentary=== * {{cite book |title=Srimad Bhagwatam |volume=3 vols. |location=Delhi |publisher=League of Devotees |date=1962–1965 |lccn=sa64001457 |oclc=64215631 }} * {{cite q|Q854700|display-translators=0 |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] }} * {{cite q|Q108771214|display-translators=0 |location=Boston, Mass. |publisher=ISKCON Books }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam}} |volume=30 vols. |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1972–1977 |lccn=73169353 }} * {{cite q|Q108771289|display-translators=0 |volume=17 vols. |location=New York |date=1973–1975 }} * {{cite book |title=[[Upadesamrta|The Nectar of Instruction]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1975 |lccn=75039755 }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūtī}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1977 |lccn=77011077 }} ===Summary studies=== * {{cite book |title=Teachings of Lord Caitanya, a treatise on factual spiritual life |location=New York |publisher=[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] |date=1968 |lccn=68029320 }} * {{cite q|Q4205088|display-authors=0 |title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead}} |volume=2 vols. |location=Boston, Mass. |publisher=ISKCON Press }} * {{cite book |title=The Nectar of Devotion: The Complete Science of Bhakti-yoga |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1970 |lccn=78118082 }} ===Discography=== * {{cite AV media |title=Krishna Consciousness |type=12 in. [[LP record]] |location=New York, NY |publisher=Happening Records |date=1966 |oclc=11402285 |id=[https://www.discogs.com/A-C-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Krishna-Consciousness/release/2706370 CA2210] }}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=The Happening Album: "Krishna Consciousness" {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/the-happening-album-krishna-consciousness/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas}}</ref> * {{cite AV media |title=Govinda |type=12 in. [[LP record]] |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=Golden Avatar Productions |date=1973 |lccn=94748438 |oclc=12622399 |id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Govinda/release/2734043 GOPI-108] }}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=Gopinatha single, Govinda LP {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/gopinatha-single-govinda-lp/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas}}</ref> * {{cite AV media |title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Meditation}} |type=2 x 12 in. [[LP record]]s |location=Germany |publisher=Radha Krsna Productions |date=1974 |oclc=17247069 |id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Krsna-Meditation/release/2580755 RKP-1005] }}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=KRSNA Meditation Album {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/krsna-meditation-album/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedanta}}</ref> ===Other works=== {{Vaishnavism}} * {{cite book |title=[[Back to Godhead]] (magazine) |date=1944–1966 |lccn=45002240 }}<ref>{{cite book |title=Popular Religious Magazines of the United States |year=1995 |editor1-first=P. Mark |editor1-last=Fackler |editor2-first=Charles H. |editor2-last=Lippy |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |isbn=0-313-28533-0 |pages=58–60}}</ref> * {{cite q|Q108770844|display-authors=0 |title=Easy Journey to Other Planets (by practice of Supreme Yoga) |location=Vrindaban, U.P. (India) |publisher=The League of Devotees }} * {{cite q|Q108772725|display-authors=0 |publisher=ISKCON Press }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure}} |location=Boston, Mass. |publisher=ISKCON Press |date=1970 |isbn=0-89213-149-7 |oclc=1086768968 }} * {{cite q|Q108770415|display-editors=0 |isbn=0-912776-41-2 }} * {{cite q|Q108770991 |location=New York |publisher=ISKCON Press |date=1972 }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1973 |lccn=73076635 }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|On the Way to Kṛṣṇa}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1973 |lccn=72084842 }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1973 |lccn=72084845 }} * {{cite book |title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1974 |lccn=73076634 }} * {{cite book |title=Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers |location=New York |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |date=1977 |lccn=74027525 }} * {{cite q|Q108772906 |location=New York |date=1977 }} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== <!--Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be placed here. List only books and journals (not websites of newspaper sources). Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details.--> {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Goswami | first = Satsvarupa dasa | year = 2002 | author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami | title = Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2 | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-89213-357-0 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ekstrand | first1 = Maria | last2 = Bryant | first2 = Edwin H. | year = 2004 | title = The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-231-12256-X }} * {{Cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Linda | year = 2001 | title = The challenge of the cults and new religions | publisher = Zondervan | location = Grand Rapids, Mich | isbn = 0-310-23217-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780310232179 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Vasan | first1 = Mildred | last2 = Lewis | first2 = James P. | year = 2005 | title = Cults (contemporary world issues) | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, Calif | isbn = 1-85109-618-3 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Cole | first1 = Richard | last2 = Dwayer | first2 = Graham | year = 2007 | title = The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant and change | publisher = I. B. Tauris | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84511-407-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Goswami | first = Satsvarupa dasa | year = 1984 | edition = abr | author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami | title = Prabhupada: he built a house in which the whole world can live | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | isbn = 0-89213-133-0 }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Gelberg | editor-first = Steven J | year = 1983 | title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the Krishna movement in the West. | author=Harvey Cox | author2=Larry D. Shinn | author3=Thomas J. Hopkins | author4=A.L. Basham | author5=Shrivatsa Goswami | location = New York | publisher = Grove Press | ref = {{sfnRef|Cox et al.|1983}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K. | author-link = Klaus Klostermaier | year = 2000 | title = Hinduism: a short history | location = Oxford | publisher = Oneworld Publications | isbn = 1-85168-213-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos }} * {{Cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K | author-link = Klaus Klostermaier | year = 2007 | edition = 3rd | title = A survey of Hinduism | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7914-7081-7 | publisher = State University of New York Press }} * {{Cite book | last = Bhaktivedanta Swami | first = A. C. | year = 2003 | title = The Science of self-realization | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | isbn = 91-7149-447-2 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Shinn | first = Larry D | author-link = Larry Shinn | editor-last = Bromley | editor-first = David G | editor-link = David G. Bromley | year = 1987 | title = The future of an old man's vision. ISKCON in the twenty-first century | journal = The Future of New Religious Movements | pages = 123–140 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia&pg=PA123 | ref = CITEREFShinnBromley1987 | isbn = 978-0-86554-238-9}} * {{Cite journal | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 1997 | title = Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada | journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]] | pages = 5: 1 | url = http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html }} * {{Cite book | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 2005 | contribution = Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions | title = The Routledge companion to the study of religion | publisher = Routledge | editor-first = John | editor-last = Hinnells | page = [https://books.google.com/?id=XmRGuH6eopMC&pg=PA243 243] | isbn = 978-0-415-33311-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Shinn | first = Larry D. | author-link = Larry Shinn | year = 1987 | title = The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America | publisher = Philadelphia: Westminster Press | isbn = 0-664-24170-0 | oclc = 15017927 | ol = 2737873M }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Goswami | first1 = Srivatsa | year = 1983 | title = Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 986–988 | doi = 10.2307/2054828 | ref = {{sfnRef|Goswami et al.|1983}} | issn = 0021-9118 | jstor = 2054828 | last2 = Dasa Goswami | first2 = Satsvarupa | last3 = Cox | first3 = Harvey | last4 = Hopkins | first4 = Thomas J. | last5 = Judah | first5 = J. Stillson| s2cid = 164018245 }} * {{cite book | editor-last = Sharma | editor-first = Jagdish Saran | year = 1981 | title = Encyclopaedia Indica | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ | oclc = 8033900 | ol = 13760440M }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Shinn | first1 = Larry D | author-link1 = Larry Shinn | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G | author-link2 = David G. Bromley | title = Krishna consciousness in the West | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg [Pa.] | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-8387-5144-X }} * The Inspirational story of Srila Prabhupada: Penguin Publishers <ref>{{cite web|url=https://singdancepray.com/ |title=Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational story of Srila Prabhupada |publisher=Singdancepray.com |date= |accessdate=2022-07-19}}</ref> {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Prabhupada}} <!-- {{No more links}} Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page. --> * {{URL|https://vedabase.io/en/|Bhaktivedanta Vedabase}} – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/}} * {{IMDb name|nm4152034}} * {{BNF|118918976}} – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896–1977) * {{WorldCat author|lccn-n79133133}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}} {{Vaishnava philosophy}} {{Navboxes|title=A. C. 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