Examine individual changes

'@@ -1,94 +1,6 @@ -{{Short description|American World War II wartime poster}} -{{Redirect|We Can Do It}} -{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}} -[[File:We Can Do It! NARA 535413 - Restoration 2.jpg|thumb|250px|J. Howard Miller's "We Can Do It!" poster from 1943]] -"'''We Can Do It!'''" is an American [[World War II]] wartime poster produced by J. Howard Miller in 1943 for [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse Electric]] as an inspirational image to boost female worker morale. +hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. -The poster was little seen during World War II. It was rediscovered in the early 1980s and widely reproduced in many forms, often called "We Can Do It!" but also called "[[Rosie the Riveter]]" after the iconic figure of a strong female war production worker. The "We Can Do It!" image was used to promote [[feminism]] and other political issues beginning in the 1980s.<ref name=MythMisconception2006>{{cite journal |first1=James J. |last1=Kimble |first2=Lester C. |last2=Olson |title=Visual Rhetoric Representing Rosie the Riveter: Myth and Misconception in J. Howard Miller's 'We Can Do It!' Poster |journal=Rhetoric & Public Affairs |volume=9 |number=4 |date=Winter 2006 |pages=533–569|jstor=41940102}} Also available through [https://web.archive.org/web/20131011080654/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1223963451.html Highbeam.]</ref> The image made the cover of the [[Smithsonian (magazine)|''Smithsonian'']] magazine in 1994 and was fashioned into a US first-class mail stamp in 1999. It was incorporated in 2008 into campaign materials for several American politicians, and was reworked by an artist in 2010 to celebrate the [[Julia Gillard|first woman]] becoming [[prime minister of Australia]]. The poster is one of the ten most-requested images at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].<ref name=MythMisconception2006/> -After its rediscovery, observers often assumed that the image was always used as a call to inspire women workers to join the war effort. However, during the war the image was strictly internal to Westinghouse, displayed only during February 1943, and was not for recruitment but to exhort already-hired women to work harder.<ref name=Design4Victory>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSNo6on0F8EC&pg=PA78 |page=78 |title=Design for Victory: World War II posters on the American home front |first1=William L. |last1=Bird |first2=Harry R. |last2=Rubenstein |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56898-140-6 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510183127/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSNo6on0F8EC&pg=PA78 |archive-date=May 10, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> People have seized upon the uplifting attitude and apparent message to remake the image into many different forms, including self empowerment, campaign promotion, advertising, and parodies. -After she saw the ''Smithsonian'' cover image in 1994, [[Geraldine Hoff Doyle]] mistakenly said that she was the subject of the poster. Doyle thought that she had also been captured in a wartime photograph of a woman factory worker, and she innocently assumed that this photo inspired Miller's poster. Conflating her as "Rosie the Riveter", Doyle was honored by many organizations including the [[Michigan Women's Hall of Fame|Michigan Women's Historical Center and Hall of Fame]]. However, in 2015, the woman in the wartime photograph was identified as then 20-year-old [[Naomi Parker Fraley|Naomi Parker]], working in early 1942 before Doyle had graduated from high school. Doyle's notion that the photograph inspired the poster cannot be proved or disproved, so neither Doyle nor Parker can be confirmed as the model for "We Can Do It!". -==Background== -[[File:TOGETHER WE CAN DO IT - KEEP `EM FIRING - NARA - 515856.jpg|thumb|upright|A propaganda poster from 1942 encouraging unity between labor and management of [[General Motors|GM]]]] -After the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], the U.S. government called upon manufacturers to produce greater amounts of war goods. The workplace atmosphere at large factories was often tense because of resentment built up between management and labor unions throughout the 1930s. Directors of companies such as [[General Motors]] (GM) sought to minimize past friction and encourage teamwork. In response to a rumored public relations campaign by the [[United Auto Workers]] union, GM quickly produced a propaganda poster in 1942 showing both labor and management rolling up their sleeves, aligned toward maintaining a steady rate of war production. The poster read, "Together We Can Do It!" and "Keep 'Em Firing!"<ref name=BirdRubenstein58>Bird/Rubenstein 1998, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRRtWEH2pgC&pg=PA58 p. 58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117142155/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRRtWEH2pgC&pg=PA58 |date=November 17, 2016 }}.</ref> In creating such posters, corporations wished to increase production by tapping popular pro-war sentiment, with the ultimate goal of preventing the government from exerting greater control over production.<ref name=BirdRubenstein58/> - -===J. Howard Miller=== -J. Howard Miller was an American [[graphic artist]]. He painted posters during World War II in support of the war effort, among them the famous "We Can Do It!" poster. Aside from the iconic poster, Miller remains largely unknown.<ref name="Weatherford2009">{{cite book|author=Doris Weatherford|title=American Women during World War II: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9GLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1181|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-20189-0|pages=1181}}</ref> For many years, little had been written about Miller's life, with uncertainty extending to his birth and death dates.<ref>{{cite thesis|last1=Wong|first1=Hannah Wai Ling|type=M.A.|title=A Riveting "Rosie": J. Howard Miller's We Can Do It! Poster and Twentieth Century American Visual Culture|url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/7238|date=17 July 2007|publisher=University of Maryland, College Park|access-date=October 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020094958/https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/7238|archive-date=October 20, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We Can Do It!|url=https://americanart.si.edu/collections/exhibits/posters/objects/aa-index.html|publisher=[[Smithsonian American Art Museum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711142016/https://americanart.si.edu/collections/exhibits/posters/objects/aa-index.html|archive-date=11 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="YoungYoung2010">{{cite book|author1=William H. Young|author2=Nancy K. Young|title=World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A-I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjbR9EXABPEC&pg=PA528|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35652-0|page=528}}</ref><ref name="DoyleGrove2018">{{cite book|author1=Susan Doyle|author2=Jaleen Grove|author3=Whitney Sherman|title=History of Illustration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1BDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-5013-4211-0|pages=353–}}</ref> In 2022, Professor James J. Kimble uncovered more of Miller's personal information, setting the birth year at 1898, and the death at 1985. Miller was married to Mabel Adair McCauley. Their marriage was childless; surviving family members are related through Miller's siblings.<ref name=Raccuglia2022>{{cite news |url=https://www.thesetonian.com/article/2022/05/rrwuemmvxab7c7z |last=Raccuglia |first=Andrew |date=May 20, 2022 |title=How a Seton Hall professor discovered the creator of 'Rosie the Riveter' |newspaper=[[The Setonian]] |access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> - -Miller studied at the [[Art Institute of Pittsburgh]], graduating in 1939.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sUP0B83GMMC&pg=PA16 |page=16 |first1=Jacquelyn Felix |last1=Fisher |first2=E. W. |last2=Goodman |title=The Art Institute of Pittsburgh Arcadia Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0738565545}}</ref> He lived in Pittsburgh during the war. His work came to the attention of the Westinghouse Company (later, the Westinghouse War Production Co-Ordinating Committee), and he was hired to create a series of posters. The posters were sponsored by the company's internal War Production Co-Ordinating Committee, one of the hundreds of labor-management committees organized under the supervision of the national War Production Board. Aside from his commercial work, Miller painted landscapes and studies in [[Oil painting|oil]]; Miller's family kept all of his works in their homes.<ref name=Raccuglia2022/> - -===Westinghouse Electric=== -In 1942, Miller was hired by Westinghouse Electric's internal War Production Coordinating Committee, through an advertising agency, to create a series of posters to display to the company's workers.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7h4T1DWEECUC&pg=PA62 |page=62 |title=Smokey, Rosie, and You! |first1=David A. |last1=Ehrlich |first2=Alan R. |last2=Minton |first3=Diane |last3=Stoy |publisher=Hillcrest Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-934248-33-1 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117142250/https://books.google.com/books?id=7h4T1DWEECUC&pg=PA62 |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The intent of the poster project was to raise worker morale, to reduce absenteeism, to direct workers' questions to management, and to lower the likelihood of labor unrest or a factory strike. Each of the more than 42 posters designed by Miller was displayed in the factory for two weeks, then replaced by the next one in the series. Most of the posters featured men; they emphasized traditional roles for men and women. One of the posters pictured a smiling male manager with the words "Any Questions About Your Work?&nbsp;... Ask your Supervisor."<ref name=MythMisconception2006/><ref name=Design4Victory/> -[[File:Any Questions About Your Work - poster.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Another poster by J. Howard Miller from the same series as "We Can Do It!"]] - -No more than 1,800 copies of the 17-by-22-inch (559 by 432&nbsp;mm)<!-- The millimeter measurement has more precision than the inches one. --> "We Can Do It!" poster were printed.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/> It was not initially seen beyond several Westinghouse factories in [[East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], and the midwestern U.S., where it was scheduled to be displayed for two five-day work weeks starting Monday, February 15, 1943.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/><ref>{{cite book |title=Posters American Style |last=Heyman |first=Therese Thau |publisher=National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, in association with Harry N. Adams, Inc |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8109-3749-9 |page=106}}</ref><ref name=loc>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/journey/rosie-transcript.html |title=Rosie the Riveter: Real Women Workers in World War II |last=Harvey |first=Sheridan |work=Journeys & Crossings |publisher=Library of Congress |date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=January 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101083821/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/journey/rosie-transcript.html |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Work–Fight–Give: Smithsonian World War II Posters of Labor, Government, and Industry |journal=Labor's Heritage |year=2002 |volume=11 |number=4 |page=49}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?print=yes&q=nmah_538122 |title=We Can Do It! |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=May 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184037/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?print=yes&q=nmah_538122 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} Search results for catalog number 1985.0851.05.</ref> The targeted factories were making plasticized helmet liners impregnated with [[Micarta]], a phenolic resin invented by Westinghouse. Mostly women were employed in this enterprise, which yielded some 13&nbsp;million helmet liners over the course of the war.<ref name=CushingDrescher2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.docspopuli.org/articles/RosieTheRiveter.html |title='Rosie the Riveter' is ''not'' the same as 'We Can Do It!' |publisher=Docs Populi |access-date=January 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025173043/http://www.docspopuli.org/articles/RosieTheRiveter.html |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} Excerpted from:<br />{{cite book |title=Agitate! Educate! Organize!: American Labor Posters |year=2009 |first1=Lincoln |last1=Cushing |first2=Tim |last2=Drescher |publisher=ILR Press/Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7427-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/agitateeducateor00cush }}</ref> The slogan "We Can Do It!" was probably not interpreted by the factory workers as empowering to women alone; they had been subjected to a series of paternalistic, controlling posters promoting management authority, employee capability and company unity, and the workers would likely have understood the image to mean "Westinghouse Employees Can Do It", all working together.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/> The upbeat image served as gentle propaganda to boost employee morale and keep production from lagging.<ref name=Secrets2011/> The badge on the "We Can Do It!" worker's collar identifies her as a Westinghouse Electric plant floor employee;<ref name=Secrets2011/> the pictured red, white and blue clothing was a subtle call to patriotism, one of the frequent tactics of corporate war production committees.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/><ref name=Design4Victory/> - -==Rosie the Riveter== -{{Main|Rosie the Riveter}} -During World War II, the "We Can Do It!" poster was not connected to the 1942 song "Rosie the Riveter", nor to the widely seen [[Norman Rockwell]] painting called ''Rosie the Riveter'' that appeared on the cover of the [[Memorial Day]] issue of the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'', May 29, 1943. The Westinghouse poster was not associated with any of the women nicknamed "Rosie" who came forward to promote women working for war production on the home front. Rather, after being displayed for two weeks in February 1943 to some Westinghouse factory workers, it disappeared for nearly four decades.<ref name=latimes>{{cite news |first=Dennis |last=McLellan |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-geraldine-hoff-doyle-20101231,0,1376340.story |title=Geraldine Hoff Doyle dies at 86; inspiration behind a famous wartime poster |work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 31, 2010 |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920115125/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-geraldine-hoff-doyle-20101231%2C0%2C1376340.story |archive-date=September 20, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjbR9EXABPEC&pg=PA606 |page=606 |title=World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia |volume=1 |first1=William H. |last1=Young |first2=Nancy K. |last2=Young |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-313-35652-0 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501163402/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjbR9EXABPEC&pg=PA606 |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Other "Rosie" images prevailed, often photographs of actual workers. The [[United States Office of War Information|Office of War Information]] geared up for a massive nationwide advertising campaign to sell the war, but "We Can Do It!" was not part of it.<ref name=Secrets2011/> - -Rockwell's emblematic ''Rosie the Riveter'' painting was loaned by the ''Post'' to the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Department]] for use in posters and campaigns promoting [[war bond]]s. Following the war, the Rockwell painting gradually sank from public memory because it was copyrighted; all of Rockwell's paintings were vigorously defended by his estate after his death. This protection resulted in the original painting gaining value—it sold for nearly $5&nbsp;million in 2002.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5wukQLkavoC&pg=PA399 |page=399 |title=American Women during World War II: an encyclopedia |last=Weatherford |first=Doris |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-99475-0 |year=2009 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507090326/https://books.google.com/books?id=F5wukQLkavoC&pg=PA399 |archive-date=May 7, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Conversely, the lack of protection for the "We Can Do It!" image is one of the reasons it experienced a rebirth.<ref name=loc/> - -Ed Reis, a volunteer historian for Westinghouse, noted that the original image was not shown to female [[riveter]]s during the war, so the recent association with "Rosie the Riveter" was unjustified. Rather, it was targeted at women who were making helmet liners out of [[Micarta]]. Reis joked that the woman in the image was more likely to have been named "Molly the Micarta Molder or Helen the Helmet Liner Maker."<ref name=CushingDrescher2009/> - -==Rediscovery== -[[File:We Can Do It water bottles.jpg|thumb|left|An example of commercial use on a pair of vending machines for bottled water at a [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|WWII Battleship Museum]].]] -In 1982, the "We Can Do It!" poster was reproduced in a magazine article, "Poster Art for Patriotism's Sake", a [[The Washington Post|''Washington Post Magazine'']] article about posters in the collection of the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Patricia |last=Brennan |title=Poster Art for Patriotism's Sake |newspaper=[[The Washington Post|Washington Post Magazine]] |date=May 23, 1982 |page=35}}</ref> - -In subsequent years, the poster was re-appropriated to promote [[feminism]]. Feminists saw in the image an embodiment of female empowerment.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlxHgYqgDswC&pg=PA601 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americaniconsenc0000unse/page/601 601] |chapter=Rosie the Riveter |last=Endres |first=Kathleen L. |title=American icons: an encyclopedia of the people, places, and things |editor=Dennis Hall, Susan G. Hall |publisher=Greenwood |year=2006 |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-275-98429-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/americaniconsenc0000unse/page/601 }}</ref> The "We" was understood to mean "We Women", uniting all women in a sisterhood fighting against gender inequality. This was very different from the poster's 1943 use to control employees and to discourage labor unrest.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/><ref name=Secrets2011/> History professor Jeremiah Axelrod commented on the image's combination of femininity with the "masculine (almost macho) composition and body language."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Diederik Oostdijk, Markha G. Valenta |chapter=The Noir War: American Narratives of World War II and Its Aftermath |last=Axelrod |first=Jeremiah B.C. |title=Tales of the Great American Victory: World War II in Politics and Poetics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZvvAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=VU University Press |page=81|isbn=978-90-5383-976-8 }}</ref> - -[[Smithsonian (magazine)|''Smithsonian'']] magazine put the image on its cover in March 1994, to invite the viewer to read a featured article about wartime posters. The [[US Postal Service]] created a 33¢ stamp in February 1999 based on the image, with the added words "Women Support War Effort".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rosietheriveter.org/hilite.htm |title=1999–2000 Highlights |work=Rosie The Riveter Memorial Project |location=Richmond, California |date=April 2003 |publisher=Rosie the Riveter Trust |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328001039/http://www.rosietheriveter.org/hilite.htm |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=1352aaaa8d4396c687fbde59ce0e09035b7c418a |title=Women Support War Effort |publisher=United States Postal Service |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623045018/http://www.usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=1352aaaa8d4396c687fbde59ce0e09035b7c418a |archive-date=June 23, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://about.usps.com/publications/pub512.pdf |title=Women On Stamps (Publication 512) |date=April 2003 |publisher=United States Postal Service |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420164713/http://about.usps.com/publications/pub512.pdf |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A Westinghouse poster from 1943 was put on display at the [[National Museum of American History]], part of the exhibit showing items from the 1930s and '40s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?exkey=143&key=1267&pagekey=246 |title=Treasures of American History: The Great Depression and World War II |publisher=National Museum of American History |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019145236/http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=143&pagekey=246 |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> - -==Wire service photograph== -[[File:Naomi Parker Fraley 1942.jpg|1942 photograph of [[Naomi Parker Fraley|Naomi Parker]]|thumb|upright]] -In 1984, former war worker [[Geraldine Doyle|Geraldine Hoff Doyle]] came across an article in ''[[AARP The Magazine|Modern Maturity]]'' magazine which showed a wartime photograph of a young woman working at a lathe, and she assumed that the photograph was taken of her in mid-to-late 1942 when she was working briefly in a factory. Ten years later, Doyle saw the "We Can Do It!" poster on the front of the [[Smithsonian (magazine)|''Smithsonian'']] magazine and assumed the poster was an image of herself. Without intending to profit from the connection, Doyle decided that the 1942 wartime photograph had inspired Miller to create the poster, making Doyle herself the model for the poster.<ref name=Kimble2016>{{cite journal |title=Rosie's Secret Identity, or, How to Debunk a Woozle by Walking Backward through the Forest of Visual Rhetoric |last=Kimble |first=James J. |date=Summer 2016 |journal=Rhetoric and Public Affairs |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=245–274 |issn=1094-8392 |doi=10.14321/rhetpublaffa.19.2.0245|s2cid=147767111 }}</ref> Subsequently, Doyle was widely credited as the inspiration for Miller's poster.<ref name=latimes/><ref name="nbcnews">{{cite news|last=Chuck |first=Elizabeth |title=Geraldine Doyle, inspiration for 'Rosie the Riveter,' dies at 86 |url=http://fieldnotes.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/12/30/5738254-geraldine-doyle-inspiration-for-rosie-the-riveter-dies-at-86 |access-date=July 1, 2015 |work=Field Notes from NBC News |date=December 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101123212/http://fieldnotes.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/12/30/5738254-geraldine-doyle-inspiration-for-rosie-the-riveter-dies-at-86 |archive-date=January 1, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=NYT2010>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/us/30doyle.html |title=Geraldine Doyle, Iconic Face of World War II, Dies at 86 |date=December 29, 2010 |last=Williams |first=Timothy |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124011421/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/us/30doyle.html |archive-date=January 24, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=NPR>{{cite web |last=Memmot |first=Mark |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/12/30/132484640/michigan-woman-who-inspired-wwii-rosie-poster-has-died |title=Michigan Woman Who Inspired WWII 'Rosie' Poster Has Died |publisher=NPR |date=December 31, 2010 |access-date=January 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119103600/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/12/30/132484640/michigan-woman-who-inspired-wwii-rosie-poster-has-died |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |journal=Michigan History Magazine |volume=78 |pages=54–55 |year=1994 |title=Geraldine Hoff Doyle |last=Schimpf |first=Sheila }}</ref> From an archive of [[ACME Newspictures|Acme news photographs]], Professor James J. Kimble obtained the original photographic print, including its yellowed caption identifying the woman as [[Naomi Parker Fraley|Naomi Parker]]. The photo is one of a series of photographs taken at [[Naval Air Station Alameda]] in California, showing Parker and her sister working at their war jobs during March 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.nps.gov/ParkObjdet.aspx?rID=RORI%20%20%20%203610%26db%3Dobjects%26dir%3DCR%20AAWEB%26page%3D1# |title=Ada Wyn Morford Papers |publisher=National Park Service Museum Collections |access-date=February 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307094053/http://museum.nps.gov/ParkObjdet.aspx?rID=RORI%2520%2520%2520%25203610%2526db%253Dobjects%2526dir%253DCR%2520AAWEB%2526page%253D1 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-62386550/all-this-and-overtime-too |title=All This and Overtime, Too |publisher=Corbis |access-date=February 28, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929230351/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-62386550/all-this-and-overtime-too |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> These images were published in various newspapers and magazines beginning in April 1942, during a time when Doyle was still attending high school in Michigan.<ref name=Kimble2016/> In February 2015, Kimble interviewed the Parker sisters: Naomi Fern Fraley, 93, and her sister Ada Wyn Morford, 91; he found out that they had known for five years about the incorrect identification of the photo, and had been rebuffed in their attempt to correct the historical record.<ref name=Kimble2016/> Naomi died at age 96 on January 20, 2018.<ref name="obituary">{{Cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Margalit|title=Naomi Parker Fraley, the Real Rosie the Riveter, Dies at 96|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/22/obituaries/naomi-parker-fraley-the-real-rosie-the-riveter-dies-at-96.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=23 January 2018|date=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122211046/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/22/obituaries/naomi-parker-fraley-the-real-rosie-the-riveter-dies-at-96.html|archive-date=January 22, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> - -Although many publications have repeated Doyle's unsupported assertion that the wartime photograph inspired Miller's poster,<ref name=Kimble2016/> Westinghouse historian Charles A. Ruch, a Pittsburgh resident who had been friends with J. Howard Miller, said that Miller was not in the habit of working from photographs, but rather live models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pennycolman.com/my-books/rosie-the-riveter-image/ |title=Rosie the Riveter Image |date=December 30, 2010 |last=Coleman |first=Penny |publisher=PennyColeman.com |access-date=January 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428052725/http://www.pennycolman.com/my-books/rosie-the-riveter-image/|archive-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> However, the photograph of Naomi Parker did appear in the Pittsburgh Press on July 5, 1942, making it possible that Miller saw it as he was creating the poster.<ref name="obituary" /> - -==Legacy== -[[File:Rosify Yourself Facebook app.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The "We Can Do It!" poster was used by the [[Ad Council]] for its 70th anniversary celebration, through a Facebook app called "Rosify Yourself".]] -Today, the image has become very widely known, far beyond its narrowly defined purpose during World War II. It has adorned T-shirts, tattoos, coffee cups and refrigerator magnets—so many different products that ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it the "most over-exposed" souvenir item available in Washington, D.C.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/> It was used in 2008 by some of the various regional campaigners working to elect [[Sarah Palin]], [[Ron Paul]] and [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name=CushingDrescher2009/> [[Michelle Obama]] was worked into the image by some attendees of the 2010 [[Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear]].<ref name=Secrets2011>{{citation |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1536504211408972 |last1=Sharp |first1=Gwen |last2=Wade |first2=Lisa |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Sociological Images: Secrets of a feminist icon |journal=Contexts |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=82–83 |issn=1536-5042 |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008111422/http://lisawadedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/sharp-wade-2011-secrets-of-a-feminist-icon.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all |doi=10.1177/1536504211408972|s2cid=145551064 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The image has been employed by corporations such as [[Clorox]] who used it in advertisements for household cleaners, the pictured woman provided in this instance with a wedding ring on her left hand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2007/10/22/trivializing-womens-power/ |last=Wade |first=Lisa |title=Sociological Images: Trivializing Women's Power |date=October 22, 2007 |work=The Society Page |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622142929/http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2007/10/22/trivializing-womens-power/ |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Parodies of the image have included famous women, men, animals and fictional characters. A [[bobblehead]] doll and an [[action figure]] toy have been produced.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/> [[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]] showed a {{convert|4|by|5|ft|spell=in|adj=on}} replica made by artist Kristen Cumings from thousands of [[Jelly Belly]] candies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianapolis-indiana.funcityfinder.com/2011/04/12/masterpieces-of-jelly-bean-art-collection/ |archive-url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PK9tXRYyxVAJ:indianapolis-indiana.funcityfinder.com/2011/04/12/masterpieces-of-jelly-bean-art-collection/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |date=April 12, 2011 |title=Masterpieces of Jelly Bean Art Collection at the Children's Museum |last=Paul |first=Cindy |location=Indianapolis, Illinois |publisher=Funcityfinder.com |access-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jellybelly.com/Art_Gallery/bean_art_gallery.aspx |title=We Can Do It! |work=Jelly Belly Bean Art Collection |last=Cumings |first=Kristen |publisher=[[Jelly Belly]] |access-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003024420/http://jellybelly.com/Art_Gallery/bean_art_gallery.aspx |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> - -After [[Julia Gillard]] became the first female [[prime minister of Australia]] in June 2010, a [[street art]]ist in [[Melbourne]] calling himself Phoenix pasted Gillard's face into a new monochrome version of the "We Can Do It!" poster.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/4748630334/ |date=June 29, 2010 |title=We Can Do It! |author=Phoenix |publisher=[[Flickr]] |access-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007144521/http://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/4748630334/ |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ''[[AnOther Magazine]]'' published a photograph of the poster taken on [[Hosier Lane, Melbourne]], in July 2010, showing that the original "War Production Co-ordinating Committee" mark in the lower right had been replaced with a [[Uniform resource locator|URL]] pointing to Phoenix's [[Flickr]] photostream.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.anothermag.com/current/view/348/Australian_President_Julia_Gillard |title=Australian President, Julia Gillard |archive-url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:v3jSEN5VM78J:www.anothermag.com/current/view/348/Australian_President_Julia_Gillard+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=September 27, 2012 |date=July 27, 2010 |journal=[[AnOther Magazine]] |first=David |last=Hellqvist |access-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://damadesign.tumblr.com/post/866607274/julia-gillard-former-president-of-australia-as |date=July 8, 2010 |title=Julia Gillard |author=Dama Design |publisher=[[Tumblr]] |access-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007144758/http://damadesign.tumblr.com/post/866607274/julia-gillard-former-president-of-australia-as |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/5523564006/ |date=March 12, 2011 |title=We Can Do It! |author=Phoenix |publisher=[[Flickr]] |access-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623045542/http://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/5523564006 |archive-date=June 23, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In March 2011, Phoenix produced a color version which stated "She Did It!" in the lower right,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/4759196620/in/photostream// |date=July 2, 2010 |title=We Can Do It! |author=Phoenix |publisher=[[Flickr]] |access-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623045630/http://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/4759196620/in/photostream/ |archive-date=June 23, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> then in January 2012 he pasted "Too Sad" diagonally across the poster to represent his disappointment with developments in Australian politics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/6808410971/ |date=January 23, 2012 |title=She Did It! (TOO SAD) |author=Phoenix |publisher=[[Flickr]] |access-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218135651/http://www.flickr.com/photos/phoenixthestreetartist/6808410971/ |archive-date=December 18, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> - -Geraldine Doyle died in December 2010. ''[[Utne Reader]]'' went ahead with their scheduled January–February 2011 cover image: a parody of "We Can Do It!" featuring [[Marge Simpson]] raising her right hand in a fist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utne.com/table-of-contents-january-february-2011.aspx |title=Table of Contents |date=January–February 2011 |work=Utne Reader |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831085555/http://www.utne.com/table-of-contents-january-february-2011.aspx |archive-date=August 31, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The editors of the magazine expressed regret at the passing of Doyle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://utnereader.tumblr.com/post/2585298665 |title=untitled |work=Utne Reader editorial blog |date=January 3, 2011 |publisher=Utne Reader |access-date=January 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623045811/http://utnereader.tumblr.com/post/2585298665 |archive-date=June 23, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> - -A [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] image of "We Can Do It!" was created for the closing credits of the 2011 superhero film ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]''. The image served as the background for the title card of English actress [[Hayley Atwell]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain America: The First Avenger |url=http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/captain-america-the-first-avenger/ |work=Art of the Title |first=Lola |last=Landekic |date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125184224/http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/captain-america-the-first-avenger/ |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> - -The [[Ad Council]] claimed the poster was developed in 1942 by its precursor, the War Advertising Committee, as part of a "Women in War Jobs" campaign, helping to bring "over two million women" into war production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcouncil.org/timeline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216085055/http://www.adcouncil.org/timeline.html |title=The Story of the Ad Council |publisher=Ad Council |archive-date=February 16, 2007 |access-date=September 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcouncil.org/About-Us/Frequently-Asked-Questions |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Ad Council |access-date=September 24, 2012 |quote=Working in tandem with the Office of War Information, the Ad Council created campaigns such as Buy War Bonds, Plant Victory Gardens, 'Loose Lips Sink Ships,' and Rosie the Riveter's 'We Can Do it.' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503040721/http://adcouncil.org/About-Us/Frequently-Asked-Questions |archive-date=May 3, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=Conlon>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peggy-conlon/happy-birthday-ad-council_b_1269338.html |last=Conlon |first=Peggy |title=Happy Birthday Ad Council! Celebrating 70 Years of Public Service Advertising |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=February 13, 2012 |access-date=September 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216044047/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peggy-conlon/happy-birthday-ad-council_b_1269338.html |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In February 2012 during the Ad Council's 70th anniversary celebration, an interactive application designed by [[Animax]]'s [[HelpsGood]] digital agency was linked to the Ad Council's [[Facebook]] page. The [[Facebook Platform|Facebook app]] was called "Rosify Yourself", referring to Rosie the Riveter; it allowed viewers to upload images of their faces to be incorporated into the "We Can Do It!" poster, then saved to be shared with friends.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helpsgood.com/post/17615327499/helpsgood-develops-rosify-yourself-app-for-ad?ad313a00 |title=HelpsGood Develops 'Rosify Yourself' App for Ad Council's 70th Birthday |date=February 2012 |publisher=HelpsGood |access-date=September 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126165316/http://www.helpsgood.com/post/17615327499/helpsgood-develops-rosify-yourself-app-for-ad?ad313a00 |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Ad Council President and CEO Peggy Conlon posted her own "Rosified" face on ''[[Huffington Post]]'' in an article she wrote about the group's 70-year history.<ref name=Conlon/> The staff of the television show ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]'' posted two "Rosified" images on their website, using the faces of news anchors [[Matt Lauer]] and [[Ann Curry]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allday.today.com/_news/2012/02/13/10395999-plaza-sign-of-the-day-matt-as-rosie-the-riveter |title=Plaza sign of the day: Matt as Rosie the Riveter |last=Veres |first=Steve |date=February 13, 2012 |work=Today |publisher=MSN Allday Today |access-date=September 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707014149/http://allday.today.com/_news/2012/02/13/10395999-plaza-sign-of-the-day-matt-as-rosie-the-riveter |archive-date=July 7, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, [[Seton Hall University]] professor James J. Kimble and [[University of Pittsburgh]] professor Lester C. Olson researched the origins of the poster and determined that it was not produced by the Ad Council nor was it used for recruiting women workers.<ref name=MythMisconception2006/> - -In 2010, American singer [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] recreated the poster in the music video for her song "[[Raise Your Glass]]". - -The poster continues to inspire artists such as Kate Bergen. She has painted images of [[COVID-19]] medical workers in a similar style, initially to cope with the stress of her work but also to encourage others and support front line workers.<ref name="Woolston">{{cite journal |last1=Woolston |first1=Chris |title=How to deal with work stress — and actually recover from burnout |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=8 July 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-070722-1|doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/society/2022/deal-work-stress-recover-burnout |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> - -==See also== -* [[American propaganda during World War II]] -* [[Bras d'honneur]] -* [[Keep Calm and Carry On]], another WWII poster that became famous only decades later - -==References== -{{reflist}} - -==External links== -* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_538122 "We Can Do It!" poster at the National Museum of American History] -{{commons category}} -* [https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=3350 Library of Congress Webcast] -* [http://americangallery.wordpress.com/2009/06/02/j-howard-miller-1918-2004/ J. Howard Miller (1918–2004)] - -{{featured article}} -{{Authority control}} - -[[Category:1943 works]] -[[Category:American art]] -[[Category:American propaganda during World War II]] -[[Category:Feminist art]] -[[Category:Propaganda posters]] -[[Category:Westinghouse Electric Company]] -[[Category:American people of World War II]] -[[Category:American poster artists]] -[[Category:American illustrators]] -[[Category:20th-century American painters]] -[[Category:American male painters]] -[[Category:20th-century American male artists]] +hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. hello. '