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Variables generated for this change
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pinus peuce Maliovitsa.jpg
| image_caption = Trees in native environment, [[Malyovitsa]], [[Rila Mountains]], Bulgaria.
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2017 |title=''Pinus peuce'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T34193A95751594 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| parent = Pinus subsect. Strobus
| species = peuce
| authority = [[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]
| range_map = Pinus peuce range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution range of ''Pinus peuce''
}}
'''''Pinus peuce''''' ('''Macedonian pine'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''Balkan pine'''<ref>Michael Dirr - Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia, , Timber Press, 1997, {{ISBN|9780881924046}}, page. 282</ref>) ([[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]/[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: молика, molika; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: бяла мура, Byala mura) is a species of [[pine]] native to the mountains of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Albania]], [[Montenegro]], [[Kosovo]],{{efn|name=status}} the extreme southwest of [[Serbia]], and the extreme north of [[Greece]],<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Pines. Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus'', ed.2. Brill, Leiden {{ISBN|90-04-13916-8}}.</ref><ref name=gymnosperm>Gymnosperm Database [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/peuce.htm ''Pinus peuce'']</ref><ref>Critchfield, W. B., & Little, E. L. (1966). Geographic distribution of the pines of the World. ''U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ''. 991.</ref> growing typically at (600-) 1,000-2,200 (-2,300) m altitude. It often reaches the [[Tree line|alpine tree line]] in this area. The mature size is up to 35–40 m height, and 1.5 m trunk diameter.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=gymnosperm/> However, the height of the tree diminishes strongly near the upper forest limit and may even obtain shrub sizes.<ref name="alexandrov11">{{citation |author=Alexandrov, A. |author2=Andonovski, V. |name-list-style=amp|title=Macedonian pine - ''Pinus peuce'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use |date=2011 |page=6 pp |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1508_Macedonian_pine_Pinus_peuce.pdf |publisher=[[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]]}}</ref>
It is a member of the [[Pinus classification|white pine]] group, ''[[Pinus]]'' subgenus ''[[Strobus]]'', and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are 6–11 cm long. Its pine cones are mostly 8–16 cm long, occasionally up to 20 cm long, green at first, becoming yellow-brown when mature, with broad, flat to downcurved scales. The 6–7 mm long [[seed]]s have a 2 cm wing and can be wind-dispersed, but are also very often dispersed by [[spotted nutcracker]]s.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=gymnosperm/>
==Use==
Macedonian pine is one of the most valuable [[conifer]] species in the [[Balkan Peninsula]]. Its durable wood is highly valued in [[construction]], furniture production, [[wood-carving]] and [[cooper (profession)|cooper]]age. The tree is also exceptionally good at adapting to severe mountain climate conditions, which makes it a valuable species for [[afforestation]] on high terrain for protection against [[erosion]]. The local population use ''P. peuce'' [[resin]] to cure wounds, [[Chest|pectoral]], skin and stomach diseases, [[varicose veins]] and other illnesses.<ref name="alexandrov11"/>
Macedonian pine is also a popular ornamental tree in [[park]]s and large [[garden]]s, giving reliable steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least -45 °C, and also of wind exposure. It is locally [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in [[Punkaharju]] in eastern Finland.<ref name=gymnosperm/>
Like other European and [[Asia]]n white pines, Macedonian pine is very resistant to [[white pine blister rust]] (''Cronartium ribicola'').<ref name=soegaard>Søegaard, B. (1972). Relative blister rust resistance of native and introduced white pines in Europe. Pages 233–239 in Bingham, R. T. et al., eds. Biology of Rust Resistance in Forest Trees. ''U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ''. 1221.</ref><ref name=popnikola>Popnikola, N., M. Jovancevic, and M. Vidakovic. 1978. Genetics of Pinus peuce Gris. ''Annales Forestales'' 7/6: 187-206.</ref> This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from [[Europe]] into [[North America]], where it has caused severe mortality in the American native white pines (e.g. [[western white pine]], [[sugar pine]], [[whitebark pine]]) in many areas. Macedonian pine is of great value for research into hybridisation and genetic modification to develop rust resistance in these species; hybrids with [[eastern white pine]] inherit some resistance.<ref name=popnikola/>
==Other==
Synonyms include ''Pinus cembra'' var. ''fruticosa'' Griseb.,<ref>{{WCSP|380345}}</ref> ''Pinus excelsa'' var. ''peuce'' (Griseb.) Beissn.,<ref>Farjon, A. 1998. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. {{ISBN|1-900347-54-7}}.</ref> ''Pinus peuce'' var. ''vermiculata'' Christ,<ref name=popnikola/> and Balkan pine.<ref>Dirr, M. (1997). ''Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia''. Timber Press {{ISBN|978-0-88192-404-6}}, page. 282</ref>
<gallery>
File:Pinus peuce Habitus BotGardBln0906.jpg|Cultivated specimen, Berlin Botanical Gardens
File:Pinus peuce cones.jpg|Foliage and cones
Pinus peuce young female cone - Keila.jpg|Young female cone
</gallery>
== Notes ==
{{Notelist
| notes =
{{efn|name=status|{{Kosovo-note}}}}
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146021}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Pinus peuce}}
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-peuce/ ''Pinus peuce''] - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pinus|peuce]]
[[Category:Flora of Southeastern Europe]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Penиs monke Maliovitsa.jpg
| image_caption = Hitler do your mom, [[Malyovitsa]], [[Rila Mountains]], debela churka.
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status No Nut November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2017 |title=''Pinus peuce'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T34193A95751594 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| parent = Pinus subsect. Strobus
| species = peuce
| authority = [[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]
| range_map = Pinus peuce range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution range of ''Pinus peuce''
}}
'''''Pinus peuce''''' ('''Macedonian pine'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''Balkan pine'''<ref>Michael Dirr - Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia, , Timber Press, 1997, {{ISBN|9780881924046}}, page. 282</ref>) ([[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]/[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: молика, molika; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: бяла мура, Byala mura) is a species of [[pine]] native to the mountains of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Albania]], [[Montenegro]], [[Kosovo]],{{efn|name=status}} the extreme southwest of [[Serbia]], and the extreme north of [[Greece]],<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Pines. Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus'', ed.2. Brill, Leiden {{ISBN|90-04-13916-8}}.</ref><ref name=gymnosperm>Gymnosperm Database [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/peuce.htm ''Pinus peuce'']</ref><ref>Critchfield, W. B., & Little, E. L. (1966). Geographic distribution of the pines of the World. ''U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ''. 991.</ref> growing typically at (600-) 1,000-2,200 (-2,300) m altitude. It often reaches the [[Tree line|alpine tree line]] in this area. The mature size is up to 35–40 m height, and 1.5 m trunk diameter.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=gymnosperm/> However, the height of the tree diminishes strongly near the upper forest limit and may even obtain shrub sizes.<ref name="alexandrov11">{{citation |author=Alexandrov, A. |author2=Andonovski, V. |name-list-style=amp|title=Macedonian pine - ''Pinus peuce'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use |date=2011 |page=6 pp |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1508_Macedonian_pine_Pinus_peuce.pdf |publisher=[[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]]}}</ref>
It is a member of the [[Pinus classification|white pine]] group, ''[[Pinus]]'' subgenus ''[[Strobus]]'', and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are 6–11 cm long. Its pine cones are mostly 8–16 cm long, occasionally up to 20 cm long, green at first, becoming yellow-brown when mature, with broad, flat to downcurved scales. The 6–7 mm long [[seed]]s have a 2 cm wing and can be wind-dispersed, but are also very often dispersed by [[spotted nutcracker]]s.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=gymnosperm/>
==Use==
Macedonian pine is one of the most valuable [[conifer]] species in the [[Balkan Peninsula]]. Its durable wood is highly valued in [[construction]], furniture production, [[wood-carving]] and [[cooper (profession)|cooper]]age. The tree is also exceptionally good at adapting to severe mountain climate conditions, which makes it a valuable species for [[afforestation]] on high terrain for protection against [[erosion]]. The local population use ''P. peuce'' [[resin]] to cure wounds, [[Chest|pectoral]], skin and stomach diseases, [[varicose veins]] and other illnesses.<ref name="alexandrov11"/>
Macedonian pine is also a popular ornamental tree in [[park]]s and large [[garden]]s, giving reliable steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least -45 °C, and also of wind exposure. It is locally [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in [[Punkaharju]] in eastern Finland.<ref name=gymnosperm/>
Like other European and [[Asia]]n white pines, Macedonian pine is very resistant to [[white pine blister rust]] (''Cronartium ribicola'').<ref name=soegaard>Søegaard, B. (1972). Relative blister rust resistance of native and introduced white pines in Europe. Pages 233–239 in Bingham, R. T. et al., eds. Biology of Rust Resistance in Forest Trees. ''U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ''. 1221.</ref><ref name=popnikola>Popnikola, N., M. Jovancevic, and M. Vidakovic. 1978. Genetics of Pinus peuce Gris. ''Annales Forestales'' 7/6: 187-206.</ref> This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from [[Europe]] into [[North America]], where it has caused severe mortality in the American native white pines (e.g. [[western white pine]], [[sugar pine]], [[whitebark pine]]) in many areas. Macedonian pine is of great value for research into hybridisation and genetic modification to develop rust resistance in these species; hybrids with [[eastern white pine]] inherit some resistance.<ref name=popnikola/>
==Other==
Synonyms include ''Pinus cembra'' var. ''fruticosa'' Griseb.,<ref>{{WCSP|380345}}</ref> ''Pinus excelsa'' var. ''peuce'' (Griseb.) Beissn.,<ref>Farjon, A. 1998. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. {{ISBN|1-900347-54-7}}.</ref> ''Pinus peuce'' var. ''vermiculata'' Christ,<ref name=popnikola/> and Balkan pine.<ref>Dirr, M. (1997). ''Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia''. Timber Press {{ISBN|978-0-88192-404-6}}, page. 282</ref>
<gallery>
File:Pinus peuce Habitus BotGardBln0906.jpg|Cultivated specimen, Berlin Botanical Gardens
File:Pinus peuce cones.jpg|Foliage and cones
Pinus peuce young female cone - Keila.jpg|Young female cone
</gallery>
== Notes ==
{{Notelist
| notes =
{{efn|name=status|{{Kosovo-note}}}}
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146021}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Pinus peuce}}
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-peuce/ ''Pinus peuce''] - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pinus|peuce]]
[[Category:Flora of Southeastern Europe]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
-| image = Pinus peuce Maliovitsa.jpg
-| image_caption = Trees in native environment, [[Malyovitsa]], [[Rila Mountains]], Bulgaria.
+| image = Penиs monke Maliovitsa.jpg
+| image_caption = Hitler do your mom, [[Malyovitsa]], [[Rila Mountains]], debela churka.
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2017 |title=''Pinus peuce'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T34193A95751594 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status No Nut November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2017 |title=''Pinus peuce'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T34193A95751594 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Pinus peuce</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Pen%D0%B8s_monke_Maliovitsa.jpg" class="new" title="File:Penиs monke Maliovitsa.jpg">File:Penиs monke Maliovitsa.jpg</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Hitler do your mom, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malyovitsa" title="Malyovitsa">Malyovitsa</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rila_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Rila Mountains">Rila Mountains</a>, debela churka.
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a><small> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_No_Nut_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_No_Nut_November_2021-1">[1]</a></sup></small></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pinus_subsect._Strobus" title="edit"><img alt="edit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Division:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine"><i>Pinus</i></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subgenus:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_subg._Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus subg. Strobus"><i>P.</i> subg. <i>Strobus</i></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Section:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_sect._Quinquefoliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus sect. Quinquefoliae"><i>P. <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Quinquefoliae</i></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subsection:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_subsect._Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus subsect. Strobus"><i>P. <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Strobus</i></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. peuce</b></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Pinus peuce</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Heinrich_Rudolf_Grisebach" class="mw-redirect" title="August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach">Griseb.</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_peuce_range.svg" class="image"><img alt="Pinus peuce range.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pinus_peuce_range.svg/220px-Pinus_peuce_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pinus_peuce_range.svg/330px-Pinus_peuce_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pinus_peuce_range.svg/440px-Pinus_peuce_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="886" /></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution range of <i>Pinus peuce</i>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Pinus peuce</b></i> (<b>Macedonian pine</b><sup id="cite_ref-BSBI07_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI07-2">[2]</a></sup> or <b>Balkan pine</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>) (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>/<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: молика, molika; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: бяла мура, Byala mura) is a species of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> native to the mountains of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-status_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-4">[a]</a></sup> the extreme southwest of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and the extreme north of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-farjon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farjon-5">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gymnosperm-6">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> growing typically at (600-) 1,000-2,200 (-2,300) m altitude. It often reaches the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">alpine tree line</a> in this area. The mature size is up to 35–40 m height, and 1.5 m trunk diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-farjon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farjon-5">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gymnosperm-6">[5]</a></sup> However, the height of the tree diminishes strongly near the upper forest limit and may even obtain shrub sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-alexandrov11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexandrov11-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is a member of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus classification">white pine</a> group, <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i> subgenus <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobus">Strobus</a></i>, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are 6–11 cm long. Its pine cones are mostly 8–16 cm long, occasionally up to 20 cm long, green at first, becoming yellow-brown when mature, with broad, flat to downcurved scales. The 6–7 mm long <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> have a 2 cm wing and can be wind-dispersed, but are also very often dispersed by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_nutcracker" title="Spotted nutcracker">spotted nutcrackers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-farjon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farjon-5">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gymnosperm-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Use"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Use">Use</span></h2>
<p>Macedonian pine is one of the most valuable <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> species in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a>. Its durable wood is highly valued in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, furniture production, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-carving">wood-carving</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">cooperage</a>. The tree is also exceptionally good at adapting to severe mountain climate conditions, which makes it a valuable species for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> on high terrain for protection against <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The local population use <i>P. peuce</i> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> to cure wounds, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">pectoral</a>, skin and stomach diseases, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a> and other illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-alexandrov11_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexandrov11-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Macedonian pine is also a popular ornamental tree in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a> and large <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>, giving reliable steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least -45 °C, and also of wind exposure. It is locally <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalised</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkaharju" title="Punkaharju">Punkaharju</a> in eastern Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gymnosperm-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Like other European and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> white pines, Macedonian pine is very resistant to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pine_blister_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="White pine blister rust">white pine blister rust</a> (<i>Cronartium ribicola</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-soegaard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soegaard-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popnikola_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popnikola-10">[9]</a></sup> This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> into <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, where it has caused severe mortality in the American native white pines (e.g. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_white_pine" title="Western white pine">western white pine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar pine">sugar pine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebark_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitebark pine">whitebark pine</a>) in many areas. Macedonian pine is of great value for research into hybridisation and genetic modification to develop rust resistance in these species; hybrids with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_white_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern white pine">eastern white pine</a> inherit some resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-popnikola_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popnikola-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span></h2>
<p>Synonyms include <i>Pinus cembra</i> var. <i>fruticosa</i> Griseb.,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> <i>Pinus excelsa</i> var. <i>peuce</i> (Griseb.) Beissn.,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> <i>Pinus peuce</i> var. <i>vermiculata</i> Christ,<sup id="cite_ref-popnikola_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popnikola-10">[9]</a></sup> and Balkan pine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_peuce_Habitus_BotGardBln0906.jpg" class="image" title="Cultivated specimen, Berlin Botanical Gardens"><img alt="Cultivated specimen, Berlin Botanical Gardens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pinus_peuce_Habitus_BotGardBln0906.jpg/64px-Pinus_peuce_Habitus_BotGardBln0906.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1904" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Cultivated specimen, Berlin Botanical Gardens
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_peuce_cones.jpg" class="image" title="Foliage and cones"><img alt="Foliage and cones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pinus_peuce_cones.jpg/90px-Pinus_peuce_cones.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Foliage and cones
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_peuce_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg" class="image" title="Young female cone"><img alt="Young female cone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pinus_peuce_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg/80px-Pinus_peuce_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Young female cone
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-status-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-status_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">political status of Kosovo</a> is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in 2008, Kosovo <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">is formally recognised as an independent state</a> by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-iucn_status_No_Nut_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_No_Nut_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarjon,_A.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Farjon, A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/34193/95751594">"<i>Pinus peuce</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T34193A95751594. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Pinus+peuce&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T34193A95751594&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T34193A95751594.en&rft.au=Farjon%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F34193%2F95751594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+peuce" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BSBI07-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSBI07_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBSBI2007" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls"><i>BSBI List 2007</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(xls)</span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland">Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsbi.org/download/3542/">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(xls)</span> on 2015-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BSBI+List+2007&rft.pub=Botanical+Society+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbsbi.org%2Fdownload%2F3542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+peuce" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Dirr - Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia, , Timber Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881924046" title="Special:BookSources/9780881924046">9780881924046</a>, page. 282</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-farjon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farjon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farjon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farjon_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farjon, A. (2005). <i>Pines. Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus</i>, ed.2. Brill, Leiden <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13916-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13916-8">90-04-13916-8</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-gymnosperm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gymnosperm_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gymnosperm Database <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/peuce.htm"><i>Pinus peuce</i></a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critchfield, W. B., & Little, E. L. (1966). Geographic distribution of the pines of the World. <i>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ</i>. 991.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-alexandrov11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alexandrov11_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexandrov11_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrov,_A.Andonovski,_V.2011" class="citation cs2">Alexandrov, A. & Andonovski, V. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1508_Macedonian_pine_Pinus_peuce.pdf"><i>Macedonian pine - </i>Pinus peuce<i>: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme" title="European Forest Genetic Resources Programme">European Forest Genetic Resources Programme</a>, p. 6 pp</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonian+pine+-+Pinus+peuce%3A+Technical+guidelines+for+genetic+conservation+and+use&rft.pages=6+pp&rft.pub=European+Forest+Genetic+Resources+Programme&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Alexandrov%2C+A.&rft.au=Andonovski%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.euforgen.org%2Ffileadmin%2F%2Ftemplates%2Feuforgen.org%2Fupload%2FPublications%2FTechnical_guidelines%2F1508_Macedonian_pine_Pinus_peuce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+peuce" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-soegaard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soegaard_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Søegaard, B. (1972). Relative blister rust resistance of native and introduced white pines in Europe. Pages 233–239 in Bingham, R. T. et al., eds. Biology of Rust Resistance in Forest Trees. <i>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ</i>. 1221.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-popnikola-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popnikola_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popnikola_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popnikola_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Popnikola, N., M. Jovancevic, and M. Vidakovic. 1978. Genetics of Pinus peuce Gris. <i>Annales Forestales</i> 7/6: 187-206.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=380345">"<i>Pinus peuce</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> (WCSP)</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families+%28WCSP%29&rft.atitle=Pinus+peuce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwcsp.science.kew.org%2Fnamedetail.do%3Fname_id%3D380345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+peuce" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farjon, A. 1998. <i>World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900347-54-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-900347-54-7">1-900347-54-7</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirr, M. (1997). <i>Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia</i>. Timber Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-404-6">978-0-88192-404-6</a>, page. 282</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146021" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q146021">Q146021</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_peuce" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pinus peuce">Pinus peuce</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/wd/pinus-peuce/">pinus-peuce</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/77L6F">77L6F</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/991102">991102</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PIUPE">PIUPE</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/150606">150606</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5285079">5285079</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28524">28524</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/135730">135730</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/263209-1">263209-1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=822559">822559</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/34193">34193</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000014779">NBNSYS0000014779</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=71646">71646</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=837891">837891</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/pinus/pinus-peuce/">pinus-peuce</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2562550">kew-2562550</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIPE9">PIPE9</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A263209-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263209-1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24900038">24900038</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000481889">wfo-0000481889</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_peuce" class="extiw" title="commons:Pinus peuce"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pinus peuce</span></a>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-peuce/"><i>Pinus peuce</i></a> - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme" title="European Forest Genetic Resources Programme">European Forest Genetic Resources Programme</a> (EUFORGEN)</li></ul>
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1670347484' |