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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1993 United States-led military operation conducted in Mogadishu, Somalia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Gothic Serpent
| partof = the [[Somali Civil War]] and the [[UNOSOM II]] mission
| image = 75th Ranger Regiment Bravo Company 3rd Batallion Somalia 1993.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[75th Ranger Regiment|Bravo Company, 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment]] in Somalia, 1993.
| date = 22 August 1993 – 13 October 1993
| place = [[Mogadishu, Somalia|Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]
| casus = [[Operation Restore Hope]]<br />[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 837]]<br />Ambush of Pakistani troops on 5 June 1993.
| result = [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM II]] [[tactical victory]]; [[Somali National Alliance]] [[strategic victory]]
* United States withdrawal on 3 March 1994
* United Nations withdrawal on 28 March 1995
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|United States}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
}}
'''Supported by:'''{{plainlist|
* {{flag|Italy}}
* {{flag|South Korea}}
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali National Alliance]]
}}
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|United States|1960|size=23px}} [[William F. Garrison]]
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Somalia|size=23px}} [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]
| strength1 = 30,000+ combined troops
| strength2 = 4,000–6,000+ [[militia]] mixed with civilian combatants
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|United States}} 19 killed
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} 25 killed
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} 1 killed, 94 wounded, 1 captured
}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
* 315 killed (including civilians)
* 812 wounded (including civilians)
* 22 captured (2 key targets included)
}}
| notes =
| map_type = Somalia#Africa
| coordinates = {{coord|02|02|N|45|20|E|region:SO-BN|display=inline,title}}
| map_label = Mogadishu
| map_caption = Location of the operation within Somalia##Mogadishu, Somalia, shown relative to the rest of [[Africa]]
}}
{{Campaignbox United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992-1995)}}
{{Campaignbox Somali Civil War}}
'''Operation Gothic Serpent''' was a [[military operation]] conducted in [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]], by an [[United States|American]]-led coalition during the [[Somali Civil War]] in 1993. The primary objective of the operation was to capture [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]], a Somalian military officer who was wanted by the Unified Task Force after his attacks against United Nations troops in 1992. The operation took place from August to October 1993 and was supervised by the United States' [[Joint Special Operations Command]] (JSOC).
As part of the operation, troops were deployed on a coalition mission to arrest two of Aidid's [[lieutenant]]s. The mission ultimately culminated in what became known as the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|1993 Battle of Mogadishu]]. The battle was a disaster for coalition troops and resulted in a major [[strategic victory]] for [[Somali National Alliance]] forces, with American, [[Malaysia]]n and [[Pakistan]]i forces suffering heavy losses. The battle of Mogadishu remains one of the most devastating defeats experienced in close combat by American troops.<ref name="online">Cori Elizabeth Dauber, "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations." ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 4.4 (2001): 653-687 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cori_Dauber/publication/236815694_The_Shot_Seen_%27Round_the_World_The_Impact_of_the_Images_of_Mogadishu_on_American_Military_Operations/links/576941a708ae2d7145ba7bbe.pdf online].</ref> The aftermath of this confrontation shifted [[Foreign policy of the United States|American foreign policy]] and led to an eventual termination of the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|United Nations mission in Somalia]] in 1995.
==Background==
In December 1992, US President [[George H. W. Bush]] ordered the military to join the UN in a joint operation known as [[Unified Task Force|Operation Restore Hope]], with the primary mission of
order in Somalia. The country was racked by civil war and a severe [[famine]] as it was ruled by a number of [[Rebellion|faction leaders]]. Over the next several months, the situation deteriorated.
On 20 January 1993, Bush's successor, [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]], took office.
In May 1993, all the parties involved in the civil war agreed to a disarmament conference proposed by the leading Somali faction leader, [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]. The [[Somali National Alliance]] had been formed in June 1992. This alliance consisted of faction leaders across the country, operating under Aidid's authority, Aidid having declared himself Somalia's president. A great number of Somali civilians also resented the international forces, leading many, including women and children, to take up arms and actively resist US forces during fighting in Mogadishu.
On 5 June 1993, one of the deadliest attacks on UN forces in Somalia occurred when 24 [[Pakistan]]i soldiers were ambushed and killed in an Aidid-controlled area of [[Mogadishu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=26 UN Troops Reported Dead in Somalia Combat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/world/26-un-troops-reported-dead-in-somalia-combat.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1993}}</ref>
Any hope of a peaceful resolution of the conflict quickly vanished. The next day, the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] issued [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 837|Resolution 837]], calling for the arrest and trial of those that carried out the ambush. US warplanes and UN troops began an attack on Aidid's stronghold. Aidid remained defiant, and the violence between Somalis and UN forces escalated.
==Task Force Ranger==
On 8 August 1993, Aidid's militia detonated a remote controlled bomb against a US Army vehicle, killing four Military Police soldiers. Two weeks later, another bomb injured seven more.<ref name=bowden34>{{cite book | last=Bowden | first=Mark | title=Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War | location=New York | publisher=Signet | year=1999 | page=[https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00mark/page/114 114] | isbn=978-0802144737 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00mark/page/114 }}</ref> In response, President Clinton approved the proposal to deploy a special task force, composed of 400 [[75th Ranger Regiment (United States)|US Army Rangers]] and [[Delta Force]] operators.<ref>Brune, Lester H. (1999) ''The United States and Post-Cold War Interventions'', Regina Books, {{ISBN|0941690903}} p. 31</ref> This unit, named [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Task Force Ranger]], consisted of 160 elite US troops. They flew to Mogadishu and began a manhunt for Aidid.
On 22 August, the force was deployed to Somalia under the command of [[William F. Garrison|Major General William F. Garrison]], JSOC's commander at the time.
The force consisted of:
* B Company, [[3rd Ranger Battalion (United States)|3rd Battalion]], [[75th Ranger Regiment (United States)|75th Ranger Regiment]]
* C Squadron, [[Delta Force|1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta]] (1st SFOD-D)
* A deployment package of 16 helicopters and personnel from the [[160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)|160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment]] (160th SOAR), which included [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|MH-60 Black Hawks]] and [[MD Helicopters MH-6 Little Bird|AH/MH-6 Little Birds]].
* [[United States Navy SEALs|Navy SEALs]] from the [[SEAL Team Six|Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] (DEVGRU)
* [[United States Air Force Pararescue|Air Force Pararescuemen]] and [[United States Air Force Combat Control Team|Combat Controllers]] from the [[24th Special Tactics Squadron]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shadowspear.com/special-operations-news/rangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html |first=Tracy A |last=Bailey |title=Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent |publisher=ShadowSpear Special Operations |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=13 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304072529/http://shadowspear.com/special-operations-news/rangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html |archive-date=4 March 2010}}</ref>
==General situation==
In Mogadishu, the task force occupied an old [[hangar]] and construction [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]] under primitive conditions. The force lacked on-site [[Water|potable water]] and was subject to frequent [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] fire.
During September, the force conducted several successful missions to arrest sympathizers and to confiscate arms caches. The aircraft also made frequent flights over the city to desensitize the public to the presence of military aircraft and to familiarize themselves with the city's narrow streets and alleys (see [[Psychological warfare|PSYOPs]]).
On 21 September, the force captured [[Mohammed Aidid|Aidid]]'s financier, [[Osman Ali Atto]], when a Delta team intercepted a vehicle convoy transporting him out of the city.
At approximately 0200 on 25 September, Aidid's men shot down a Black Hawk with an [[RPG-7|RPG]] and killed three crew members at New Port near Mogadishu. Although the helicopter was not part of a Task Force Ranger mission, the Black Hawk destruction was a huge SNA psychological victory.<ref>Bowden 1999 pp.133.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chun|first=Clayton K.S. |title=Gothic Serpent: Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu 1993''. Osprey Raid Series #31 | publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |year=2012 | page=32}}</ref>
==Battle of Mogadishu==
{{Main|Battle of Mogadishu (1993)}}
[[File:Black Hawk Down Rangers under fire October 3, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Task Force Ranger under fire in Somalia – 3 October 1993]]
On the afternoon of 3 October 1993, informed that two leaders of Aidid's clan were at a residence in the "Black Sea" neighborhood in Mogadishu,<ref>Clinton, Bill. My Life. New York: Knopf, 2004.</ref> the task force sent 19 aircraft, 12 vehicles, and 160 men to arrest them. During the mission, Private Todd Blackburn (who, contrary to the [[Black Hawk Down (film)|film adaptation of the events]], arrived in Somalia at the same time as the rest of the 75th Ranger Regiment) missed the rope while [[fast-roping]] from an [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|MH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopter. He fell 70 feet to the street below, badly injuring himself.
The two Somali leaders were quickly arrested. The prisoners and Blackburn were loaded on a convoy of ground vehicles. However, armed militiamen and civilians, some of them women and children, converged on the target area from all over the city. Sergeant Dominick Pilla and a Somali combatant spotted each other and fired at the same time. Both were killed. The operation's commanders were stunned to hear that a soldier had been killed, as they expected no [[Casualty (person)|casualties]] during the operation. During the battle's first hours, a MH-60 Black Hawk, ''Super Six One'', piloted by Cliff Wolcott, was shot down by a Somali combatant using a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] (RPG). Both of the pilots were killed, but the crew survived the crash landing.
Later, another Black Hawk helicopter, ''Super Six Four'', was shot down by an RPG fired from the ground. No rescue team was immediately available, and the small surviving crew, including one of the pilots, [[Michael Durant]], couldn't move. Two Delta snipers – Master Sergeant [[Gary Gordon]] and Sergeant First Class [[Randy Shughart]] provided cover from a helicopter, and repeatedly volunteered to secure the crash site. On their third try, they were given permission, both men aware that it would probably cost them their lives. When they arrived, they attempted to secure the site, but Gordon was killed, leaving only Durant and Shughart. Eventually, after holding off and killing more than 25 Somalis, Shughart was killed and Durant taken hostage. Shughart and Gordon were both posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for their actions.
Meanwhile, the remaining Rangers and Delta operators fought their way to the first crash site, where they found the crew. They soon found themselves surrounded by Somali [[Habar Gidir|Habr Gidr]] militia. The Somali commander, Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale, decided to kill the US troops with mortar fire, and Somali militia prepared to bombard the besieged Americans with 60mm mortars. However, Colonel Giumale called off the mortar strike after information of possible [[civilian]] [[hostage]]s arose. Repeated attempts by the Somalis to overrun US positions were beaten back with heavy small arms fire accompanied by strafing and rocket fire from helicopters. A rescue convoy was organized, made up of the US Army's [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]] and Malaysian and Pakistani forces. In heavy combat with the Somalis, the rescue convoy broke through the encirclement and rescued the besieged forces.
The mission's objective of capturing Aidid's associates was accomplished, but the battle turned out to be the most difficult [[close combat]] that US troops had engaged in since the [[Vietnam War]]. In the end, two [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|MH-60 Black Hawks]] were shot down, another was seriously damaged, and 18 US soldiers and both a Malaysian and a Pakistani soldier on the rescue convoy were killed, and 82 were wounded. Estimates of Somali fatalities are around 1,000 militiamen killed during the battle, with over 3,000 wounded. The American public was outraged at the failure and demanded a withdrawal.<ref name="online"/>
==6 October mortar attack==
Two days after the battle's end, Somali militiamen launched a mortar strike on a US compound that killed Delta operator Sergeant First Class Matt Rierson and injured another 12 Delta operators.
==US withdrawal==
Following the battle, President Clinton ordered that additional troops be added to protect US soldiers and aid in withdrawal. Clinton called for a full withdrawal by 31 March 1994. Conforming to this request, most troops were out of the country by 25 March 1994. A few hundred US Marines remained offshore, but all US and United Nations troops were finally removed from the area at the conclusion of [[Operation United Shield]] in March 1995.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm#p24|title=The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994|last=Stewart|first=Richard W.|date=24 February 2006|work=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|publisher=United States Military|access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref>
==Legacy==
US Secretary of Defense [[Les Aspin]] resigned his post late in 1993. He was specifically blamed for denying the US Army permission to have its own armor units in place in Somalia, units which might have been able to break through to the trapped soldiers earlier in the battle. US political leaders thought the presence of tanks would spoil the peacekeeping image of the mission.<ref name="history"/>
[[Osama bin Laden]], who was living in [[Sudan]] at the time, cited this operation, in particular US withdrawal, as an example of American weakness and vulnerability to an attack.
==In popular culture==
* The battle is portrayed in the book ''[[Black Hawk Down (book)|Black Hawk Down]]'', the [[Black Hawk Down (film)|film of the same name]], the [[NovaLogic]] video game ''[[Delta Force: Black Hawk Down]]'', the [[board wargame]] ''[[Mark H. Walker|Lock 'n Load: A Day of Heroes]]'', and in [[Howard E. Wasdin]]'s autobiography, ''SEAL Team Six''.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* Allard, Colonel Kenneth, ''Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned'', [[National Defense University Press]] (1995).
* Dauber. Cori Elizabeth. "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations." ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 4.4 (2001): 653-687 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cori_Dauber/publication/236815694_The_Shot_Seen_%27Round_the_World_The_Impact_of_the_Images_of_Mogadishu_on_American_Military_Operations/links/576941a708ae2d7145ba7bbe.pdf online].
* Dolan, Ronald E. ''A History of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724222812/http://helpingsoar.com/history160.htm Chapter IX: Somalia/Operation Gothic Serpent]. Washington, DC: ''Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]''. October 2001.
* [[Vernon Loeb|Loeb, Vernon]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040921232439/http://somaliawatch.org/archivejuly/000927601.htm The CIA in Somalia: After-Action Report]. Washington: ''[[Washington Post Magazine]]''. 27 February 2000.
* Chun, Clayton K.S., ''Gothic Serpent: Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu 1993''. Osprey Raid Series #31. [[Osprey Publishing]] (2012). {{ISBN|978-1849085847}}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Operations involving American special forces|Gothic Serpent]]
[[Category:Wars involving Somalia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1993]]
[[Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army Rangers]]
[[Category:Urban warfare]]
[[Category:1993 in Somalia]]
[[Category:United Nations operations in Somalia]]
[[Category:20th century in Mogadishu]]
[[Category:Battle of Mogadishu (1993)]]
[[Category:Pakistan military presence in other countries]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '==Background==
In December 1992, US President [[George H. W. Bush]] ordered the military to join the UN in a joint operation known as [[Unified Task Force|Operation Restore Hope]], with the primary mission of
order in Somalia. The country was racked by civil war and a severe [[famine]] as it was ruled by a number of [[Rebellion|faction leaders]]. Over the next several months, the situation deteriorated.
On 20 January 1993, Bush's successor, [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]], took office.
In May 1993, all the parties involved in the civil war agreed to a disarmament conference proposed by the leading Somali faction leader, [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]. The [[Somali National Alliance]] had been formed in June 1992. This alliance consisted of faction leaders across the country, operating under Aidid's authority, Aidid having declared himself Somalia's president. A great number of Somali civilians also resented the international forces, leading many, including women and children, to take up arms and actively resist US forces during fighting in Mogadishu.
On 5 June 1993, one of the deadliest attacks on UN forces in Somalia occurred when 24 [[Pakistan]]i soldiers were ambushed and killed in an Aidid-controlled area of [[Mogadishu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=26 UN Troops Reported Dead in Somalia Combat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/world/26-un-troops-reported-dead-in-somalia-combat.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1993}}</ref>
Any hope of a peaceful resolution of the conflict quickly vanished. The next day, the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] issued [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 837|Resolution 837]], calling for the arrest and trial of those that carried out the ambush. US warplanes and UN troops began an attack on Aidid's stronghold. Aidid remained defiant, and the violence between Somalis and UN forces escalated.
==Task Force Ranger==
On 8 August 1993, Aidid's militia detonated a remote controlled bomb against a US Army vehicle, killing four Military Police soldiers. Two weeks later, another bomb injured seven more.<ref name=bowden34>{{cite book | last=Bowden | first=Mark | title=Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War | location=New York | publisher=Signet | year=1999 | page=[https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00mark/page/114 114] | isbn=978-0802144737 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00mark/page/114 }}</ref> In response, President Clinton approved the proposal to deploy a special task force, composed of 400 [[75th Ranger Regiment (United States)|US Army Rangers]] and [[Delta Force]] operators.<ref>Brune, Lester H. (1999) ''The United States and Post-Cold War Interventions'', Regina Books, {{ISBN|0941690903}} p. 31</ref> This unit, named [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Task Force Ranger]], consisted of 160 elite US troops. They flew to Mogadishu and began a manhunt for Aidid.
On 22 August, the force was deployed to Somalia under the command of [[William F. Garrison|Major General William F. Garrison]], JSOC's commander at the time.
The force consisted of:
* B Company, [[3rd Ranger Battalion (United States)|3rd Battalion]], [[75th Ranger Regiment (United States)|75th Ranger Regiment]]
* C Squadron, [[Delta Force|1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta]] (1st SFOD-D)
* A deployment package of 16 helicopters and personnel from the [[160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)|160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment]] (160th SOAR), which included [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|MH-60 Black Hawks]] and [[MD Helicopters MH-6 Little Bird|AH/MH-6 Little Birds]].
* [[United States Navy SEALs|Navy SEALs]] from the [[SEAL Team Six|Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] (DEVGRU)
* [[United States Air Force Pararescue|Air Force Pararescuemen]] and [[United States Air Force Combat Control Team|Combat Controllers]] from the [[24th Special Tactics Squadron]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shadowspear.com/special-operations-news/rangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html |first=Tracy A |last=Bailey |title=Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent |publisher=ShadowSpear Special Operations |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=13 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304072529/http://shadowspear.com/special-operations-news/rangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html |archive-date=4 March 2010}}</ref>
==General situation==
In Mogadishu, the task force occupied an old [[hangar]] and construction [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]] under primitive conditions. The force lacked on-site [[Water|potable water]] and was subject to frequent [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] fire.
During September, the force conducted several successful missions to arrest sympathizers and to confiscate arms caches. The aircraft also made frequent flights over the city to desensitize the public to the presence of military aircraft and to familiarize themselves with the city's narrow streets and alleys (see [[Psychological warfare|PSYOPs]]).
On 21 September, the force captured [[Mohammed Aidid|Aidid]]'s financier, [[Osman Ali Atto]], when a Delta team intercepted a vehicle convoy transporting him out of the city.
At approximately 0200 on 25 September, Aidid's men shot down a Black Hawk with an [[RPG-7|RPG]] and killed three crew members at New Port near Mogadishu. Although the helicopter was not part of a Task Force Ranger mission, the Black Hawk destruction was a huge SNA psychological victory.<ref>Bowden 1999 pp.133.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chun|first=Clayton K.S. |title=Gothic Serpent: Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu 1993''. Osprey Raid Series #31 | publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |year=2012 | page=32}}</ref>
==Battle of Mogadishu==
{{Main|Battle of Mogadishu (1993)}}
[[File:Black Hawk Down Rangers under fire October 3, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Task Force Ranger under fire in Somalia – 3 October 1993]]
On the afternoon of 3 October 1993, informed that two leaders of Aidid's clan were at a residence in the "Black Sea" neighborhood in Mogadishu,<ref>Clinton, Bill. My Life. New York: Knopf, 2004.</ref> the task force sent 19 aircraft, 12 vehicles, and 160 men to arrest them. During the mission, Private Todd Blackburn (who, contrary to the [[Black Hawk Down (film)|film adaptation of the events]], arrived in Somalia at the same time as the rest of the 75th Ranger Regiment) missed the rope while [[fast-roping]] from an [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|MH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopter. He fell 70 feet to the street below, badly injuring himself.
The two Somali leaders were quickly arrested. The prisoners and Blackburn were loaded on a convoy of ground vehicles. However, armed militiamen and civilians, some of them women and children, converged on the target area from all over the city. Sergeant Dominick Pilla and a Somali combatant spotted each other and fired at the same time. Both were killed. The operation's commanders were stunned to hear that a soldier had been killed, as they expected no [[Casualty (person)|casualties]] during the operation. During the battle's first hours, a MH-60 Black Hawk, ''Super Six One'', piloted by Cliff Wolcott, was shot down by a Somali combatant using a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] (RPG). Both of the pilots were killed, but the crew survived the crash landing.
Later, another Black Hawk helicopter, ''Super Six Four'', was shot down by an RPG fired from the ground. No rescue team was immediately available, and the small surviving crew, including one of the pilots, [[Michael Durant]], couldn't move. Two Delta snipers – Master Sergeant [[Gary Gordon]] and Sergeant First Class [[Randy Shughart]] provided cover from a helicopter, and repeatedly volunteered to secure the crash site. On their third try, they were given permission, both men aware that it would probably cost them their lives. When they arrived, they attempted to secure the site, but Gordon was killed, leaving only Durant and Shughart. Eventually, after holding off and killing more than 25 Somalis, Shughart was killed and Durant taken hostage. Shughart and Gordon were both posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for their actions.
Meanwhile, the remaining Rangers and Delta operators fought their way to the first crash site, where they found the crew. They soon found themselves surrounded by Somali [[Habar Gidir|Habr Gidr]] militia. The Somali commander, Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale, decided to kill the US troops with mortar fire, and Somali militia prepared to bombard the besieged Americans with 60mm mortars. However, Colonel Giumale called off the mortar strike after information of possible [[civilian]] [[hostage]]s arose. Repeated attempts by the Somalis to overrun US positions were beaten back with heavy small arms fire accompanied by strafing and rocket fire from helicopters. A rescue convoy was organized, made up of the US Army's [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]] and Malaysian and Pakistani forces. In heavy combat with the Somalis, the rescue convoy broke through the encirclement and rescued the besieged forces.
The mission's objective of capturing Aidid's associates was accomplished, but the battle turned out to be the most difficult [[close combat]] that US troops had engaged in since the [[Vietnam War]]. In the end, two [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|MH-60 Black Hawks]] were shot down, another was seriously damaged, and 18 US soldiers and both a Malaysian and a Pakistani soldier on the rescue convoy were killed, and 82 were wounded. Estimates of Somali fatalities are around 1,000 militiamen killed during the battle, with over 3,000 wounded. The American public was outraged at the failure and demanded a withdrawal.<ref name="online"/>
==6 October mortar attack==
Two days after the battle's end, Somali militiamen launched a mortar strike on a US compound that killed Delta operator Sergeant First Class Matt Rierson and injured another 12 Delta operators.
==US withdrawal==
Following the battle, President Clinton ordered that additional troops be added to protect US soldiers and aid in withdrawal. Clinton called for a full withdrawal by 31 March 1994. Conforming to this request, most troops were out of the country by 25 March 1994. A few hundred US Marines remained offshore, but all US and United Nations troops were finally removed from the area at the conclusion of [[Operation United Shield]] in March 1995.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm#p24|title=The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994|last=Stewart|first=Richard W.|date=24 February 2006|work=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|publisher=United States Military|access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref>
==Legacy==
US Secretary of Defense [[Les Aspin]] resigned his post late in 1993. He was specifically blamed for denying the US Army permission to have its own armor units in place in Somalia, units which might have been able to break through to the trapped soldiers earlier in the battle. US political leaders thought the presence of tanks would spoil the peacekeeping image of the mission.<ref name="history"/>
[[Osama bin Laden]], who was living in [[Sudan]] at the time, cited this operation, in particular US withdrawal, as an example of American weakness and vulnerability to an attack.
==In popular culture==
* The battle is portrayed in the book ''[[Black Hawk Down (book)|Black Hawk Down]]'', the [[Black Hawk Down (film)|film of the same name]], the [[NovaLogic]] video game ''[[Delta Force: Black Hawk Down]]'', the [[board wargame]] ''[[Mark H. Walker|Lock 'n Load: A Day of Heroes]]'', and in [[Howard E. Wasdin]]'s autobiography, ''SEAL Team Six''.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* Allard, Colonel Kenneth, ''Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned'', [[National Defense University Press]] (1995).
* Dauber. Cori Elizabeth. "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations." ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 4.4 (2001): 653-687 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cori_Dauber/publication/236815694_The_Shot_Seen_%27Round_the_World_The_Impact_of_the_Images_of_Mogadishu_on_American_Military_Operations/links/576941a708ae2d7145ba7bbe.pdf online].
* Dolan, Ronald E. ''A History of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724222812/http://helpingsoar.com/history160.htm Chapter IX: Somalia/Operation Gothic Serpent]. Washington, DC: ''Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]''. October 2001.
* [[Vernon Loeb|Loeb, Vernon]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040921232439/http://somaliawatch.org/archivejuly/000927601.htm The CIA in Somalia: After-Action Report]. Washington: ''[[Washington Post Magazine]]''. 27 February 2000.
* Chun, Clayton K.S., ''Gothic Serpent: Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu 1993''. Osprey Raid Series #31. [[Osprey Publishing]] (2012). {{ISBN|978-1849085847}}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Operations involving American special forces|Gothic Serpent]]
[[Category:Wars involving Somalia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1993]]
[[Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army Rangers]]
[[Category:Urban warfare]]
[[Category:1993 in Somalia]]
[[Category:United Nations operations in Somalia]]
[[Category:20th century in Mogadishu]]
[[Category:Battle of Mogadishu (1993)]]
[[Category:Pakistan military presence in other countries]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,56 +1,2 @@
-{{Short description|1993 United States-led military operation conducted in Mogadishu, Somalia}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
-{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2021}}
-{{Infobox military conflict
-| conflict = Operation Gothic Serpent
-| partof = the [[Somali Civil War]] and the [[UNOSOM II]] mission
-| image = 75th Ranger Regiment Bravo Company 3rd Batallion Somalia 1993.jpg
-| image_size = 300px
-| caption = [[75th Ranger Regiment|Bravo Company, 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment]] in Somalia, 1993.
-| date = 22 August 1993 – 13 October 1993
-| place = [[Mogadishu, Somalia|Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]
-| casus = [[Operation Restore Hope]]<br />[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 837]]<br />Ambush of Pakistani troops on 5 June 1993.
-| result = [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM II]] [[tactical victory]]; [[Somali National Alliance]] [[strategic victory]]
-* United States withdrawal on 3 March 1994
-* United Nations withdrawal on 28 March 1995
-| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
-* {{flag|United States}}
-* {{flag|Pakistan}}
-* {{flag|Malaysia}}
-}}
-'''Supported by:'''{{plainlist|
-* {{flag|Italy}}
-* {{flag|South Korea}}
-}}
-| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
-* {{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali National Alliance]]
-}}
-| commander1 = {{flagdeco|United States|1960|size=23px}} [[William F. Garrison]]
-| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Somalia|size=23px}} [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]
-| strength1 = 30,000+ combined troops
-| strength2 = 4,000–6,000+ [[militia]] mixed with civilian combatants
-| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
-* {{flagicon|United States}} 19 killed
-* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} 25 killed
-* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} 1 killed, 94 wounded, 1 captured
-}}
-| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
-* 315 killed (including civilians)
-* 812 wounded (including civilians)
-* 22 captured (2 key targets included)
-}}
-| notes =
-| map_type = Somalia#Africa
-| coordinates = {{coord|02|02|N|45|20|E|region:SO-BN|display=inline,title}}
-| map_label = Mogadishu
-| map_caption = Location of the operation within Somalia##Mogadishu, Somalia, shown relative to the rest of [[Africa]]
-}}
-{{Campaignbox United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992-1995)}}
-{{Campaignbox Somali Civil War}}
-
-'''Operation Gothic Serpent''' was a [[military operation]] conducted in [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]], by an [[United States|American]]-led coalition during the [[Somali Civil War]] in 1993. The primary objective of the operation was to capture [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]], a Somalian military officer who was wanted by the Unified Task Force after his attacks against United Nations troops in 1992. The operation took place from August to October 1993 and was supervised by the United States' [[Joint Special Operations Command]] (JSOC).
-
-As part of the operation, troops were deployed on a coalition mission to arrest two of Aidid's [[lieutenant]]s. The mission ultimately culminated in what became known as the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|1993 Battle of Mogadishu]]. The battle was a disaster for coalition troops and resulted in a major [[strategic victory]] for [[Somali National Alliance]] forces, with American, [[Malaysia]]n and [[Pakistan]]i forces suffering heavy losses. The battle of Mogadishu remains one of the most devastating defeats experienced in close combat by American troops.<ref name="online">Cori Elizabeth Dauber, "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations." ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 4.4 (2001): 653-687 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cori_Dauber/publication/236815694_The_Shot_Seen_%27Round_the_World_The_Impact_of_the_Images_of_Mogadishu_on_American_Military_Operations/links/576941a708ae2d7145ba7bbe.pdf online].</ref> The aftermath of this confrontation shifted [[Foreign policy of the United States|American foreign policy]] and led to an eventual termination of the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|United Nations mission in Somalia]] in 1995.
-
==Background==
In December 1992, US President [[George H. W. Bush]] ordered the military to join the UN in a joint operation known as [[Unified Task Force|Operation Restore Hope]], with the primary mission of
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Task_Force_Ranger"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Task Force Ranger</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#General_situation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">General situation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Battle_of_Mogadishu"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Mogadishu</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#6_October_mortar_attack"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">6 October mortar attack</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#US_withdrawal"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">US withdrawal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2>
<p>In December 1992, US President <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> ordered the military to join the UN in a joint operation known as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Operation Restore Hope</a>, with the primary mission of
</p>
<pre>order in Somalia. The country was racked by civil war and a severe <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> as it was ruled by a number of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">faction leaders</a>. Over the next several months, the situation deteriorated.
</pre>
<p>On 20 January 1993, Bush's successor, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, took office.
</p><p>In May 1993, all the parties involved in the civil war agreed to a disarmament conference proposed by the leading Somali faction leader, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid" title="Mohamed Farrah Aidid">Mohamed Farrah Aidid</a>. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_National_Alliance" title="Somali National Alliance">Somali National Alliance</a> had been formed in June 1992. This alliance consisted of faction leaders across the country, operating under Aidid's authority, Aidid having declared himself Somalia's president. A great number of Somali civilians also resented the international forces, leading many, including women and children, to take up arms and actively resist US forces during fighting in Mogadishu.
</p><p>On 5 June 1993, one of the deadliest attacks on UN forces in Somalia occurred when 24 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> soldiers were ambushed and killed in an Aidid-controlled area of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Any hope of a peaceful resolution of the conflict quickly vanished. The next day, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> issued <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_837" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 837">Resolution 837</a>, calling for the arrest and trial of those that carried out the ambush. US warplanes and UN troops began an attack on Aidid's stronghold. Aidid remained defiant, and the violence between Somalis and UN forces escalated.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Task_Force_Ranger">Task Force Ranger</span></h2>
<p>On 8 August 1993, Aidid's militia detonated a remote controlled bomb against a US Army vehicle, killing four Military Police soldiers. Two weeks later, another bomb injured seven more.<sup id="cite_ref-bowden34_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowden34-2">[2]</a></sup> In response, President Clinton approved the proposal to deploy a special task force, composed of 400 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="75th Ranger Regiment (United States)">US Army Rangers</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a> operators.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> This unit, named <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Task Force Ranger</a>, consisted of 160 elite US troops. They flew to Mogadishu and began a manhunt for Aidid.
</p><p>On 22 August, the force was deployed to Somalia under the command of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Garrison" title="William F. Garrison">Major General William F. Garrison</a>, JSOC's commander at the time.
</p><p>The force consisted of:
</p>
<ul><li>B Company, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Ranger_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Ranger Battalion (United States)">3rd Battalion</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="75th Ranger Regiment (United States)">75th Ranger Regiment</a></li>
<li>C Squadron, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta</a> (1st SFOD-D)</li>
<li>A deployment package of 16 helicopters and personnel from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Special_Operations_Aviation_Regiment_(Airborne)" title="160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)">160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment</a> (160th SOAR), which included <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">MH-60 Black Hawks</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MH-6_Little_Bird" title="MD Helicopters MH-6 Little Bird">AH/MH-6 Little Birds</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">Navy SEALs</a> from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six" title="SEAL Team Six">Naval Special Warfare Development Group</a> (DEVGRU)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Pararescue" title="United States Air Force Pararescue">Air Force Pararescuemen</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Combat_Control_Team" title="United States Air Force Combat Control Team">Combat Controllers</a> from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Special_Tactics_Squadron" title="24th Special Tactics Squadron">24th Special Tactics Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="General_situation">General situation</span></h2>
<p>In Mogadishu, the task force occupied an old <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangar</a> and construction <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)" title="Trailer (vehicle)">trailers</a> under primitive conditions. The force lacked on-site <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">potable water</a> and was subject to frequent <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> fire.
</p><p>During September, the force conducted several successful missions to arrest sympathizers and to confiscate arms caches. The aircraft also made frequent flights over the city to desensitize the public to the presence of military aircraft and to familiarize themselves with the city's narrow streets and alleys (see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">PSYOPs</a>).
</p><p>On 21 September, the force captured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Aidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Aidid">Aidid</a>'s financier, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ali_Atto" title="Osman Ali Atto">Osman Ali Atto</a>, when a Delta team intercepted a vehicle convoy transporting him out of the city.
</p><p>At approximately 0200 on 25 September, Aidid's men shot down a Black Hawk with an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG</a> and killed three crew members at New Port near Mogadishu. Although the helicopter was not part of a Task Force Ranger mission, the Black Hawk destruction was a huge SNA psychological victory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Mogadishu">Battle of Mogadishu</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu (1993)</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_Down_Rangers_under_fire_October_3,_1993.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Black_Hawk_Down_Rangers_under_fire_October_3%2C_1993.jpg/220px-Black_Hawk_Down_Rangers_under_fire_October_3%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="325" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_Down_Rangers_under_fire_October_3,_1993.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Task Force Ranger under fire in Somalia – 3 October 1993</div></div></div>
<p>On the afternoon of 3 October 1993, informed that two leaders of Aidid's clan were at a residence in the "Black Sea" neighborhood in Mogadishu,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> the task force sent 19 aircraft, 12 vehicles, and 160 men to arrest them. During the mission, Private Todd Blackburn (who, contrary to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)" title="Black Hawk Down (film)">film adaptation of the events</a>, arrived in Somalia at the same time as the rest of the 75th Ranger Regiment) missed the rope while <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-roping" title="Fast-roping">fast-roping</a> from an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">MH-60 Black Hawk</a> helicopter. He fell 70 feet to the street below, badly injuring himself.
</p><p>The two Somali leaders were quickly arrested. The prisoners and Blackburn were loaded on a convoy of ground vehicles. However, armed militiamen and civilians, some of them women and children, converged on the target area from all over the city. Sergeant Dominick Pilla and a Somali combatant spotted each other and fired at the same time. Both were killed. The operation's commanders were stunned to hear that a soldier had been killed, as they expected no <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a> during the operation. During the battle's first hours, a MH-60 Black Hawk, <i>Super Six One</i>, piloted by Cliff Wolcott, was shot down by a Somali combatant using a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade</a> (RPG). Both of the pilots were killed, but the crew survived the crash landing.
</p><p>Later, another Black Hawk helicopter, <i>Super Six Four</i>, was shot down by an RPG fired from the ground. No rescue team was immediately available, and the small surviving crew, including one of the pilots, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant" title="Michael Durant">Michael Durant</a>, couldn't move. Two Delta snipers – Master Sergeant <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gordon" title="Gary Gordon">Gary Gordon</a> and Sergeant First Class <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Shughart" title="Randy Shughart">Randy Shughart</a> provided cover from a helicopter, and repeatedly volunteered to secure the crash site. On their third try, they were given permission, both men aware that it would probably cost them their lives. When they arrived, they attempted to secure the site, but Gordon was killed, leaving only Durant and Shughart. Eventually, after holding off and killing more than 25 Somalis, Shughart was killed and Durant taken hostage. Shughart and Gordon were both posthumously awarded the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for their actions.
</p><p>Meanwhile, the remaining Rangers and Delta operators fought their way to the first crash site, where they found the crew. They soon found themselves surrounded by Somali <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir" title="Habar Gidir">Habr Gidr</a> militia. The Somali commander, Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale, decided to kill the US troops with mortar fire, and Somali militia prepared to bombard the besieged Americans with 60mm mortars. However, Colonel Giumale called off the mortar strike after information of possible <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a> arose. Repeated attempts by the Somalis to overrun US positions were beaten back with heavy small arms fire accompanied by strafing and rocket fire from helicopters. A rescue convoy was organized, made up of the US Army's <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Mountain Division (United States)">10th Mountain Division</a> and Malaysian and Pakistani forces. In heavy combat with the Somalis, the rescue convoy broke through the encirclement and rescued the besieged forces.
</p><p>The mission's objective of capturing Aidid's associates was accomplished, but the battle turned out to be the most difficult <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_combat" title="Close combat">close combat</a> that US troops had engaged in since the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In the end, two <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">MH-60 Black Hawks</a> were shot down, another was seriously damaged, and 18 US soldiers and both a Malaysian and a Pakistani soldier on the rescue convoy were killed, and 82 were wounded. Estimates of Somali fatalities are around 1,000 militiamen killed during the battle, with over 3,000 wounded. The American public was outraged at the failure and demanded a withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-online_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="6_October_mortar_attack">6 October mortar attack</span></h2>
<p>Two days after the battle's end, Somali militiamen launched a mortar strike on a US compound that killed Delta operator Sergeant First Class Matt Rierson and injured another 12 Delta operators.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="US_withdrawal">US withdrawal</span></h2>
<p>Following the battle, President Clinton ordered that additional troops be added to protect US soldiers and aid in withdrawal. Clinton called for a full withdrawal by 31 March 1994. Conforming to this request, most troops were out of the country by 25 March 1994. A few hundred US Marines remained offshore, but all US and United Nations troops were finally removed from the area at the conclusion of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_United_Shield" title="Operation United Shield">Operation United Shield</a> in March 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-history_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<p>US Secretary of Defense <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> resigned his post late in 1993. He was specifically blamed for denying the US Army permission to have its own armor units in place in Somalia, units which might have been able to break through to the trapped soldiers earlier in the battle. US political leaders thought the presence of tanks would spoil the peacekeeping image of the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-history_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, who was living in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> at the time, cited this operation, in particular US withdrawal, as an example of American weakness and vulnerability to an attack.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span></h2>
<ul><li>The battle is portrayed in the book <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)" title="Black Hawk Down (book)">Black Hawk Down</a></i>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)" title="Black Hawk Down (film)">film of the same name</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NovaLogic" title="NovaLogic">NovaLogic</a> video game <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force:_Black_Hawk_Down" title="Delta Force: Black Hawk Down">Delta Force: Black Hawk Down</a></i>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_wargame" title="Board wargame">board wargame</a> <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_H._Walker" title="Mark H. Walker">Lock 'n Load: A Day of Heroes</a></i>, and in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Wasdin" title="Howard E. Wasdin">Howard E. Wasdin</a>'s autobiography, <i>SEAL Team Six</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/world/26-un-troops-reported-dead-in-somalia-combat.html">"26 UN Troops Reported Dead in Somalia Combat"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 6, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=26+UN+Troops+Reported+Dead+in+Somalia+Combat&rft.date=1993-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F06%2Fworld%2F26-un-troops-reported-dead-in-somalia-combat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Gothic+Serpent" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bowden34-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bowden34_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBowden1999" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Mark (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00mark/page/114"><i>Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War</i></a></span>. New York: Signet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00mark/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802144737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802144737"><bdi>978-0802144737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Hawk+Down%3A+A+Story+of+Modern+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Signet&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0802144737&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackhawkdownsto00mark%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Gothic+Serpent" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brune, Lester H. (1999) <i>The United States and Post-Cold War Interventions</i>, Regina Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0941690903" title="Special:BookSources/0941690903">0941690903</a> p. 31</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBailey2008" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Tracy A (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304072529/http://shadowspear.com/special-operations-news/rangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html">"Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent"</a>. ShadowSpear Special Operations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shadowspear.com/special-operations-news/rangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rangers+Honor+Fallen+Brothers+of+Operation+Gothic+Serpent&rft.pub=ShadowSpear+Special+Operations&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Tracy+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fshadowspear.com%2Fspecial-operations-news%2Frangers_honor_fallen_brothers_of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Gothic+Serpent" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowden 1999 pp.133.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChun2012" class="citation book cs1">Chun, Clayton K.S. (2012). <i>Gothic Serpent: Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu 1993</i>. Osprey Raid Series #31<i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 32.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Serpent%3A+Black+Hawk+Down%2C+Mogadishu+1993.+Osprey+Raid+Series+%2331&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chun&rft.aufirst=Clayton+K.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Gothic+Serpent" class="Z3988"></span></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton, Bill. My Life. New York: Knopf, 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-online-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-online_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>online</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-history-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFStewart2006" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Richard W. (24 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm#p24">"The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></i>. United States Military<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Army+in+Somalia%2C+1992%E2%80%931994&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2FSomalia%2FSomalia.htm%23p24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Gothic+Serpent" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Allard, Colonel Kenneth, <i>Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned</i>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense University Press">National Defense University Press</a> (1995).</li>
<li>Dauber. Cori Elizabeth. "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations." <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i> 4.4 (2001): 653-687 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cori_Dauber/publication/236815694_The_Shot_Seen_%27Round_the_World_The_Impact_of_the_Images_of_Mogadishu_on_American_Military_Operations/links/576941a708ae2d7145ba7bbe.pdf">online</a>.</li>
<li>Dolan, Ronald E. <i>A History of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724222812/http://helpingsoar.com/history160.htm">Chapter IX: Somalia/Operation Gothic Serpent</a>. Washington, DC: <i>Federal Research Division, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. October 2001.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Loeb" title="Vernon Loeb">Loeb, Vernon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921232439/http://somaliawatch.org/archivejuly/000927601.htm">The CIA in Somalia: After-Action Report</a>. Washington: <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post Magazine">Washington Post Magazine</a></i>. 27 February 2000.</li>
<li>Chun, Clayton K.S., <i>Gothic Serpent: Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu 1993</i>. Osprey Raid Series #31. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a> (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849085847" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849085847">978-1849085847</a></li></ul>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1649346870 |