Sambas Malay
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| Sambas Malay | |
|---|---|
| Base Sambas بيس سمبس | |
| Native to | Indonesia (West Kalimantan) |
| Region | Sambas, Bengkayang and Singkawang |
| Ethnicity | Sambas Malays |
Native speakers | (603,111 cited 1982)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | samb1326 |
 Regencies and cities in West Kalimantan where Sambas Malay is spoken by the majority of the population
Regencies and cities in West Kalimantan where Sambas Malay is spoken by a significant minority of the population | |
Sambas Malay (Sambas Malay: Base Sambas, Jawi: بيس سمبس) is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Malay people living in Sambas Regency in the northwestern part of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is also widely used in Bengkayang and Singkawang, both of which were formerly part of Sambas Regency before being split in 1999 and 2001 respectively.[2] Sambas Malay is closely related to Sarawak Malay, spoken in the neighboring Malaysian state of Sarawak, particularly in terms of vocabulary. The border between Sambas and Sarawak has fostered a long-standing connection between the Sambas Malay community and the Sarawak Malay community, existing even before the formation of Malaysia and Indonesia.[3] It is also more distantly related to other Malay dialects spoken in West Kalimantan, such as Pontianak Malay, which exhibits significant phonological differences.[4]
In Sambas, Sambas Malay serves as a language of interaction and culture, not just among the Sambas Malay people but also with other ethnic groups. This means that Sambas Malay is not only a means of communication within the community but also plays a vital role in preserving cultural elements such as traditional ceremonies and folklore.[5] Nevertheless, most Sambas Malays are bilingual, speaking both Sambas Malay and standard Indonesian. On the other hand, other ethnic groups in Sambas, such as the Chinese and Dayak, are also proficient in Sambas Malay alongside their native tongue and Indonesian. The language is also the primary language of the Sultanate of Sambas, an Islamic sultanate historically ruling the region, though it no longer holds any political power today.[6]
Classification
[edit]Sambas Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[7]
Sambas Malay is closely related to Sarawak Malay, sharing significant lexical similarities. For instance, both dialects use words like kamek for I, pangkong for to hit, and maok for want, among others.[3] Some studies classify Sambas Malay as part of the Coastal Borneo Malay language group, which includes Brunei Malay, Berau Malay, Banjarese, and Kutainese.[8] It is also distantly related to Pontianak Malay and other Malay dialects spoken in other parts of West Kalimantan. However, there are significant differences between Sambas Malay and Pontianak Malay, especially in terms of phonology.[9]
Geographic distribution and usage
[edit]Sambas Malay is predominantly spoken in the northwestern part of West Kalimantan, particularly in Sambas Regency. It is also spoken in the neighboring Bengkayang Regency and the city of Singkawang, both of which were originally part of Sambas Regency before becoming separate administrative regions. The Malay dialect spoken in Singkawang originates from Sambas Malay, as does its culture.[10] However, it has undergone some blending with Indonesian, so it is no longer entirely Sambas Malay. Nevertheless, in northern Singkawang, many residents still use pure Sambas Malay without any mixture, particularly in the Naram subdistrict, where the community remains closely tied to Malay language and culture.[11] Sambas Malay is also spoken in Telok Melano village and other border towns in Sarawak, Malaysia, near the West Kalimantan border. The speakers in these areas are primarily descendants of Sambas Malays who migrated there. However, the use of Sambas Malay is predominantly confined to older generations, as younger residents are generally more fluent in the Kuching dialect of Sarawak Malay.[12][13]
In Malay-populated settlements across Sambas and its surrounding areas, Sambas Malay serves as the primary language for daily communication.[14] For the Sambas Malays, Sambas Malay is used as both a language of social interaction and a cultural language. This means that, in addition to serving as a means of communication among community members, Sambas Malay is also a medium for preserving other cultural aspects, such as traditional performances, ceremonies, and folklore.[15] Most Sambas Malays are bilingual in both Sambas Malay and Indonesian.[15] Code-switching between the two languages is common, especially in settings like markets, where people from diverse ethnic backgrounds are present.[16] In local government offices and schools, Sambas Malay is regarded as a colloquial language and is commonly used in informal settings, while Indonesian is reserved for formal occasions.[17] Sambas Malay also serves as a lingua franca for interethnic communication between Malays and other ethnic groups, such as the Dayak and Chinese communities.[18] Additionally, the Indonesian dialect spoken in Singkawang, Sambas, and the surrounding areas has been significantly influenced by Sambas Malay, particularly in terms of tone and pronunciation.[19]
Dialects
[edit]The Sambas Malay language encompasses several dialects, notably the E and O dialects. The differences in these dialects primarily lies in the phonology. The Malay spoken in the town of Sambas closely resembles the dialect spoken in Ngabang in Landak Regency, the Dayak Nyaduʼ language, and Pontianak Malay. The dialect in the vicinity of the former Panembahan Sambas Kingdom, the precursor to the Sultanate of Sambas, located in Teluk Keramat District, is thought to have been influenced by both Sambas Malay and Javanese. This connection is linked to the history of Panembahan Sambas, established by a king from the Majapahit Kingdom who fled with his entourage from Java. As a result, Sambas Malay dialects in areas such as Teluk Keramat, Sajad, and Paloh display notable Javanese influences.[20]
Phonology
[edit]Sambas Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Sambas Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography, especially the system created by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Vowels
[edit]Like Indonesian and Standard Malay, Sambas Malay has six vowels. These vowels are /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /u/, and /o/,[21]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Notes:
Consonants
[edit]Sambas Malay has 19 consonants.[22]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | h | ||||
| voiced | |||||||
| Approximant | w | l | y | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Notes:
- In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:
Diphthongs
[edit]In Sambas Malay, there are three diphthongs: /ai/, /au/, and /oi/, which are pronounced as [ay], [aw], and [oy], respectively.[23] Examples of the usage of these diphthongs are shown below:
- /ai/: pandai 'smart'
- /au/: wau 'kite'
- /oi/: tanggoi 'hat'
Grammar
[edit]Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Sambas Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Sambas Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay
Affixes
[edit]Affixation, or the process of adding affixes, refers to attaching an affix to a form, whether it is a simple or complex form, to create a new word. In Sambas Malay, there are several types of affixation: prefixation, infixation, suffixation, and circumfixation.[24]
Prefixes
[edit]See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Trimantomo et. al. 1985, p. 1.
- ^ Effendy, Chairil; Asfar, Dedy; Syahrani, Agus; Rahayu, Utari; Jupitasari, Mellisa; Febrianti, Binar (2023-09-04). "Fauna Lexicon in Malay Proverbs: Revealing the Symbolic Meaning in the Malay Community of Sambas". Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial International Conference on Safe Community, B-ICSC 2022, 20-21 September 2022, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. doi:10.4108/eai.20-9-2022.2334189. ISBN 978-1-63190-419-6.
- ^ a b Ibrahim, Dayang Fatin Amira Abang (2023). "Tahap Kekerabatan Dialek Melayu Sambas dengan Dialek Melayu Sarawak: Sebuah Penelitian Linguistik Historis Komparatif". Jurnal Antarabangsa Pengajian Kepulauan Melayu (in Malay). 1 (3): 15. ISSN 2811-390X.
- ^ Asfar, Dedy Ari (2019-07-05). "Ciri-Ciri Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Berbasis Korpus Lagu Balek Kampong". Tuah Talino (in Indonesian). 13 (1): 1–13. doi:10.26499/tt.v13i1.1474. ISSN 2685-3043.
- ^ Susilo et. al. 1998, p. 1.
- ^ Suhardi, Muhamad; Mulyono, Sri; Aslan, Aslan; Syakhrani, H. Abdul Wahab; Putra, Purniadi (2020-04-05). "Perubahan kurikulum lembaga pendidikan Islam di Sambas pada masa Kesultanan Sambas". Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. 9 (1): 034. doi:10.32832/tadibuna.v9i1.2715. ISSN 2622-7215.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Jaludin, Haji Chuchu (2003). Dialek Melayu Brunei dalam salasilah Bahasa Melayu purba. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-942-607-6.
- ^ Indriani, Wiwin (3 June 2024). "Ciri Bahasa Melayu Pontianak dengan Varian Melayu Lainnya" (in Indonesian). Radio Republik Indonesia.
- ^ Damayanti, Wahyu (2018-04-17). "Bentuk Derivasi Bahasa Melayu Dialek Sambas". Kandai. 12 (2): 255–268. doi:10.26499/jk.v12i2.84 (inactive 6 December 2024). ISSN 2527-5968.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - ^ Farenti, Sheila Aisyah (2023-08-31). "Budaya dan Bahasa Keluarga Multi-Suku di Kelurahan Naram Kota Singkawang". Jurnal Pendidikan, Kebudayaan Dan Keislaman. 2 (2): 83–90. doi:10.24260/jpkk.v2i2.1334. ISSN 2987-0607.
- ^ Dilah Tua; Muhammad Jazlan Ahmad Khiri; Chong Shin (2023). "Language Attitude Among the Border Community at Telok Melano, Malaysia and Temajuk, Indonesia: A Preliminary Study". Suvannabhumi. 15 (1): 229–254. doi:10.22801/SVN.2023.15.1.229.
- ^ Shin, Chong; Tuah, Dilah; Yusriadi, Yusriadi (2022). "An Initial Qualitative Exploration of Economic, Cultural, and Language Changes in Telok Melano, Sarawak, Malaysia". Sustainability. 14 (5): 2655. doi:10.3390/su14052655. ISSN 2071-1050.
- ^ Apriani, Ida; Alimin, Al Ashadi; Sulastri, Saptiana (2024-05-30). "Variasi Bahasa Melayu Dialek Sambas dalam Interaksi Sosial Masyarakat Desa Tanjung Mekar". Juwara: Jurnal Wawasan Dan Aksara. 4 (1): 181–193. doi:10.58740/juwara.v4i1.103. ISSN 2797-2119.
- ^ a b Trimantomo et. al. 1985, p. 2.
- ^ Susanto, Heru; Sunarsih, Eti (2020-12-08). "Analisis Bentuk, Jenis, Faktor Terjadinya Alih Kode antara Penjual dan Pembeli di Pasar Kuala Singkawang". Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa. 9 (2): 179. doi:10.31571/bahasa.v9i2.1985. ISSN 2407-151X.
- ^ Susanto, Heru; Santoso, B. Wahyudi Joko (2017-10-30). "Wujud Peralihan Kode dalam Peristiwa Tutur Informal Masyarakat Multietnis di STKIP Singkawang Kalimantan Barat". JP-BSI (Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia) (in Indonesian). 2 (1): 26–30. doi:10.26737/jp-bsi.v2i1.235. ISSN 2477-846X.
- ^ Syahrin, Alif Alfi; Nurida, Tresna Dwi (2018). "Eksistensi Bahasa Melayu Sambas dalam Budaya Makan Besaprah Masyarakat Melayu Sambas". Prosiding Seminar Daring Internasional Riksa Bahasa XVII: 367–376. eISSN 2655-1780. ISSN 2654-8534.
- ^ Mardian, Mardian (2019-01-23). "Interferensi Bahasa Daerah Dalam Konteks Formal di SMA Kota Singkawang". Cakrawala Linguista. 1 (2): 90. doi:10.26737/cling.v1i2.878. ISSN 2597-9787.
- ^ Wulan, Adisti Primi (2016). "Penanganan Dokumentasi Bahasa Melayu Sambas Menjadi Kamus Bahasa Daerah untuk Melestarikan Khazanah Bahasa". Prosiding Simposium Internasional Bahasa, Sastra Dan Budaya 2016: 1–21. ISBN 978-602-1582-13-8.
- ^ Susilo et. al. 1998, p. 79.
- ^ Susilo et. al. 1998, p. 80.
- ^ Susilo et. al. 1998, p. 90.
- ^ Trimantomo et. al. 1985, p. 15.
Bibliography
[edit]- Susilo, Firman; Sulistyawati, Rr.; Tarno, Slamet; Ramdani, Deden (1998). Fonologi Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Phonology of the Sambas Malay language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979-459-827-5.
- Muzamil, A.R.; Sulissusiawan, Ahadi; Hartono; Yunus, M. (1997). Sistem Sapaan Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Addressing System in the Sambas Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979-459-770-8.
- Effendy, Adam; Hijriah, Amanah (2004). Struktur dan Fungsi Kalimat Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Structure and Function of Sentences in the Sambas Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Center, Department of National Education. ISBN 979-685-441-4.
- Trimantomo, Y.; Paimin, Suparmin; Raz., Asniadi M.T.; Umar, Mochtar (1985). Morfosintaksis Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Morphosyntax of the Sambas Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.