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Catholic Church in Scotland

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Saint Andrew's Cross
Catholic Church in Scotland
Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Chaitligeach ann an Alba
Crucifixion of Saint Andrew, by Juan Correa de Vivar (1540–1545)
ClassificationCatholic
OrientationLatin
ScriptureBible
TheologyCatholic theology
PolityEpiscopal
GovernanceBCOS
PopeFrancis
PresidentHugh Gilbert
Apostolic NuncioMiguel Maury Buendía
RegionScotland
LanguageEnglish, Latin
FounderSaint Ninian, Saint Mungo, Saint Columba
Originc. 200s: Christianity in Roman Britain
c. 400s: Medieval Christianity
SeparationsChurch of Scotland
Members841,053 (2011)[1]
Official websitebcos.org.uk
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St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral, Edinburgh

The Catholic Church in Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Chaitligeach ann an Alba; Scots: Catholic Kirk in Scotland) overseen by the Scottish Bishops' Conference, is part of the worldwide Catholic Church headed by the Pope. After being introduced through Iona Abbey and firmly established in Scotland for nearly a millennium, the Catholic Church was outlawed following the Scottish Reformation in 1560. Throughout nearly three centuries of religious persecution, several pockets in Scotland retained a significant pre-Reformation Catholic population, including Banffshire, the Hebrides, and more northern parts of the Highlands, Galloway at Terregles House, Munches House, Kirkconnell House, New Abbey and Parton House and at Traquair in Peebleshire.

While many students for the priesthood, such as John Ogilvie, Angus Bernard MacEachern, and Alexander Cameron, went abroad to study, others remained in Scotland and attended strictly illegal seminaries. After an early seminary upon Eilean Bàn in Loch Morar was destroyed by government troops during the Jacobite rising of 1715, Scalan seminary in Glenlivet was established in 1716 and rebuilt in the 1760s by Bishop John Geddes, who later became Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District and a well-known figure in the Edinburgh intelligentsia during the Scottish Enlightenment. When Scottish national poet Robert Burns, who also gifted the Bishop with the volume now known as The Geddes Burns, wrote to a correspondent that "the first [that is, finest] cleric character I ever saw was a Roman Catholick", he was referring to Bishop John Geddes.[2][3]

Catholic emancipation in 1793 and 1829 helped Catholics regain both freedom of religion and civil rights. In 1878, the Catholic hierarchy was formally restored.[4] As the Church was slowly rebuilding its presence in the Gàidhealtachd, many Roman Catholic clergy, including Bishop Angus MacDonald and Fr Allan MacDonald, became the ringleaders of direct action resistance campaign by their parishioners to the Highland Clearances, rackrenting, religious discrimination, and other acts widely seen as abuses of power by Anglo-Scottish landlords and their estate factors.

Many Scottish Roman Catholics in the Lowlands are the descendants of Irish immigrants and of Scottish Gaelic-speaking migrants from the Highlands and Islands who both moved into Scotland's cities and industrial towns during the 19th century, especially during the Highland Clearances, the Highland Potato Famine, and the similar famine in Ireland. However, there are also significant numbers of Scottish Catholics of Italian, Lithuanian,[5] Ukrainian, and Polish descent, with more recent immigrants again boosting the numbers of continental Catholics of Eastern European descent in Scotland. Owing to immigration (overwhelmingly white European), it is estimated that, in 2009, there were about 850,000 Catholics in the country of 5.1 million.[6]

The Gàidhealtachd has been both Catholic and Protestant in modern times. A number of Scottish Gaelic-speaking areas, including Barra, Benbecula, South Uist, Eriskay, and Moidart, are mainly Catholic. (See also the "Religion of the Yellow Stick".)

Similarly to iconic Pre-Reformation Scottish poets and writers like Aneirin, Blind Harry, Walter Kennedy, Hector Boece, William Elphinstone, and William Dunbar, many of the most important figures in Scottish Gaelic literature have been Catholics who have written frequently about their Catholic faith in their work. Their numbers have included Scottish Gaelic national poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, Fr. Allan MacDonald, Allan The Ridge MacDonald, Iain Lom, Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh, Sìleas na Ceapaich, and Angus Peter Campbell. Furthermore, Scottish nationalist and literary scholar John Lorne Campbell and his wife, American ethnomusicologist Margaret Fay Shaw, who together helped lay the foundation for the modern Scottish Gaelic language revival, were both converts from Protestantism to Catholicism.

In the 2011 census, 16% of the population of Scotland described themselves as being Catholic, compared with 32% affiliated with the Church of Scotland.[7] Between 1994 and 2002, Catholic attendance in Scotland declined 19% to just over 200,000.[8] By 2008, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Scotland estimated that 184,283 attended Mass regularly.[9]

History

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Main article: History of Christianity in Scotland

Establishment

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Main article: Christianisation of Scotland
An illuminated page from the Book of Kells, which may have been produced at Iona Abbey, around 800

Christianity may have been introduced to what is now Scotland by soldiers of the Roman Legions stationed in the far north of the province of Britannia.[10] Even after the withdrawal of the Roman garrisons by Magnus Maximus, it is well documented in locally composed works of early Welsh-language literature, like Y Gododdin, the Book of Taliesin, and the Book of Aneirin, that Catholicism survived among the Proto-Welsh-speaking kingdoms in the south of Scotland, which are now referred to in Modern Welsh as the Hen Ogledd (lit. "the Old North") but which slowly retreated westward as the pagan Anglo-Saxons advanced.[11] The Picts, Anglo-Saxons, and Gaels of modern Scotland were mainly evangelized and converted between the fifth and seventh centuries by Irish missionaries such as Sts Columba and Baithéne, the founders and first two abbots of Iona Abbey, St Donnán of Eigg, and St Máel Ruba, the founder of Applecross Abbey in Wester Ross. These missions tended to found monastic institutions, which expanded to include schools, libraries, and collegiate churches whose clergy served large areas.[12] Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified a distinctive Celtic Church. In the latter, abbots were often more significant than bishops, attitudes to clerical celibacy were more relaxed, a differing form of monastic tonsure was used, the devotional use of the Pater Noster cord preceded the invention of the rosary by St Dominic, and the lunar method was used for calculating the date of Easter. Also, despite a shared belief in the Real Presence, the creation of the Blessed Virgin, and shared use of the Ecclesiastical Latin liturgical language, as is documented by the Stowe Missal, there were often significant differences between the Celtic Rite and the mainstream Roman Rite[13][14] and evidence of a distinctive form of Celtic chant in Latin, which is most closely related to Gallican chant, also survives in liturgical music manuscripts dating from the period. The erenagh system from Gaelic Ireland of hereditary lay administration of Church lands by family branches deliberately appointed from within the derbhfine of local Irish clan chiefs also spread to Gaelic Scotland, where it led to very similar abuses as the infamous Irish "royal-abbot" of Clonfert Abbey, Fedelmid mac Crimthainn, who personally led armies into battle against other Irish clans and abbeys and routinely sacked and burned other monasteries. For example, during the 11th-century reign of the Scottish High King Macbeth, which was later fictionalized by William Shakespeare, the High King's greatest domestic foe by far proved to be his own uncle, Crínán of Dunkeld, the warrior-abbot of Dunkeld Abbey, Mormaer of Atholl, the legitimately married father of the late High King Duncan I, and the grandfather of King Malcolm III of Scotland.

At least some of these issues, however, had been resolved by the mid-seventh century.[13][15] After the conversion and increasing Gaelicisation of Scandinavian Scotland during the reign of Somerled and his heirs, the Roman Rite under the authority of bishops appointed by the Holy See became the dominant religion of the kingdom.[16]

Medieval Catholicism

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Main article: Christianity in Medieval Scotland

During the reign of King Malcolm III, the Scottish church underwent a series of reforms and transformations. Through the influence of his wife, St Margaret of Scotland, a clearly defined hierarchy of diocesan bishops and parochial structure for local churches was developed.[17] Large numbers of new foundations, which introduced continental European forms of reformed monasticism, began to predominate and the Scottish church established its independence from England and developed a clearer diocesan structure, becoming a "special daughter of the see of Rome" but lacking leadership in the form of archbishops.[18] In the Late Middle Ages, similar to in other European countries, the Investiture Controversy and the Great Schism of the West allowed the Scottish Crown, like Scottish clan chiefs using the erenagh system during the time of the Celtic Church, to gain greater influence over senior appointments to the hierarchy and two archbishoprics had accordingly been established by the end of the fifteenth century.[19] While some historians have discerned a decline of monasticism in the Late Middle Ages, the mendicant orders of friars grew, particularly in the expanding burghs, to meet the spiritual needs of the population. New saints and cults of devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the Black Death in the fourteenth century, and some evidence of heresy in this period, the church in Scotland remained relatively stable before the Reformation in the sixteenth century.[19]

Scottish Reformation

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Main article: Scottish Reformation
Original 14th-century statue of Our Lady of Aberdeen in Notre Dame de Finistere Church, Brussels, which was hidden in Huntly Castle and eventually smuggled to the Spanish Netherlands for protection from desecration following the Scottish Reformation.

That remained the case until the Scottish Reformation in the mid-16th century, when the Church in Scotland broke with the papacy and adopted a Calvinist confession in 1560. At that point, the celebration of the Catholic mass was outlawed.[20] Although strictly illegal after the Scottish Reformation Parliament passed the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 and other similar legislation, an underground Catholic Church continued to survive in Scotland. In 1565, for example, John Knox relates that for one hour and four hours on two separate days underground priest Sir James Tarbet was tied to the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh and pelted with eggs after being caught saying the Tridentine Mass, which had been criminalised five years previously.[21]

Even so, the remaining domestic clergy played a relatively small role and the initiative was often left to lay leaders. Wherever nobles, local lairds, or Scottish clan chiefs illegally offered religious toleration Catholicism continued to thrive covertly, as under the Clanranalds in South Uist, the Chisholms and Frasers of Strathglass, or in the north-east under the Earl of Huntly. In these areas Catholic sacraments and practices were maintained with relative openness.[22] Members of the nobility, who were often closely related, were probably reluctant to pursue each other over matters of religion because of strong personal and social ties. An English report in 1600 suggested that a third of nobles and gentry were still Catholic in inclination.[23] In most of Scotland, Catholicism became an underground faith in private households, connected by ties of kinship. This reliance on the household meant that Scottish laywomen often became vitally important as the upholders and transmitters of the faith, such as in the case of Lady Fernihurst in the Borders. They transformed their households into centres of religious activity and offered places of safety for priests.[22]

Because the reformed kirk took over the existing structures and assets of the Church, any attempted recovery by the Catholic hierarchy was extremely difficult. After the overthrow of Mary, Queen of Scots and the defeat of the armies seeking her restoration during the 1570s, the Vatican reclassified Scotland as a missionary territory and therefore subject to the Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith. The leading religious orders of the Counter-Reformation, the Dominicans and the newly founded Jesuits, initially took relatively little interest in Scotland as a target of missionary work and their effectiveness was at first severely damaged by Vatican bureaucracy and, especially by territorial rivalries with each other, secular priests, and other religious orders. The initiative was taken by a small group of Scots connected with the Crichton family, who had supplied the bishops of Dunkeld. They joined the Jesuit order and returned to attempt conversions. Their focus at first was mainly on the court, which led them into involvement in seeking to end the religious persecution of the Church through a series of complex regime change plots and entanglements. The majority of surviving Scottish laity, however, were long ignored.[22]

The hanging of Saint John Ogilvie at Glasgow Cross, 10 March 1615.

Some, including members of the Scottish nobility, converted openly to the Catholic Church despite the risks involved. For example, Banffshire aristocrat John Ogilvie (1569–1615) went on to be ordained a priest of the Society of Jesus in 1610. He was arrested by the Anglo-Catholic Archbishop of St. Andrews, John Spottiswoode and hanged for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy at Glasgow Cross on 10 March 1615. Ogilvie, who was canonised by Pope Paul VI on 17 October 1976, is often assumed to be the only Scottish Catholic martyr of the Reformation era.[24] Nevertheless, the Catholic Church's illegal status had a devastating impact on the number of the Church's followers. Even so, a significantly large Catholic population, served by outlawed "heather priests",[25] continued to exist, especially in the Doric-speaking Northeast and the more remote Gàidhealtachd areas of the Hebrides, the Northwest Highlands, and in Galloway.[26]

Decline from the 17th century

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The college at Scalan in July 2007

Numbers probably reduced in the seventeenth century and organisation deteriorated.[27]

The Pope appointed Thomas Nicolson as the first Vicar Apostolic over the mission in 1694.[28] The country was organised into districts and by 1703 there were thirty-three Catholic clergy.[29] In 1733 it was divided into two vicariates, one for the Highland and one for the Lowland, each under a bishop. A Catholic seminary in Scalan in Glenlivet was the preliminary centre of education for Catholic priests in the area. It was illegal, and it was burned to the ground on several occasions by soldiers sent from beyond the Highlands.[30] Beyond Scalan there were six attempts to found a seminary in the Highlands between 1732 and 1838, all suffering financially under Catholicism's illegal status.[28] Clergy entered the country secretly and although services were illegal they were maintained.[29]

The aftermath of the failed Jacobite risings in 1715 and 1745 further increased the persecution faced by Catholics in Scotland.[27] The repression was particularly intense during (Scottish Gaelic: Bliadhna nan Creach lit. "the year of the pillaging")[31] that followed the Battle of Culloden.[32]

According to Bishop John Geddes, "Early in the spring of 1746, some ships of war came to the coast of the isle of Barra and landed some men, who threatened they would lay desolate the whole island if the priest was not delivered up to them. Father James Grant, who was missionary then, and afterward Bishop, being informed of the threats in a safe retreat in which he was in a little island, surrendered himself, and was carried prisoner to Mingarry Castle on the Western coast (i.e. Ardnamurchan) where he was detained for some weeks."[33]

After long and cruel imprisonment with other Catholic priests at Inverness and in a prison hulk anchored in the River Thames, Grant was deported to the Netherlands and warned never to return to the British Isles. Like the other priests deported with him, Fr. Grant returned to Scotland almost immediately. His fellow prisoner, Father Alexander Cameron, an outlawed "heather priest" to Clan Fraser of Lovat and Clan Chisholm, former military chaplain, and the younger brother to Donald Cameron of Lochiel, the Chief of Clan Cameron, was less fortunate. Fr. Cameron died aboard the prison hulk due to the hardship of his imprisonment on 19 October 1746.[32][34] During the 21st century, the Knights of St. Columba at the University of Glasgow launched a campaign to canonize Fr. Cameron, "with the hope that he will become a great saint for Scotland and that our nation will merit from his intercession."[35] They erected a small petition book at their altar of St. Joseph in the University Catholic Chapel, Turnbull Hall. It is one of the necessary prerequisites for Canonisation in the Catholic Church that there is a cult of devotion to the saint.[35]

According to historian Daniel Szechi, however, the government's post-Culloden backlash focused upon the Catholic clergy and laity of the Highland District, while leaving the much larger and better organized Lowland District reasonably unscathed.[36]

According to Marcus Tanner, "As the Reformed Church faltered in the urban and increasingly industrialised Lowlands, Presbyterianism made its great breakthrough among the Gaelic Highlanders, virtually snapping cultural bonds that had linked them to Ireland since the lordship of Dalriada. The Highlands, outside tiny Catholic enclaves like in South Uist and Barra, took on the contours they have since preserved - a region marked by a strong tradition of sabbatarianism and a puritanical distaste for instrumental music and dancing, which have only recently regained popular acceptance".[37]

The pioneering Victorian era folklorist and Celticist John Francis Campbell of Islay (Scottish Gaelic: Iain Òg Ìle) and his many assistant collectors had very different reasons for criticising what they saw as the unnecessary excesses of the Calvinisation of the Highlands and Islands. At the beginning of his groundbreaking collection Popular Tales of the West Highlands, Campbell and his helpers complained at length that, due to the fear of displeasing the local ministers, elders, and parish school-masters, it had become almost impossible to collect Scottish mythology or folklore from the seanchaidhs in Gaelic-speaking regions that had recently converted to Presbyterianism from Catholicism or the Scottish Episcopal Church.[38]

Exact numbers of communicants are uncertain, given the illegal status of Catholicism. In 1755 it was estimated that there were some 16,500 communicants, mainly in the north and west.[29] In 1764, "the total Catholic population in Scotland would have been about 33,000 or 2.6% of the total population. Of these 23,000 were in the Highlands."[39] Another estimate for 1764 is of 13,166 Catholics in the Highlands, perhaps a quarter of whom had emigrated by 1790,[40] and another source estimates Catholics as perhaps 10% of the population.[40]

Even though he acknowledges the vitally important role determination to keep the landowning gentry from appointing and removing Church of Scotland ministers during the Highland and Lowland Clearances played in causing the Disruption of 1843, Marcus Tanner also writes, "the Disruption and the Free Church have come in for harsh criticism especially from the political left in recent years. Apart from inflicting a peculiarly censorious and dour version of Christianity on the population, they are charged with imbuing them with ultra-Calvinist pessimism and political passivity, and with encouraging them to dwell on trivial points of doctrine while their communities were being laid waste by the landlords. There is something in the charge. Few Highland ministers emulated the Catholic clergy of Ireland, who commandeered the Repeal movement in the 1830s and 1840s and the land campaigns several decades on. The Catholic clergy in agitated Irish counties like Tipperary led the agrarian militants from the front, which cannot be said for most Disruption clergy or their successors. Evangelical Presbyterianism counseled submission and acceptance of misfortune. But it was a faith chosen quite voluntarily by the people and if it failed to make them rebels against injustice, it certainly lent them dignity."[41]

Impact of the Clearances

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St. Ninian's Church from 1755 is a Catholic clandestine church located at the Enzie

While most of the landlords responsible for the Highland Clearances did not target people for ethnic or religious reasons,[42] there is evidence of anti-Catholicism among some of them.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] In particular, large numbers of Catholics emigrated from the Western Highlands in the period 1770 to 1810 and there is evidence that anti Catholic sentiment (along with famine, poverty, and rackrenting) was a contributory factor in that period.[50][51]

In an April 1787 letter from Moidart to the Congregation for Propaganda in Rome, Fr. Austin MacDonald wrote, "On account of the emigration of the people of Knoydart to Canada, along with their priest; it fell to me in the autumn to attend to those who were left behind, and during the winter to the people of Moydart (sic) as well. Although not less than 600 Catholics went to America, still I administered the Sacraments to over 500 souls who remained. The overpopulation of these districts, together with the oppression of the landlords, are the principal causes of the departure of so many, not only among the Catholics, but also among the Protestants."[52]

In Glengarry County, Upper Canada, a Canadian Gaelic-speaking pioneer settlement was established for Scottish Catholics through the efforts of British Army military chaplain and future Catholic bishop Alexander Macdonnell. The settlement's inhabitants consisted of members of the Glengarry Fencibles, a disbanded Catholic unit of the Highland Fencible Corps, and their families.[53][54]

In addition to Bishop MacDonnell, there were many other "heather priests", such as William Fraser, Angus Bernard MacEachern, and Ranald Rankin, the composer of the famous Gaelic Christmas carol Tàladh Chrìosda, who similarly followed their evicted and voluntary émigré parishioners into the Scottish diaspora during the Clearances.

After receiving his post following the 1878 Restoration of the Hierarchy and during the last decade of the Clearances, Bishop Angus MacDonald of the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles led by example during the height of the Highland Land League agitation. The Bishop and his priests became leading and formidable activists for tenant's rights, reasonable rents, security of tenure, free elections, and against the political bossism, excessive rents, and religious discrimination that were keeping a majority of the Catholic and Protestant population of the Highlands and Islands critically impoverished.[55][56]

According to Roger Hutchinson, Bishop MacDonald's choice to assign Gaelic-speaking priests from the Scottish mainland to parishes in the Hebrides was accordingly no accident. About that time, when the Bishop and his priests were the leaders of direct action, rent strikes, and other acts of resistance to the Anglo-Scottish landlords, Fr. Michael MacDonald has since commented, "I think that one of the things that may have influenced the boldness of the priests at that time was simply that they had no relations on the islands who could have been got at by the estate Factor or others."[57]

Large-scale Catholic immigration

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During the 19th century, Irish immigration substantially increased the number of Catholics in the country, especially in Glasgow and its vicinity, and other industrial communities in the West of Scotland,[58] but also in many rural communities, where Irish migrants worked as navvies and farm labourers.[59]

Initially, clergymen from the recusant districts of North-East Scotland played an important part in providing support.[58]

In Dumbarton, which in 1820 only had two or three Catholic families, the population was increased by Irish and Highland migration until the first parish church, dedicated to St Patrick, was built in 1830. According to local historian I.M.M. MacPhail, "Before 1830, a few Catholics used to meet in the ruins of the old pre-Reformation parish church of Cardross in the Levengrove policies and later, just before their church was built, the Rev. John Gordon of Greenock held services in an old store in College Street. In 1837, it was estimated that there were 284 Catholics in Dumbarton".[60]

The same community saw regular outbreaks of violence in the pubs on the paydays of local Irish navvies and the first of many serious anti-Irish riots that negatively affected Dumbarton's reputation after Protestant shipwrights listened to a sermon by visiting anti-Catholic preacher and polemicist John Sayers Orr in October 1855.[61][62] A very similar riot had previously been incited by Orr, whom Tim Pat Coogan has compared to the Rev. Ian Paisley, in Greenock on 12 July 1851. When Orr was thrown into prison, his followers also rioted.[63] Attempts were also made to convert Irish migrants to Presbyterianism by recruiting missionaries like Rev. Patrick MacMenemy, a native speaker of Ulster Irish from the Glens of Antrim, but whose ministerial reputation collapsed following allegations of womanizing in 1885.[64]

The Catholic hierarchy was re-established in 1878 by Pope Leo XIII and six new dioceses were created: five of them were organised into a single province with the Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh as metropolitan; the Diocese of Glasgow remained separate and directly subject to the Apostolic See.

As the Catholic presence in the Lowlands increased and revived, however, there were regular cases of conflict between Highland migrants and Irish immigrants over both cultural differences and control of Catholic parishes, schools, and neighbourhoods. Irish Catholics often complained to the Holy See, particularly after the restoration of the Scottish Hierarchy in the 1878, that Irish priests were only used to organize parishes and schools and then immediately replaced by the bishops with Doric-speaking pastors from Banffshire and other recusant districts in the Northeast of Scotland. Even though this was intended to assimilate Irish Catholics into Scottish culture as quickly as possible,[65] the Hierarchy's success in this policy ultimately proved mixed.

Later Italian, Polish, and Lithuanian immigrants further reinforced the numbers. The post-World War II arrival of large numbers of Ukrainian displaced persons resulted in the first Scottish parish of the Eastern Catholic Churches being founded in 1965: St Andrew's Ukrainian Catholic Church in Leith, Edinburgh.

Sectarian tensions

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Mass immigration to Scotland saw the emergence of sectarian tensions. Although the interwar Catholic community in Scotland was overwhelmingly working-class and endangered by poverty and economic crises, it was able to cope with the Great Depression.[66] This relative immunity was caused by the Education (Scotland) Act 1918, which made Catholic schools fully state-funded. Michael John Rosie argues that in addition to state-funded education, it was the nature of Scottish Catholicism that "made it less vulnerable to economic dislocation":

Arguably, the Catholic Church was the best-equipped denomination in tackling the adverse effects of economic depression, and does not seem to have suffered serious losses arising from recessionary periods. The Catholic faith is often seen as being invigorated by the combined effects of poverty and discrimination; priests tended to be drawn from the working classes and to relate well to economic hardship amongst their parishioners. Though Catholics moved increasingly during this period into skilled and white-collar jobs, the Catholic community retained a homogeneity which prevented a major social divide emerging between a practising Catholic bourgeoisie and a lapsed proletariat.

— Michael John Rosie, Religion and Sectarianism in Modern Scotland, (2001), pp. 142
Orangemen parading in Larkhall, Scotland (12 of July 2008)

This relative economic stability allowed the Catholic community to enter the political and social life of Scotland, sparking outrage among anti-Catholic and unionist circles, most notably the Orange Order's Grand Lodge. Sectarian violence in Scotland reached its peak in the early 1930s, and Catholic religious processions were frequently attacked by anti-Catholic and Orange mobs. The Orange Order also frequently and deliberately staged provocative marches through Catholic neighbourhoods.

The escalating violence and skirmishes, particularly between pro- and anti-Catholic Glasgow razor gangs, had a profound effect on Scotland as a whole; Rosie remarked that "the level and scale of the violence exhibited between 1931 and 1935 of a much more serious and concerted nature than of any period since the reintroduction of Orange parades in the 1870s".[67] Sectarian violence was so severe that it caused higher policing costs, and local councils were tempted to ban all "religious and pseudo-religious processions" outright. While eventually no such ban took place, tightening restrictions were introduced in order to minimise anti-Catholic violence.[68]

In 1923, the Church of Scotland produced a (since repudiated) report, entitled The Menace of the Irish Race to our Scottish Nationality, accusing the largely immigrant Catholic population of subverting Presbyterian values and of spreading drunkenness, crime, and financial imprudence. Rev. John White, one of the senior leadership of the Church of Scotland at the time, called for a "racially pure" Scotland, declaring "Today there is a movement throughout the world towards the rejection of non-native constituents and the crystallization of national life from native elements."[69]

Such officially hostile attitudes started to wane considerably from the 1930s and 1940s onwards, especially as the leadership of the Church of Scotland learned of what was happening in eugenics-conscious Nazi Germany and of the dangers of creating a "racially pure" national church; particularly as German people who were of even partially Slavic or Jewish ancestry were not considered "true" members of the Volk.[70][71]

The era's level of sectarian violence was not to be seen again until the Glasgow pub bombings, a spillover from the Troubles in Northern Ireland, were carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force against pubs frequented by Catholics on 17 February 1979. The Glasgow-based UVF active service unit responsible for the bombings were arrested, convicted and incarcerated.[72][73][74] Experts now believe that only the Provisional Irish Republican Army leadership's veto on bombing operations in Scotland, which were considered counterproductive to many other useful covert operations there, prevented the Troubles from continuing to spill over and further escalating.[75]

Social change and communal divisions

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In 1986, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland expressly repudiated the sections of the Westminster Confession directly attacking the Catholic Church.[76] In 1990, both the Church of Scotland and the Catholic Church were founding members of the ecumenical bodies Churches Together in Britain and Ireland and Action of Churches Together in Scotland; relations between denominational leaders are now very cordial. Unlike the relationship between the hierarchies of the different churches, however, some communal tensions remain.

The association between football and displays of sectarian behaviour by some fans has been a source of embarrassment and concern to the management of certain clubs. The bitter rivalry between Celtic and Rangers in Glasgow, known as the Old Firm, is known worldwide for its sectarian dimension. Celtic was founded by Irish Catholic immigrants and Rangers has traditionally been supported by Unionists and Protestants. Sectarian tensions can still be very real, though perhaps diminished compared with past decades. Perhaps the greatest psychological breakthrough was when Rangers signed Mo Johnston (a Catholic) in 1989. Celtic, on the other hand, have never had a policy of not signing players due to their religion, and some of the club's greatest figures have been Protestants.[77][78]

The 1958 statue of Our Lady of the Isles, upon South Uist, in the Outer Hebrides.

From the 1980s the UK government passed several acts that had provisions concerning sectarian violence. These included the Public Order Act 1986, which introduced offences relating to the incitement of racial hatred, and the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which introduced offences of pursuing a racially aggravated course of conduct that amounts to harassment of a person. The 1998 Act also required courts to take into account where offences are racially motivated, when determining sentence. In the twenty-first century the Scottish Parliament legislated against sectarianism. This included provision for religiously aggravated offences in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003. The Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 strengthened statutory aggravations for both racially and religiously motivated hate crimes. The Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012, criminalised behaviour which is threatening, hateful, or otherwise offensive at a regulated football match including offensive singing or chanting. It also criminalised the communication of threats of serious violence and threats intended to incite religious hatred.[79]

57% of the Catholic community belong to the manual working-class.[80] Though structural disadvantage had largely eroded by the 1980s, Scottish Catholics are more likely to experience poverty and deprivation than their Protestant counterparts.[81] Many more Catholics can now be found in what were called the professions, with some occupying posts in the judiciary or in national politics. In 1999, the Rt Hon John Reid MP became the first Catholic to hold the office of Secretary of State for Scotland. His succession by the Rt Hon Helen Liddell MP in 2001 attracted considerably more media comment that she was the first woman to hold the post than that she was the second Catholic. Also notable was the appointment of Louise Richardson to the University of St. Andrews as its principal and vice-chancellor. St Andrews is the third oldest university in the Anglosphere. Richardson, a Catholic, was born in Ireland and is a naturalised United States citizen. She is the first woman to hold that office and first Catholic to hold it since the Scottish Reformation.[82]

The Catholic Church recognises the separate identities of Scotland and England and Wales. The church in Scotland is governed by its own hierarchy and bishops' conference, not under the control of English bishops. In more recent years, for example, there have been times when it was especially the Scottish bishops who took the floor in the United Kingdom to argue for Catholic social and moral teaching. The presidents of the bishops' conferences of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland meet formally to discuss "mutual concerns", though they are separate national entities. "Closer cooperation between the presidents can only help the Church's work", a spokesman noted.[83]

Scottish Catholics strongly supported the Labour Party in the past, and Labour politicians openly courted Catholic voters and accused their opponents such as the Scottish National Party of opposing the existence of Catholic schools. Scottish Catholics increasingly started identifying with Scottish nationalism in the 1970s and 1980s, and switched to the SNP as their preferred party.[81] Scottish Catholics also emerged as a staunchly pro-independence group – according to a 2020 poll, 70% of Scottish Catholics supported Scottish independence.[81] In 2013, Scottish sociologist Michael Rosie noted that "Catholics were actually the religious sub-group most likely to support an independent Scotland in 1999. This remains true in 2012."[84] Scottish Catholics are also more likely to be in favour of Scottish independence and to support SNP than non-religious voters.[84]

Organisation

[edit]
Map of Catholic dioceses in Scotland
See also: Bishops' Conference of Scotland

There are four entities that encompass Scotland, England, and Wales.

There are two Catholic archdioceses and six dioceses in Scotland; total membership is 841,000:[85]

Diocese Province Approximate Territory Cathedral Creation Membership
01Diocese of Aberdeen
Bishop Hugh Gilbert 		05Saint Andrews and Edinburgh Aberdeen, Moray, Highland (except southern Inverness-shire, Skye and the islands), The Orkney Islands, The Shetland Islands Cathedral Church of St Mary of the Assumption 021878 51,000 (2022)[86]
02Diocese of Argyll and the Isles
Bishop Brian McGee 		Argyll and Bute, southern Inverness-shire, Arran, The Hebrides Islands Cathedral Church of St Columba 10,000 (2022)[87]
03Diocese of Dunkeld
Bishop-Elect Andrew McKenzie 		Dundee, Forfarshire, Perthshire and northern Fife Cathedral Church of St Andrew 63,260 (2021)[88]
04Diocese of Galloway
Bishop Francis Dougan 		Ayrshire (except Arran), Dumfries and Galloway Cathedral Church of St Margaret 41,350 (2021)[89]
05Archdiocese of Glasgow
Archbishop William Nolan 		01Glasgow Glasgow and Dunbartonshire Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St Andrew 218,170 (2021)[90]
06Diocese of Motherwell
Bishop Joseph Toal 		Lanarkshire Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Good Aid 071947
(from Archdiocese of Glasgow and Diocese of Galloway) 		163,000 (2021)[91]
07Diocese of Paisley
Bishop John Keenan 		Renfrewshire Cathedral Church of Saint Mirin 081947
(from Archdiocese of Glasgow) 		87,940 (2021)[92]
08Archdiocese of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh
Archbishop Leo Cushley 		04Saint Andrews and Edinburgh Saint Andrews, most of Fife, Kinross-shire, Clackmannanshire, Stirlingshire, West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, East Lothian, Scottish Borders Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption 011878 123,500 (2022)[93]
23Eparchy of the Holy Family of London
Bishop Kenneth Nowakowski 		23Kiev–Galicia Great Britain Cathedral Church of the Holy Family in Exile 191968
(elevated to Eparchy 2013) 		13,000 (2021)
24Bishopric of the Forces
Bishop Paul Mason 		24Holy See HM Forces both in Britain and abroad Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George 231986
25Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham
Bishop David Waller 		Former Anglican clergy, religious and laity resident in England, Wales and Scotland. Principal Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory 252011 1,950 (2021)
25Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain
Bishop Joseph Srampickal 		25Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly The Syro-Malabar Church in England, Wales and Scotland. Syro-Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa, Preston 252016 41,000 (2021)

The Bishopric of the Forces and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham are directly subject to the Holy See. The Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London and the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain was subject to their own metropolitans, major archbishops, and major archiepiscopal synods.

21st century

[edit]
Percentage claiming to be Catholic in the 2011 UK Census in Scotland

Between 1982 and 2010, the proportion of Scottish Catholics dropped 18%, baptisms dropped 39%, and Catholic church marriages dropped 63%. The number of priests also dropped.[94] Between the 2001 UK Census and the 2011 UK Census, the proportion of Catholics remained steady while that of other Christians denominations, notably the Church of Scotland dropped.[95][96][97]

In 2001, Catholics were a minority in each of Scotland's 32 council areas but in a few parts of the country their numbers were close to those of the official Church of Scotland. The most Catholic part of the country is composed of the western Central Belt council areas near Glasgow. In Inverclyde, 38.3% of persons responding to the 2001 UK Census reported themselves to be Catholic compared to 40.9% as adherents of the Church of Scotland. North Lanarkshire also already had a large Catholic minority at 36.8% compared to 40.0% in the Church of Scotland. Following in order were West Dunbartonshire (35.8%), Glasgow City (31.7%), Renfrewshire (24.6%), East Dunbartonshire (23.6%), South Lanarkshire (23.6%) and East Renfrewshire (21.7%).

In 2011, Catholics outnumbered adherents of the Church of Scotland in several council areas, including North Lanarkshire, Inverclyde, West Dunbartonshire, and the most populous one: Glasgow City.[98]

Between the two censuses, numbers in Glasgow with no religion rose significantly while those noting their affiliation to the Church of Scotland dropped significantly so that the latter fell below those that identified with an affiliation to the Catholic Church.[99]

At a smaller geographic scale, one finds that the two most Catholic parts of Scotland are: (1) the southernmost islands of the Western Isles, especially Barra and South Uist, populated by Gaelic-speaking Scots of long-standing; and (2) the eastern suburbs of Glasgow, especially around Coatbridge, populated mostly by the descendants of Irish Catholic immigrants.[100]

According to the 2011 UK Census, Catholics comprise 16% of the overall population, making it the second-largest church after the Church of Scotland (32%).[101]

Along ethnic or racial lines, Scottish Catholicism was in the past, and has remained at present, predominantly White or light-skinned in membership, as have always been other branches of Christianity in Scotland. Among respondents in the 2011 UK Census who identified as Catholic, 81% are White Scots, 17% are Other White (mostly other British or Irish), 1% is either Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British, and an additional 1% is either mixed-race or from multiple ethnicities; African; Caribbean or black; or from other ethnic groups.[102]

In recent years the Catholic Church in Scotland has experienced negative publicity in the mainstream media due to statements made by bishops in defence of traditional Christian morality and in criticism of secular and liberal ideology. Joseph Devine, Bishop of Motherwell, came under fire after alleging that the "gay lobby" were mounting "a giant conspiracy" to completely destroy Christianity.[103] Criticism was also levelled at perceived intransigence on joint faith schools and threats to withdraw acquiescence unless guarantees of separate genders having different staff rooms, toilets, gyms, visitor, and pupil entrances were not met.[104]

In 2003, a Catholic church spokesman branded sex education as "pornography" and now disgraced Cardinal Keith O'Brien claimed plans to teach sex education in pre-schools amounted to "state-sponsored sexual abuse of minors."[105]

There has also been even worse publicity related to the sexual abuse of minors. In 2016, a headteacher and teacher of the St Ninian's Orphanage, Falkland, Fife were sentenced for abuse at the orphanage from 1979 to 1983 when it was run by the Congregation of Christian Brothers. Fr John Farrell the last headteacher there was sentenced to five years imprisonment. Paul Kelly, a teacher, was sentenced to ten years. More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made regarding the orphanage, which had been closed down in 1983.[106] In 2019, it emerged that the Superior General of the Christian Brothers, approved the placement of Farrell at St Ninian's despite previous reports of interfering with boys at a South African boarding school where it was recommended by the African provincial that Farrell should never be placed in a boarding school in the future.[107]

Roughly half of Catholic parishes in the West of Scotland were closed or merged because of a priest shortage and over half have closed in the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh.[108][109]

In early 2013, Scotland's most senior cleric, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, resigned after allegations of sexual misconduct were made against him and partially admitted.[110] Subsequently, allegations were made that several other cases of alleged sexual misconduct took place involving other priests.[111]

Marian grotto and Christian pilgrimage shrine dedicated to Our Lady of the Highlands on the grounds of Immaculate Conception Church at Stratherrick, near Whitebridge, Inverness-shire.

At the Christian pilgrimage shrine to 'Our Lady of the Highlands', within the grounds of Immaculate Conception Roman Catholic Church near the village of Whitebridge (Scottish Gaelic: An Drochaid Bhàn) and to Loch Ness, a new outdoor Mass stone was consecrated by Bishop Hugh Gilbert of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen in March 2017.[112]

In a 2021 article published in The Lamp, University of Glasgow student and essayist Jamie McGowan credited "The Outlander Effect", rooted in the enormous popularity of Diana Gabaldon's series of romance novels and the television adaptation of them, with making Roman Catholicism, not only socially acceptable, but even into a fashionable element of Scottish national identity and cultural nationalism.[113] This is ironic, as the television series' historically inaccurate and allegedly negative depiction of 18th-century Catholic "heather priests" and Protestant ministers had previously drawn accusations of anti-Christianity.[114]

In addition to their efforts to promote Fr. Alexander Cameron for Canonization, the Knights of St Columba's Council No. 1 has also been involved in spreading the Legion of Mary and the St Vincent de Paul Society to fellow Millennial students at the University of Glasgow,[115] and has launched the annual Brecbannoch Pilgrimage; bearing the relics of St Andrew, St Columba, and St Margaret of Scotland, which are on loan from Carfin Grotto, on foot inside a replica of the Brecbannoch of St Columba to Iona Abbey.[116]

2024 Police Scotland data revealed that 33% of all anti-religious hate crimes in Scotland are directed towards Catholics, with Catholics making up just 13% of the population.[117]

In 2020, the Scottish Bishops accused the SNP of "open and vicious hostility" towards Christians within their own ranks, like Lisa Cameron, who dissent from the Party leadership's desired platform on legalized abortion.[118] In 2023, the Scottish Catholic Bishops joined with the Church of Scotland and the Scottish Association of Mosques to express concern about the SNP's recent attacks against the religious beliefs of Kate Forbes, the Party's MSP for Skye, Lochaber, and Badenoch. Forbes, who is a Free Church of Scotland member, was receiving significant attacks for expressing her belief in Christian morality regarding abortion, gay marriage, premarital sex, and other issues. A spokesman for the Scottish bishops said that the attacks against Forbes risked, "permanently damaging the ability of religious believers to enter politics", and further illustrate, "the decline of tolerance for religious views."[119]

See also

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References

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Peter Anson (1970), Underground Catholicism in Scotland, Self-Published.
  • Odo Blundell (1909), The Catholic Highlands of Scotland. Volume I: The Central Highlands, Sands & Co., 21 Hanover Street, Edinburgh, 15 King Street, London.
  • Odo Blundell (1917), The Catholic Highlands of Scotland. Volume II: The Western Highlands and Islands, Sands & Co., 37 George Street, Edinburgh, 15 King Street, Covent Garden, London.
  • Charles MacDonald (2011), Moidart: Among the Clanranalds, Birlinn Limited.
[edit]
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