American Basketball Association (2000–present)
Formerly | ABA 2000 |
---|---|
Sport | Basketball |
Founded | 1999 |
First season | 2000–01 |
CEO | Joe Newman |
Motto | More than just a game |
Countries | United States |
Headquarters | Indianapolis, Indiana |
Most recent champion(s) | Chicago Fury (2024) |
Most titles | Jacksonville Giants (7) |
TV partner(s) | ABAGALE and SFBN |
Official website | ABA Basketball |
The American Basketball Association (ABA) is an American semi-professional men's basketball minor league that was founded in 1999.
ABA teams are based in the United States, with one traveling team from Japan. The league previously had international teams based in Canada, China and Mexico. League management infamously maintains low requirements for franchise ownership, and hundreds of ABA teams have either folded or defected to rival leagues.
The league licenses its name and use of ABA trademarks from the National Basketball Association, which absorbed the American Basketball Association (1967–1976) during the ABA–NBA merger. The Women's American Basketball Association has operated as a sister league to the ABA since 2017.
History
[edit]Launch and suspension, 1999–2002
[edit]The league was originally co-founded by Dick Tinkham and Joe Newman in 1999 as ABA 2000.[1] Tinkham had previously co-founded the Indiana Pacers in the original American Basketball Association, and Newman had been an advertising executive for the Pacers.[2] The National Basketball Association (NBA), owner of the ABA trademark after absorbing many of the original league's teams, sued Tinkham and Newman in December 1999.[3] The lawsuit was unsuccessful since the NBA had failed to actively use the ABA trademark, and the new league entered an agreement with the NBA to license the name for $50,000.[4]
The league began its inaugural 2000–01 season with eight teams: the Chicago Skyliners, Detroit Dogs, Indiana Legends, Kansas City Knights, Los Angeles Stars, Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs. Joe Newman founded the Indiana Legends to replace the Jacksonville Jackals, who were removed from the league after failing to secure a venue.[5] Mark Hamister purchased the rights to a Buffalo franchise for $75,000, but was also unable to secure a venue.[6][7] A proposed merger with the International Basketball League fell through in December 2000, which would have allowed the inaugural season to begin with additional teams.[8]
To attract fans, the ABA encouraged its teams to fill rosters with former NBA players and past college basketball stars that had local ties.[9][10] Former NBA champion and Florida native Darryl Dawkins was recruited as the first head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs.[11]
The 2001–02 ABA season saw only three teams return from the inaugural season, with the Chicago Skyliners, Los Angeles Stars, Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs replaced by the Kentucky Pro Cats, Las Vegas Slam, Phoenix Eclipse and Southern California Surf.
Joe Newman folded the Indiana Legends after he was sued by eight former players in August 2002 for failing to pay their salaries.[12] Newman had claimed $1 million in losses over two seasons of ownership.[13]
The 2002–03 season was not played, as the league suspended operations for reorganization.[14] Jim Clark, owner of the Kansas City Knights, was named league President and COO in November 2002.[15]
Restructuring and defections, 2003–2005
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sun_Yue_with_the_Beijing_Aoshen_Olympians.jpg/170px-Sun_Yue_with_the_Beijing_Aoshen_Olympians.jpg)
The league resumed play with seven teams for the 2003–04 season. The returning Kansas City Knights were joined by the Fresno Heatwave, Jersey Squires, Las Vegas Rattlers, Juárez Gallos de Pelea, Long Beach Jam and Tijuana Dragons. Dennis Rodman brought national attention to the league when he signed with the Long Beach Jam, leading them to an ABA title in their first season.[16]
The 2004–05 season saw franchise fees lowered from $50,000 to $10,000, and the bond requirement removed in order to attract new teams.[17] Teams were subsequently organized into regional groups to facilitate interest and reduce travel costs, with 37 clubs competing that season in three divisions. The Arkansas RimRockers won the 2004–05 ABA title in their first year of play, but then left with the Long Beach Jam to join the rival NBA Development League.
The ABA welcomed the Beijing Aoshen Olympians beginning with the 2005–06 season, a club which had been banned from the Chinese Basketball League after refusing to allow star prospect Sun Yue to play for the Chinese national team. The Olympians played their home games in Maywood, California.[18] CCTV-5 in China broadcast the team's games, where they were watched by an average of 15 million people.[19]
Following the 2005–06 season in which many teams failed to complete their full schedules and became insolvent, the Charlotte Krunk, Florida Pit Bulls, Indiana Alley Cats, Pittsburgh Xplosion, San Jose Skyrockets and SoCal Legends left to join the rival Continental Basketball Association.
Failed coup and formation of PBL, 2006–2008
[edit]My idea of success and Newman's differ. I'd rather have fewer teams, that are stable and last, as opposed to having tons that continue to fold. It's not the amount of teams that a league has, it's the amount that finish.[20]
—Tom Doyle, Maryland Nighthawks
In preparation for the league's initial public offering (ABKB), former NBA player John Salley was named league commissioner and Maryland Nighthawks owner Tom Doyle was named league COO in September 2006.[21] Cost for new franchises was subsequently raised to $20,000 for the 2006–07 season.[22] Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff launched the Vermont Frost Heaves, regularly penning articles in the publication about his team's inaugural campaign.
John Salley and Tom Doyle attempted a boardroom coup on behalf of shareholders, with ABA's Board of Directors voting to remove Joe Newman as CEO on January 31, 2007.[23] Newman sued Salley and Doyle, leading to a settlement in which he kept his job and forced their resignations from the league.[24]
The 2006–07 season concluded with the defending champion Rochester Razorsharks withdrawing from the league after they asked to reschedule a playoff game against the Wilmington Sea Dawgs, but were denied and told to forfeit.[25] Following this incident, the Hammond Rollers, Jacksonville Jam, Maryland Nighthawks, Quad City Riverhawks and Wilmington Sea Dawgs joined the Razorsharks in forming the Premier Basketball League (PBL).
Following the 2007–08 season, the reigning champion Vermont Frost Heaves left for the Premier Basketball League along with the Halifax Rainmen, Manchester Millrats and Quebec Kebs.[26]
Quentin Townsend, owner of the Atlanta Vision, was named league President and COO in April 2008.[27] He was later removed from those positions after being arrested in November 2008 for defrauding investors in a scheme to acquire an NBA Development League franchise.[28]
CBA absorption and continued instability, 2008–2013
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381354769.jpg/220px-TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381354769.jpg)
At the start of the 2008–09 season, over 200 teams had folded since the league's inception.[29]
The 2008–09 season saw the Southeast Texas Mustangs franchise join the league after leaving the struggling Continental Basketball Association. The ABA attempted interleague play with the four remaining CBA teams, but their league folded mid-season.[30]
NBA scouts stopped attending the league's games in January 2009, citing the amount of cancelled and forfeited contests.[31]
Several teams folded during the 2009–10 season, including the entire Pacific Northwest Division. The San Francisco Rumble forfeited their playoff game against the Southeast Texas Mavericks, as they could not afford to travel for the contest.[32]
Gilas Pilipinas, the Philippine national basketball team, competed in a series of exhibitions against ABA teams including the Clayton Showtime, Los Angeles Slam, Riverside Rainmakers, San Diego Surf and the West Coast All-Stars.[33] This April 2010 series was referred to as the ABA Friendship Games.
Dick Packer was named league President and COO in April 2010.[34]
After winning their second consecutive championship in 2010–11, the Southeast Texas Mavericks publicly opined that the ABA did not have adequate competition, and they left with intentions of joining the NBA Development League.[35] However, their application to join the NBA Development League was denied, and the franchise sat out the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons. Consecutive titles were won by the Jacksonville Giants in their absence, with championship wins over the previously undefeated South Carolina Warriors in 2011–12 and North Dallas Vandals in 2012–13.[36] The team returned to the ABA for 2013–14 as the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks, going undefeated and winning the league title in a perfect season.[37]
Management change and ESPN3 deal, 2014–2016
[edit]At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, over 350 franchises had folded since the league's inception.[38]
Former Arizona Scorpions owner Ron Tilley replaced Joe Newman as league President and CEO following Newman's retirement in July 2014.[39]
The league signed a two-year streaming deal with ESPN3 in August 2014 to broadcast regular season and playoff games beginning with the 2014–15 season.[40]
After completing a perfect season for the second time in 2014–15 and winning their fourth championship, the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks left the ABA to join the Premier Basketball League.[41]
Joe Newman returned to the role of league President and CEO beginning with the 2015–16 season.
The Jacksonville Giants drew the league's all-time record crowd of 8,987 for their 100–93 victory over the previously unbeaten Chicago Steam at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena on January 16, 2016.[42] It had been reported the week prior that the Orlando Magic was considering adopting the Giants as their NBA Development League affiliate, although later in the year they instead moved their existing affiliate Erie BayHawks to Lakeland, Florida.[43][44]
WABA launch and addition of play-in tournament, 2017–present
[edit]A sister league, the Women's American Basketball Association (WABA), was launched in 2017.[45] Garden State Warriors owner Marsha Blount was named the league's President and CEO.[46]
The 2017–18 season saw franchise fees lowered to $2,500.[47]
League co-founder Dick Tinkham died of muscular dystrophy in October 2018.[48]
The 2019–20 season was ended prematurely and the playoffs cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[49]
The undefeated Jacksonville Giants captured their seventh and final championship in 2020–21, concluding the team's first perfect season and third in ABA history.[50]
A play-in tournament was implemented beginning with the 2021–22 season to determine which teams would advance to the divisional round of the playoffs.[51]
Following elimination from the 2021–22 playoffs by the Steel City Yellow Jackets, the Jacksonville Giants ceased operations.[52]
The Burning River Buckets and Indiana Lyons were declared co-champions of the 2022–23 season after storm damage rendered the venue for their championship game unplayable.[53]
Rule changes
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381376559.jpg/220px-TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381376559.jpg)
The league employs a number of unconventional rules that are unique to the league:[54]
- Four-point field goal: Shots made from behind the half-court division line are credited as 4 points.
- 3D rule: If a team commits a backcourt violation or turns the ball over in the backcourt, any field goal scored by the opposing team on the ensuing possession shall be awarded an additional point (2-point shots are credited as 3 points, 3-point shots are credited as 4 points, 4-point half-court shots are credited as 5 points).
- Basket interference rule: Once the ball hits the rim, any play for the ball by a defender will not be considered goaltending.
- Sixth foul rule: A player who has committed six fouls may stay in the game, but any foul they commit after that point in time results in an uncontested free throw for the opposing team by a player of their choosing, and the opposing team also retains possession.
- 3–10 & Out: Overtime begins with a single 3-minute period. If the score is still tied, a second untimed overtime period shall commence, and the first team to reach 10 points wins the game.
- 13th man rule: Each team is allowed an additional player to dress for games beyond their normal 12-man squad. This traditionally is a role filled by celebrities and dignitaries as publicity stunts, but teams have also used the rule to strengthen their roster for important games.
Teams
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vermont_Frost_Heaves_at_Halifax_Rainmen_%28January_10_2008%29.jpg/220px-Vermont_Frost_Heaves_at_Halifax_Rainmen_%28January_10_2008%29.jpg)
109 teams completed at least one game during the 2023–24 season.[55]
The league's oldest surviving franchises are the Garden State Warriors (est. 2005), Georgia Gwizzlies (est. 2007), and Steel City Yellow Jackets (est. 2014).
Defunct
[edit]Franchises that left the ABA but still compete elsewhere include the Detroit Panthers (Maximum Basketball League), Kitsap Admirals (Independent), Motor City Cruise (NBA G League), Newfoundland Rogues (Basketball Super League), and Shreveport Mavericks (The Basketball League).
Championship results
[edit]All-Star Game results
[edit]East (6 wins) | West (4 wins) | South (2 wins) | Kansas City Knights (1 win) | Team Dr. J (1 win) |
---|
Year | Result | Host arena | Host city | Game MVP | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | Not held. | |||||
2002 | Kansas City Knights 161, ABA All-Stars 138 | Kemper Arena | Kansas City, Missouri | Maurice Carter, Kansas City Knights | [77] | |
2003 | Not held due to league shutdown. | |||||
2004 | Not held. | |||||
2005 | West 163, East 149 | Las Vegas Sports Center | Las Vegas, Nevada | Lou Kelly, Las Vegas Rattlers | [78] | |
2006 | East 129, West 127 | BankAtlantic Center | Sunrise, Florida | Armen Gilliam, Pittsburgh Xplosion | [79] | |
2007 | West 138, East 123 | Halifax Metro Centre | Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | Billy Knight, Atlanta Vision | [80] | |
2008 | East 161, West 140 | Barre Auditorium | Barre, Vermont | Anthony Anderson, Manchester Millrats | [81] | |
2009 | West, East | Nashville Municipal Auditorium | Nashville, Tennessee | Keith Simpson, Texas Fuel | [82] | |
2010 | ABA West All-Stars vs. Gilas Pilipinas | Hangar Athletic Xchange | Los Angeles, California | [83] | ||
2011 | East 123, West 122 | Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena | Jacksonville, Florida | Kayode Ayeni, Jersey Express | [84] | |
2012 | Red vs. White vs. Blue (round-robin tournament) | Eckerd College | St. Petersburg, Florida | [85][86] | ||
2013 | East 198, West 141 | South Suburban College | South Holland, Illinois | Maurice Mickens, Memphis Bluff City Reign | ||
2014 | No reported result. | Grandview Christian School | Grandview, Missouri | |||
2015 | South 138, North 131 | Kroc Center | South Bend, Indiana | [87] | ||
2016 | Team Dr. J 140, Team Gervin 139 | St. Frances Academy | Baltimore, Maryland | Terry Hosley, DMV Warriors | [88] | |
2017 | South , North | Big Ben's Home Court | Richmond, Virginia | Christopher Cromartie, South Florida Gold | ||
2018 | No reported result. | Giving Heart Community Center | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Antonio Reddic, Steel City Yellow Jackets | [89] | |
2019 | No reported result. | Giving Heart Community Center | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | |||
2020 | Not held due to COVID-19 pandemic. | |||||
2021 | East 210, West 165 | James J. Eagan Center | Florissant, Missouri | [90] | ||
2022 | East vs. West | [91] | ||||
2023 | East 169, West 151 | Jefferson College | Hillsboro, Missouri | Dominique Jones, Garden State Warriors | [92] | |
2024 | West 129, East 122 | Spring Hill College | Mobile, Alabama | David Jones, St. Louis Spirits | [93] |
Notable alumni
[edit]* | Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame |
Players
[edit]USA:
Malik Allen
Anthony Anderson
Harold Arceneaux
Kayode Ayeni
Toby Bailey
Antwain Barbour
Matt Barnes
Turner Battle
Corey Beck
Charlie Bell
Benoit Benjamin
Corey Benjamin
Jason Bennett
Travarus Bennett
Emmanuel Bibb
Jermaine Blackburn
Shad Blair
David Booth
Jeff Boschee
Bryan Bracey
Nick Bradford
Odell Bradley
Torraye Braggs
Scott Brooks
Damone Brown
Kezo Brown
Quinnel Brown
SirValiant Brown
Troy Brown
Kenny Brunner
Antonio Burks
Cardell Butler
Kevin Butler
Geno Carlisle
Antoine Carr
Aquille Carr
Chris Carrawell
Zahir Carrington
Maurice Carter
Parrish Casebier
Chris Cayole
Cedric Ceballos
Amir Celestin
Brian Chase
Robert Cheeks
Eric Chenowith
Keith Closs
William Coleman
DeAngelo Collins
Dallas Comegys
Dylon Cormier
Schea Cotton
Modie Cox
Joe Cremo
Joe Crispin
Eric Crookshank
Jason Crowe
Ramel Curry
Glen Dandridge
Lloyd Daniels
Ben Davis
Kelvin Davis
Robert Day
Todd Day
Derrick Dial
Byron Dinkins
Nate Driggers
Ed Elisma
Carlos Escalera
Tony Farmer
Marcus Feagin
Taurian Fontenette
Kevin Freeman
Jarrid Frye
Will Funn
Corey Gaines
Chris Garner
Kenny Gasana
Eddie Gill
Armen Gilliam
Anthony Goldwire
Paul Grant
Cortez Groves
Kyle Gupton
Chris Hagan
Darrin Hancock
Tim Hardaway *
Trenton Hassell
Juaquin Hawkins
Andrew Hayles
Curtis Haywood
Esian Henderson
Sean Higgins
Dametri Hill
Jeremiah Hill
Rico Hill
Chris Hines
Randy Holcomb
Jerry Holman
Shaheen Holloway
Derek Hood
Jamar Howard
Rick Hughes
Edward "Cookie" Jarvis
Keith Jensen
Ashante Johnson
DerMarr Johnson
Matt Johnson
Charles Jones
Dominique Jones
Dontae' Jones
Kenny Jones
Reggie Jordan
Mark Karcher
Jimmy King
Julian King
Billy Knight
Christian Laettner
Trajan Langdon
Jack Leasure
Tyrone Levett
Geno Lewis
Steve Logan
Justin Love
Sam Mack
Gordon Malone
Darrick Martin
Dan McClintock
Jelani McCoy
Javon McCrea
Jeremy McNeil
Pete Mickeal
Anthony Miller
Oliver Miller
Percy Miller
Willie Mitchell
Jamario Moon
Chris Morris
Isaiah Morris
Lawrence Moten
Byron Mouton
Eric Murdock
Tyrone Nesby
Tyler Newton
Ed O'Bannon
Doug Overton
Josh Pace
Gerald Paddio
Jannero Pargo
Royce Parran
Anthony Pelle
Mike Penberthy
Darren Phillip
Chris Porter
Rashaad Powell
James Reaves
Khalid Reeves
Kareem Reid
Eric Riley
John Roberson
Lawrence Roberts
Stanley Roberts
Ryan Robertson
James Robinson
Mike Robinson
Dennis Rodman *
René Rougeau
Trevor Ruffin
JaRon Rush
Kareem Rush
Bryon Russell
Mark Sanford
Jason Sasser
Akeem Scott
DeRonn Scott
Shea Seals
Clayton Shields
Paul Shirley
Troy Simons
Duane Simpkins
Lazarus Sims
Reggie Slater
Doug Smith
Eddie Smith
Tony Smith
Isaac Spencer
Curtis Staples
Perry Stevenson
Anthony Steward
John Strickland
Jayceon Taylor
Doug Thomas
Jamel Thomas
Torey Thomas
Scotty Thurman
Clay Tucker
Joah Tucker
Nick VanderLaan
David Vanterpool
Fred Vinson
Jermaine Walker
Matt Walsh
Rex Walters
Jerod Ward
Reginald Warren
Jameel Watkins
Sylvania Watkins
C. J. Webster
Tony Weeden
Dominick Welch
Bubba Wells
Robert Whaley
DeJuan Wheat
Tyson Wheeler
Davin White
Lou White
Donald Whiteside
Brandon Williams
Jason Williams
Jerry Williams
Larry Williams
Richie Williams
Tim Winn
Terrence Woodyard
Damian Woolfolk
Metta World Peace
Galen Young
Asia:
Matt Freije
Chen Hsin-an
Mark Magsumbol
Sun Mingming
Guy Parselany
Yoav Saffar
Behdad Sami
Avery Scharer
Ha Seung-jin
Lee Seung-jun
Yuta Tabuse
Sun Yue
Africa:
Americas:
Canada
Jermaine Anderson
Manix Auriantal
Kelvin dela Peña
Robbie Sihota
Christian Upshaw
Dwight Walton
Howard Washington
Europe:
Oceania:
Coaches
[edit]USA:
Nate Archibald *
Isaac Austin
Rod Baker
Bill Bayno
Chris Beard
Scott Brooks
Joe Bryant
Wallace Bryant
Paul Butorac
Jason Caffey
Don Casey
Earl Cureton
Darryl Dawkins
Terry Dehere
Bob Donewald Jr.
Acie Earl
Corey Gaines
George Gervin *
Greg Graham
Gary Grant
Litterial Green
Ron Greene
Tim Hardaway *
Antonio Harvey
Sean Higgins
Bob Hoffman
Dennis Hopson
Richard Jacob
Antoine Joubert
Kevin Keathley
Bruce Kreutzer
Cliff Levingston
Freddie Lewis
Kyle Macy
Sergio McClain
Ashley McElhiney
Joey Meyer
Barry Migliorini
DeLisha Milton-Jones
Johnny Moore
Richard Morton
Hernando Planells
Kevin Pritchard
Jerry Reynolds
Trevor Ruffin
Twiggy Sanders
Kelvin Scarborough
Clayton Shields
Bob Sundvold
Dane Suttle
LaSalle Thompson
Ray Tolbert
Jan van Breda Kolff
Will Voigt
Tirame Walker
Teresa Weatherspoon *
Scott Wedman
Paul Westhead
Kevin Whitted
Jerry Williams
Kenny Williams
Orlando Woolridge
Galen Young
Patrick Zipfel
Asia:
Americas:
References
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{{cite web}}
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External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official website
- OTC Pink: ABKB
- League statistics and standings from MyStatsOnline
- American Basketball Association (2000–present)
- 1999 establishments in Indiana
- Basketball leagues in the United States
- Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States
- Organizations based in Indianapolis
- Professional sports leagues in the United States
- Publicly traded sports companies
- Sports leagues established in 1999