Gadolinium(III) hydroxide

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name Gandolinium trihydroxide
	Other names Gandolinium(III) hydroxide;
Identifiers
CAS Number	16469-18-4;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	77048;
ECHA InfoCard	100.036.817
EC Number	240-516-5;
PubChem CID	85434;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80936979 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Gd.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 Key: ILCLBMDYDXDUJO-UHFFFAOYSA-K;
	SMILES [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Gd+3];
Properties
Chemical formula	Gd(OH)3
Molar mass	208.3 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Melting point	307 °C (585 °F; 580 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Structure
Crystal structure	Hexagonal
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

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Gadolinium(III) hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula Gd(OH)₃. Its nanoparticles has a potential use for layering various drugs, such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen.

Production and properties

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide can be produced in various ways such as the reaction of gadolinium(III) nitrate and sodium hydroxide:^[1]

Gd(NO₃)₃ + NaOH → Gd(OH)₃ + NaNO₃

If this compound is heated to 307 °C, it decomposes to gadolinium(III) oxide-hydroxide(GdOOH), which in turn decomposes to gadolinium(III) oxide if continually heated.^[1]

Uses

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide has no commercial uses. However, gadolinium(III) hydroxide nanoparticles have gained interest as a coating agent for various anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen^[3] due to their property to be non-cytotoxic.^[4] The nanoparticles are produced by adding base anion exchange resin to gadolinium(III) nitrate.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Logvinenko, V.; Bakovets, V.; Trushnikova, L. (2014). "Dehydroxylation kinetics of gadolinium hydroxide". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 115 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3274-1. S2CID 97056121.
^ ^a ^b Y. Kobayashi; H. Morimoto; T. Nakagawa; Y. Kubota; K.Gonda; N. Ohuchi (2016). "Fabrication of gadolinium hydroxide nanoparticles using ion-exchange resin and their MRI property". Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 4 (1): 138–142. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2016.01.005. S2CID 101542680.
^ Yadong Xu; Alvaro Goyanes; Yuwei Wang; Andrew J. Weston; Po-Wah So; Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes; Andrew M. Fogg; Abdul W. Basit; Gareth R. Williams (2018). "Layered gadolinium hydroxides for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging". Dalton Transactions. 47 (9): 3166–3177. doi:10.1039/C7DT03729E. PMID 29355263. S2CID 3577750.
^ Hemmer, Eva; Kohl, Yvonne; Colquhoun, Victoria; Thielecke, Hagen; Soga, Kohei; Mathur, Sanjay (2010). "Probing Cytotoxicity of Gadolinium Hydroxide Nanostructures". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 114 (12): 4358–4365. doi:10.1021/jp911607h. PMID 20218658.

[decomp-1] Logvinenko, V.; Bakovets, V.; Trushnikova, L. (2014). "Dehydroxylation kinetics of gadolinium hydroxide". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 115 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3274-1. S2CID 97056121.

[pro-2] Y. Kobayashi; H. Morimoto; T. Nakagawa; Y. Kubota; K.Gonda; N. Ohuchi (2016). "Fabrication of gadolinium hydroxide nanoparticles using ion-exchange resin and their MRI property". Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 4 (1): 138–142. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2016.01.005. S2CID 101542680.

[drug-3] Yadong Xu; Alvaro Goyanes; Yuwei Wang; Andrew J. Weston; Po-Wah So; Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes; Andrew M. Fogg; Abdul W. Basit; Gareth R. Williams (2018). "Layered gadolinium hydroxides for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging". Dalton Transactions. 47 (9): 3166–3177. doi:10.1039/C7DT03729E. PMID 29355263. S2CID 3577750.

[toxic-4] Hemmer, Eva; Kohl, Yvonne; Colquhoun, Victoria; Thielecke, Hagen; Soga, Kohei; Mathur, Sanjay (2010). "Probing Cytotoxicity of Gadolinium Hydroxide Nanostructures". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 114 (12): 4358–4365. doi:10.1021/jp911607h. PMID 20218658.

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