Voiced velar lateral approximant
| Voiced velar lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʟ | |||
| IPA Number | 158 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029F | ||
| X-SAMPA | L\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number[1] of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ⟩ (since 1989) and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.
The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization [ɡ͡ʟ].[2]
Features
Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
The velar lateral [ʟ] involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop [ɡ], the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] – also known as the dark l in English feel [fiːɫ] – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge.[3]
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Southern US[4] | middle, full | [ˈmɪdʟ̩], [ˈfʟ̩ː] | 'middle', 'full' | May occur before or after velar consonant, as in milk and cycle, when assimilating /ʊ/, as in wolf, or before labial consonants, as in help. See English phonology |
| Hiw[5] | r̄evr̄ov | [ɡ͡ʟəβɡ͡ʟɔβ] | 'evening' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
| Korean | 달구지 / dalguji | [tɐʟɡud͡ʑi] | 'cart' | When the final consonant ⟨ㄹ⟩[ɭ] is followed by ⟨ㄱ⟩[ɡ], ⟨ㅋ⟩[kʰ], and ⟨ㄲ⟩[k͈], appears. See Korean phonology. | |
| Melpa[6] | paⱡa | [paʟa] | 'fence' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
| Mid-Wahgi[7] | aglagle | [aʟaʟe] | 'dizzy' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
See also
- Voiceless velar lateral approximant, [ʟ̥]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, [ɫ]
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, [ɬ]
- Velar lateral tap, [ʟ̆]
- Voiced velar lateral fricative, [ʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative, [ʟ̝̊]
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
- ^ François (2010:422–426)
- ^ François (2010:425)
- ^ François (2010:423)
- ^ John Wells, Accents of English 3, beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 551
- ^ François (2010:419)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:169)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
References
- François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment" (PDF), Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
