South American land mammal age
Locations of SALMA type localities
Pleistocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Oligocene ages
Eocene ages
Paleocene ages
Pleistocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Oligocene ages
Eocene ages
Paleocene agesThe South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]
The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.
Background
South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.
Paleogeographic timeline
A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]
- 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
- 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
- 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
- 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
- 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
- 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
- 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. The main migrational route is from north to south, rather than the opposite way. This led to much higher extinction levels of groups in South America than in North America.
- Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
- Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica
Definitions
Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America
The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:
Fossil content
See also
- Biochronology
- North American land mammal age (NALMA)
- Asian land mammal age (ALMA)
- European land mammal age (ELMA or ELMMZ)
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ecuador
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Paraguay
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Uruguay
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
- ^ Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
- ^ In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation[96]
References
- ^ Flynn & Swisher, 1995
- ^ Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
- ^ Blasi et al., 2010, p.88
- ^ Fucks et al., 2011, p.110
- ^ Quebrada Agua Blanca at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mapa Geológico del Paraguay, 1986, p.42
- ^ Filí, 2001, p.28
- ^ a b c d López Mendoza et al, 2010, p.22
- ^ Alvarenga et al., 2010, p.230
- ^ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.211
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.89
- ^ Zurita et al., 2009, p.279
- ^ Soibelzon et al., 2010, p.315
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.30
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1989, p.120
- ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.74
- ^ Combina & Sánchez, 2003, p.126
- ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
- ^ Pardiñas & Galliari, 1998, p.18
- ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.75
- ^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.52
- ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.72
- ^ Brambilla & Ibarra
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.143
- ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.76
- ^ Isla et al., 2015, p.245
- ^ Oliveira et al., 2005, p.216
- ^ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.90
- ^ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.212
- ^ a b Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.642
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.41
- ^ Kerber et al., 2014, p.250
- ^ a b c d e Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.639
- ^ Tonni et al., 1999, p.277
- ^ Picasso & Degrange, 2009, p.429
- ^ Agnolin, 2006
- ^ Buchmann et al., 2009, p.9
- ^ Granadino, 2012, p.18
- ^ a b Isla et al., 2015, p.236
- ^ a b c d e f Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.640
- ^ a b Reguero & Candela, 2008, p.291
- ^ a b Orgeira, 1988, p.26
- ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.41
- ^ Erra et al., 2016, p.65
- ^ a b c d e f Le Roux et al., 2016, p.46
- ^ Segovia, 2014, p.142
- ^ Renner & Velasco, 2000, p.26
- ^ a b Castro et al., 2014, p.5
- ^ a b c d e f Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
- ^ Olivares et al., 2012, p.200
- ^ Elissamburu et al., 2011, p.228
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.257
- ^ a b c d Muruaga, 2001, p.30
- ^ Zamorano, 2013, p.284
- ^ a b c d e Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
- ^ Carillo Briceño et al., 2013, p.194
- ^ Chávez, 2008
- ^ a b c d e f g Brand et al., 2011
- ^ a b c d e f g Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.14
- ^ a b Cerdeño et al., 2008, p.225
- ^ a b Rinderknecht & Noriega, 2002, p.185
- ^ Ciccioli, 2017, p.72
- ^ Agnolin et al., 2014, p.20
- ^ Albino et al., 2009, p.79
- ^ Bogan & Agnolin, 2009, p.193
- ^ Nasif et al., p.101
- ^ Gutiérrez & Mon, 2004
- ^ Di Celma & Cantalamessa, 2007
- ^ a b Cerdeño et al., 2012
- ^ a b Quijano Ballesteros, 2005, p.19
- ^ Bonini, 2014, p.58
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
- ^ a b Castro Medina, 2010, p.58
- ^ Romero Carrasco, 2017, p.8
- ^ a b c d Finger et al., 2007, p.13
- ^ Ramírez Parrales, 2013, p.52
- ^ a b c Reguero et al., 2015, p.60
- ^ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.19
- ^ a b Cione et al., 2005, p.57
- ^ a b Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.683
- ^ a b c d Pérez, 2012, p.11
- ^ a b Cozzuol, 2006, p.190
- ^ Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.136
- ^ Garrido et al., 2017, p.54
- ^ Verde, 2002, p.21
- ^ a b Goin et al., 2000, p.101
- ^ a b c Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
- ^ Morton & Herbst, s.a., p.1
- ^ Cerdeño et al., 2019, p.12
- ^ Czaplewski & Campbell, 2017
- ^ Frailey, 1986, p.4
- ^ García López & Barbot, 2015, p.315
- ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.44
- ^ a b c d e Vezzosi, 2015, p.27
- ^ Kiyu Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Verde, 2002, p.20
- ^ a b Romero et al., 1998, p.60
- ^ Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
- ^ a b c d e f g Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
- ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.26
- ^ Morton & Herbst, 2007, p.154
- ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.637
- ^ a b c d Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
- ^ Brea et al., 2013, p.28
- ^ a b c d e f Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
- ^ González & Abascal, 2012, p.129
- ^ Baldellón et al., 1994, p.241
- ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991
- ^ Brandoni et al., 2012, p.10
- ^ a b c d Linares, 2004, p.16
- ^ Deschamps et al., 2009, p.296
- ^ a b Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2007, p.301
- ^ Escosteguy et al., 2003
- ^ a b c d e f Reichler, 2010, p.181
- ^ García et al., 1999, p.251
- ^ a b Hernández et al., 2002, p.5
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
- ^ a b Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
- ^ a b Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149
- ^ Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
- ^ a b c d e Utgé et al., 2009
- ^ a b c d Cerdeño & Guiomar, 2007, p.201
- ^ Simpson, 1947, p.2
- ^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
- ^ Linares, 2004, p.5
- ^ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.422
- ^ Dalla Salda & Franzese, 1987, p.7
- ^ Croft et al., 2016, p.2
- ^ Marshall, 1990
- ^ Marshall & Salinas, 1990
- ^ a b c d e De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
- ^ a b c d Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
- ^ Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2
- ^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
- ^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
- ^ a b Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
- ^ Vizcaíno et al., 2012
- ^ a b c d Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
- ^ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20
- ^ a b Johnson, 2009, p.60
- ^ a b Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
- ^ Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145
- ^ Croft et al., 2007, p.781
- ^ Kramarz, 2001, p.10
- ^ a b c d e f Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
- ^ a b c d e f Godoy et al., 2012
- ^ a b c d e f Muñoz et al., 2006
- ^ Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
- ^ Kramarz et al., 2005
- ^ Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
- ^ a b Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
- ^ a b Náñez et al., 2009
- ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
- ^ De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
- ^ a b c d e f Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.27
- ^ Combina & Nullo, 2011, p.201
- ^ Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
- ^ Castro Medina, 2010, p.55
- ^ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.41
- ^ Bond et al., 1998, p.42
- ^ Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.680
- ^ Alván et al., 2017, p.56
- ^ Gómez et al., 2008, p.48
- ^ Billet et al., 2008, p.153
- ^ Le Roux et al., 2010, p.332
- ^ Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
- ^ Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005, p.674
- ^ Do Couto Ribeiro, 2010, p.88
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
- ^ Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
- ^ Billet et al., 2010
- ^ Vizan et al., 2013
- ^ a b Otero et al., 2012
- ^ Castro Medina, 2010, p.56
- ^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.12
- ^ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.34
- ^ a b c Carlotto, 2016, p.522
- ^ Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
- ^ a b Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
- ^ Clarke et al., 2003
- ^ a b Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
- ^ a b Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
- ^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
- ^ Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577
- ^ López & Bond, 1995, p.92
- ^ a b Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
- ^ Shelania at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Wilf et al., 2005
- ^ Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
- ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
- ^ a b c d Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
- ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
- ^ Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
- ^ Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
- ^ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
- ^ Hernández, 2003, p.47
- ^ Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
- ^ Del Papa, 2006, p.314
- ^ a b c Narváez, 2009, p.24
- ^ Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
- ^ Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
- ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
- ^ Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
- ^ a b Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
- ^ a b Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
- ^ a b Gelfo & Goin, 2011
- ^ a b c d e f Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
- ^ a b Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
- ^ Oliveira & Goin, 2011
- ^ a b Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
- ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
- ^ Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
- ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
- ^ a b Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
- ^ Goin et al., 2006
- ^ Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
- ^ Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Luján at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
- ^ Góis et al., 2012
- ^ Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Góis et al., 2015
- ^ La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
- ^ El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Machado et al., 2014
- ^ a b c Tarija at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Ortiz et al., 2013
- ^ Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
- ^ Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.93
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.83
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.84
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.86
- ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.88
- ^ Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Charana at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
- ^ East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
- ^ 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Olivares & Verzi, 2015
- ^ Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Yauca at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tonni & Noriega, 1996
- ^ Daza et al., 2012
- ^ Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
- ^ First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
- ^ First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barbière et al., 2016
- ^ a b Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Castro et al., 2014
- ^ Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
- ^ Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
- ^ Pérez et al., 2017
- ^ Degrange et al., 2015
- ^ Pérez Ben et al., 2019
- ^ Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barbière et al., 2018
- ^ a b c d Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Armella et al., 2018
- ^ Candela & Bonini, 2017
- ^ a b Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b c Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Carrillo et al., 2018
- ^ Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ a b El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Remedios at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Pujos et al., 2016
- ^ Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Benson, 2015
- ^ Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
- ^ La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Nicoli, 2015
- ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
- ^ CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org
Bibliography
SALMA
- Paleogene
Pebas Wetlands
Argentina
- Paleogene
- Pleistocene
- Austral Basin
- Santa María-Hualfín Basin
- Santa Fe Province
- Aconquija Formation
- Agua de la Piedra Formation
- Aisol Formation
- Andalhuala Formation
- Andesitas Huancache Formation
- Arroyo Chasicó Formation
- Belgrano Formation
- Bororó Formation
- Brochero Formation
- Casamayor Formation
- Cerro Azul Formation
- Cerro Bandera Formation
- Chapadmalal Formation
- Chichinales Formation
- Chiquimil Formation
- Collón Curá Formation
- Deseado Formation
- Divisadero Largo Formation
- La Ensenada Formation
- Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
- Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
- Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
- Gaiman Formation
- Geste Formation
- Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
- Hernandarias Formation
- Huayquerías Formation
- Huitrera Formation
- India Muerta Formation
- La Invernada Formation
- Ituzaingó Formation
- Koluel Kaike Formation
- Laguna Brava Formation
- Laguna del Hunco Formation
- Las Flores Formation
- Lefipán Formation
- Leticia Formation
- Loma de Las Tapias Formation
- Luján Formation
- Lumbrera Formation
- Maimará Formation
- Maíz Gordo Formation
- Mariño Formation
- Mealla Formation
- Miramar & San Andrés Formations
- Monte Hermoso Formation
- Monte León Formation
- El Morterito Formation
- Palo Pintado Formation
- Paraná Formation
- Peñas Coloradas Formation
- Pinturas Formation
- Piquete Formation
- Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
- Puerta del Diablo Formation
- Puerto Madryn Formation
- Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
- Río Chico Group
- Río Foyel Formation
- Río Loro Formation
- Río Mayo Formation
- Río Negro Formation
- Río Quinto Formation
- Saladillo Formation
- Salamanca Formation
- Saldungaray Formation
- Salicas Formation
- Santa Cruz Formation
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- Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
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- Toro Negro Formation
- Uquía Formation
- Vaca Mahuida Formation
- Ventana Formation
- Vorohué Formation
- Yupoí Formation
Bolivia
- Casira Formation
- Cerdas beds
- Honda Group
- Lacayani fauna
- Ñuapua Formation
- Quehua Formation
- Salla Formation
- Santa Lucía Formation
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- Tarija Formation
- Umala Formation
- Yecua & Petaca Formations
Brazil
- Entre-Corrégos Formation
- Fonseca Formation
- Graxaim Formation
- Guabirotuba Formation
- Içá Formation
- Itaboraí Formation
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- Maria Farinha Formation
- Pirabas Formation
- Rio Madeira Formation
- Santa Vitória Formation
- Solimões Formation
- Touro Passo Formation
- Tremembé Formation
Chile
- Abanico Formation
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- Bahía Inglesa Formation
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- Caleta Herradura Formation
- Chíu-Chíu Formation
- Chucal Formation
- Coquimbo Formation
- Cura-Mallín Group
- Horcón Formation
- Huaylas Formation
- Loreto Formation
- Navidad Formation
- La Portada Formation
- Río Baguales Formation
- Río Frías Formation
Colombia
- Altiplano Cundiboyacense
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- Cesar-Ranchería Basin
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- Cocinetas Basin
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- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Barzalosa Formation
- Gualanday Group
- Honda Group
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Los Hoyos beds
- Mugrosa Formation
- Rotinet Formation
- Sincelejo Formation
Ecuador
- Biblián Formation
- Dos Bocas Formation
- Letrero Formation
- Onzole Formation
- Seca Formation
Paraguay
- Chaco Formation
Peru
- Peruvian Amazon
- Sechura Basin
- Chambira Formation
- Chilcatay Formation
- Chota Formation
- Iñapari Formation
- Madre de Dios Formation
- Mogollón Formation
- Moquegua Formation
- Muñani Formation
- Paracas Formation
- Pisco Formation
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Pozo Formation
- Soncco Formation
- Yahuarango Formation
- Yumaque Formation
Uruguay
- Pleistocene
- Camacho Formation
- Dolores Formation
- Fray Bentos Formation
- Raigón Formation
- San José Formation
- Sopas Formation
Venezuela
- Chaguaramas Formation
- Parángula Formation
- Falcón Basin
- Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
- Capadare Formation
- Castillo Formation
- Mesa Formation
- Río Yuca Formation
- San Gregorio Formation
- Santa Inés Formation
- Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations
Further reading
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
- Template:Cite LSA
| Ages |       | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Defining formations and sites |
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| Sources | |||||||
