Saurashtra language

Sourashtra, more correctly, Saurashtri or Sourashtram, (Alternate names and spellings: Palkar, Sowrashtra, Saurashtra, Saurashtram) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of the Southern Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The Sourashtra community is referred to by the same name, or sometimes by the Tamil name, Pattunoolkaarar. The Ethnologue puts the number of speakers at 310,000 (1997 IMA), although the actual number could be double this figure or even more.

Classification

Sourashtra is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

Geographical Distribution

The speakers of the Sourashtra language, known as Sourashtrians, maintain a predominant presence in Madurai, a city, also known as 'Temple City' in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. Though official figures are hard to come by, it is believed that the Sourashtra population is anywhere between one-fourth and one-fifth of the city's total population. They are also present in significant numbers in Dindigul, Paramakudi, Erode, Palani, Rajapalayam, Nilakottai, Salem, Namakkal, Thanjavur, Trichy, Kumbakonam, Thiruvarur, Walaja, Arni, Tiruvannamalai, and Kottar in Nagercoil.

Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh is said to house several Sourashtrian families, known as Pattusali in local parlance, but they seem to be moving away from their brethren in Tamil Nadu as there has has hardly been any contact, let alone marital links, between them for many decades. In fact, not many Tamil Nadu Sourashtrians are even aware that there do exist Sourashtrians in Andhra Pradesh. This isolation, if continued unchecked, could result in Tirupati Sourashtrians assimilating with the local Telugu population.

A sizable number is also found in Chennai (formerly Madras), Bangalore, and other parts of India, but this presence is largely due to small-scale migrations in the last few decades from one of the aforesaid traditional Sourashtrian settlements.

History

Though there is little historical evidence available to support the argument that the Sourashtrians lived in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat in Western India, folklore, and recent linguistic and genetic researches have been able to establish that this region was indeed once the habitat of the Sourashtrians. However, their language has more similarities with Marathi and Konkani, both Indo-Aryan languages of Western India, than it does with Modern Gujarati, the language of present-day Gujarat. Linguists have been able to explain why it is so: Both Sourashtra and Gujarati branched off from a common parent, and have since taken completely different paths to modernity. Gujarati came under the influence of Persian, Arabic, many tribal languages and Hindi, whereas Sourashtra, taking off from Gujarat before it had made any Muslim contact, was influenced by Marathi, Konkani, Kannada, Telugu, and finally, Tamil. It has been acknowledged that Persian and Arabic have had only limited influence on Marathi and Konkani, and this is why they still retain a good amount of vocabulary and grammar derived from Sanskrit, as compared to other daughter languages of Sanskrit. It is possible that the vocabulary and grammar shared between Modern Sourashtra and Marathi is what was originally derived from Sanskrit.

The southward flight of the Sourashtrians seems to have been triggered by the frequent Muslim invasions of their homeland and the instability caused by it. No details are available whether it was a mass migration and when it took place. They found safe haven in the Vijayanagar Kingdom, with its capital at Hampi in present-day Karnataka, which was then expanding southwards. Weaving being their traditional occupation, they were able to win the attention of the Emperor and were soon elevated to the position of royal weavers. Telugu and Kannada were the court languages, though other languages such as Sanskrit and Tamil were also in use. It was during this period that Sourashtra started absorbing Telugu and Kannada words into its lexicon.

Vijayanagar rulers had the practice of appointing Governors, known as Nayaks, to manage far-flung regions of the empire. When Madurai and Thanjavur were annexed to the empire, Governors were appointed to administer the new territories. A part of the Sourashtra community may have moved to Madurai and Thanjavur at the time to serve the Governors.

The Vijayanagar empire collapsed after more than two centuries of rule, in 1565, after the Sultans of Deccan Confederacy won the battle of Talikota, thus opening up southern India for Muslim conquest. Soon afterwards, the Governors of Madurai and Thanjavur declared themselves the new rulers of the respective territories.

The Sourashtrians had to migrate again since they no longer enjoyed the royal patronage they were used to, and so, once again, were on the move. As there were Sourashtrians already present in Madurai and Thanjavur, it was only natural that they migrated further south to join their folks living there. The language would undergo one last alteration, this time influenced by Tamil, to bring it to its modern form. To this day, Sourashtrians are densely populated around the Royal Palace of Thirumalai Nayak, the greatest of the Nayak Rulers that ruled Madurai.

It is important to note that the Marathi-speaking community in Thanjavur should not be mistaken for Sourashtrians. The Marathi community arrived in Thanjavur during King Serfoji's reign and they are culturally and linguistically distinct from Sourashtrians.

Writing System

The language has had its own script [1] for centuries, and is said to have had many literary works. Unfortunately, all literary pieces barring a few modern ones have been irretrievably lost. This language is not taught in schools and hence has been confined to being merely a spoken language. Most Sourashtrians are bilingual in their mother tongue and Tamil — which displaced Telugu as the second language when they migrated to Tamil Nadu — and are more comfortable using their second language for all practical written communication.

There is an ongoing debate within the Sourashtra community on what the writing standard should be going forward. The contenders are: An adapted Tamil Script with superscript numbers and a colon to show sounds not used in Tamil, which is currently used in most Sourashtra publications, but presence of superscripts render it unsuitable for fast reading and writing; Devanagari Script, which is by far the most suitable script given its ability to represent most Sourashtra sounds, but is sparingly used since not many Sourashtrians comprehend it; Sourashtra Script, preferred by the Purists, but whose restoration and promotion is an arduous task in itself given its disuse for centuries; and, Romanized Sourashtra Script, popular amongst netizens and youngsters, and can be fairly accurate in its representation of Sourashtra sounds, but is frowned upon by the Traditionalists who see it as a foreign influence on their language.

Dialects

Each of the traditional Sourashtrian settlements has its own dialect. Since there is not a central linguistic body governing the rules, and establishing what is standard and what is not, each dialect speaker considers his own the standard form. The dialects share lexical similarities varying between 77% and 96%.

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