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Bagram Airfield

Coordinates: 34°56′46″N 069°15′54″E / 34.94611°N 69.26500°E / 34.94611; 69.26500
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Bagram Air Base

میدان هوایی بگرام
د بګرام هوائی ډګر
Summary
Airport typeMilitary
Owner Afghanistan
OperatorUnited States Army
United States Air Force
Afghan Air Force
LocationBagram, Afghanistan
Elevation AMSL4,895 ft / 1,492 m
Coordinates34°56′46″N 069°15′54″E / 34.94611°N 69.26500°E / 34.94611; 69.26500
Map
OAI is located in Afghanistan
OAI
OAI
Location of airport in Afghanistan
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
03/21 3,602 11,819 Concrete
Source: Landings.com[1]

Bagram Air Base also known as Bagram Airfield [2] (IATA: OAI, ICAO: OAIX) is the largest U.S. military base in Afghanistan. It is located next to the ancient city of Bagram, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of Charikar in the Parwan Province of Afghanistan. It has a dual runway capable of handling any size military aircraft, including Lockheed Martin C-5 Galaxy and Antonov An-225. Bagram Air Base is occupied by the Afghan Armed Forces and the US-led Resolute Support Mission.

Bagram Air Base is currently maintained by the Combined Joint Task Force 1st Cavalry Division (CJTF-1), having taken over from the 10th Mountain Division in the summer of 2016. It is also maintained by the 82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (Task Force Pale Horse) and 3-10 GSAB (Task Force Phoenix) of the U.S. Army, with the 455th Air Expeditionary Wing of the U.S. Air Force and other U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and ISAF units having sizable tenant populations. In addition, the U.S. government regional platform for the east is at the base, staffed by civilians.

The ICAO ID is OAIX and it is specifically at 34.944N, 69.259E at 1,492 metres (4,895 ft) above sea level. One of Bagram's runways is 3,003 metres (9,852 ft) long and the other is 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) long, which was built and completed by the United States in late 2006. There are a number of large hangars, a control tower, numerous support buildings, and various housing areas. There are also more than 32 acres (130,000 m²) of ramp space and five aircraft dispersal areas, with over 110 revetments. Many support buildings and base housing built by the Soviet Armed Forces during their occupation were destroyed by years of fighting between various warring Afghan factions after the Soviets left. New barracks and office buildings are being constructed at the present time, and the base is slowly expanding.

The Kabul International Airport is about 40 km (25 mi) south of Bagram, connected by two separate roads. Also, the Parwan Detention Facility is located somewhere around the base at Bagram. It has been criticized in the past for its abusive treatment of prisoners. In May 2010, the International Committee of the Red Cross revealed that since August 2009 it was informed about inmates of a second prison where detainees are held in isolation and without access to the International Red Cross that is usually guaranteed to all prisoners.[3]

History

The airport at Bagram was originally built in the 1950s, during the Cold War, at a time when the United States and neighboring Soviet Union were busy spreading influence in Afghanistan. While the United States was focusing on Afghanistan, the Soviets were busy with the Island of Cuba and Fidel Castro. In 1959, a year after Afghan Prime Minister Daud Khan toured the United States, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower landed at Bagram where he was greeted by King Zahir Shah and Daoud Khan among other Afghan officials.[4][5]

The present runway, 10,000 foot long, was built in 1976. The airport at Bagram was maintained by the Afghan Air Force (AAF) with some support from the United States. During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, it played a key role, serving as a base of operations for troops and supplies. Bagram was also the initial staging point for the invading Soviet forces at the beginning of the conflict, with elements of two Soviet Airborne Troops' divisions being deployed there. Aircraft based at Bagram, including the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment flying Su-25s, provided close air support for Soviet and Afghan troops in the field. The 368th Assault Aviation Regiment was stationed at Bagram from October 1986 to November 1987.[6]

Wrecks of former Soviet and Afghan Air Force (AAF) aircraft line the runway at Bagram Airfield.

Some of the Soviet land forces based at Bagram included the 108th Motor Rifle Division and the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment of the 105th Guards Airborne Division. Following the withdrawal of the Soviet forces and the rise of the Western-funded and Pakistani-trained[7] mujahideen rebels, Afghanistan plunged into civil war.

Control of the base was contested from 1999 onward between the Northern Alliance and Taliban, often with each controlling territory on opposing ends of the base. Taliban forces were consistently within artillery and mortar range of the field, denying full possession of the strategic facility to the Northern Alliance. Press reports indicated that at times a Northern Alliance general was using the bombed-out control tower as an observation post and as a location to brief journalists, with his headquarters nearby.

Reports also indicated that Northern Alliance rocket attacks on Kabul had been staged from Bagram, possibly with Russian-made FROG-7 Rockets. In 2000, the Taliban took over control and forced the Northern Alliance to retreat further to the north.

21st century

During the US-led invasion of Afghanistan, the base was secured by a team from the British Special Boat Service. By early December 2001 troops from the 10th Mountain Division shared the base with Special Operations Command officers from MacDill Air Force Base in Florida, soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division from Fort Bragg, and a small communications team of the 11th Signal Brigade out of Fort Huachuca. The British force consisted of B and C Companies from 40 Commando, Royal Marines. As of mid-December 2001 more than 300 US troops, mainly with the 10th Mountain Division, were providing force protection at Bagram. The troops patrolled the base perimeter, guarded the front gate, and cleared the runway of explosive ordnance. As of early January 2002 the number of 10th Mountain Division troops had grown to about 400 soldiers.

U.S. President George W. Bush and wife Laura Bush arrived to Bagram Airfield in Air Force One on March 1, 2006.

There are numerous dining facilities at Bagram Air Base. Troops and civilians have various dining options that include Pizza Hut, Subway, an Afghan restaurant, as well as Green Beans coffee shops.

As of late January 2002, there were somewhere around 4,000 US troops in Afghanistan, of which about 3,000 were at Kandahar International Airport, and about 500 were stationed at Bagram. The runway began to be repaired by US, Italian and Polish military personnel. By mid-June 2002, Bagram Airfield was serving as home to more than 7,000 US and other armed services. Numerous tent areas house the troops based there, including one named Viper City. It was reported that "Bagram came under daily rocket attack" in 2002 even though most of these attacks went unreported by the press.[8][9] Landmines have also been a serious concern in and around Bagram Airfield.[10]

By late 2003 B-huts, 18-by-36-foot structures made of plywood designed to hold eight troops,[11] were replacing the standard shelter option for troops. There were several hundred, with plans to build close to 800 of them. The plans were to have nearly 1,200 structures built by 2006, but completion of the project was expected much earlier; possibly by July 2004. The increased construction fell under US Central Command standards of temporary housing and allowed for the building of B-huts on base, not to show permanence, but to raise the standard for troops serving here. The wooden structures have no concrete foundation thus not considered permanent housing, just an upgrade from the tents, the only option Bagram personnel and troops had seen previously. The small homes offer troops protection from environmental conditions including wind, snow, sand and cold. During 2005, a USO facility was built and named after former pro football player and United States Army Ranger, Pat Tillman.

A second runway, 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) long,[12] was built and completed by the United States in late 2006, at a cost of US$68 million. This new runway is 497 metres (1,631 ft) longer than the previous one and 280 millimetres (11 in) thicker, giving it the ability to land larger aircraft, such as the C-5 Galaxy, C-17 Globemaster III, Il-76, An-124, An-225 or the Boeing 747 (which is used by civilian cargo airlines).[13]

Veterans Day at the base in 2008

By 2007 Bagram has become the size of a small town, with traffic jams and many commercial shops selling goods from clothes to food. The base itself is situated high up in the mountains and sees temperatures drop to −29 °C (−20 °F). Due to the height and snow storms commercial aircraft have difficulty landing there, and older aircraft often rely on very experienced crews in order to be able to land there. The base was able to house 10,000 troops in 2009.[2]

In October 2009 The State reported on Bagram's expansion.[14] It reported that Bagram was currently undergoing $200 million USD expansion projects, and called the Airfield a "boom town". According to the article: "Official U.S. policy is not to create a permanent occupation force in Afghanistan. But it is clear from what's happening at Bagram Airfield—the Afghan end of the Charleston-to-Afghanistan lifeline—that the U.S. military won't be packing up soon." In November 2009, construction of the Parwan Detention Facility was completed. It houses about 3,000 inmates, mostly insurgents who are fighting against Afghanistan and NATO-led forces.

In March 2010, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) installed 150 solar powered lights to address reports of sexual assaults at the base. Eight reported sexual assaults occurred at the base in 2009 involving Airmen; the U.S. Army's sexual assault response team reported treating 45 victims in 2009. The report revealed that most victims knew their attacker.[15]

Wikinews has related news:

The 2007 Bagram Airfield bombing was a suicide attack that killed up to 23 people and injured 20 more, at a time when Dick Cheney, then Vice-President of the United States, was visiting Afghanistan. The attack occurred inside one of the security gates surrounding the heavily guarded base. Yousef Ahmadi, one of the Taliban spokesmen, claimed responsibility for the attack and said that Cheney was the intended target. Another Taliban spokesman later confirmed that Osama Bin Laden planned the attack, and reiterated that Cheney was the intended target. This claim is supported by the relatively limited number of large suicide bombings carried out in Afghanistan, combined with the intensity of this particular attack, and the fact that Cheney was at the base. Cheney was unharmed from the attack, however. Among the dead were a US soldier, a US contractor, a South Korean soldier, and 20 Afghan workers at the base.

Air Force's 62nd birthday in September 2009

In 2008, several U.S. servicemembers were accused of accepting bribes for the award of building contracts on Bagram.[16][17][18][19] Four of the Afghans have also faced charges, while three of them have been held as material witnesses. The GIs are reported to have received over 100,000 dollars in bribes.

In March 2009, a car bomb exploded somewhere outside Bagram Airfield wounding three civilian workers.[20] In June 2009, two US soldiers were killed and at least six other personnel were wounded during an early morning rocket attack.

U.S. President Barack Obama at Bagram in 2012

In March 2010, insurgents attacked an area at the base with rockets. One of the rockets landed next to a B-Hut in a camp located on the west side of the base killing a Bosnian national, who was working at Bagram as a contract firefighter.

In May 2010, a group of "nearly a dozen" insurgents attacked around the north end of the base. The assault left one U.S. contractor dead while nine service members were reported wounded. A spokesman for Bagram said a building was slightly damaged during attack. Taliban spokesman claimed 20 armed men wearing suicide vests attacked the base with four detonating explosives at the entrances, but the military spokesman said they failed "to breach the perimeter" and were "unable to detonate their suicide vests."[21] The attackers were dressed in U.S. Army uniforms.[22][23]

A USAF F-16 Fighting Falcon takes off at Bagram Airfield for a combat sortie in 2015

Early on the morning of 30 December 2010, Taliban militants fired two rockets on Bagram though no casualties were reported. The insurgents claimed responsibility for the incident.[24] It should be noted that in the attacks on the base, most insurgents end up getting killed while some are wounded and become prisoners. After the 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests the United States decided to transfer the running of the Parwan Detention Facility to Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), although the Americans will have access to the facility and will have the power to veto which inmate is released.

On June 19, 2013, the base was the subject of a mortar attack by Taliban forces, which resulted in four U.S. troops being killed and several others wounded.[25]

On Thanksgiving evening, 2013, a rocket attack killed 2 civilian contractors as they slept in their B hut on the southern part of the field.[26]

Airlines and destinations

A view of the base from the Air Traffic Control Tower

Bagram handles a number of scheduled and charter passenger, and cargo flights, some of which have been listed based on available information.

Passenger

AirlinesDestinations
Atlas AirCharter: Baltimore, Doha
DFS Middle EastCharter: Dubai–International[27]
Gryphon AirlinesDubai–International
Omni Air InternationalCharter: Baltimore, Doha
Safi AirwaysDubai–International

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
Antonov Airlines Gostomel
Atlas Air Aviano, Bahrain, Charleston (SC), Fujairah, Hahn, Hong Kong, Karachi, Ramstein, Riga
Coyne Airways Dubai–International
DHL Aviation
operated by DHL International Aviation ME 		Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Karachi, Lahore[28]
FitsAir Dubai–International
Kalitta Air Aviano, Bahrain, Fujairah, Hong Kong, Karachi, Ramstein, Riga[29]
National Airlines (N8) Camp Bastion, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Dubai–International
Silk Way Airlines Baku[30]
Volga-Dnepr Airlines East Midlands

Medical care

Heathe N. Craig Joint Theater Hospital

The Heathe N. Craig Joint Theater Hospital on the base is 50 bed military hospital named after SSG Heathe N. Craig, a United States Army medic who died while trying to save a wounded comrade.[31][32][33] According to DoD interviews with medical staff at the hospital its modern facilities rival the facilities at modern hospitals in the United States. It replaces a small, less modern facility.

SSG Craig died on 21 June 2006 during combat operations in Afghanistan. The hoist on his UH-60 helicopter malfunctioned while attempting to evacuate a wounded soldier, PFC Brian J. Bradbury. SSG Craig was assigned to the 159th Air Ambulance Medical Company, Wiesbaden, Germany.

Parwan Detention Facility

Main article: Parwan Detention Facility
The nurse office inside the Parwan Detention Facility

The Parwan Detention Facility (PDF) was completed in 2009 and is located somewhere at Bagram Airfield. It is the main detention facility for persons detained by US forces in Afghanistan. The older detention facility, which was located at a different site, has been criticized in the past for alleged torture and prisoner abuse. In 2005, the New York Times reported that two detainees had been beaten to death by guards in December 2002.[34] Amnesty International used the word "torture" to describe treatment at the detention center.[35]

Apart from military and intelligence personnel, the only people officially allowed inside the prison building were Red Cross representatives who inspected the facility once every two weeks. It was reported in February 2009 that detainees had no access to any legal process.[36] Many of the officers and soldiers interviewed by U.S. Army investigators in the subsequent criminal investigation said the large majority of detainees were compliant and reasonably well treated.[34] However, some interrogators routinely administered harsh treatment which included alleged beatings, sleep deprivation, sexual humiliation, shackling to ceilings, and threats with guard dogs.[34] Amnesty International has criticized the U.S. government for using dogs in this way at the detention center.[35]

In 2005, the number of anti-Afghanistan militants held at Bagram was 450[37] but began increasing then. In the same year, four al-Qaeda militants escaped from Bagram detention center.[37] To address the mounting human rights violations and the 2005 escape incident, the U.S. decided to build a more modern detention facility. As of November 2011, more than 3,000 anti-Afghanistan militants and foreign terrorists are detained at PDF, roughly 18 times as many as in Guantanamo Bay. The number increased 5-fold since President Barack Obama took office in January 2009.[38] The detainees include senior members of al-Qaeda and Taliban militant commanders. In 2012, the Afghan government requested that control of the Parwan Detention Facility be handed over to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).

Incidents and accidents

Canadian service members wearing red poppy flowers attend a ramp ceremony at Bagram Airfeld, Oct. 31, to honor Master Corporal Byron Greff, 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
  • December 19, 2002: F-16A Block 20 MLU fighter overran a runway at Bagram Airfield and landed about 500 meters away in a mine field. The Danish Air Force pilot was evacuated to a US Army hospital.
  • December 25, 2002: a C-130 ran off the runway, closing the runway for a 24-hour period. There were no injuries.
  • April 20, 2003: a C-17 landed on part of the runway that was closed due to construction: The C-17 suffered over $2 million in main landing gear damage. There were no injuries.
  • Alleged prisoner abuse at Bagram by US personnel was the subject of the 2007 Academy Award-winning documentary Taxi to the Dark Side. The film details the severe beatings and torture, and ultimate death, of an Afghan taxi driver being held at the Parwan Detention Facility.
  • February 27, 2007 - a suicide bombing at the outer gate of the base left at least 23 people dead and injured 20 others.
  • August 10, 2007: A US CH-47 Chinook s/n 83-24123 while on the ground at Bagram Airfield, taxied into another parked CH-47D aircraft (84-24182) and was severely damaged. There were no fatalities. The aircraft was written off.
  • August 8, 2008: United Arab Emirates Air Force C-130 Hercules (S/N 1212) overran the runway and caught fire. The plane was partially salvaged. [citation needed]
  • October 21, 2008: A United States Navy P-3 Orion reconnaissance and intelligence aircraft overshot the runway while landing. The aircraft caught fire and was destroyed but the only injury to the crew was one broken ankle. The aircraft was from PATWING 5 from Naval Air Station Brunswick and was assigned to CTF-57 in Afghanistan [citation needed]
  • On 1 March 2010, ACT Airlines Airbus A300 TC-ACB sustained substantial damage when the port main landing gear did not extend and lock out completely. It then collapsed on landing forcing the aircraft to veer off the runway. The aircraft was a write-off and was scrapped within 4 days of the crash.[39]
  • June 10, 2011: French Army Gazelle Viviane crashed about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Bagram in the north of the country in difficult weather conditions. One person died and the pilot was seriously injured.[40]
  • April 29, 2013: National Airlines Flight 102 was a Boeing 747 that crashed on takeoff killing all 7 American crew members. The crash was recorded by the dashboard video camera of an approaching vehicle.[41]
  • December 21, 2015: a suicide bomber on a motorcycle killed 6 U.S. troops in an attack near the base.
  • November 12, 2016: a suicide bomber managed to enter the Air Force base, killing at least 4 Americans and injuring 17 others. US and Afghan forces pledged an investigation on the matter.

See also

References

  1. ^ Airport record for Bagram Airport at Landings.com. Retrieved 2013-8-1
  2. ^ a b "Bagram: US base in Afghanistan". BBC. 27 February 2007.
  3. ^ Red Cross confirms 'second jail' at Bagram, Afghanistan; BBC, 11 May 2010. The existence of this second prison was denied by U.S. authorities.
  4. ^ "In Small Things Remembered » President Dwight D. Eisenhower inspects the honor guard upon arrival at Bagram Airport". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  5. ^ "In Small Things Remembered » President Eisenhower is welcomed at the airport by King Zahir Shah, Afghan government officials, and children". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  6. ^ Frank Rozendaal, Rene van Woezik and Tieme Festner, 'Bear tracks in Germany: The Soviet Air Force in the former German Democratic Republic: Part 1, Air International, October 1992, p. 210.
  7. ^ Marshall, Andrew (1 November 1998). "Terror 'blowback' burns CIA". The Independent on Sunday. London. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  8. ^ "Life At Bagram". Newsweek. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  9. ^ "Rocket, Small Arms Fire Aimed at Bagram Airfield". US Department of Defense. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Afghanistan". Landmine and cluster munition monitor. 2003–2004. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  11. ^ Harris, Kent (15 March 2005). "Buildings going up at Bagram Airfield as U.S. forces dig in for the long haul". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  12. ^ "Bagram Air Base (OAIX)". AZ World Airports. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  13. ^ Bagram Airfield opens $68 million runway Archived 2007-03-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ Chuck Crumbo (19 October 2009). "Bagram Airfield keeps growing: More than $200 million in projects in the works". The State. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Rolfsen, Bruce, "Sex assaults spur new lighting at Bagram base", Military Times, 23 March 2010.
  16. ^ Carrie Johnston (10 October 2009). "Afghan Men Tricked Into U.S. Trip, Detained: Possible Witnesses Have Been Forced To Stay Since 2008". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Caryn Rousseau (27 August 2008). "2 US military men indicted on bribery charges". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Five Individuals Arrested, Two Contracting Companies Charged in Bribery Conspiracy Related to Department of Defense Contracts in Afghanistan". United States Department of Justice. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Chuck Goudie (19 June 2009). "2 Chicago military officials plead guilty here, including a soldier named Patton". ABC 7. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Car bomb outside main U.S. base injures 3 in Kabul, Afghanistan; Taliban claims responsibility. Associated Press, 4 March 2009.
  21. ^ Atia Abawi (19 May 2010). "Nearly a dozen militants dead after Bagram attack". CNN.com.
  22. ^ Vandiver, John, "Two U.S. Army Green Berets get Silver Stars, 12 others get Bronze Stars for valor", Stars and Stripes, 13 June 2011.
  23. ^ Ryan, John, "2 SF earn Silver Stars for Afghanistan heroics", Military Times, 2 July 2011.
  24. ^ "Taliban Fire Rockets on Bagram Airbase". TOLO News. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ AP sources: 4 US troops killed in Afghanistan Oklahoma News 9
  26. ^ "Loss in Afghanistan felt deeply in Pungo". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  27. ^ DFS Middle East
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2014-11-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ "Kalitta Air LLC". Kalitta Air LLC.
  30. ^ Silk schedule Archived 2014-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Thomas J. Doscher (9 March 2007). "New Bagram hospital offers state-of-art care". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. The new hospital is the most advanced in the area of operations and features a four-bed trauma bay, three operating rooms and a state of the art dental clinic. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ John Jung (14 October 2009). "Craig Joint Theater Hospital team helps build Afghan nursing foundation". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 15 October 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Thomas J. Doscher (4 March 2007). "New Joint Theater Hospital Offers Advanced Care in Afghanistan". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b c Golden, Tim (20 May 2005). "In U.S. Report, Brutal Details of 2 Afghan Inmates' Deaths". New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  35. ^ a b Amnesty International Annual Report Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ^ Charlie Savage, New York Times, "Obama Upholds Detainee Policy in Afghanistan", (online).
  37. ^ a b "Afghanistan: Manhunt Continues For Four Suspected Al-Qaeda Fighters". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 12 July 2005.
  38. ^ "Bagram: The other Guantanamo?". CBS News.
  39. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Jean Guisnel (11 June 2011). "Deux militaires français meurent accidentellement en Afghanistan" (in French). Le Point. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  41. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lksDISvCmNI
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