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Left-wing populism

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Left-wing populism is a political ideology which combines left-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. The rhetoric often consists of anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the system and speaking for the "common people".[1] Usually the important themes for left-wing populists include anti-capitalism, social justice, pacifism and anti-globalization, whereas class society ideology or socialist theory is not as important as it is to traditional left-wing parties.[2] The criticism of capitalism and globalization is linked to anti-Americanism which has increased in the left populist movements as a result of unpopular US military operations, especially those in the Middle East.[3]

It is considered that the populist left does not exclude others horizontally and relies on egalitarian ideals.[1] Some scholars point out nationalist left-wing populist movements as well, a feature exhibited by Kemalism in Turkey for instance.[4] For left-wing populist parties supportive of immigrant and LGBT rights among others, the term "inclusionary populism" has been used.[5]

With the rise of Greek Syriza and Spanish Podemos during the European debt crisis, there has been increased debate on new left-wing populism in Europe.[6][7]

By Region

Europe

Germany

Oskar Lafontaine

The Party of Democratic Socialism was explicitly studied under left-wing populism, especially by German academics.[8] The party was formed after the reunification of Germany and it was similar to right-wing populists in that it relied on anti-elitism and media attention provided by a charismatic leadership.[9] The party competed for the same voter base with the right-wing populists to some extent, although it relied on a more serious platform in Eastern Germany. This was limited by anti-immigration sentiments preferred by some voters, although the lines were for example crossed by Oskar Lafontaine, who used a term previously associated with the Nazi Party, Fremdarbeiter or alien workers, in his election campaign in 2005.[9] The PDS merged into the Left Party in 2007, and new populist elements are likely to find a more hospitable habitat on the left than on the right in Germany.[10]

Greece

Syriza, which became the largest party since January 2015 elections, has been described as a left-wing populist party after their platform incorporated most demands of the popular movements in Greece during the government-debt crisis. Populist traits in Syriza's platform include growing importance of "the People" in their rhetoric and "us/the people against them/the establishment" antagonism in campaigning. On immigration and LGBT rights, Syzira is inclusionary. Syriza itself does not accept the label "populist".[11]

Netherlands

The Socialist Party has run a left-wing populist platform after dropping its communist course in 1991.[12] Although some have pointed out that the party has become less populist over the years, it still includes anti-elitism in its recent election manifestos.[13] It opposes what it sees as the European superstate.

Spain

Pablo Iglesias, leader of Podemos

The left-wing populist party Podemos achieved 8 percent of the national vote in the 2014 European Parliament election. Due to avoiding nativist language typical with right-wing populists, Podemos is able to attract all leftist voters disappointed with the political establishment without taking sides in the regional political struggle.[14] At the 2015 election for the national parliament, Podemos reached 20.65% of the vote and became the third largest party in the parliament after the conservative People's Party with 28.71% and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party with 22.02%. In the new parliament Podemos holds 69 out of 350 seats. This result ended the traditional two-party system of Spain.[15]

Latin America

Argentina

The Argentine government of Juan Perón helped establish left-wing populism in Latin America as a political movement. During the 1950s they established Peronism, a populist movement which claimed to prioritize poverty alleviation, public health and well-being and full employment labor policies.

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015, and her husband, Néstor Kirchner were said to practice Kirchnerism, a variant of Peronism that was often mentioned alongside other early 21st century Latin American left-wing populist movements in Boliva and Venezuela. During Cristina Fernández de Kirchner time in office, she often engaged in criticism of the United States, gave speeches with anti-globalization overtones, and sought to form economic alliances with non-Western countries such as China and Russia, with some degree of success[citation needed]. She has also repeatedly spoken against capitalism in general. Her administration was characterized by marked tax increases, especially on agricultural produce, Argentina's main export. In 2009, she instated the Universal allocation per child subsidy (commonly referred to as AUH in Argentina,Asignación Universal por Hijo), a means-tested benefit to families with children who qualified for the program (despite its name, the AUH is not a universal subsidy).

Bolivia

The leadership of Siles Zuazo practiced left-wing populism,[16] as well as that of incumbent socialist president Evo Morales.[17]

Ecuador

Rafael Correa, the President of Ecuador, has stressed the importance of a "populist discourse" and has integrated technocrats to work within this context for the common Ecuadorians. In the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the government, Correa has blamed foreign non-governmental organizations for exploiting the indigenous people.[18]

Venezuela

The presidency of Hugo Chávez resembled a combination of folk wisdom and charismatic leadership with doctrinaire socialism.[17] Chávez's government was also described to have been a "throwback" to populist nationalism and redistributivism.[19]

North America

United States

The 2016 General Election witnessed rise of populist progressives, most notably the challenge of Bernie Sanders to the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. His ideas resonated especially with younger voters who were frustrated at the political establishment. Many of Senator Sanders's ideological allies include Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representative Keith Ellison.

Left-wing populist political parties

Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions

See also

Further reading

  • Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008). Twenty-First Century Populism. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9780230013490. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |deadurl=, and |subscription= (help)
  • Weyland, Kurt (2013). "The Threat from the Populist Left". Journal of Democracy. 24 (3): 18–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0045.
  • March, Luke (2007). "From Vanguard of the Proletariat to Vox Populi: Left-Populism as a 'Shadow' of Contemporary Socialism". SAIS Review of International Affairs. 27 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1353/sais.2007.0013.

References

  1. ^ a b Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 123
  2. ^ Zaslove, Andrej (June 2008). "Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type". European Review. 16 (03): 319–336. doi:10.1017/S1062798708000288.
  3. ^ Hartleb, Florian (2004). Rechts- und Linkspopulismus. Eine Fallstudie anhand von Schill-Partei und PDS (in German). Wiesbaden. p. 162. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |deadurl=, and |subscription= (help)
  4. ^ Ozel, Soli (April 2003). "After the tsunami". Journal of Democracy. 14 (02): 80–94. doi:10.1353/jod.2003.0043.
  5. ^ Mudde, C. Antonio; Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013). "Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America". Government and Opposition. 48 (2): 147–174. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ Mudde, Cas (17 February 2015). "The problem with populism". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  7. ^ Zabala, Santiago (2 December 2014). "In Europe, not all populist parties are the same". AlJazeera. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  8. ^ De Lange, Sarah (December 2005). "Political extremism in Europe". European Political Science. 4: 476–488. doi:10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210056.
  9. ^ a b Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 132
  10. ^ Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 133
  11. ^ Stavrakaki, Yannis; Katsambekis, Giorgos (June 2014). "Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA". Journal of Political Ideologies. 19 (2): 119–142. doi:10.1080/13569317.2014.909266. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  12. ^ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 0333961579.
  13. ^ Otjes, Simon; Louwerse, Tom (2013). "Populists in Parliament: Comparing Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism in the Netherlands". Political Studies. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12089.
  14. ^ a b Carlos de la Torre (11 December 2014). The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. University Press of Kentucky. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8131-4687-4. Cite error: The named reference "Torre2014" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Entscheidung in Spanien: Konservative sind Wahlsieger, verlieren aber Mehrheit. Spiegel Online, 20 Demcember 2015 (German)
  16. ^ Mayorga, Rene Antonio (January 1997). "Bolivia's Silent Revolution". Journal of Democracy. 8 (1): 142–156. doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0006.
  17. ^ a b Kirk Andrew Hawkins, Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-76503-9, page 84
  18. ^ de la Torre, Carlos (2013). Populismus in Lateinamerika. Zwischen Demokratisierung und Autoritarismus (PDF) (in German). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
  19. ^ Steve Ellner & Daniel Hellinger, eds., Venezuelan politics in the Chávez era: class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder: Lyne Rienner, 2003, ISBN 1-58826-297-9, page 67
  20. ^ Juan José Cruces (February 21, 2016). "El puchero de gallina del populismo kirchnerista" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved February 9, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b "South America's New Caudillos". The New York Times. October 16, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  22. ^ Eduardo Porter (May 3, 2016). "Populist Policies Let Brazil's Tomorrow Slip Away". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  23. ^ Professor of Politics Michael Keating; Professor David McCrone, eds. (2013). The Crisis of Social Democracy in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0748665822.
  24. ^ Katsambekis, Giorgos. "Left-wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA". academia.edu.
  25. ^ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 0333961579.
  26. ^ Christopher Ross; Bill Richardson; Begoña Sangrador-Vegas (2016). Contemporary Spain. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-75164-9.
  27. ^ Cas Mudde (17 February 2015). "The problem with populism". The Guardian.
  28. ^ "More liberal, populist movement emerging in Democratic Party ahead of 2016 elections", By Zachary A. Goldfarb. The Washington Post. November 30, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  29. ^ "The Left's Unpopular Populism", By Amitai Etzioni. The Atlantic. January 8, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  30. ^ "America in Populist Times: An Interview With Chantal Mouffe", By Waleed Shahid. The Nation. December 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  31. ^ Left-Wing Populists in Latin America?
  32. ^ Steve Ellner & Daniel Hellinger, eds., Venezuelan politics in the Chávez era: class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder: Lyne Rienner, 2003, ISBN 1-58826-297-9, page 67
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