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P protein

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Template:PBB P protein also known as melanocyte-specific transporter protein or pink-eyed dilution protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene.[1] The P protein is believed to be an integral membrane protein involved in small molecule transport, specifically tyrosine - a precursor of melanin. Certain mutations in OCA2 result in type 2 oculocutaneous albinism.[1] OCA2 encodes the human homologue of the mouse p (pink-eyed dilution) gene.

The human OCA2 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 15, specifically from base pair 28,000,020 to base pair 28,344,457 on chromosome 15.

Function

Frequencies of the derived His615Arg (rs1800414) allele of OCA2 in Asia.

OCA2 provides instructions for making the protein called P protein which is located in melanocytes which are specialized cells that produce melanin. Melanin is responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Moreover, melanin is found in the light-sensitive tissue of the retina of the eye which plays a role in normal vision. The exact function of protein P is unknown, but it has been found that it is essential for the normal coloring of skin, eyes, and hair; and likely involved in melanin production. This gene seems to be the main determinant of eye color depending on the amount of melanin production in the iris stroma (large amounts giving rise to brown eyes; little to no melanin giving rise to blue eyes).

Clinical significance

Mutations in the OCA2 gene cause a disruption in the normal production of melanin; therefore, causing vision problems and reductions in hair, skin, and eye color. Oculocutaneous albinism is a health condition caused by mutations in the OCA2 gene. Other diseases associated with the deletion of OCA2 gene are Angelman syndrome (light-colored hair and fair skin) and Prader-Willi syndrome (unusually light-colored hair and fair skin). With both these syndromes, the deletion often occurs in individuals with either syndrome.[2][3]

A mutation in the HERC2 gene adjacent to OCA2, affecting OCA2's expression in the human iris, is found common to nearly all people with blue eyes. It has been hypothesized that all blue-eyed humans share a single common ancestor with whom the mutation originated.[4][5][6]

The His615Arg allele of OCA2 is involved in the light skin tone and the derived allele is restricted to East Asia with high frequencies, with highest frequencies in Eastern East Asia (49-63%), midrange frequencies in Southeast Asia, and the lowest frequencies in Western China and some Eastern European populations.[7][8]

References

  1. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: OCA2 oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution homolog, mouse)".
  2. ^ "OCA2 - oculocutaneous albinism II". Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  3. ^ "Don't it make your brown eyes blue?". Understanding Genetics. Understanding Genetics. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  4. ^ Bryner J (2008-01-31). "Here's what made those brown eyes blue". Health News. MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-11-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Bryner J (2008-01-31). "One Common Ancestor Behind Blue Eyes". LiveScience. Imaginova Corp. Retrieved 2008-11-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); "Blue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor". News. University of Copenhagen. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2008-11-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Eiberg H, Troelsen J, Nielsen M, Mikkelsen A, Mengel-From J, Kjaer KW, Hansen L (2008). "Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression". Human Genetics. 123 (2): 177–87. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x. PMID 18172690. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Sturm RA, Duffy DL, Zhao ZZ, Leite FP, Stark MS, Hayward NK, Martin NG, Montgomery GW (2008). "A Single SNP in an Evolutionary Conserved Region within Intron 86 of the HERC2 Gene Determines Human Blue-Brown Eye Color". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (2): 424–31. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.005. PMC 2427173. PMID 18252222. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ A global view of the OCA2-HERC2 region and pigmentation. Hum Genet. 2012 May; 131(5): 683–696.Published online 2011 November 8. doi:  10.1007/s00439-011-1110-xPMCID: PMC3325407Michael P. Donnelly, Peristera Paschou, Elena Grigorenko,David Gurwitz, Csaba Barta, Ru-Band Lu,Olga V. Zhukova, Jong-Jin Kim, Marcello Siniscalco, Maria New, Hui Li,1Sylvester L. B. Kajuna, Vangelis G. Manolopoulos, William C. Speed, Andrew J. Pakstis, Judith R. Kidd, and Kenneth K. Kidd
  8. ^ Edwards, Melissa; Bigham, Abigail; Tan, Jinze; Li, Shilin; Gozdzik, Agnes; Ross, Kendra; Jin, Li; Parra, Esteban J. (2010). McVean, Gil (ed.). "Association of the OCA2 Polymorphism His615Arg with Melanin Content in East Asian Populations: Further Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Skin Pigmentation". PLoS Genetics. 6 (3): e1000867. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000867. PMC 2832666. PMID 20221248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Further reading

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