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Amr Moussa

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Amr Moussa
عمرو موسى
Secretary-General of the Arab League
In office
1 June 2001 – 1 June 2011
Preceded byAhmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid
Succeeded byNabil Elaraby
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
20 May 1991 – 15 May 2001
Prime MinisterAtef Sedki
Kamal Ganzouri
Atef Ebeid
Preceded byAhmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid
Succeeded byAhmed Maher
Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
1 January 1990 – 20 May 1991
PresidentHosni Mubarak
Preceded byAhmed Aboul Gheit
Succeeded byNabil Elaraby
Personal details
Born
Amr Mouhammed Moussa Abu-Zeid

(1936-10-03) 3 October 1936 (age 88)
Cairo, Egypt
Political partyIndependent
SpouseLeila Moussa
Children
  • Hania Moussa
Alma materCairo University

Amr M. Moussa (Arabic: عمرو محمد موسى, IPA: [ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ]; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 until 1 June 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001. He is a candidate in the 2012 presidential election.

Early life

He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is only a French citizen and has no ties to Egypt.[1]

Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.

Diplomatic career

Moussa then began his diplomatic career. Between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt’s Embassy in Switzerland and the Egyptian mission to the United Nations. From 1974 to 1977 he was an advisor to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to India. In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations. He was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Atef Sedki on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary General of the Arab League. Moussa has been heavily involved with Egypt's foreign policy since 1958. He has been Egypt's Ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the Lebanon War (1975–1990), and for this he is criticized for taking a strong anti-Christian position. After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.[2] Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.[3] At the Forum for New Diplomacy in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the 2006 Palestinian elections that brought Hamas into power.[4] Like El-Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, he supports opening the Gaza Strip/Egypt border (Seale, 2010). His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular. Many political commentators said the Mubarak sent him to work for the Arab League in 2001 so as not to compete as a presidential candidate in the 2005 Presidential elections because of his popularity. Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.[5]

Secretary-General of the Arab League

On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary General of the League of Arab States and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of president Hosni Mubarak allege that Moussa's appointment to the Office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight. On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security. On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the Holy See and met with Pope Benedict XVI in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.[6] On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited Gaza in a move to pressure Israel to lift its economic blockade over Hamas-ruled Gaza.[7] The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the Gaza flotilla raid, Moussa said the Arab League would go to the UN Security Council to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, Nabil Elaraby was elected as Secretary General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 June 2011.


Possible presidential candidacies

2005 presidential election

Main article: Egyptian presidential election, 2005

In 2004 an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a Doha Debate Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,[8] Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.

2012 presidential election

Main article: Egyptian presidential election, 2012

When asked about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".[9] He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to Gamal Mubarak, son of Hosni Mubarak.[10] He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him.".[11]

Moussa held talks with Mohamed Elbaradei after his return to Egypt. Many[who?] speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in Zurich, Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.[12] On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.[13] On the 8 February broadcast of Al Jazeera English's Empire, well-connected American journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not." [14] On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt. On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper Alwafd reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.[15]

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.[16]

Amr Moussa as possible successor to Mubarak

Amidst reports from newspapers like the Telegraph that secretary general of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, might be someone who takes over for President Hosni Mubarak, it seems worthwhile to look at what released WikiLeaks cables reveal about the US perception of Moussa. At least since 2006, the issue of who would succeed Mubarak has been a foremost issue for the US And, as indicated by 07CAIRO1417 [17], the US has noted Moussa could be a possible candidate for taking over the presidency: "The most likely contenders are presidential son gamal mubarak (whose profile is ever-increasing at the ruling national democratic party), egis chief omar soliman, dark horse arab league secretary general amre moussa…In a leadership crisis following mubarak’s death, moussa could emerge as a presidential contender, provided that he is an ndp member, or if the ndp were to promote him under the constitutional provisions allowed for independent candidates."

Awards

  • 2001 Grand Cordon of the Nile, Egypt
  • 2001 The Two Niles, First Class, Sudan

References

  1. ^ Amr Moussa: No, I don’t have an Israeli half-brother, timesofisrael.com, by Elhanan Miller, dated 6 April 2012.
  2. ^ United, Nations (March 4, 2011). "Biography of Amre Mahmoud Moussa" (PDF). United Nations.
  3. ^ "Profile: Amre Moussa". British Broadcasting Company. January 23, 2002.
  4. ^ Seale, Patrick (February 5, 2010). "An Arab Voice". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Badawi, Rania (March 1, 2011). "Moussa To Run For President, Will Announce Election Platform Soon". Al-Masry Al-Youm.
  6. ^ Wooden, Cindy (2009-04-23). "Vatican, Arab League sign new agreement to promote peace, dialogue". Catholic News. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  7. ^ Tim Franks (2010-06-13). "Arab League chief Amr Moussa in first visit to Gaza". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  8. ^ http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp
  9. ^ "Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt". CNN Arabic. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  10. ^ "Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt". Reuters Arabia. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  11. ^ Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president.
  12. ^ Frank-Jurgen Richter. "Horasis Annual Meeting" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |retrieve date= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Weaver, Matthew (2011-02-01). "Egypt protests". Guardian. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  14. ^ Hersh, Seymour (2011-02-08). "Empire". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
  15. ^ http://www.alwafd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15975:ثوار-يلتقون-موسى-وزويل-لبحث-مرشح-الرئاسة&catid=98:محلية&Itemid=92
  16. ^ "Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria", Scribd Middle East Polls
  17. ^ http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=07CAIRO1417&q=07cairo1417
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Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Egyptian Ambassaor to the United Nations
1990–1991 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary-General of the Arab League
2001–2011
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1991–2001 		Succeeded by

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