Paul Bernays
Paul Bernays | |
|---|---|
| File:Paul Bernays.jpeg Paul Bernays in 1976 (photo by George Bergman) | |
| Born | 17 October 1888 |
| Died | 18 September 1977 (aged 88) |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin |
| Known for | mathematical logic axiomatic set theory philosophy of mathematics |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | mathematics |
| Doctoral advisor | Edmund Landau |
Paul Isaac Bernays (17 October 1888 London – 18 September 1977 Zurich) was a Swiss mathematician, who made significant contributions to mathematical logic, axiomatic set theory, and the philosophy of mathematics. He was an assistant to, and close collaborator of, David Hilbert.
Bernays spent his childhood in Berlin. Bernays attended the Köllner Gymnasium, 1895-1907. At the University of Berlin, he studied mathematics under Issai Schur, Edmund Landau, Frobenius, and Schottky; philosophy under Riehl, Stumpf and Ernst Cassirer; and physics under Max Planck. At the University of Gottingen, he studied mathematics under David Hilbert, Edmund Landau, Hermann Weyl, and Felix Klein; physics under Voigt and Max Born; and philosophy under Leonard Nelson.
In 1912, the University of Berlin awarded him a Ph.D. in mathematics, for a thesis, supervised by Landau, on the analytic number theory of binary quadratic forms. That same year, the University of Zurich awarded him the Habilitation for a thesis on function theory and Picard's theorem. The examiner was Ernst Zermelo. Bernays was Privatdozent at the University of Zurich, 1912-17, where he came to know George Pólya.
Starting in 1917, David Hilbert employed Bernays to assist him with his investigations of the foundations of arithmetic. Bernays also lectured on other areas of mathematics at the University of Gottingen. In 1919, that university awarded him a second Habilitation, for a thesis on the axiomatics of the propositional calculus of Principia Mathematica.
In 1922, Gottingen appointed Bernays extraordinary professor without tenure. His most successful student there was Gerhard Gentzen. In 1933, he was dismissed from this post because of his Jewish ancestry. After working privately for Hilbert for six months, Bernays and his family moved to Switzerland, whose nationality he had inherited from his father, and where the ETH employed him on occasion. He also visited the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA, and the University of Pennsylvania.
Bernays's collaboration with Hilbert culminated in the two volumes Hilbert and Bernays (1934; 1939), discussed in Sieg and Ravaglia (2005) and never translated into English. In seven papers, published between 1937 and 1954 in the Journal of Symbolic Logic, Bernays set out an axiomatic set theory whose starting point was a related theory John von Neumann had set out in the 1920s. Von Neumann's theory took the notion of function as primitive; Bernays recast Von Neumann's theory so that sets and proper classes were primitive. Bernays's theory, with some modifications by Kurt Gödel, is now known as the Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory.
Further reading
- Kneebone, Geoffrey, 1963. Mathematical Logic and the Foundation of Mathematics. Van Nostrand. Dover reprint, 2001. A gentle introduction to some of the ideas in the Grundlagen der Mathematic.
- Sieg, Wilfried, and Ravaglia, Mark, 2005, "Grundlagen der Mathematik" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 981-99. (in English)