Manchester Baby
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. Developed by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill at the Victoria University of Manchester, it ran its first program on June 21, 1948.[1]
Origins
The computer was built as a mechanism to test the Williams tube, a particular type of cathode ray tube (CRT) which had been developed by Williams at the Telecommunications Research Establishment in July-November 1946, before he joined the University of Manchester in December 1946, rather than as a practical computer. After seeing an experiment at Bell Labs to remove the ground echoes that occurred in radar systems, Williams had seen the possibility of using CRTs as storage devices.[2]
Working with Kilburn at the university they increased the storage capacity of the CRT from one bit to 2048 bits by October 1947 using a 64 by 32 array.[3] This could be used for a computer's memory, with the advantage of allowing random access to memory, rather than the sequential access of the delay line memory units.
By June 1948, the SSEM had been built[3]. It was a very limited machine. The SSEM used one CRT to provide a single 32 by 32-bit word store, a second CRT to hold a single 32-bit accumulator, and a third CRT to hold the current instruction and its address. A fourth CRT was the output device, displaying the bit pattern of any chosen storage tube. The input device was a set of 32 buttons with manual switches to set the bit pattern of any word.[3]
A whole 32-bit word was used for each instruction. Bits 0–12 represented the memory address of the operand to be used and bits 13–15 the defined the operation to be applied to the data. The other 16 bits of the instruction were unused. The second operand of any operation was the accumulator i.e. the SSEM had a single operand architecture. An instruction was executed in 1.2 milliseconds. The main store could be read, written or refreshed in 300ms and it was refreshed every 16 instructions.[3]
Storage on the SSEM was very limited, it could store a total of only 32 numbers and 32 instructions. The instruction set was also very limited.
As only 3-bits were available to identify the operation in an instruction, there was a maximum 8 (23) different instructions. The initial seven instructions were:
- Jump to the instruction at the specified memory address.
- Relative jump indirect.
- Take the number from the specified memory address, negate it, and load it into the accumulator.
- Store the number in the accumulator at the specified memory address.
- Subtract the value at the specified memory address from the accumulator, and store the result in the accumulator.
- If the value in the accumulator is negative, skip the next instruction.
- Stop.
It is worth note that there was no add instruction. This was due to the need to minimise the size of the instruction set; an "add" could be constructed using the subtract instruction.
The first program
The first program consisted of 17 instructions. Written by Kilburn, it was designed to find the highest proper factor of 218 by trying every integer from 218 - 1 downwards. It took 3.5million operations and 52 minutes to obtain answer.[4]
Later developments
The SSEM developed into the Manchester Mark I, which led to the Ferranti Mark I, the world's second commercially available general-purpose computer. At around the same time EDSAC was being developed at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory.
A working replica of the SSEM was created in 1998 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the running of its first program. This is on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.
References
Notes
- ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998). "Computing's Golden Jubilee". RESURRECTION (20). The Computer Conservation Society. ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ "Early computers at Manchester University". RESURRECTION. 1 (4). The Computer Conservation Society. Summer 1992. ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ a b c d Rojas, Raúl (2000). The First Computers: History and Architectures. MIT Press. pp. p.366 -36. ISBN 0262681374.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Geoff, Tootill (Summer 1998). "The Original Original Program". RESURRECTION (20). The Computer Conservation Society. ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
Bibliography
- Williams, Michael R. (1997). A History of Computing Technology. IEEE Computer Society Press.
- Lavington, S. H. (1975). History of Manchester Computers. Manchester: NCC Publications. ISBN 0-85012-155-8.
- Annals of the History of Computing, Vol 27, No. 3, Jul-Sep 2005, IEEE Computer Society
Further reading
- Anderson, David (2004-06-04). "Was the Manchester Baby conceived at Bletchley Park?" (PDF). Alan Mathison Turing 2004: A celebration of his life and achievements. University of Manchester: British Computer Society.
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External links
- Computer 50 - A website celebrating the 50th anniversary of the SSEM in 1998.