Jump to content

Ashkelon

Coordinates: 31°40′N 34°34′E / 31.667°N 34.567°E / 31.667; 34.567
Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Absolutiva (talk | contribs) at 01:47, 30 November 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This article is about the modern Israeli city. For the ancient Levantine metropolis, see Ascalon. For other uses, see Ashkelon (disambiguation).

Ashkelon
  • אשקלון
  • عسقلان
City
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259ʔašqlon
 • Translit.Ashkelon
 • Also spelledAshqelon, Ascalon (unofficial)
Panorama of Ashkelon
Flag of Ashkelon
Flag
Coat of arms
Ashkelon is located in Ashkelon region of Israel
Ashkelon
Ashkelon
Ashkelon is located in Israel
Ashkelon
Ashkelon
Coordinates: 31°40′N 34°34′E / 31.667°N 34.567°E / 31.667; 34.567
CountryIsrael
DistrictSouthern
Founded
  • 5880 BCE (Neolithic settlement)
  • 2000 BCE (Canaanite city)
  • 1150 BCE (Philistine rule)
  • 6th century BCE (Classical city)
  • 15th century CE (Arab village)
  • 1953 (Israeli city)
Government
 • MayorTomer Glam [he]
Area
 • Total
47,788 dunams (47.788 km2 or 18.451 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
153,138
 • Density3,200/km2 (8,300/sq mi)
Websitewww.ashkelon.muni.il

Ashkelon or Ashqelon (/ˈæʃkəlɒn/ ASH-kə-lon; Hebrew: אַשְׁקְלוֹן, romanized: ʾAšqəlōn, IPA: [ʔaʃkeˈlon] ⓘ; Arabic: عَسْقَلَان, romanized: ʿAsqalān) is a coastal city in the Southern District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, 50 kilometres (30 mi) south of Tel Aviv, and 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of the border with the Gaza Strip.

The modern city is named after the ancient seaport of Ascalon, which was destroyed in 1270 and whose remains are on the southwestern edge of the modern metropolis. The Israeli city, first known as Migdal, was founded in 1949 approximately 4 km inland from ancient Ascalon at the Palestinian town of al-Majdal (Arabic: الْمِجْدَل, romanized: al-Mijdal; Hebrew: אֵל־מִגְ׳דַּל, romanized: ʾĒl-Mīǧdal). Its inhabitants had been exclusively Muslims and Christians and the area had been allocated to the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine; on the eve of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the inhabitants numbered 10,000 and in October 1948, the city accommodated thousands more Palestinian refugees from nearby villages.[2][3] The town was conquered by Israeli forces on 5 November 1948, by which time much of the Arab population had fled,[4] leaving some 2,700 inhabitants, of whom 500 were deported by Israeli soldiers in December 1948[4] and most of the rest were deported by 1950.[5] Today, the city's population is almost entirely Jewish.

Migdal, as it was called in Hebrew, was initially repopulated by Jewish immigrants and demobilized soldiers. It was subsequently renamed multiple times, first as Migdal Gaza, Migdal Gad and Migdal Ashkelon, until in 1953 the coastal neighborhood of Afridar was incorporated and the name Ashkelon was adopted for the combined town. By 1961, Ashkelon was ranked 18th among Israeli urban centers with a population of 24,000.[6] In 2022 the population of Ashkelon was 153,138, making it the third-largest city in Israel's Southern District.[1]

Etymology

The name Ashkelon is probably western Semitic, and might be connected to the triliteral root š-q-l ('to weigh', from a Semitic root ṯ-q-l, akin to Hebrew šāqal (שָקַל) or Arabic ṯiql (ثِقْل), 'weight', perhaps attesting to its importance as a center for mercantile activities. Its name appeared in Phoenician and Punic as ŠQLN (𐤔𐤒𐤋𐤍) and ʾŠQLN (𐤀𐤔𐤒𐤋𐤍).[7][better source needed]

Majdal (Arabic) and Migdal (Hebrew) mean 'tower'.

History

Main article: Ascalon

Canaanites to Mamluks

See also: Gaza wine and Gaza jar

The archaeological site of Ascalon, today known as Tel Ashkelon, was the oldest and largest seaport in Canaan, part of the pentapolis (a grouping of five cities) of the Philistines, north of Gaza City and south of Jaffa.

The site was an important city during the Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, and particularly during the period of the Crusades, due to its location near the coast and between the Crusader states and Egypt. The Battle of Ascalon was the last action of the First Crusade. In 1270, the Mamluk sultan Baybars ordered the fortifications and harbour at the site to be destroyed. As a result of it, the city was abandoned by its inhabitants and fell into disuse.

Depiction of Askalon (Ashkelon) in the Umm ar-Rasas mosaics, 8th century CE

Ottoman period

The Palestinian village of Al-Jura (El-Jurah) stood northeast of and immediately adjacent to Tel Ashkelon and is documented in Ottoman tax registers. El-Jurah was depopulated during the 1948 war.

The Arab village of Majdal was mentioned by historians and tourists at the end of the 15th century.[8] In 1596, Ottoman records showed Majdal to be a large village of 559 Muslim households, making it the 7th-most-populous locality in Palestine after Safad, Jerusalem, Gaza, Nablus, Hebron and Kafr Kanna.[9][10]

An official Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Medschdel had a total of 420 houses and a population of 1175, though the population count included men only.[11][12]

The area of modern Ashkelon cover the land of: Al Majdal, Hamama, Al-Jura, Al-Khisas and Ni'ilya. The ruins of Ascalon are also shown on the left hand side. Images from the 1871–77 PEF Survey of Palestine.

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine, Majdal had a population of 5,064; 33 Christians and 5,031 Muslims,[13] increasing in the 1931 census to 6,226 (6,166 Muslims and 41 Christians) with 172 in the suburbs (167 Muslims, 4 Christians, and one Jew).[14]

In the 1945 statistics Majdal had a population of 9,910; ninety Christians and 9,820 Muslims,[15] with a total (urban and rural) of 43,680 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 2,050 dunams were public land; all the rest was owned by Arabs.[16] of the dunams, 2,337 were used for citrus and bananas, 2,886 were plantations and irrigable land, 35,442 for cereals,[17] while 1,346 were built-up land.[18]

Majdal was known for its weaving industry.[19] The town had around 500 looms in 1909. In 1920 a British Government report estimated that there were 550 cotton looms in the town with an annual output worth 30–40 million francs.[20] But the industry suffered from imports from Europe and by 1927 only 119 weaving establishments remained. The three major fabrics produced were "malak" (silk), 'ikhdari' (bands of red and green) and 'jiljileh' (dark red bands). These were used for festival dresses throughout Southern Palestine. Many other fabrics were produced, some with poetic names such as ji'nneh u nar ("heaven and hell"), nasheq rohoh ("breath of the soul") and abu mitayn ("father of two hundred").[21]

In addition to agriculture, residents practiced animal husbandry which formed was an important source of income for the town. In 1943, they owned 354 heads of cattle, 168 sheep over a year old, 170 goats over a year old, 65 camels, 17 horses, 39 mules, 447 donkeys, 2966 fowls, and 808 pigeons.[22]

  • 1931-2 map of central El Majdal. Nearly all Palestinians who lived here and survived the 1947-8 Nakba were at first confined to a ghetto, then later expelled
    1931-2 map of central El Majdal. Nearly all Palestinians who lived here and survived the 1947-8 Nakba were at first confined to a ghetto, then later expelled
  • Weavers in Majdal, 1934–39
    Weavers in Majdal, 1934–39

State of Israel

The beginnings of the modern city of Ashkelon shown in the 1950s Survey of Israel. The built up area labeled אשקלון (Ashkelon) is the area previously known as Majdal. To the left is Afridar. The ruins of Hamama, Al-Jura, Ni'ilya and Al-Khisas are also shown.

Majdal was occupied by the Egyptian army in the early stages of the 1948 war, along with the rest of the Gaza region that had been allocated to the Arab State in the United Nations plan. Over the next few months, the town was subjected to Israeli air-raids and shelling.[4] All but about 1,000 of the town's residents were forced to leave by the time it was captured by Israeli forces as a sequel to Operation Yoav on 4 November 1948.[4] General Yigal Allon ordered the expulsion of the remaining Palestinians but the local commanders did not do so and the Arab population soon recovered to more than 2,500 due mostly to refugees slipping back and also due to the transfer of Palestinians from nearby villages.[4][8] Most of them were elderly, women, or children.[8] During the next year or so, the Palestinians were held in a confined area surrounded by barbed wire, which became commonly known as the "ghetto".[6][8][23] Moshe Dayan and Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion were in favor of expulsion, while Mapam and the Israeli labor union Histadrut objected.[4] The government offered the Palestinians positive inducements to leave, including a favorable currency exchange, but also caused panic through night-time raids.[4] The first group was deported to the Gaza Strip by truck on 17 August 1950 after an expulsion order had been served.[24] The deportation was approved by Ben-Gurion and Dayan over the objections of Pinhas Lavon, secretary-general of the Histadrut, who envisioned the town as a productive example of equal opportunity.[25] By October 1950, twenty Palestinian families remained, most of whom later moved to Lydda or Gaza.[4] According to Israeli records, in total 2,333 Palestinians were transferred to the Gaza Strip, 60 to Jordan, 302 to other towns in Israel, and a small number remained in Ashkelon.[8] Lavon argued that this operation dissipated "the last shred of trust the Arabs had in Israel, the sincerity of the State's declarations on democracy and civil equality, and the last remnant of confidence the Arab workers had in the Histadrut."[25] Acting on an Egyptian complaint, the Egyptian-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission ruled that the Palestinians transferred from Majdal should be returned to Israel, but this was not done.[26]

Majdal was granted to Israel in the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Re-population of the recently vacated Arab dwellings by Jews had been official policy since at least December 1948, but the process began slowly.[6] The Israeli national plan of June 1949 designated al-Majdal as the site for a regional urban center of 20,000 people.[6] From July 1949, new immigrants and demobilized soldiers moved to the new town, increasing the Jewish population to 2,500 within six months.[6] These early immigrants were mostly from Yemen, North Africa, and Europe.[27]

In 1949, the town was renamed Migdal Gaza, and then Migdal Gad. Soon afterwards it became Migdal Ashkelon. The city began to expand as the population grew. In 1951, the neighborhood of Afridar was established for Jewish immigrants from South Africa,[28] and in 1953 it was incorporated into the city. The current name Ashkelon was adopted and the town was granted local council status in 1953.

In 1955, Ashkelon had more than 16,000 residents. By 1961, Ashkelon ranked 18th among Israeli urban centers with a population of 24,000.[6] This grew to 43,000 in 1972 and 53,000 in 1983. In 2005, the population was more than 106,000.

In 1949 and 1950, three immigrant transit camps (ma'abarot) were established alongside Majdal (renamed Migdal) for Jewish refugees from Arab countries, Romania and Poland. Northwest of Migdal and the immigrant camps, on the lands of the depopulated Palestinian village al-Jura,[29] entrepreneur Zvi Segal, one of the signatories of Israel's Declaration of Independence, established the upscale Barnea neighborhood.[30]

A large tract of land south of Barnea was handed over to the trusteeship of the South African Zionist Federation, which established the neighborhood of Afridar. Plans for the city were drawn up in South Africa according to the garden city model. Migdal was surrounded by a broad ring of orchards. Barnea developed slowly, but Afridar grew rapidly. The first homes, built in 1951, were inhabited by new Jewish immigrants from South Africa and South America, with some native-born Israelis. The first public housing project for residents of the transit camps, the Southern Hills Project (Hageva'ot Hadromiyot) or Zion Hill (Givat Zion), was built in 1952.[30]

Under a plan signed in October 2015, seven new neighborhoods comprising 32,000 housing units, a new stretch of highway, and three new highway interchanges will be built, turning Ashkelon into the sixth-largest city in Israel.[31][needs update]

  • The area around Majdal had been allocated to the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
    The area around Majdal had been allocated to the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
  • High-rise residential development along the beach (2007)
    High-rise residential development along the beach (2007)
  • Holiday Inn and 13th-century tomb of Sheikh Awad
    Holiday Inn and 13th-century tomb of Sheikh Awad

Landmarks

Ashkelon National Park

The ancient site of Ascalon is now administered as the Ashkelon National Park. The walls that encircled the city are still visible, as well as Canaanite earth ramparts. The park contains mainly Roman, Byzantine, and Crusader ruins.[32] The largest dog cemetery in the ancient world was discovered in Ashkelon.[33]

A Roman burial tomb two kilometres north of Ashkelon National Park was discovered in 1937. There are two burial tombs, a painted Hellenistic cave and a Roman cave. The Hellenistic cave is decorated with paintings of nymphs, water scenes, mythological figures and animals.[34]

Bathhouses

In 1986 ruins of 4th- to 6th-century baths were found in Ashkelon. The bathhouses are believed to have been used for prostitution. The remains of nearly 100 mostly male infants were found in a sewer under the bathhouse, leading to conjectures that prostitutes had discarded their unwanted newborns there.[35]

Religious sites

The remains of a 4th-century Byzantine church with marble slab flooring and glass mosaic walls can be seen in the Barnea Quarter.[34] Remains of a synagogue from this period have also been found.[36]

Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn

An 11th-century mosque, Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn, a site of pilgrimage for both Sunni and Shia Muslims,[37]: 185–186 [38][39] which had been built under the Fatimids by Badr al-Jamali and where tradition held that the head of Mohammad's grandson Hussein ibn Ali was buried, was blown up by the IDF under instructions from Moshe Dayan as part of a broader programme to destroy mosques in July 1950.[40][41][42] The area was subsequently redeveloped for a local Israeli hospital, Barzilai. After the site was re-identified on the hospital grounds, funds from Mohammed Burhanuddin, leader of a Shi'a Ismaili sect based in India, were used to construct a small marble prayer platform, which is visited by Shi'ite pilgrims from India and Pakistan.[37][39][41][43]

A domed structure housing the 13th-century tomb of Sheikh Awad sits atop a hill overlooking Ashkelon's northern beaches.[44]

Museums

Ashkelon Khan and Museum contains archaeological finds, among them a replica of Ashkelon's Canaanite silver calf, whose discovery was reported on the front page of The New York Times.[34]

The Outdoor Museum near the municipal cultural center displays two Roman burial coffins made of marble depicting battle and hunting scenes, and famous mythological scenes.[34]

Marina and water park

The Ashkelon Marina, located between Delila and Bar Kochba beaches, offers a shipyard and repair services. Ashkeluna is a water-slide park on Ashkelon beach.[34]

Palestinians and Ashkelon

Origins of Hamas

Further information: List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war and Towns and villages in Mandatory Palestine
Family origins of Hamas leaders.

Most of the founding members of Hamas were born in Mandatory Palestine, outside of the Gaza strip, or have parents who were. Many of them were from villages that were in the vicinity of present-day Ashkelon, including most of the party's leaders:

Ashkelon is located in the 20–30 seconds' run to safety area due to BM-21 Grad rocket range.

Palestinian conflict with modern Ashkelon

On 1–2 March 2008, rockets fired by Hamas from the Gaza Strip (some of them Grad rockets) hit Ashkelon, wounding seven, and causing property damage. Mayor Roni Mahatzri stated that "This is a state of war, I know no other definition for it. If it lasts a week or two, we can handle that, but we have no intention of allowing this to become part of our daily routine."[51] In March 2008, 230 buildings and 30 cars were damaged by rocket fire on Ashkelon.[52]

On 12 May 2008, a rocket fired from the northern Gazan city of Beit Lahiya hit a shopping mall in southern Ashkelon, causing significant structural damage. According to The Jerusalem Post, four people were seriously injured and 87 were treated for shock. Fifteen people suffered minor to moderate injuries as a result of the collapsed structure. Southern District Police chief Uri Bar-Lev believed the Grad-model Katyusha rocket was manufactured in Iran.[53]

In March 2009, a Qassam rocket hit a school, destroying classrooms and injuring two people.[54]

In November 2014, the mayor, Itamar Shimoni, began a policy of discrimination against Arab workers, refusing to allow them to work on city projects to build bomb shelters for children. His discriminatory actions brought criticism from others, including Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Jerusalem mayor Nir Barkat who likened the discrimination to the anti-Semitism experienced by Jews in Europe 70 years earlier.[55][56]

On May 11, 2021, Hamas fired 137 rockets on Ashkelon[57][58] killing 2 and injuring many others.[59]

During the October 2023 Gaza–Israel conflict, Ashkelon was a main target of Hamas missile barrages.[citation needed]

On October 10, 2023, Abu Obaida, spokesperson for Hamas, warned all citizens of Ashkelon to evacuate before 5:00 P.M. local time via a post to his Telegram channel. Once the deadline hit, Hamas launched a barrage of missiles towards Ashkelon.[60]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
195516,600—    
196124,300+46.4%
197243,000+77.0%
198352,900+23.0%
199583,100+57.1%
2008110,600+33.1%
2010114,500+3.5%
2011117,400+2.5%
Source:

In the early years, the city was primarily inhabited by Mizrahi Jews, who fled to Israel after being expelled from Muslim lands. Today, Mizrahi Jews still constitute the majority of the population. In the early 1950s, many South African Jews settled in Ashkelon, establishing the Afridar neighbourhood. They were followed by an influx of immigrants from the United Kingdom.[62] During the 1990s, the city received additional arrivals of Ethiopian Jews and Russian Jews.

Ashkelon today

Economy

Ashkelon is the northern terminus for the Trans-Israel pipeline, which brings petroleum products from Eilat to an oil terminal at the port. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant is the largest in the world.[63][64] The project was developed as a BOT (build–operate–transfer) by a consortium of three international companies: Veolia water, IDE Technologies and Elran.[65] In March 2006, it was voted "Desalination Plant of the Year" in the Global Water Awards.[66]

Since 1992, Israel Beer Breweries has been operating in Ashkelon, brewing Carlsberg and Tuborg beer for the Israeli market.[67]

Culture and sports

The Ashkelon Sports Arena opened in 1999. The "Jewish Eye" is a Jewish world film festival that takes place annually in Ashkelon. The festival marked its seventh year in 2010.[68] The Breeza Music Festival has been held yearly in and around Ashkelon's amphitheatre since 1992. Most of the musical performances are free. Israel Lacrosse operates substantial youth lacrosse programs in the city and recently hosted the Turkey men's national team in Israel's first home international in 2013.[69]

Health care

See also: Healthcare in Israel

Ashkelon and environs is served by the Barzilai Medical Center, established in 1961.[43] It was built in place of Hussein ibn Ali's 11th-century mosque, a center of Muslim pilgrimages, destroyed by the Israeli army in 1950.[70] Situated ten kilometres (6 mi) from Gaza, the hospital has been the target of numerous Qassam rocket attacks, sometimes as many as 140 over one weekend. The hospital plays a vital role in treating wounded soldiers and terror victims.[71] A rocket and missile-proof emergency room opened in February 2018.[72]

Barzilai Medical Center.

Education

The city has 19 elementary schools, and nine junior high and high schools. The Ashkelon Academic College opened in 1998, and now hosts thousands of students. Harvard University operates an archaeological summer school program in Ashkelon.[73]

Ashkelon Academic College.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Ashkelon is twinned with:

Notable people

See also

  • Scallion and shallot, types of onion known from and named after ancient Ascalon – Ascalōnia caepa or Ascalonian onion[78]

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Masalha, Nur (2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory. London: Zed Books, Limited. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-1-84813-970-1.
  3. ^ Morris, Benny (1 October 2008). 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-300-14524-3 – via books.google.com.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h B. Morris, The transfer of Al Majdal's remaining Palestinians to Gaza, 1950, in 1948 and After; Israel and the Palestinians.
  5. ^ Kimmerling, Baruch; S Migdal, Joel (2003). "Reconstituting Palestinian Nation". The Palestinian People: A History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-674-03959-9 – via books.google.com.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Golan, Arnon (2003). "Jewish Settlement of Former Arab Towns and their Incorporation into the Israeli Urban System (1948–1950)". Israel Affairs. 9 (1–2): 149–164. doi:10.1080/714003467. ISSN 1353-7121. S2CID 144137499.
  7. ^ Huss (1985), p. 560.
  8. ^ a b c d e Orna Cohen (2007). "Transferred to Gaza of Their Own Accord" The Arabs of Majdal in Ashkelon and their Evacuation to the Gaza Strip in 1950. The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  9. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 144
  10. ^ Petersen, Andrew (2005). The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule AD 600–1600. BAR International Series 1381. p. 133.
  11. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 157
  12. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 131, noted 655 houses
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  14. ^ Palestine Office of Statistics, Vital Statistical Tables 1922–1945, Table A8.
  15. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 32
  16. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46
  17. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 87
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 137
  19. ^ Ashqelon, Eli Cohen Street
  20. ^ "H.M. Stationery Office (1920) Syria and Palestine — Viewer — World Digital Library". The Library of Congress.
  21. ^ Shelagh Weir, "Palestinian Costume". British Museum Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0-7141-1597-9. pages 27–32. Other fabrics produced include Shash (white muslin for veils), Burk/Bayt al-shem (plain cotton for underdresses), Karnaish (white cotton with stripes), "Bazayl" (flannelette), Durzi (blue cotton) and Dendeki (red cotton).
  22. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (10 October 2024). "Hamama: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948)". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 11 (1): 93. doi:10.1558/jia.26586. ISSN 2051-9729.
  23. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 528 −529.
  24. ^ S. Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel (1968), p.57
  25. ^ a b Kafkafi, Eyal (1998). "Segregation or integration of the Israeli Arabs – two concepts in Mapai". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 30 (3): 347–367. doi:10.1017/S0020743800066216. S2CID 161862941.
  26. ^ "Security Council". International Organization. 6 (1): 76–88. 1952. doi:10.1017/s0020818300016209. S2CID 249414466.
  27. ^ מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר – דבר. jpress.org.il (in Hebrew).
  28. ^ Benzaquen, John (19 November 2010). "Neighborhood Watch: Ashkelon's 'Anglo quarter'". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
  29. ^ Khalidi 1992, p. 117.
  30. ^ a b Margalit, Talia. "Periphery without a center". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  31. ^ "With 32,000 New Housing Units Ashkelon to Become Israel's 6th Largest City". jewishpress.com. 30 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Ashkelon National Park". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  33. ^ Stager, Lawrence. "Why were dogs buried at Ashkelon". Bib-arch.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Places to see in Ashkelon". Israel-a-la-carte.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  35. ^ Claudine M. Dauphin (1996). "Brothels, Baths and Babes: Prostitution in the Byzantine Holy Land". Classics Ireland. 3: 47–72. doi:10.2307/25528291. JSTOR 25528291.
  36. ^ Cecil Roth (1972). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Encyclopaedia Judaica. p. 714.
  37. ^ a b Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (January 2016). "Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon" (PDF). Der Islam. 93: 11–13, 28–34. doi:10.1515/islam-2016-0008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020.
  38. ^ Rami Amichay (9 February 2015). "Prophet's grandson, Hussein, honored on the grounds of an Israeli hospital". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  39. ^ a b "أتباع البهرة الشيعية يذرفون الدمع على قبر للحسين في عسقلان" [Shi'a Bohra followers shed tears at Hussein's grave in Ashkelon]. Al-ʻArab (in Arabic). No. 9825. 11 February 2015. p. 20. ISSN 0140-010X. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020 – via alarab.co.uk.
  40. ^ Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera By: Qazi Dr. Shaikh Abbas Borhany PhD (USA), NDI, Shahadat al A'alamiyyah (Najaf, Iraq), M.A., LLM (Shariah) Member, Ulama Council of Pakistan. Published in Daily News, Karachi, Pakistan on 3 January 2009 [1] Archived 14 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ^ a b Meron Rapoport, 'History Erased,' Haaretz, 5 July 2007.
  42. ^ Michael Press (March 2014). "Hussein's Head and Importance of Cultural Heritage". American School of Oriental Research. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  43. ^ a b "Shiites in Ashkelon?". Los Angeles Times. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  44. ^ Jacobs, Daniel; Eber, Shirley; Silvani, Francesca (1998). Israel and the Palestinian territories: The rough guide, Daniel Jacobs, Shirley Eber, Francesca Silvani. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-248-0. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  45. ^ Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014). The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-58826-882-2. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  46. ^ Filiu, Jean-Pierre. Gaza: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
  47. ^ "Fayeq Al-Mabhouh...a police general in Gaza who was assassinated by Israel". Encyclopedia. Al Jazeera. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  48. ^ "Profile: Hamas PM Ismail Haniya". BBC. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  49. ^ "Yahya Sinwar | Hamas Leader, Biography, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 28 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  50. ^ Rabbani, Mouin (2008). "Khalid Mishal: The Making of a Palestinian Islamic Leader Interviewed by Mouin Rabbani". Journal of Palestine Studies. 37 (1). Institute for Palestine Studies: 61.
  51. ^ "Israeli City Shocked As Rockets Hit". Associated Press. 3 March 2008.
  52. ^ Bassok, Moti (16 May 2007). "Ashkelon, Sderot residents file 1,000 damage claims over recent rocket attacks". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  53. ^ "Iranian made rocket strikes Ashkelon – Ashkelon". Jeruselum Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
  54. ^ "'Improved' Kassam slams into Ashkelon school". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  55. ^ "Jerusalem Mayor: We cannot discriminate against Arabs". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 22 November 2014.
  56. ^ Ho, Spencer. "PM, senior ministers pan Ashkelon mayor for barring Arab workers". The Times of Israel.
  57. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Farrell, Stephen; Heller, Jeffrey (11 May 2021). "Hamas and Israel trade blows as Jerusalem unrest ignites Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  58. ^ "Israel hammers Gaza with deadly airstrikes in retaliation for volley of rockets as Mideast crisis escalates". CBS News. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  59. ^ "Two dead, over 70 Israelis injured after rockets strike Ashkelon, Ashdod". 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  60. ^ Hughes, Clyde (10 October 2023). "Hamas warns residents of coastal Israeli city to evacuate before rocket attack". Yahoo News. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  61. ^ "Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012 – No. 63 Subject 2 – Table No. 15". .cbs.gov.il. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  62. ^ "Nefesh b'Nefesh community guide". Nbn.org.il. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  63. ^ Israel is No. 5 on Top 10 Cleantech List in Israel 21c A Focus Beyond Archived 16 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-12-21
  64. ^ "Projects Archive". Water Technology. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015.
  65. ^ Sauvet-Goichon, Bruno (2007). "Ashkelon desalination plant – A successful challenge". Desalination. 203 (1–3): 75–81. Bibcode:2007Desal.203...75S. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.525.
  66. ^ "Ashkelon Seawater Reverse Osmosis". Water-technology.net. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  67. ^ "The Central Bottling Company Group – Company Profile". Dun & Bradstreet Israel – Dun's 100 Israel's Largest Enterprises 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  68. ^ "Jewish Eye world film festival". Jewisheye.org.il. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  69. ^ "An Israel Lacrosse experience". laxallstars.com. 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  70. ^ Rapoport, Meron (5 October 2014). "History Erased". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  71. ^ "Steady rain of missiles strains Israeli hospital". Njjewishnews.com. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  72. ^ PM Netanyahu's remarks at Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon
  73. ^ "summer school program in Ashkelon".
  74. ^ "Association of twinnings and international relations of Aix-en-Provence". Aix-jumelages.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  75. ^ "Les jumelages existants". Mairie d'Aix-en-Provence (in French). Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
  76. ^ "Vani.org.ge – Twinned Cities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  77. ^ "Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs – Sister Cities Program". Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  78. ^ "scallion", at Balashon – Hebrew Language Detective, 5 July 2006. Retrieved 28 Feb 2024.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashkelon.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ashkelon.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashkelon&oldid=1260311416"