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Samuel Little

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Samuel Little
Little in 2012
Born
Samuel McDowell

(1940-06-07)June 7, 1940
Reynolds, Georgia, U.S.
DiedDecember 30, 2020(2020-12-30) (aged 80)
Los Angeles County, California, U.S.
Other namesSamuel McDowell
The Choke-and-Stroke Killer
Mr. Sam
Known forBeing the most prolific serial killer in United States history by number of confirmed victims
Conviction(s)Murder (x8)
Criminal penaltyFour life sentences without the possibility of parole
Details
Victims60 confirmed
93 claimed and suspected[1][2]
Span of crimes
1970 – 2005 (confirmed)
1960 – 2012 (possible)[3][4]
CountryUnited States
State(s)California, Texas, and Ohio (convicted)
Sixteen others (accused)[3]
Date apprehended
September 5, 2012

Samuel Little (né McDowell; June 7, 1940 – December 30, 2020) was an American serial killer of women who confessed to committing 93 murders between 1970 and 2005.[5] The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Violent Criminal Apprehension Program has confirmed his involvement in at least 60 murders, the largest number of confirmed victims for any serial killer in American history.[2][6][7][8][9][10] Little provided sketches for twenty-six of his victims although not all have been linked to known murders.[1][11][12]

Early life

Little was born Samuel McDowell on June 7, 1940, in Reynolds, Georgia.[13] His mother, Bessie Mae Little, was a teenage prostitute who had abandoned him; authorities believe that she might have given birth to him while she was in jail. The census from the year Little was born said Bessie Mae worked as a maid and that his father was 19-year-old Paul McDowell. Soon after his birth, Little's family moved to Lorain, Ohio, where he was brought up mainly by his grandmother. He attended Hawthorne Junior High School, where he had problems with discipline and achievement.[14] By his own account, he began having sexual fantasies about strangling women as a child, starting when he saw his kindergarten teacher touch her neck; as a teenager, he collected true crime magazines depicting the choking of women.[15][16]

Little from 1966 to 1995

In 1956, after being convicted of breaking and entering into property in Omaha, Nebraska, Little was held in an institution for juvenile offenders.[17] His mother was listed on the booking card as "whereabouts unknown." Little moved to Florida to live with his mother in the late 1960s; by his own account, he was working at various times as a cemetery worker[18] and an ambulance attendant.[19] He said he then "began traveling more widely and had more run-ins with the law," being arrested in eight states for crimes that included driving under the influence, fraud, shoplifting, solicitation, armed robbery, aggravated assault, and rape.[18] Little took up boxing during his time in prison, referring to himself as a former prizefighter.[18]

Crimes

In 1961, Little was sentenced to three years in prison for breaking into a furniture store in Lorain; he was released in 1964. By 1975, he had been arrested 26 times in eleven states for crimes including theft, assault, attempted rape, fraud, and attacks on government officials.[20] 

In 1982, Little was arrested in Pascagoula, Mississippi, and he faced charges for the murder of 22-year-old Melinda Rose LaPree, who had gone missing in September of that year. A grand jury declined to indict him for her murder. However, while under investigation, Little was extradited to Florida and tried for the murder of 26-year-old Patricia Ann Mount, whose body was found in September 1982. Prosecution witnesses identified Little in court as a person who spent time with Mount on the night before her disappearance. Due to mistrust of witness testimonies, Little was acquitted in January 1984.[18]

Little moved to California, where he stayed in the vicinity of San Diego.[21] In October 1984, he was arrested for kidnapping, beating, and strangling 22-year-old Laurie Barros, who survived. One month later, he was found by police in the back seat of his car with an unconscious woman, also beaten and strangled, in the same location as the attempted murder of Barros. Little served two and a half years in prison for both crimes. Upon his release in February 1987, he immediately moved to Los Angeles and committed at least 10 additional murders.[22]

Little was arrested on September 5, 2012, at a homeless shelter in Louisville, Kentucky, and extradited to California to face a narcotics charge, after which authorities used DNA testing to establish that he was involved in the murders of Linda Alford, killed on July 13, 1987; Guadalupe Duarte Apodaca, killed on September 3, 1987; and Audrey Nelson Everett, killed on August 14, 1989. All three women were killed and later found on the streets of Los Angeles. He was extradited to Los Angeles, where he was charged on January 7, 2013.[23][24] A few months later, the police said that Little was being investigated for involvement in three dozen murders committed in the 1980s, which until then had been undisclosed. In connection with the new circumstances in Mississippi, the LáPree murder case was reopened.[25] In total, Little was tested for involvement in 93 murders of women in many states.[19][26]

Trial and incarceration

Little was tried for the murders of Alford, Nelson, and Apodaca in September 2014. The prosecution presented the DNA evidence as well as testimony of witnesses who were attacked by the accused at different times throughout his criminal career.[22][27] On September 25, 2014, Little was found guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. On the day of the verdict, Little continued to insist on his innocence.[28] Before his death, Little was serving a sentence at California State Prison, Los Angeles County.[29]

Later confessions

On November 9, 2018, Little confessed to the 1996 fatal strangulation of Melissa Thomas.[30] On November 13, 2018, Little was charged with the 1994 murder of Denise Christie Brothers in Odessa, Texas after having confessed the crime to a Texas Ranger in May 2018.[31] Little pleaded guilty to the murder of Brothers on December 13 and received another life sentence.[32] The Ector County, Texas District Attorney and Wise County, Texas Sheriff's Office announced on November 13 that Little had confessed to dozens of murders and may have committed more than 90 across fourteen states between 1970 and 2005.[3][13][33]

On November 15, 2018, the Russell County, Alabama District Attorney announced that Little had earlier that month confessed to the 1979 murder of 23-year-old Brenda Alexander, whose body was found in Phenix City, Alabama.[34] On November 16, 2018, Macon, Georgia sheriffs announced that Little had credibly confessed to the 1977 strangling murder of an unidentified woman and the 1982 strangling murder of 18-year-old Fredonia Smith.[35] In the fall of 2018, Little confessed to the 1982 murder of 55-year-old Dorothy Richards and the 1996 murder of 40-year-old Daisy McGuire; both of their bodies were found in Houma, Louisiana.[36]

On November 19, 2018, Harrison County, Mississippi sheriff Troy Peterson said that Little had confessed to strangling 36-year-old Julia Critchfield in the Gulfport area in 1978 and dumping her body off a cliff.[37] On November 20, 2018, Lee County, Mississippi law enforcement officials announced that Little had admitted to killing 46-year-old Nancy Carol Stevens in Tupelo, Mississippi in 2005 and that the case would be presented to a grand jury in January 2019.[38] On November 21, 2018, Richland County, South Carolina authorities announced that Little had confessed to murdering 19-year-old Evelyn Weston, whose body was found near Fort Jackson, South Carolina in 1978.[39] Little confessed to having killed 20-year-old Rosie Hill in Marion County, Florida in 1982.[13]

On November 27, 2018, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced that a Violent Criminal Apprehension Program team had confirmed 34 of Little's confessions and was working to match the remainder of Little's confessions to known murders or suspicious deaths. Little began making the confessions in exchange for a transfer out of the Los Angeles County prison in which he was being held.[1][9] One included his confession to a previous cold case homicide in Prince George's County, Maryland, previously one of only two homicide cases in that county with unidentified victims.[40]

In December 2018, Little was indicted for strangling Linda Sue Boards, 23, to death in May 1981 in Warren County, Kentucky. Her body was found on May 15, 1981, near U.S. Route 68.[41] One of Little's victims was identified in December 2018 as Martha Cunningham of Knox County, Tennessee, who was 34 when Little murdered her in 1975.[42]

Little during an interview

On May 31, 2019, Cuyahoga County, Ohio prosecutors announced indictments, with four counts of aggravated murder and six counts of kidnapping, that accuse Little of killing Mary Jo Peyton in 1984 and Rose Evans in 1991 in Cleveland. Both victims were strangled and dumped.[43] The body of Rose Evans, 32, was found on August 24, 1991, in a vacant lot on East 39th St. She left her hometown of Binghamton, New York when she was 17. Evans had been strangled, according to coroner Elizabeth Balraj.[43][44] As for Peyton, an anthropologist had to create a model of what she looked like, but she remained unidentified until 1992 when Cleveland put her thumbprint in an FBI data base and got a match.[45] Little picked up Peyton at a bar near East 105th and Euclid avenues. He described her as a short, plump woman in her twenties with brown hair.[43] Little confessed to killing another Cleveland woman in 1977 or 1978. The woman murdered in 1977 or 1978 was found on March 18, 1983, in Willoughby Hills, Ohio, according to the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. She was likely Black and somewhere between 17 and 35. The woman's body had been dumped down a grassy slope, near a fence in a wooded area just off Interstate 271; when her body was found by a man walking his dog, only her skeleton, some clothing, and jewelry remained.[43][46][47]

Little confessed to killing one woman in Akron, Ohio; two in Cincinnati – one of the bodies was dumped outside of Columbus, Ohio; and one woman he met in Columbus and disposed of in Kentucky.[43] Of the two women Little murdered in Cincinnati, one was identified as Anna Stewart, 33, whose body was dumped in Grove City, Ohio. Stewart was last seen on October 6, 1981, getting out of a cab at General Hospital to see her sister in the hospital (now University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center).[7] She was killed on October 11.[4] He killed the other woman between 1980 and 1999. The "Jane Doe" was anywhere from 15 to 50 as the details of her age and the date of her murder are unclear.[4] She was Black, slender, wore glasses and lived in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati with a "heavy female Hispanic". Little left her beside a cigarette billboard in Ohio.[7][48] On June 7, 2019, Little was indicted in Hamilton County, Ohio for murdering the two women killed in Cincinnati.[4]

Little had drawn portraits of many women he killed. These portraits were released by the FBI in hopes of someone identifying the women. At least one portrait solved a cold case in Akron, Ohio.[49] In November 2020, Little confessed to two Florida murders, one of which another man had been wrongfully convicted.[50] On April 22, 2022, a woman Little killed in Memphis, Tennessee, whose body was found on the Arkansas side of the Mississippi River, in 1990 was identified as 30-year-old Zena Marie Jones.[51]

Victims

Confirmed

Little admitted to 93 different murders in total, and 60 deaths have been formally connected to him by the police. The majority of Little's victims were prostitutes, drug addicts, or homeless individuals, and most of them were female. He claimed that he thought these persons would leave fewer clues for authorities to find and leave fewer persons to search for them. Despite the broad scope of his offending, Little was charged with and convicted of only eight murders in total:[11]

  • Annie Lee Stewart, 32, was murdered on October 11, 1981, in Cincinnati, Ohio.[11] Little strangled her and disposed of her body in the woods behind some apartments off Queen Anne Place in Grove City, Ohio.[52] Little was convicted of her murder on August 23, 2019.[53]
  • Mary Jo Peyton, 21, was murdered sometime in 1984 after she encountered Little at a bar in Cleveland, Ohio.[54] Little claimed that he and Peyton left a bar together and that he then took her to an abandoned factory. He choked her there before throwing her body down a basement staircase. Two workers from a nearby company discovered her dead on July 3, 1984, a few weeks later.[11] Little was convicted on August 23, 2019.[54]
  • Carol Linda Alford, 41, was murdered by Little in Los Angeles, California.[11] Authorities discovered Little's first DNA match on her underwear and under her fingernails. On July 13, 1987, her body was discovered in a Los Angeles alley. From the waist down, she was nude. Her daughter recognized her body. She had been strangled to death, an autopsy indicated. She also experienced other wounds, such as a punch-related head injury from blunt force. Little was found guilty of the crime on September 25, 2014.[55]
  • Audrey Nelson Everett, 35, was found in a dumpster behind a night club and restaurant in Los Angeles, California, on August 14, 1989.[11] There was nothing found that could be used to identify her body, which was naked from the waist down. She had been repeatedly hit on the head before being forcefully strangled, according to an autopsy. DNA linked Little to the crime, and he was convicted on September 25, 2014.[56]
  • Guadalupe Apodaca, 46, was found on September 3, 1989, at an abandoned auto repair shop in Los Angeles, California, after a boy kicking a soccer ball against the building peered into the windows and saw her body.[11] Authorities determined that Little kneeled on her chest and strangled her with his hands, causing her to have a seizure. She was nude from the waist down and had blood in her anal cavity as well. DNA linked Little to the crime, and he was convicted on September 25, 2014.[57]
  • Zena Marie Jones, 30, was a woman found murdered in West Memphis, Arkansas on July 28, 1990, after going missing on July 6 from Memphis, Tennessee.[51] On the Arkansas side of the Mississippi River, close to the shore, and about eight feet from the river's mile marker 722.2, a fisherman discovered the victim. Little admitted to killing her and provided a sketch in 2018.[11] He claimed she was a prostitute who was between the ages of 28 and 29 and that he had picked her up at a Memphis motel.[51] As a Memphis Police car passed them, he choked her while they were in his car. He then dropped the victim into the river once he entered Arkansas and pulled up to a bridge. On August 23, 2019, he was found guilty of her homicide.[51] She was identified in April 2022, after her family noticed a resemblance between the composite sketch drawn by Little and Jones.[51]
  • Rose Evans, 32, was murdered in Cleveland, Ohio on or around August 24, 1991.[54] Little encountered Evans while driving and offered her a ride. Then, in an abandoned area, he strangled her in his car. He was convicted of her murder on August 23, 2019.[11]
  • Denise Christie Brothers, 32, was a mother of two who was found killed in Odessa, Texas on February 2, 1994.[11] Brothers had been reported missing on January 1, 1994. According to District Attorney Bobby Bland, she had been strangled. Little pleaded guilty to killing her, receiving his fourth life sentence for it on December 13, 2018.[58]

Confessed

Name of victim Date of murder Location of murder Age Ref.
Mary Jo Brosley December 31, 1970 Homestead, Florida 33 [10]
"Linda" 1971 Miami, Florida 22 [11]
"Marianne/Mary Ann" 1971–72 Miami, Florida 18 [59][11][60]
"Donna/Sarah" 1971–72 Kendall, Florida 18–25 [61][11]
Unnamed white female 1972 Prince George's County, Maryland 20–25 [62][11]
Sarah Brown 1973 New Orleans, Louisiana 39 [63]
Agatha White Buffalo November 1973 Omaha, Nebraska 34 [64]
"Kat" 1974 Savannah, Georgia 22–23 [11]
Leola Etta Bryant 1974 Charleston, South Carolina 28 [65]
Martha Cunningham December 31, 1974 Knox County, Tennessee 34 [66]
"Emily" Mid-1970s Miami, Florida 23–24 [11]
Lee Ann Helms June 1977 Houston, Texas 21 [67]
Yvonne Pless September 1977 Macon, Georgia 20 [68][69][70]
Clara Birdlong December 1977 Pascagoula, Mississippi 44 [71]
Unnamed black female 1977–1978 Cleveland, Ohio 17–24 [43][46][47]
Julia Critchfield January 1978 Harrison County, Mississippi 36 [72]
Evelyn Weston September 1978 Columbia, South Carolina 19 [73]
Brenda Alexander August 1979 Phenix City, Alabama 23 [74]
Linda Sue Boards May 1981 Smiths Grove, Kentucky 23 [75]
Patricia Parker September 1981 Dade County, Georgia 25–30 [76]
Fredonia Smith July 1982 Macon, Georgia 18 [77]
Rosie Hill August 1982 Marion County, Florida 20 [78]
Patricia Ann Mount September 1982 Alachua County, Florida 26 [79][80]
Dorothy Richard September 1982 Houma, Louisiana 56 [81]
Melinda LaPree October 1982 Pascagoula, Mississippi 22 [80]
Unnamed black female Autumn 1982 New Orleans, Louisiana 30–40 [11]
Unnamed black female 1984 San Bernardino, California 18–23 [82]
Frances Campbell 1984 Savannah, Georgia 23 [83]
"Granny" 1987 Los Angeles, California 50 [11]
Linda Bennett May 1988 Owenton, Kentucky 38 [11][84]
Alice Denise Duvall June 11, 1991 Los Angeles, California 40–45 [85]
Roberta Tandarich September 1991 Akron, Ohio 34 [43][86]
Alice Denise Taylor
Tracy Lynn Johnson 		December 1992 Gulfport, Mississippi Taylor (27)
Johnson (19) 		[87]
"Ruth" 1992–93 (April 21, 1994) North Little Rock, Arkansas 24 [11]
Unnamed black female 1993 Las Vegas, Nevada 40 [11]
Ruby Dean Lane May 1993 Perry, Florida 19 [88]
Jolanda Jones 1994 Pine Bluff, Arkansas 26 [89]
Melissa Thomas January 1996 Opelousas, Louisiana 29 [90]
Daisy McGuire February 1996 Houma, Louisiana 40 [91]
"T-Money" 1996 Los Angeles, California 23–24 [11]
Unnamed white female 1996 Los Angeles, California 23–25 [82]
Priscilla Baxter-Jones 1997 West Memphis, Arkansas 36 [92]
Nancy Carol Stevens August 2005 Tupelo, Mississippi 46 [93]

Personal life and death

Little had a long-term girlfriend, Orelia Dorsey, since deceased, who supported them both through shoplifting for years.[94] On May 28, 1971, he was arrested in Cleveland with his girlfriend at the time, Lucy Madero, and they were charged with robbery of a gas station. While in jail, Madero confided in her cellmate, Dorsey, that she would be testifying against Little in the subsequent robbery case. In 1972, when the case went to trial, Madero testified against Little, but his defense team was able to plan for it with help from information passed on by Dorsey. Little was eventually found not guilty. Dorsey and Little were together until she died of natural causes (brain hemorrhage) in Los Angeles in 1988.[94][95] Little died on December 30, 2020, in a Los Angeles County area hospital.[96][97] Although California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation sources indicate no cause of death, Little suffered from diabetes, heart problems, and other health conditions.[98]

Media

Jillian Lauren investigated Little and interviewed him extensively in prison. Lauren initially began writing a mystery novel, and while interviewing detective Mitzi Roberts of the Los Angeles Police Department she told Lauren: "Well, I’m proud of them all, but I did catch this serial killer Sam Little once. That was pretty cool."[99] Lauren began writing a non-fiction book about Little, and spent more than 40 hours interviewing him, where he confessed to multiple murders and sent her drawings of his victims.[100] In December 2018, Lauren wrote about her experiencing interviewing Little for The Cut.[94]

Joe Berlinger read the article and thought it would be interesting for a feature-length film or documentary series and met with Lauren.[101] The five-part television miniseries Confronting a Serial Killer, directed and produced by Berlinger,[102][103] presents her investigation and premiered on April 18, 2021, on Starz.[104] In 2023, Lauren's book Behold the Monster: Confronting America's Most Prolific Serial Killer and Uncovering the Women Society Forgot was published by Sourcebooks.[105][106][107]

See also

References

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  7. ^ a b c O'Rourke, Tanya (June 6, 2019). "Samuel Little, America's most prolific serial killer, confesses to killing two women in Cincinnati". WCPO-TV. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
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  58. ^ Staff (December 13, 2018). "Samuel Little pleads guilty to murder of Denise Brothers". CBS7.com. KOSA-TV. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
  59. ^ "Samuel Little Confession: Miami, Florida, 1972".
  60. ^ Williams, Timothy; Zraick, Karen (October 7, 2019). "Samuel Little Is Most Prolific Serial Killer in U.S. History, F.B.I. Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  61. ^ 1528UFFL - Unidentified Female
  62. ^ 385UFMD - Unidentified Female
  63. ^ NOPD investigating whether woman’s 1973 disappearance is connected to serial killer Samuel Little
  64. ^ Conley, Alia (November 29, 2018). "A serial killer in Texas says he killed an Omaha woman in the '70s; police investigating claim". Omaha World-Herald.
  65. ^ Kailey Cota (October 2, 2024). "50 years after her murder, skeletal remains found in Berkeley County linked to prolific serial killer". The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  66. ^ NOPD investigating whether woman’s 1973 disappearance is connected to serial killer Samuel Little
  67. ^ Samuel Little linked to Lee Ann Helms 1977 Atlanta murder
  68. ^ "Samuel Little: Remains of woman murdered nearly 50 years ago belong to victim of America's most prolific serial killer".
  69. ^ "Georgia woman's remains identified as victim of most prolific serial killer in US history". Fox News. May 18, 2023.
  70. ^ "'Macon Jane Doe' identified, confirmed as victim of serial killer Samuel Little". May 18, 2023.
  71. ^ "Remains of suspected victim of worst ever US serial killer identified 44 years after being found". Sky News. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  72. ^ Daughter of Woman Slain by America's Deadliest Serial Killer 'Dreams of the Horrors' Mom Endured
  73. ^ The family of 1978 slain woman says family 'not the same'
  74. ^ Phenix City cold case to be presented to grand jury after suspect admits to murder
  75. ^ WNKY SPECIAL REPORT: America’s most prolific serial killer talks about the murder of Smiths Grove woman
  76. ^ WTVC Staff (March 19, 2019). "Victim identified in 1981 cold case homicide, son still living in Chattanooga". WTVC. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  77. ^ Macon Jane Doe Identified and Confirmed as a Victim of Serial Killer Samuel Little (Joint Release)
  78. ^ Serial killer confesses to 1982 murder of Ocala woman
  79. ^ Serial killer confesses in Alachua County strangling
  80. ^ a b What Murder Did Serial Killer Sam Little Go To Trial For, Years Before Finally Facing Justice?
  81. ^ 2 Louisiana murder cases solved following man’s confessions
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  83. ^ Peebles, Will. "Serial killer indicted for 1984 Savannah murder, rape". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  84. ^ Kentucky State Police Central Forensic Laboratory Teams with Othram to Identify Owen County 1988 Jane Doe
  85. ^ Behold The Monster: A Q&A with Jillian Lauren
  86. ^ Persing, Sydney (October 16, 2019). "Ohio woman's mother among serial killer Little's known victims". Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  87. ^ Alleged serial killer linked to 90 deaths over 3 decades admits to killing 4 Mississippi women
  88. ^ Prolific serial killer Samuel Little likely to be indicted in murder of Perry teen
  89. ^ Serial killer linked to Arkansas woman’s 1994 slaying
  90. ^ ‘It Tore Their Family In Two’: One Of Serial Killer Samuel Little’s Murders Was Different Than The Rest
  91. ^ Documentary series about serial killer has Houma connections
  92. ^ Gertler, Jessica (February 23, 2019). "Another family tells police serial killer's sketch of victim is their loved one". WREG.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  93. ^ Man who admitted to Decatur woman’s murder considered the “most prolific serial killer in U.S. history”
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  98. ^ "Samuel Little, prolific serial killer tied to Memphis crimes, dies". WREG.com. Memphis, Tennessee: WREG-TV. December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
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  100. ^ "Dutton To Publish Book On Most Prolific U.S. Serial Killer Sam Little". Mystery Tribune. December 24, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  101. ^ Lestre, Jorge (April 20, 2021). "Exclusive: Joe Berlinger and Jillian Lauren talk about Confronting a Serial Killer!". Cine Addiction. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  102. ^ Tallerico, Brian (April 14, 2021). "Confronting a Serial Killer movie review (2021) | Roger Ebert". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  103. ^ Turchiano, Danielle (April 16, 2021). "'Confronting a Serial Killer' Director Aims to Expose 'Dark Forces' With True Crime Stories". Variety. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  104. ^ "Video: Starz Unveils Trailer, Key Art and Premiere Date for Original Docuseries "Confronting a Serial Killer" from Oscar-Nominated and Emmy-Winning Filmmaker Joe Berlinger". The Futon Critic. March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  105. ^ Dunn, Samantha (July 17, 2023). "'Behold the Monster' author Jillian Lauren exposes America's most prolific serial killer". Orange County Register.
  106. ^ Rutter, Samuel (July 12, 2023). "How one woman teased confessions out of America's worst serial killer". The Telegraph. London.
  107. ^ Behold the Monster: Confronting America's Most Prolific Serial Killer and Uncovering the Women Society Forgot. (Book, 2020). OCLC 1246302702. Retrieved July 21, 2022 – via WorldCat.org.
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