Circumpolar distribution

A circumpolar distribution is any range of a taxon that occurs over a wide range of longitudes but only at high latitudes; such a range therefore extends all the way around either the North Pole or the South Pole.^[1]^[2] Taxa that are also found in isolated high-mountain environments further from the poles are said to have arctic–alpine distributions.^[3]

Animals with circumpolar distributions include the reindeer,^[1]^[2] polar bear,^[4] Arctic fox,^[1]^[5] snowy owl,^[5] snow bunting,^[5] king eider,^[5] brent goose^[5] and long-tailed skua^[5] in the north, and the Weddell seal^[1] and Adélie penguin^[1] in the south.

Plants with northern circumpolar distributions include Eutrema edwardsii (syn. Draba laevigata),^[2] Saxifraga oppositifolia,^[3] Persicaria vivipara^[6] and Honckenya peploides.^[7]^[8]^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vladimir Kotlyakov & Anna Komarova (2006). Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German. Elsevier. p. 119. ISBN 9780080488783.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Circumpolar distribution". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Peter D. Moore (2009). "Types of tundra". Tundra. Ecosystem Series. Infobase Publishing. pp. 64–85. ISBN 9781438118727.
^ T. Kue Young, ed. (2011). "Plants and animals". Circumpolar Health Atlas. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21–33. ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Y. I. Chernov (1988). "Distribution of animals and plants". The Living Tundra. Studies in Polar Research. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–118. ISBN 9780521357548.
^ Roger L. Williams (2002). A Guide To Rocky Mountain Plants. Roberts Rinehart. p. 105. ISBN 9781461733492.
^ Julia Sánchez Vilas (2007). Sexual dimorphism in ecological and physiological traits in the subdioecious dune plant Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh (Thesis). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. hdl:10347/2341.
^ Hultén, Eric (1962). The circumpolar plants. 1, Vascular cryptogams, conifers, monocotyledons. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell.
^ Hultén, Eric (1971). The circumpolar plants. 2, Dicotyledons. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell.

[Kotlyakov-1] Vladimir Kotlyakov & Anna Komarova (2006). Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German. Elsevier. p. 119. ISBN 9780080488783.

[Oxford-2] "Circumpolar distribution". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 19, 2014.

[Moore-3] Peter D. Moore (2009). "Types of tundra". Tundra. Ecosystem Series. Infobase Publishing. pp. 64–85. ISBN 9781438118727.

[4] T. Kue Young, ed. (2011). "Plants and animals". Circumpolar Health Atlas. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21–33. ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4.

[Chernov-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Y. I. Chernov (1988). "Distribution of animals and plants". The Living Tundra. Studies in Polar Research. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–118. ISBN 9780521357548.

[6] Roger L. Williams (2002). A Guide To Rocky Mountain Plants. Roberts Rinehart. p. 105. ISBN 9781461733492.

[7] Julia Sánchez Vilas (2007). Sexual dimorphism in ecological and physiological traits in the subdioecious dune plant Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh (Thesis). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. hdl:10347/2341.

[HulténCPP1-8] Hultén, Eric (1962). The circumpolar plants. 1, Vascular cryptogams, conifers, monocotyledons. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell.

[HulténCPP2-9] Hultén, Eric (1971). The circumpolar plants. 2, Dicotyledons. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]