Ibn Danan Synagogue
| Ibn Danan Synagogue | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Orthodox Judaism |
| Location | |
| Location | Fes, Morocco |
| Architecture | |
| Type | synagogue |
| Style | Moorish/Moroccan |
| Date established | 17th century |
The Ibn Danan Synagogue (Arabic: معبد ابن دنان, Hebrew: בית הכנסת אבן דאנן) is a synagogue in Fes, Morocco, dating from the 17th century. The synagogue is located in the Mellah district within Fes el-Jdid, one of the components of the historic medina of Fes.
History
The synagogue's construction has been dated to the early 17th century[1] or to the late 17th century.[2] It was originally built by Mimon Boussidan, a wealthy toshavim merchant from the town of Ait Ishaq.[3] Like most of the Mellah's synagogues, it was likely destroyed or severely damaged on certain occasions and then rebuilt by the community.[2] It was first destroyed in 1646 by the Saadi sultan Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir and was rebuilt by 1701.[3] It was probably damaged during the persecution of the Fassi Jewish community in 1790 and then repaired again.[2]
From 1812 until the synagogue's closure in the 1960s, its rabbis all came from the Danan family.[2] This family dynasty of rabbis can be traced back as far as Granada (present-day Spain) in the 15th century. The family probably fled from North Africa to Granada in the 15th century before returning to Morocco in 1492 following the expulsion of Jews from Spain.[3] The synagogue is now named after Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Danan, one of the members of this family who oversaw the synagogue during the early 20th century.[3]
One early restoration of the synagogue is known to have taken place in the 1870s.[1] More recently, the Jewish community of Fez has also struggled for its preservation, and successfully nominated the building to the 1996 World Monuments Watch of the World Monuments Fund. According to the Fund, the plaster was peeling, the roofs were collapsing, the waterlogged beams were rotting, and windows were broken and missing. The organization helped restore the synagogue with funding from American Express and in collaboration with Morocco's Ministry of Culture and the Judeo-Moroccan Cultural Heritage Foundation (Fondation du Patrimoine Culturel Judeo-Marocain).[4] Following the restoration, the synagogue reopened in 1999.[5]
Architecture
The synagogue was once only one of several inside the walls of Fes, and not the most elaborate. It is entered through a simple doorway indistinguishable from the doors of nearby houses. The door leads immediately to a short flight of stairs that lead into the high, rectangular space of the synagogue.[1] The construction is brick masonry and lime mortar,[3] coated with plaster.[1] The synagogue was built against the outer wall of the Mellah in a space where other amenities for the local community were historically located.[3] Unlike many of Fez's other historic synagogues, this one was built originally built as a place of prayer rather than as a house that was subsequently converted into a synagogue.[3]
The main room inside the synagogue is divided by a row of three pillars.[3] The interior is lit by small windows high in the walls. Photos taken in 1954 show a ceiling hung with numerous memorial lamps, now vanished.[1] The wooden ceiling is beamed and painted.[1] The walls are wainscotted with blue figured Moroccan tiles. The large Torah ark (hekhal), a cupboard filling the width of an entire wall, is made of carved wood. The wall above is decorated with intricately carved plaster work.[1][3] Opposite the Torah ark is a raised alcove, separated from the main prayer space by a wooden screen elaborately carved with a series of arches. It was intended as a seating area for the congregation's more distinguished members. The bimah (or tevah) is accessed from this space, constructed as a small platform cantilevered out form the raised area. The wooden bimah is topped by a wrought iron canopy of Islamic-style arches and floral forms, culminating in a crown.[1][3]
Under the main hall is a subterranean vaulted chamber reached by a narrow staircase, which was rediscovered during restoration in the late 1990s.[2] This chamber probably served as a cellar, while a passage to its side also gives access to a mikveh or bath for ritual ablutions, with access to a water source.[3] Originally, the mikveh was probably open to the outside within a courtyard or at the end of an alley, but at a later point it was closed off due to the construction of new structures against the wall of the synagogue. The stairway was thus created from inside the synagogue to allow continued access.[3]
- Elements of the synagogue
-
Interior of the synagogue -
Wall containing the hekhal. Traditional zellij tiles are visible along the lower wall and carved stucco decoration is seen around and above. -
The hekhal containing the Sefer Torah -
Detail of the stucco decoration -
View of the bimah (center left) and the raised alcove room -
The mechitza balcony, a space for women to worship -
The underground cellar which leads to the mikveh (ritual bath)
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zack, Joel, The Synagogues of Morocco; An Architectural and Preservation Survey, Jewish Heritage Council and World Monuments Fund, New York, August, 1993, pp. 29–32 ff.
- ^ a b c d e Miller, Susan Gilson; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 60 (3): 320, 326 (see note 47). doi:10.2307/991758. ISSN 0037-9808.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Craig, Michelle Huntingford (2019). "Synagogues of the Fez Mellah: Constructing Sacred Spaces in Nineteenth-Century Morocco". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). Synagogues in the Islamic World: Architecture, Design and Identity. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-1-4744-6843-5.
- ^ "Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Danan Synagogue", World Monuments Fund
- ^ "Restoration Grant to Fez Synagogue: AmEx Awards $30,000 For Fez Synagogue Restoration". Jewish Heritage Report. Vol. I, no. 2. Summer 1997. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-02-18.