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Macedonian Patriotic Organization

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Macedonian Patriotic Organization
Founded1922
FounderAnastas Stephanoff (first president)
TypeCultural, Political
FocusContinue to work for human, civil and economic rights for all Macedonians of the world
Location
Area served
United States
Canada
MembersN/A
Key people
Steve Petroff (President)
Lupka Baloski (Vice President)
Websitemacedonian.org

Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO) is the oldest organization of Americans and Canadians of Macedonian descent in North America. It was founded in Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, in 1922, by Macedonian Bulgarian immigrants originating mainly from Greek Macedonia. It was originally called the Macedonian Political Organization but changed its name to the current in 1952.

The initial objective of the MPO was to advocate for a solution to the Macedonian Question in the form of an independent Macedonian state, in which all ethnic groups would enjoy equal human rights and freedoms.[1] Over the decades, the MPO has evolved significantly, and today it is a not-for-profit corporation that promotes and preserves the customs, history, and traditions of Macedonian-Americans and Macedonian-Canadians.[2] In the past, the organization has generally promoted the view that Macedonian Slavs are Bulgarians,[3][4] but today it claims to unite both Macedonian Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians.[5][6] The MPO supports the independent Republic of North Macedonia and is involved in pro-Macedonian advocacy within the US and Canada.[7]

Since 1926, MPO has published The Macedonian Tribune, the oldest continuously published Macedonian newspaper in the world. Originally published in Bulgarian,[8] the paper gradually began including articles written in English,[9] before finally transitioning into its current, English-only format, in the early 1990s.[10]

History

The flag of the 6th Ohrid Battalion of the Macedono-Adrianopolita Volunteer Corps in Bulgarian army during the Balkan wars. It depicts Bulgarian flag and was brought from Gary, Indiana by immigrants volunteers. The abbreviation MOBNO is readable on it (Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Bulgarian People's Organization).

Background

See also: Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia and Macedonians (obsolete terminology)

First Macedonian associations in the United States date back to 1899, with the foundation of the "Macedonian-Bulgarian Society Vasil Levski".[11] Other associations include "Bulgarian-Macedonian American Committee" founded in 1904, "Nadezhda" founded in 1908, etc. In September 1913, delegates from Macedonian organizations in the United States and Canada gathered in Chicago, Illinois to form a Macedonian-Bulgarian National Union. The union published the newspaper "Svoboda", and had as its objective the autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople. Some members of these organizations participated in the Balkan Wars as volunteers in the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps.[12] When World War I was over, a “Bulgarian National Congress” was held in Chicago in December 1918, where the delegates voted for a resolution which was sent to the Paris Peace Conference and to the governments of the Great Powers. In this document the Macedonian Bulgarians insisted that the Macedonian issue would be resolved through turning the area into an independent state. However, the peace treaty in 1919, divided the Macedonian area mostly by Serbia and Greece where the domestic policy of a state-sponsored Serbianizatons and Hellenization of the Slavic-speaking Macedonians began.[13] Thousands of emigres left their homes and moved to the States and Canada. For the next five years these countries took the first places, after Bulgaria, in their numbers of Macedonian emigrants.[14]

Foundation and Ideology

The organization was formed in 1922. Fort Wayne, Indiana. and Steelton, PA were large centers of Macedonian immigration at the time, followed by Indianapolis, Gary, Indiana, Lansing, Detroit, Dayton, Springfield, Ohio, Cincinnati and New York City. Fort Wayne was chosen as the site for the first formative convention, which took place on October 2, 1922, with a handful of delegates, most of whom were Ilinden veterans.[citation needed] The first convention charted a framework within which to build the structure of the new organization. The name selected for the organization was the "Macedonian Political Organization" which remained its name until 1956.[citation needed]

MPO's Articles of Incorporation from 1925 defined its purpose as follows: "For the mutual assistance and protection of people of Macedonian race - and for the liberation of Macedonia from political entities - and to foster the ancient right of Macedonia as a state and nation - all as more fully set out in its bylaws[.]"[15] Throughout the next several annual conventions, the delegates finalized the organization's bylaws. The unchanged fundamentals of this document are still guiding the MPO into the third millennium. The first article of the MPO bylaws states: "The Macedonian Immigrants of the United States and Canada, as well as their descendants, regardless of nationality, religion, sex or convictions, realizing the necessity of joint organized activity for the liberation of Macedonia, formed the Macedonian Patriotic Organization with the slogan 'Macedonia for the Macedonians'." The historic phrase "Macedonia for the Macedonians", which was adopted as an official slogan of the MPO, was a proclamation of William Gladstone, who in 1897 expressed his views on the Macedonian Question.

The bylaws specify in Article 6. eligibility for MPO membership. "A regular member of these organizations can be any person over 18 years of age, born in Macedonia or of Macedonian descent, who accepts and maintains the aim of these by-laws and pledges himself to fulfill its regulations." As written originally, the bylaw's concept of "Macedonians" and "Macedonian emigrants" had only geographic and not ethnographic meaning, and was equally valid for all ethnic groups in Macedonia, which in those days included Bulgarians, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians, Turks, Albanians, Greeks etc.[16] Even the latest version of the bylaws, from 2016, retains this very definition of the terms “Macedonians” and "Macedonian emigrants".[17]

The aim of the MPO, as defined in Article 2. of the bylaws, is: "To work for strengthening the feelings of loyalty and patriotism among the immigrants and their descendants toward the respective countries where they live – The United States and Canada;" and "To strive in a legal manner for the establishment of Macedonia as an independent state unit within her historic and geographic boundaries, which should constitutionally guarantee the ethnic, religious, cultural and political rights and liberties of all citizens."

For the accomplishment of the above purposes, the MPO founders defined in Article 4. of the bylaws very specific means for the Organization: "It publishes newspapers, books and brochures to disseminate the truth regarding the just cause of Macedonia and informs the public opinion on the correct solution of the Macedonian problem." and "It presents the Macedonian cause before foreign nations, legislative bodies, international institutes and societies through memorandums, petitions, statements, protests, resolutions, etc."

Early Activism

Telegram from the Macedonian Brotherhood "Kastoria" (later named MPO "Kostur") to the League of Nations advocating for an autonomous Macedonia, 1922
MPO parade float in the 1937 Labor Day Parade in Indianapolis, Indiana

Since its inception, the MPO has advocated to organize and educate the emigrants in civil values, and to prepare them for fighting in favor of Macedonian liberation. Over the next seven decades the MPO directed its activities toward the establishment of an independent and united Macedonian state that would "guarantee constitutional, ethnic, religious, cultural and political rights and freedoms of all of its citizens."[18]

The different phases that the Macedonian Question went through have put a pressure upon MPO to develop new modern means to achieve its aims. To fulfill the stipulations of the MPO bylaws, the delegates to the 4th annual MPO Convention in 1925 in Indianapolis, decided to establish a newspaper that was to become an official organ of the organization. The newspaper was founded under the name Macedonian Tribune, and its publication began under the guidance and leadership of the MPO Central Committee's Secretary Jordan Tchkatroff on February 10, 1927. Tchkatroff's activities have raised attention of Yugoslav Diplomatic and Consular services in the US, which already have watchful eye over the MPO.[19]

During the 1930s and 1940s, the MPO openly supported the agenda of the right-wing faction of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), led by Ivan Mihailov. This was acknowledged by a CIA analyst report from 1953, which dubbed the MPO as "the US branch of the IMRO", and asserted that through its then secretary Luben Dimitroff, it acted as a money raising organ to support Mihailov's activities.[20] Ivan Mihailov's influence in the MPO was eventually diminished in the 1970s, when a younger generation of leaders, led by Ivan Lebamoff and Christo Nizamoff, confronted Mihailov's authoritarianism, and removed his supporters from leadership positions.[21]

When Bulgaria annexed parts of Vardar Macedonia and Greek Macedonia in April 1941, the MPO initially congratulated Bulgaria's actions and supported the policy of re-introducing the Bulgarian language and clergy. However, MPO changed its stance on this matter when Bulgaria declared war on the United States in December 1941, and henceforth fully supported the US war effort.

After the end of World War II, the MPO was openly opposed to the communist regimes in Belgrade and Sofia, as well as the oppressive government in Greece. In the case of Socialist Yugoslavia, the MPO initially sent a letter to President Josip Broz Tito congratulating him on the establishment of an autonomous Macedonia within the federation,[22] however, the organization soon raised its voice against the historiographic revisionism that was taking place in Yugoslavia, which aimed at diminishing the Bulgarian cultural and historic heritage in Macedonia. In the 70s, the Macedonian Tribune regularly printed articles and appeals by the last leader of the IMRO, Ivan Mihailov. His memoirs (written in Bulgarian) were advertised by the paper and were avidly read.[23]

The official response from the United Nations to a petition sent by the 32nd Annual MPO convention.

Throughout the period of the Cold War, the MPO continuously advocated with the United States and Canadian governments, the United Nations, and other relevant international factors for a solution to the Macedonian Question that would involve self-government for Macedonians under a United Nations protectorate. The organization also worked on raising international awareness regarding violations of human rights in all three parts of Macedonia[3]

Over the years a number of the Americans born of Macedonian Bulgarian descent began having less and less knowledge of Bulgaria and often identify themselves simply as Macedonians.[24] Also, in 1990s MPO began openly accepting and embracing the ethnic Macedonian identity, alongside the Macedono-Bulgarian identity of the organization's founders. On February 22, 1990, the Macedonian Tribune published an article by then President Ivan Lebamoff, where he stated that MPO is responding to change in Macedonia, throughout the world, and in the organization itself by recognizing the reality of ethnic Macedonians, and by inviting them to join the ranks of the MPO as equals.[25]

Advocacy for Macedonia

President Bill Clinton's official greeting letter to the 76th annual MPO Convention.

Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia on September 8, 1991, amending its constitutional name from Socialist Republic of Macedonia to Republic of Macedonia. Only days after the parliament of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) declared its independence, a delegation of the MPO visited Washington, DC in an attempt to lobby with the US government to recognize the former as an independent state. The delegation was received by U.S. senators from Indiana, Dan Coats and Richard Lugar, as well as by members of the House of Representatives[26][better source needed] MPO's activism, in addition to diplomatic activities by officials from Republic of Macedonia finally yielded some results, and on April 8, 1992, the country was admitted to the UN.

To exert pressure for Macedonia's international recognition, MPO President Ivan Lebamoff sent a resolution prepared at the Detroit MPO Convention to many heads of state around the world.[27]

In September 1992 the MPO organized the "Forum on Macedonian Unity", which brought together the leaders of the MPO, the United Macedonians of Toronto and the representatives from the VMRO-DPMNE. The delegates agreed on a common goal – a free and independent Macedonia, and the result of the forum was a resolution in which they demanded the international recognition of the country.[28] In December 1992, the MPO began coordinating efforts to bring humanitarian aid to Macedonia.[citation needed]

Throughout the period of the Macedonia naming dispute, the MPO officially supported Macedonia's right to use its then-constitutional name - Republic of Macedonia.[citation needed]

"Order of the IMRO Banner", the most prestigious award presented by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.

Throughout 1992, the Greek diaspora in the United States and Canada demonstrated against the recognition of the independence of Republic of Macedonia, above all against the name of the new state containing the word "Macedonia." They claimed that Macedonia was an ancient Greek name and that the newly declared independent state is stealing this name from them[29] The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America also demanded that the Republic of Macedonia's independence not to be recognized by the United States.[30] In reaction to this, MPO President Ivan Lebamoff sent protest letters against this position to the patriarchs and bishops of Eastern Orthodox Churches worldwide as well as to numerous newspapers. He also demanded from Macedonian Americans to enhance their propaganda activities towards getting Republic of Macedonia internationally recognized as soon as possible. Macedonian Americans responded to his call with a mass campaign of writing numerous articles in American newspapers and making phone calls to U.S. senators.[31]

MPO also used its influence in the US Senate to assist Macedonia's stabilization efforts. MPO President Ivan Lebamoff asked Indiana Senator Lugar to propose that the United States send US troops to the Republic of Macedonia. Lebamoff also informed Macedonian President Kiro Gligorov about his proposal. MPO proposal was also supported by the chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Rep. Fascell. In November 1992, the MPO asked Macedonian Americans to call the White House Hotline directly to ask President Bush to immediately recognize the Republic of Macedonia.[32]

In 1994, members of the MPO Central Committee visited Washington, DC several times in order to promote Macedonian American interests.[33] For this reason, MPO decided to have its 76th Convention in 1995 in Washington, DC. The keynote speaker of the 1995 Convention was Jane Kirkpatrick, former US Ambassador to the UN. Furthermore, in July 1996, MPO President Col. Boris Chaleff met with President Bill Clinton and Vice-President Al Gore, with whom he lobbied for an early NATO admittance of Republic of Macedonia.[34][better source needed]

In July 1998, the first Macedonian Ambassador to the US visited the MPO headquarters in Fort Wayne.[citation needed] In 2004, a MPO delegation met President George W. Bush at the White House to persuade him to recognize the Republic of Macedonia under its then constitutional name – which his government did that year.[5][dead link‍]

Miscellaneous

In an unofficial interview for a Macedonian newspaper, former MPO President George Lebamoff sharply criticized the lack of democracy in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the official misinterpretations of Macedonian history, with an emphasis on the Bulgarian historic heritage in country.[35] At the 2009 MPO Convention, past Central Committee President Andrea Alusheff was said to have illegally expelled the Toronto MPO chapter "Switzerland of the Balkans", because of the latter's alleged pro-Bulgarian bias.[36] Once Alusheff's mandate expired, the new Central Committee reinstated the MPO "Switzerland of the Balkans" into the organization. On the other hand, a former chapter of MPO from Toronto called MPO "Luben Dimitroff",[37] splintered from the Canadian MPO and started publishing a parallel Macedonian Tribune[38] in the pre-World War II Bulgarian orthography, espousing pro-Bulgarian views. This publication has been dismissed as unauthorized by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Tumbling Walls Revisited" by Ivan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune. February 22, 1990
  2. ^ "MPO History". Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  3. ^ a b PAGE ONE: Major Events of the 20th Century. Central Committee of the Macedonian Patriotic Organization. Fort Wayne, Indiana. 1999.
  4. ^ The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Page 87 by Loring M. Danforth.
  5. ^ a b "MPO – 90 Years of Struggle for a Macedonian State". Dr. Lubomir Todorov. 91th Annual MPO Convention in Fort Wayne, Indiana. September 2, 2012.
  6. ^ "New Energy, Old Values". Jordan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune, January 8, 2015. Page 2
  7. ^ "Macedonian Patriotic Organization - Media Center - MPO Advocacy". Macedonian.org. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  8. ^ Pelisterski, Hristo (February 17, 1927). "Our Oath". Macedonian Tribune. 1 (9): 1.
  9. ^ Panov, Lou (November 1, 1991). "Macedonians May Now Speak Out". Macedonian Tribune. 64 (3081): 1.
  10. ^ North Macedonia - the controversy continues (an editorial), Nick (August 2, 2018). "Stefanoff". Macedonian Tribune. 92 (3488): 1.
  11. ^ Ivan Ilchev, (2007) To the Land That Was Never Promised. Bulgarian Emigration to the United States in the Late 19th - Early 20th Century. in Immigration and Emigration in Historical Perspective; ISBN 9788884924988, PLUS-Pisa University Press with Ann Katherine Isaacs as editor, pp. 119-140.
  12. ^ Веселин Николов Трайков, Трендафил Митев, Документи за Македония на българската емиграция в САЩ, Канада и Австралия: т. 1, Макед. науч. инст., 1995, ISBN 954818723X, стр. 41.
  13. ^ ""MPO History – Founding Fathers Organize MPO in 1922 During Turbulent Years Following First World War" by Christo N. Nizamoff". Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  14. ^ Trendafil Mitev, MPO in the United States, Canada and Australia, Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 2002, online, Initial period.
  15. ^ In Re Incorporation: The Macedonian Political Organization of the United States of America and Canada, Indiana Secretary of State, July 6, 1925; Articles of Incorporation, The Indianapolis News (Indianapolis, Indiana), Jul 7, 1925, Page 28
  16. ^ "Note" to Article 28 in the first chart of MPO.
  17. ^ Section 9. Nondiscrimination: The MPO shall in the conduct of its affairs have no restriction or limitation based upon race, color, religion, disability, political affiliation, gender, sexual orientation, gender identification, or employment status. The terms “Macedonians” and “Macedonian immigrants” used in these bylaws pertain equally to all nationality groups in Macedonia–Bulgarians, Aroumanians, Turks, Albanians, and others. As used in these MPO Bylaws, these terms have only geographic and not ethnographic meaning.
  18. ^ Article 4 in the first chart of MPO.
  19. ^ Mićić, Srđan (2015). "Mission of Konstantin Todorov in North America 1927-1928: Yugoslav Foreign Service vs. Macedonian-Bulgarian organisations in North America". Токови историје. 1: 91–101.
  20. ^ "Background Whereabouts and Activities of Ivan Mihailov, 16 April 1953". Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  21. ^ "Иван Михайлов – отвъд легендите, Том I". Гаджев, Иван. УИ „Св. Климент Охридски”, София, 2007. [Page 22]
  22. ^ "The Uncomfortable Truth about the Macedonian Political Organization". Victor Sinadinoski. Independently published, 2018 [Page 31]
  23. ^ South Slavic Immigration in America. George J. Prpic, John Carroll University. Twayne Publishers. A division of G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, p. 249.
  24. ^ Macedonians in the USA, Politics. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, p. 692, edited by Stephan Thernstrom 1980, Belknap Press of Harvard University, Reproduced 2001 with permission of the publisher
  25. ^ "Tumbling Walls Revisited" by Ivan Lebamoff. Macedonian Tribune. February 22, 1990 [Page 3]
  26. ^ "MPO presses for free Macedonia in D.C." Macedonian Tribune. November 28, 1991
  27. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 592–593]
  28. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 597]
  29. ^ "The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World", by Loring Danforth. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1995. [Page 30-32]
  30. ^ "Letter from Archbishop of North and South America to Parishioners". Macedonian Tribune. May 14, 1992
  31. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 599–600]
  32. ^ "Delovanje makedonskih izseljencev iz ZDA in Kanade za neodvisnost in mednarodno priznanje Makedonije" by Matjaz Klemenčič. Studia Historica Slovenica 5(1–2–3): 585–605. Ljubljana, 2005. [Page 603]
  33. ^ Jonathan Paquin. A Stability-seeking Power. McGill-Queens's University Press. p. 87-88. ISBN 9780773537361.
  34. ^ Macedonian Tribune. July 11, 1996 [Page 1]
  35. ^ Kапитал, број 300, 28.07.2005 – Ексклузивно: Џорџ Лебамов – МПО (Македонска патриотическа организација)Вака немате иднина! Archived September 6, 2012, at archive.today
  36. ^ Labro Korolov Media BG, October 30, 2009[permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History, p. 292, University of Toronto Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8020-2938-8.
  38. ^ Vladimir Pankov. "Начало - Macedonian Tribune". Makedonskatribuna.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  39. ^ "Macedonian Patriotic Organization - Media Center - Unauthorized "Makedonska Tribuna"". Macedonian.org. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

Sources

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